Analysis of Water Use and Crop Allocation for the Khorezm Region in Uzbekistan Using an Integrated Hydrologic -Economic Model

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Analysis of Water Use and Crop Allocation for the Khorezm Region in Uzbekistan Using an Integrated Hydrologic -Economic Model -Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn ANALYSIS OF WATER USE AND CROP ALLOCATION FOR THE KHOREZM REGION IN UZBEKISTAN USING AN INTEGRATED HYDROLOGIC -ECONOMIC MODEL Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. Agr.) der Hohen Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn vorgelegt am 19.11.2010 von Tina-Maria Schieder aus Bonn (Deutschland) Referent: PD Dr. P. Wehrheim Korreferent: Prof. Dr. B. Diekkrüger Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16.03.2011 Erscheinungsjahr: 2011 Diese Dissertation wird auf dem Hochschulschriftenserver der ULB Bonn http://hss.ulb.uni.bonn.de/diss_online elektronisch publiziert. D98 Abstract Sustainable and efficient water management is of central importance for the dominant agricultural sector and thus for the population and the environment of the Khorezm region. Khorezm is situated in the lower Amu Darya river basin in the Central Asian Republic of Uzbekistan and the delta region of the Aral Sea. Recently, Khorezm has experienced an increase in ecological, economic and social problems. The deterioration of the ecology is a result of the vast expansion of the agricultural area (which began in the Soviet period in Uzbekistan), the utilization of marginal land and a very intensive production of cotton on a significant share of arable land. Supplying food for an increasing population and overcoming with the arid climate in Khorezm require intensive irrigation. However, the water distribution system is outdated. Current irrigation strategies are not flexible enough to cope with water supply and crop water demand, as both are becoming more variable. The political system, with its stringent crop quotas for cotton and wheat, nepotism, missing property rights and lack of incentives to save water, has promoted unsustainable water use rather than preventing it. The focus of this study is an analysis of more economical and eco-efficient water management and crop allocation. The effects of political incentives as well as modified technological, environmental and institutional conditions, such as the reform of the cotton sector, the introduction of water prices and the improvement of the irrigation system, are evaluated regarding regional water distribution, crop allocation and economical outcomes. As a result, the basic hydrological and agronomical balances and characteristics in the Khorezm region are highly important and need to be identified. To adequately analyze these underlying conditions, an integrated water management model was chosen. The novelty of this study is the combination of interdisciplinary aspects in a theoretically consistent modeling framework. Essential hydrologic, climatologic, agronomic, institutional and economic relationships are integrated into one coherent optimization model for the Khorezm region. The capacity of the model to consider canal water and groundwater is of special importance. Furthermore, the water balance approach (accounting for water input and output) has an advantage over the static norm approach when used to determine irrigation requirements. Simulations with the model indicate that a modification of the regional water supply, either politically or anthropogenically induced, has a large influence on the total irrigation, groundwater and drainage-system as well as the soil water budget in Khorezm. The model simulations suggest that low water supply causes a shift in the crop allocation to less water- demanding crops such as vegetables, wheat, alfalfa and fruits, which also have a higher value added in economic terms. When higher water supply is available, the cultivation of water- demanding rice, a crop that is favored by the local population, would become more advantageous due to higher gross margins. Simulations on an improvement of water distribution and irrigation systems indicate that infiltration losses could be diminished, especially at the field level. Furthermore, this would lead to an increase in additional available crop water supply, with positive impacts on crop yields. The simulation results further indicate that a complete liberalization of the cotton sector would lead to a fundamental restructuring of the crop allocation to less water-demanding crops and higher economically valued crops. This reform of the cotton sector would also lead to a general reduction of acreage with full compensation for the losses caused by the abolition of cotton subsidies and quota system. Marginal land could be reduced. However, the abolition of subsidies and secured crop sales prices by the government would increase the risk for farmers. Finally, the modeling results indicate