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advancing the art & science of medicine in the midwest volume 120 • supplement 1 • march 2021 A special issue on the Impact of Race & Racism on Health Classic Presentation Greta Berger Digital design made during the Dermatology unit of medical school Artist Statement: As we dissect the etiology of pervasive health disparities seen within medicine, we must look to our training. What narratives have our educational materials taught us? What color, pattern rash do our brains scan for? Do we know what that “classic color red” looks like when our patient has dark skin? And what happens when we don’t? Volume 120 • March 2021 • Supplement 1 advancing the art & science of medicine in the midwest In This Issue Exploring the Impact of Race and Racism on Health .....................................................S4 COVER ART Sarina Schrager, MD, MS, WMJ Editor-in-Chief Original Research Cribs and Caskets Homicide: A Leading Cause of Death for Black Non-Hispanics in Wisconsin .................S6 Ryan McAdams, MD Zachary Dunton, BS; Stephen Hargarten, MD, MPH; Sarah Kohlbeck, MPH; Fauzia Osman, MPH 2020, 24 x 24 inches, acrylic on wood Commentary An Epidemiological Crossroads: The Intersection of Incarceration Artist Statement: and Health Care ........................................................................................................... S10 As a neonatologist who has been Farah Acher Kaiksow, MD; Kristin Brunsell Merss, BSN; Noelle LoConte, MD privileged to work in neonatal inten- Brief Report sive care units in the U.S. and glob- Identifying Substantial Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Outcomes ally, I have witnessed a substantial and Care in Wisconsin Using Electronic Health Record Data .......................................S13 Maureen A. Smith, MD, PhD, MPH; Korina A. Hendricks, BS; Lauren M. Bednarz, MPH; amount of suffering and death. These Matthew Gigot, MPH; Abbey Harburn, MPH; Katherine J. Curtis, PhD; Susan R. experiences shape why and what I Passmore, PhD; Dorothy Farrar-Edwards, PhD paint. Themes of social injustice, Original Research survival, pain, and grief are the basis Prenatal Racial Discrimination Associated With Dissatisfaction With Prenatal Care .....S17 for my art. My painting, “Cribs and Katie Gillespie, DNP; Fiona Weeks, MSPH Caskets,” reflects the disturbing high Original Research infant mortality rate for Black babies Examining the Association Between Racial Bias Exposure and Postpartum in Wisconsin, a rate almost 3 times Depression Among Women in Wisconsin ....................................................................S24 higher than White babies. Abdul Rahman Shour, MSP; Alice Muehlbauer, MSP; Ronald Anguzu, MBChB, MPH; Fiona Weeks, MSPH; John Meurer, MD, MBA Review Combatting Anti-vaccination Misinformation: Improving Immunization Rates of Black/African American Children at UW Health ........................................................S31 Sharon-Rose Nartey, BS; Jonathan Temte, MD, PhD, MS; Elizabeth Petty, MD The mission of WMJ is to provide an opportunity to Commentary publish original research, case reports, review articles, Listening to Black Women: The Critical Step to Eliminating Wisconsin’s and essays about current medical and public health issues. WMJ is published through a partnership Black Birth Disparities ..................................................................................................S39 between the Medical College of Wisconsin and the Lisa Peyton-Caire, MSEd; Alia Stevenson, MS University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. VOLUME 120 • SUPPLEMENT 1 S1 The WMJ (ISSN 1098-1861) is published by the Medical College of Wisconsin and the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health and is devoted to the interests of the medical profession and health care in the Midwest. The managing editor is responsible for oversee- Original Research ing the production, business operation and contents of the WMJ. The editorial board, chaired by the medical editor, Evaluation of Racial Disparities in Postoperative Outcomes Following Breast solicits and peer reviews all scientific articles; it does not Reconstruction at a Single Institution in Wisconsin ...................................................S42 screen public health, socioeconomic, or organizational articles. All articles and artwork published herein, includ- Zeeda H. Nkana, BS; Kasey Leigh Wood, BS; Alison M. Karczewski, BS; Kirsten A. ing commentaries, letters to the editor, and editorials Gunderson, BS; Sarah M. Lyon, MD; Aaron M. Dingle, PhD; Samuel O. Poore, MD, PhD represent the views of the authors, for which neither WMJ nor the publisher take responsibility, unless clearly stated. Original Research Advertising content is the responsibility of the advertiser and does not imply an endorsement