OFFICUt · AGENTS FOR THE SALE· ·oF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. In . }.{Ess:as. TH.A.CX:B:a, SPINX & Co., Calcutt& and Simla.. MEss:as. NEWlU.N & Co., Calcutta.. MEss:as. HIGGINBOTHA.H & Co., Madras. M:~ss:as. 'IHACXBB & Co., LD., Bombay. MEssas. A. J. CoMBB.IDGB & Co., Bombay. TuB · Sun:aiNTEND.E.NT, AHEEIC&N B.A.l'TIST M I8SIOB PB:ESS, Rangoon. M:as. RaH&BA.I ATlUEA.H S.&.aooN, Bombay. MEssRs. R. CAMBBAY & Co., Calcutta.. )lu SAHIB M. GuLAB SINGH & So.Ns, Proprietors of the Mufid·i-am Press, Lahore, Punjab. MBss:as. THOMPSON & Co., Madras. lbiSES. S. MuETHY & Co., Madras. MEss:as. GoPA.L N .A.B.A. YER & Co., Bombay. M:ass:as. S. K. L.A.HIRI & Co., Printers and Booksellers, College Street, Calcutta. MESSES. V. KALY.A.NAR!M.A. IYE:a & Co., Booksellers, &c., Madru. MESSES. D. B. T&:a.A.POEEVALA, SoNS & Co., Booksellers, Bombay. MEssRs. G. A. N.A.TESON & Co., Madras. M:a. N. B. MuHUE, Superintendent, Nazair Kanu.m Hind Preas, Allahabad. TH:s CALCUTTA. ScHOOL Boox SociBTY. M:a. SUNDEB PANDUB.A.NG, Bombay. M:a. A.M• .A.ND J. FEEGusoN, Ceylon. MEssRs. TEMPI.B & Co., Madras. MEssRs. CollBBIDGE & Co., Madras. MEs:as. A. PILLA! k Co., Trivandru.m• . M:sssEs. A. CHA::ND & Co., Punjab. In England. Ma. E. A. ARNOLD, 41 & 43 Maddox Street, Bond Street, London, W. . . M:~ssxs. CoNSTA.BLll & Co., 10 Orange Street, Leicester Square, - London, W. C. M:ass:as. GB.INDL.AY & Co., 54 Parliament Street, London, S. W. ME~:~sxs. KEGA::N PAuL, TRENCH, TEUBNER & Co., 43 Gerrard Street, Soho, London, W. lb. B. QuuiTC.K, 11 Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. MEss as. W. T.KACXBB & Co.; 2 Creed Lane, London, E. C. :MEssRs. P. S. KING & SoN, 2 & 4 Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, S. W. · !.bsSRs. H. S. KING & Co., 65 Cornhill, London, E. C. Ma. B. H. BucxWELL, 50-51 Broad Street, O:rlord. MJ:SI!RS. DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Cambridge. M.B.. T. FISHE.B. UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terra~;e, London. W. C.

On, the Continent. MES!IBS. R. FBIEDLANDE.B. & SoHN, Berlin, N. w. Carlstraase, n: Mr. 0TTQ H.A.BB.AssowiTZ, Leipzig. M:a. RuDOLF H.!UPT, 1 Dorrieostrasse, Leipzig (Germany). M:a. KARL HIEBSEMAN::N, Leipzi~r. lb. ERNEST LERoux, 28 Rue Bonaparte, Paris. :M.B.._M.A..aorun71 NIJBOFF, The Hag11e. . DISTRICT . GAZETTEERS. . - B.ANKURA.

tPrice-ln India, lis. 8; in England Ia. 6d,J · BENGAL DISTRICT GAZETTEERS·

BANKURA.

BY I ... S. S. O'MALLEY,

IlOlU.lll CIVU. BIB'fUia •

CALCUTTA: A THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT BOOK DEPOT.

l9 0 8. PLAN OF CONTENTS.

CIIAPTER .PAGES

1. PHYSICAL AsPECTS • • • • • 1-18 II. HISTORY I . . • • • • • 19-42 III. THE PEOl'LE • • • .. • • • 43-71 Al'PENDIX-TH:s SANTALS OF • • 72-78 • IV. PuBLIC HEALTH • • .. • . . • • .. 79-85 AGRicULTURE • v. • • • • • • • 86-93 VI. NATURAL CALAMITIES ' . • • ; . 94--100 VII. RENTS, WAGES AND PRICES • • • • • 101·-109 VIII. Occul'ATIONS, MANUFACTURES AND TRADE • • 110-117 IX. MEANS oF CoMMUNICATION • • • • • 118-122

X. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION • • • 0 123-136 XI. GE~ERAL ADMINISTRATION • • • • . 137-1~3 XII. LocAL SELF-GoVERNMENT • • • • • 144-147 XIII. EDucATION • • • • • • • 148-151 XIV. GAZET'l'EEB. .. • • • • • • 152-180. INDEX • • • • • • • • • 181-189 TABLE OF. CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

PHYSICAL ASPECTS. PAGEl GllJE:U.L DBBCll.IPTION-Boundaries-Configuration-Natural divisions- Scenery-HILL BJ'STBH-RIVER BYSTEH-Dimodar-Sili-Dhalkiaor­ Gandheawari-Silai-Kisai-L.&:KEs, MABSHEB Ali'D C.uu.Ls-FoBESTB- GBOLOGY-BOTANr-FAVlr.&-Wlld animals-Game birda-Filh-.. Reptiles-CLIKAT.Iil ...... ••• .., 1-18 •

CHAPTER II. _

HISTORY.