that the introduction of water pricing could be an important instrument to induce environmental consumer awareness, which could lead to resource conservation. As a result of the extremely low gross crop profit margins in Khorezm, only a water price on a very low level could feasibly be implemented in this region. Zusammenfassung Nachhaltige und effiziente Wasserbewirtschaftung sind von besonderer Bedeutung für den dominanten Agrarsektor und damit für die Bevölkerung und Umwelt in Khorezm. Die Region Khorezm befindet sich im Unterlauf des Amu-Darya Flusseinzuggebietes in der zentralasiatischen Republik Usbekistan und in der Delta-Region des Aral Sees. Khorezm´s jetzige Situation ist gekennzeichnet durch ökologische, ökonomische und soziale Probleme. Die Schädigung der Ökologie ist im Wesentlichen durch die gewaltige Ausdehnung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutzfläche (mit ihrem Beginn während der Sowjetperiode in Usbekistan) und der steigenden Nutzung von Grenzertragsböden verursacht. Des Weiteren trägt der sehr intensive und ausgedehnte Baumwollanbau zu einer Verschärfung der Situation bei. Die Nahrungsmittelversorgung einer stark wachsenden Bevölkerung und das sehr aride Klima in Khorezm erfordern eine intensive Bewässerungslandwirtschaft. Das Wasserverteilungssystem ist allerdings überaltert und der Hauptgrund für steigende Ineffizienzen. Heutige Bewässerungsstrategien sind nicht flexibel genug, dem immer unbeständiger werdenden Wasserangebot und der sich variierenden Pflanzenwassernachfrage gerecht zu werden. Das politische System mit Subventionen und Anbauquoten für Baumwolle und Weizen, Vetternwirtschaft und fehlenden Eigentumsrechten tragen zusätzlich zu einer steigenden Wassernutzung und fehlender Nachhaltigkeit bei. Die Analyse einer ökologisch und ökonomisch effizienteren Pflanzen- und Wasserbewirtschaftung bildet den Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Die Effekte modifizierter technologischer-, umweltrelevanter- und institutioneller Rahmenbedingungen sollen hierbei bestimmt und ausgewertet werden. Die Liberalisierung des Baumwollsektors, die Einführung von Wasserpreisen oder die Verbesserung des Bewässerungssystems beispielsweise werden auf ihre Auswirkungen hinsichtlich regionaler Wasserverteilung, landwirtschaftlicher Anbaustruktur und ihrem ökonomischen Nutzen untersucht. Zu diesem Zwecke müssen im Vorfeld die wesentlichen hydrologischen und agronomischen Interaktionen und Eigenschaften der Region Khorezm identifiziert werden. Um diese zu Grunde liegenden Konditionen angemessen analysieren zu können, wurde ein integriertes Wasser-Management- Modell aufgebaut. Die Kombination von interdisziplinären Aspekten in einen theoretisch konsistenten Modellierungsrahmen stellt ein Novum in dieser Arbeit dar. Wesentliche klimatologische, hydrologische, agronomische, institutionelle und ökonomische Eigenschaften und Beziehungen sind in einem kohärenten Optimierungsmodell für die Region Khorezm integriert. Der große Vorteil dieser Modellierung liegt unter anderem auch in der Berücksichtigung von Kanal- und Grundwasser, die gerade in Bewässerungssystem von Khorezm von besonderer Wichtigkeit sind. Einen weiteren Nutzen des Modells und der darauf aufbauenden Forschungsarbeit bietet die Verwendung einer Wasser-Bilanzierungs- Methode. Im Gegensatz zu dem häufig verwendeten statischen Ansatz unter Nutzung von starren Bewässerungsnormen können durch die Bilanzierung von „Wassereinnahmen“ und „Wasserausgaben“ wesentliche Prozesse in größerer Genauigkeit dargestellt werden. Die Modellsimulationen zeigen, dass eine (beispielsweise politisch induzierte oder anthropogen verursachte) Modifizierung des Wasserangebotes in Khorezm großen Einfluss auf das gesamte Bewässerungs-, Grundwasser und Entwässerungssystem und den Bodenwasserhaushalt hat. Vor allem in Situationen mit geringem Wasserangebot deuten die Simulationen darauf hin, dass sich der Anbau hin zu weniger wasserverbrauchenden Pflanzen und zu Feldfrüchten mit höherer Wertschöpfung (wie Gemüse, Luzerne, Weizen und Früchten) verschieben würde. In Situationen mit hohem Wasserangebot ist ein Anbau von Reis durch die hohen Gewinnmargen auf einigen Flächen durchaus möglich. Die Verbesserung des Bewässerungssystems, v.a. auf Feldebene, würde zu einer Verringerung der Versickerung und damit einer zusätzlichen Wasserangebotsmenge für die Pflanzen führen. Das hätte positive Effekte auf die Erträge. Außerdem zeigen die Simulationen, dass eine komplette Liberalisierung des Baumwollsektors zu einer drastisch veränderten landwirtschaftlichen Anbaustruktur führen würde. Die Verluste durch den Abbau von Subventionen und die Abkehr vom Quoten-System würden vollständig ausgeglichen werden durch den Anbau von Pflanzen mit geringerem Wasserbedarf aber wesentlich höherem ökonomischen Mehrwert. Auch die Gesamtanbaufläche würde sich reduzieren und Grenzertragsstandorte würden
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