La Visibile Espansione Della Chiesa Di Scientology E I Suoi Protagonisti

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La Visibile Espansione Della Chiesa Di Scientology E I Suoi Protagonisti La visibile espansione della Chiesa di Scientology e i suoi protagonisti Bernadette Rigal-Cellard Universitè Bordeaux Montaigne [email protected] RIASSUNTO: Questo rapporto tratta la questione dell'attuale espansione della Chiesa di Scientology. Si basa su ricerche svolte sul campo, per lo più condotte dal 2016 al 2018 in vari paesi, a Clearwater e in particolare nell'area di Los Angeles: visite a un gran numero di missioni, chiese, edifici amministrativi e fondazioni; interviste con Scientologist attivi; partecipazione a incontri interreligiosi. Ho individuato quattro aree che meglio dimostrano l'espansione della Chiesa e che meritano un'analisi: 1. L'espansione più visibile: vengono qui presentati diversi esempi di acquisizioni e ristrutturazioni immobiliari e la loro funzione sociale e simbolica. 2. In che modo gli associati tengono il passo con tale espansione materiale? La Tech, o Parola di Lafayette Ron Hubbard (LRH) come sorgente di Scientology: le sempre crescenti attività di divulgazione e la Preservazione della Tecnologia sono analizzate come grandi imprese religiose. 4. Le interazioni sociali della Chiesa attraverso le sue fondazioni e i programmi interreligiosi sono qui presentati dal mio punto di vita personale. PAROLE CHIAVE: Scientology, L. Ron Hubbard, David Miscavige, Ristrutturazione immobiliare di Scientology, Fondazione di Chiese di Scientology, Pedagogia di Scientology, Demografia di Scientology, Santuario della Parola, Età d'Oro della Conoscenza di Scientology, Fondamenti di Scientology, Nazione dell'Islam, Drusi, Cavalcate della Pace. Introduzione Questo studio sulla recente evoluzione della Chiesa di Scientology è stato innescato dal fatto di aver sentito che i Drusi nel nord di Israele stavano frequentando corsi di Scientology. Avendo trascorso del tempo tra i Drusi del Chouf in Libano, sono rimasta molto sorpresa di sentire che una comunità così antica e segreta, che condivideva in modo alquanto parsimonioso i principi e le pratiche della sua religione, potesse essere aperta a un'altra visione del mondo, una così totalmente moderna e occidentale. Ho anche appreso che Louis Farrakhan, il leader della Nation of Islam, aveva seguito i corsi di Scientology e che lo stesso hanno fatto anche diversi suoi membri, compresi quelli di alto rango. Avevo studiato la Nation of Islam negli anni '80 e, conoscendo il loro accanito separatismo culturale e razziale, rimasi perplessa da tale collaborazione. La mia precedente analisi (2004) di SMI, Scientology Mission International, doveva essere decisamente aggiornata. Il primo grande passo in questa direzione è stato l'organizzazione con Regis Dericquebourg (che ha pubblicato estesamente sulla Chiesa) di una conferenza internazionale che avrebbe riunito gli esperti di Scientology lontani dall'isteria apologeta/anti-sette. Ciò ha implicato il fatto di non averlo organizzato in Francia, dove anti-sette di tutti i tipi si armano non appena sentono la semplice parola "Scientologie" (la somiglianza con il vocabolo / la quasi "sorcellerie", cioè la magia nera, può avere un ruolo in questa inquisizione). Abbiamo tenuto la conferenza "Scientology in Scholarly Perspective" il 24-25 gennaio 2014 ad Anversa presso la Facoltà di Studio Comparato delle Religioni e dell'Umanesimo gestita da Chris Vronck. Diversi accademici (Peter Akerback, Germana Carobene, Eileen Barker, Liselotte Frisk, ].Gordon Melton, Massimo Introvigne, James Lewis, Susan Palmer, Guillaume Roucoux, Mikael Rothstein, Aldo Natale Terrin, Donald Westbrook) hanno presentato sviluppi specifici (Dericquebourg and Rigal-Cellard 2017). Ho quindi intensificato le mie visite ai vari centri della Chiesa che avevo condotto negli ultimi decenni e ho trascorso diverse settimane con Scientologist negli Stati Uniti, prima presso Flag, il centro spirituale della Chiesa, a Clearwater, Florida e poi presso la sede centrale a Hollywood, dove avevo condotto la maggior parte delle mie ricerche sulle missioni, grazie all'allora presidente Heber Jentzsch e a Lisa Goodman. Ho visitato a lungo molte strutture, missioni, chiese, fondazioni, musei e ho intervistato almeno venticinque membri nell'area di Los Angeles nel febbraio 2018. Donald Westbrook (2015a, 2018a) e Guillaume Roucoux in Francia (2019) hanno basato la loro analisi della Chiesa sulle interviste, ma la mia metodologia è molto meno marcatamente sociologica della loro, perché come professoressa di Studi Nordamericani, il mio approccio è da “esperta di civiltà". Nella mia ricerca sulle religioni, mi interessa capire come i nuovi movimenti si relazionano, materialmente e simbolicamente, alla cultura che ha favorito la loro nascita e il loro sviluppo, e come si adattano a quelle società