RISB .lli'D J'UL OJ!' TB.ll BIBB.NVPUB RU-0BIGIN OJ'- TBB RUAB-&hLLi.• li:HUH-LEGENDABI' BISTOBI'-The Kalla chiefs-REIGN Ol!' BIB BAH• ,. BIR-TBIBUTABI' . RAUB-RELATIONS WlTK TB.B MUllA.Hit:ADAlfS­ MARATKA BAIDS-lliTBBlfAL J'BUDB-EABLI' BBITII!K- A.Dit:JBISTBA• ~IOli'-TKB Chwa.,. BEBELLION-JVli'GLB MABALB-RIBllfG OJ!'' 1832- l\lutiny of 1857-FOBIIATION Ol!' DISTBICT-BISKlfUPVB OB MALL.& IRA-ABCli.EOLOGI' 19-42

CHAPTER III.

TBE PEOPLE.

GBOWTB OJ!' POPULATION-CEli'SVS Ol!' 1901-GENEilAI! , OBABACTERJSTICS­ Denaity of population-1\ligratio.n-Towus and viliages-Langnage­ RELIGI6:Ns-Christian Missions-wesleyan Mission-Educational work­ Evangelistic work-Social work-Mnhammadan~~o-Animists-Some aspects of Hinduism-Worship of Manasi-Worship of Bhidu-Wonhip of Dbarmarij-Hook-swinging-CASTEB AND nmEs-Banris-Santils- Biigdis-SocuL Lll'B-Landlortls and tenants-Village officials-Nai7J­ Guma&hta-Mu'kh!Ja or manclal-Purohit-Saraar-BtJtiial,;.-Tiibetliir oldttoal&-Di/}ara-Jagirclara-Simti11aai.ir,_Itmamaarl or mancltSl8- - Paramclnik and manjM-Faujclar and ch.harUM-Food-Dwelling•- • Clothing-Amusements-General conditions ... ' '" · 43-71

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III.·

TB 1 BAll' TALl OJ' Buxu:u ... · ••• ... CHAPTER IV.

PUBLIC HEALTH. l'AGES C:tiHA 'rl-VIT .u Sr.&TISTIClS-PBilrOIP AL DISBASES-Fever-Malarial fevers -Non-malarial fevers-Cholera-Small-pox-Leprosy-Other diseasea­ ' VACOIB.&riOli-MEDIC.&.L llJSTI'rlTTIOlU-Leper asylum ,.. ,., 19-85

CHAPTER·v.

AGRICULTURE.

GBNEBAL COBDITIOlri-Rainfall-lBBIGATION-SOI~S-PBilfOIP.&L CBOPS­ Rice-Sngarcane-Bilidcn crops-.lla6i crops-Other crops-EXTENSION OlP OtJLTIT.I.TION-IHl'liOVEHBliT OlP KE'r:S:ODB-Agricultural Associa• ·tion-CATTLB ••• "' ,,, ••• 86-93

CHAPTER VI.

NATURAL CALAMITIES.

LIA:BUITY. TO :rAHIBE--TBACTS LIABLE TO J'.&.HINB-P' AHINB OJ' 1866- FAHINB, o:r 18'14-SO.&.BOI'rY Ol!' 1885-FA.KIBB OJ' 1897-FLOODI ••• 94.-100

CHAPTER VII,

RENTS, WAGES AND PRICES. ·

BBJrrs-Cash rents-Produce rents-WAGES-Village labourers-Village servants-Supply of labour-PBIOEB-MATEBI.I.L CONDITION .OJ' 'l11B JPEOPIB--Landlorda-Professional classes-Commercial and industrial classes-Agriculturists-Labourers-Iitdebtedness-Rates of , interest- Methods of usury ••• ... ••• 101-109

CHAPTER VIII.

OCCUPATIONS, MANUFACTURES AND TRADE. OCC:VPATIONs-M.unr:rACTUBES-Silk weaving-Tusser silk weaving-Cetton , and wool weavfn~Lac industry-Collieries-Other minerals-Brass- Indigo-Other industriea-T:a.&DB-Weights and measures ... 110-117

CHAPTER IX,

MEANS Ol!' COMMUNICATION. D:nnOPllBN'l' o:r COllHUliiOA.TIONS-RAILWAYB-ROJ.DS-Raniganj.Midna• . pore road-Diatrict Board roads-Military Grand Trunk Road-Convey· a~cea-W ATBB COHHTTlllO.&.TIO:trS-Ferriel and boata-PoBT.&L COH• JlVlUC.l:tiONI ••• "" ••• ... u• 118-122 · • ~A'BLB 01' OONTERTS.