or sponsorship by Does Racial Disparity Exist Among Inpatient Admissions for Heart Attacks WMJ or the publsiher and its affiliates unless specified. in Wisconsin ...............................................................................................................S48 WMJ is indexed in Index Medicus, Hospital Literature Index, Charles A. Gusho, BS and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. Submit manuscripts at www.wmjonline.org. Brief Report The Interplay of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Addressing Health Inequities ......S54 EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Sarina B. Schrager, MD, MS Lisa Steinkamp, PT, PhD, MBA; Daniel Deuel, MA, SPT; Maurice Lucre, BS, SPT; DEPUTY EDITOR Pedro Zavala, BS, SPT Robert Treat, PhD Commentary PUBLISHING BOARD Medical College of Wisconsin Lead Poisoning and Racism in the Time of COVID-19 ...............................................S59 William J. Hueston, MD Do Dang, BS; Morgan Lively, DO; Alonza Jalan, MD Julie Panepinto, MD, MSPH, FAAP Sara L. Wilkins, MA, MPA Brief Report University of Wisconsin (UW) School of Medicine and Microaggressions: Underrepresented Minority Physical Therapist Student Public Health Robyn Perrin, PhD, ELS Experiences While on Clinical Internships ................................................................. S61 Elizabeth Petty, MD Lisa Steinkamp, PT, PhD, MBA Jonathan Temte, MD, PhD, MS Wisconsin Medical Sociey Brief Report Donn Dexter, MD Assessing Perspectives on Systemic Racism in an Academic Hospital Medical Group: The ARCH Project ...........................................................................................S66 EDITORIAL BOARD Amit Acharya, BDS, MS, PhD, FAMIA Jesse Maupin, MD; Farah Kaiksow, MD, MPP; Jordan Kenik, MD; Ann Sheehy, MD, MS; Erica Arrington, MD David Sterken, MD Sherry-Ann Brown, MD, PhD, FACC, FAHA Matthew Dellinger, PhD Brief Report John J. Frey, III, MD Andrea Gilmore-Bykovski, RN, PhD Implementing an Interprofessional Anti-Racism Training With Community Zachary D. Goldberger, MD, FACC, FHRS Partners During a Pandemic: Outcomes and Recommended Strategies ....................S70 C. Greer Jordan, PhD, MBA, BSEE Jennifer Lochner, MD Kjersti Knox, MD; Deborah Simpson, PhD; Jacob Bidwell, MD; Wilhelm Lehmann, MD, MPH Larry Lutwick, MD, FACP George E. MacKinnon III, PhD, MS, RPh, FASHP Brief Report Kathleen Maginot, MD Race Matters: Addressing Racism as a Health Issue .................................................. S74 Barry Pelz, MD Bryan Johnston, MD; Veneshia McKinney-Whitson, MD; Camille Garrison, MD Richard Strauss, MD Geoffrey R. (“Geof”) Swain, MD, MPH As I See It MANAGING EDITOR When We Become ‘We’ .............................................................................................. S78 Kendi Neff-Parvin Beverly A. Hutcherson, BS; Saby Cordoba, MS; Noelle K. LoConte, MD; Jennifer Y. C. STAFF Susan Wiegmann, PhD Edgoose, MD, MPH ADVERTISING Commentary Slack Attack Advertising, 608.222.7630 or [email protected]. Lessons Native American Culture Can Teach Us About Resilience During SUBSCRIPTION RATES Print subscription: $149. Previous years’ single copies, when Pandemics and Health Care Crises ............................................................................S80 available, $12 each. Matthew Dellinger, MS, PhD; Amy E. Poupart Published 4 times a year and online, beginning in March. As I See It Address all correspondence to: University of Wisconsin The Impact of Race and Racism on the Health of Patients in Wisconsin ...................S84 School of Medicine and Public Health, Attn: WMJ Editor, Health Sciences Learning Center, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI Leonard Ezenagu, MD 537055; e-mail: [email protected] As I See It POSTMASTER Send address changes to: University of Wisconsin School of Together We Rise ......................................................................................................S86 Medicine and Public Health, Health Sciences Learning Center, Kjersti Knox, MD 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705 ISSN 1098-1861 • Established 1903 © 2021 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System and The Medical College of Wisconsin, Inc. S2 WMJ • MARCH 2021 Inequity of Six Feet Ryan McAdams, MD 2021, acrylic and soft pastels in wood, 24 in x 48 in Artist Statement: As a neonatologist who has worked in neonatal intensive care units in the US and in global settings, I have witnessed a sub- stantial amount of suffering and death. I have also witnessed the incredible resilience of children and the awe-inspiring dedication and love of their families. These experiences shape why and what I paint. Themes of social injustice, survival, pain, and grief are the basis for my art since these ageless motifs are still globally preeminent today. Inequity of Six Feet