che vogliono penetrare attraverso le missioni: quali caratteristiche specifiche del circostante ambiente culturale il fondatore enfatizzerà o sminuirà e rifiuterà nella costruzione dottrinale? Quali questioni e aspettative spirituali e/o sociali saranno affrontate e come? Il gruppo a sua volta avrà un impatto sulla cultura e sul territorio in cui si è insediato e, in caso affermativo, in quali modi? Quello che mi interessa qui sono gli sviluppi della Chiesa negli ultimi decenni in relazione al suo ambiente, prima negli Stati Uniti e poi all’estero, anche se non ho seguito nella sua interezza l'espansione internazionale. Non farò qui distinzioni tra i diversi acronimi: COS, Chiesa di Scientology; CSI, Church of Scientology International; IAS, International Association of Scientologists, che è l'organizzazione dei membri. Userò principalmente il termine "Chiesa" o "Scientology" per riferirmi all'istituzione nel suo insieme, anche se sono consapevole che i due termini non sono esattamente equivalenti. Le mie interviste sono durate ciascuna almeno un'ora; hanno completato ciò che ho appreso in molte conversazioni casuali in oltre 20 anni. Le mie domande seguivano il tipico questionario: come e quando i miei intervistati avevano incontrato Scientology? Prima praticavano una religione specifica, l'avevano mantenuta? E i loro genitori, parenti, figli? In quale campo lavorano o avevano lavorato? I corsi e le verifiche hanno avuto un impatto sul loro lavoro e, in caso affermativo, come? Svolgono un compito specifico all'interno dell'organizzazione? Sentono che la loro pratica ha un impatto sulla comunità in generale e, in caso affermativo, in quali modi? A quali importanti cambiamenti avevano assistito negli ultimi 20-30 anni, sia che fossero già con il gruppo o fuori? Dato che Scientology punta molto sul perfezionamento delle capacità di comunicazione, i membri rispondono con facilità e in alcuni casi gli intervistati hanno raccontato la loro storia di vita senza bisogno di essere spronati a farlo (di regola comunque, le storie di vita fluiscono molto più facilmente negli Stati Uniti che in Francia). Non mi sono avventurata su un terreno delicato, pienamente consapevole della ridondante letteratura già esistente su questioni delicate. Non ho nemmeno intervistato ex membri né anti-sette, il mio interesse era altrove. Non pretendo che le persone che ho intervistato siano sociologicamente rappresentative di tutte le adesioni: le ho incontrate su appuntamento o in incontri casuali, ma mai in luoghi casuali; era sempre nelle missioni, nelle chiese o al CC, Celebrity Centre, così che fossero, per definizione, Scientologist attivi, tutti intensamente coinvolti a vari livelli dell'istituzione o in fondazioni a esse collegate. Tutti avevano frequentato la Chiesa per decenni. Per mancanza di spazio non ho potuto citare tutti gli intervistati. Non pretendo neppure di aver osservato la Chiesa dall'interno, cosa che in ogni caso non è possibile se non ci si iscrive effettivamente a molte sessioni di auditing e seminari; la complessa questione di "arrivare al nucleo" di Scientology come studiosa non membro, è stata chiaramente rilevata da diversi accademici, in particolare da Regis Dericquebourg (2017). Gordon Melton (2017, 2018), Hugh Urban (2017). Tuttavia, anche se non sono stata messa a conoscenza di documenti importanti, che comunque non ho richiesto perché non ho mai preteso dai gruppi religiosi che studio che mi rivelassero ciò che vogliono riservare ai propri membri, mi è stato concesso l'accesso a titolari di cariche di alto rango e sedi che potrebbero non essere aperte al pubblico, né all'indagatore occasionale. Non mi soffermerò qui sulle complessità della teologia; solleverò solo quei principi specifici che esercitano un'importante funzione dinamogena, per usare la terminologia di Emile Durkheim (1858-1977) e che spingono i membri a compiere d azioni concrete facendo progredire il gruppo a livello nazionale e globale. Ho integrato le informazioni fornite dallo staff con le mie osservazioni e con le massicce informazioni storiche e tecniche disponibili sui siti web della Chiesa, le sue riviste e ora la sua televisione Tuttavia, devo confessare che una simile cornucopia di informazioni costituiva un impedimento fondamentale quando cercavo di organizzare i miei appunti in modo personale. Ho dovuto setacciare i dati per tracciare il mio percorso. Come potrei parlare in modo originale di espansione immobiliare ad esempio, poiché Internet già fornisce la lista di edifici e chiese? Tutto ciò mi ha portato a delineare una modalità personale di presentazione: sto tentando qui uno studio sugli sviluppi della Chiesa declinato come un racconto di viaggio. Descriverò quasi esclusivamente ciò che ho visto con i miei occhi nel corso degli anni. Una volta deciso di presentare la mia osservazione in
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