CHAPTER X.

LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION. l'.I.QII IUnJJtrll BISTORY-ParQfllltU-Glatll!a.li laudJ-ESTA.TES-TxlnrliE9-PatAI • tenurea-Sliiml tenurea-.lldGrrarl tenurea-Ltimriiri tenures-ljiirci• -Tnuns• uouxsas-JGmii or jtJt-Micidi jamii-BAaj•jot -Jangsl· hrl J••4-NsJti!tid'-.laud•s~t-DGkbldciri-MdGrrarl and mawr•n jam4-Korfii. and d•rkorfa -SRBVICB TElfVUS-SilltciAiidari-ItaclfJI• dii.ri or •a..Ia.li-Kiorpod-HiHr~~iili-REKr•FRJB 'l'l!:li'D'BBS 123-lSG

CHAPTER XI.

GENERAL ADliiNISTBATION•

.lDllllriSfUTIVll CRJ.IGES .u'D BTJ.FF-RBVEli'UE-Land revenue-Stampa­ Eniae-Ceaaes-lncome•tax-Registration-A D ][Ill' I a Tll.l.l' 1 o ll' OJ' nrsrrca-Civll justice-Cnminal justice-Crime-Criminal clauea- :Migration-POLICE-J.&.II.S ••• · ... 187-1'3 .

CHAPTER XII.

LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT.

DI&TliiCT BoJ.RD-Income-Expenditore-LocJ.L ~o..ums-Uli'IOll' COK· · KITHES-lfUli'ICil'J.LITIES-Binknri-Bishnupnr-Sonimnkhi "" 144r-U.7

CHAPTER XIII.

EDUCATION.

PBOGR!I!S OP ED1TC.I.TION-GESER.I.L STJ.TIBTICs-COLLBGIJ.TB BD1TCA.TIOli'­ SRCOl'rDARY EDUCATIOY-P&IXARY ED1TCATION-FElULB ED1TOA.TIOlf­ Sl'ECIA.L SCBOOI.s-ln!USTRIAL. ED1TCA'IIOJr-0TBER SCS:OOLB-P:aiTA.TB Il'rSTlTn'IOJrS-EDlTCATIOlf 01' MtrHAXXADAli'S-EDUCA.'fiOll' OJ' .I.BOBI• • QU'US-HOSTEI.S AND BOA.IDUG BOll'SBB-LIBRA.RIBS AND liBWS• ~.I.PEBS -- ...... 10-151 CHAPTER XIV.

GAZETTEER. •

Ajodhyi-Ambikinagar--Bii.huliirii-Biinkuri-Binkuri Subdiviaion-Bishnn• pur-Bishnupur Snbdivision-Chhitni-Chhinpur-Dhalbbiim-Dharipit - Ekteawar-I ndia-Jimkundi-Khii.tri-Kotalpur-Kuchiikol-Lokpur -M i 1 i i r i-Raipur-Siibrikon-Siimantabhiim-Sirengi-Simliipii.I- Sonimu~hi-Sonitapal-5u.sunii-Telisiyar-Tongbhiim-Vishnupur ... 152-180 IBDE:Jt ...... ••• • •• 18l-U9 iND:t:ic • •

INDEX.

A. Bagalland, 89. Biigdia, connection with Mils 21 22 •· A ban tiki, 6,- , , . Aboriginala,·_50-51, 56-57, 68-69; educa· religion of, 50; description of, 59-61.· Biihuliirii, description of, 152-153. tion of, 151. Baital, 53. Adhikuli, 52, 53. lliilsi, 53, Adi Malia, 24. t.,. BandAa, 86, 87'. Administration, land revenue, 123-136 ; Diinku Rai, 1. general, 137-143 ; or justice, 140-142. Biinkuri, origin of namP, 1~ Administrative charges and staft', 137. Banhrci Darpan (newspaper), 151 • .Jgh?Ji cror•. 90, 91. Bankuri subdivision, 155-156. Agr~cultural Aasociation, 92-93. Agricultural cluseP, no. Banknra town, description of, 153·154 ; Agriculture, 86-93. rainfall of, 18; Wealey~on Misaion at Agricalturists, material condition of, 47-49; hospital and dispensary at, 84; . 108. leper asylum at, ~4-; former indigo Ajodhyi, diapensary at, 84 ; description factory at, 116; eub•registry office at, ot, 152. 140; diatrict jail, 143 ; municipaiity, AlllllA rico, cultivation of, D0-91. 145-146 ; college and;schooiB at, 47, 48, Ambikinegar, description of, 152, 166 ; 149, 150 ; population, 153 ; publi~ . buildings,"153-155; climate; 155. • pGrgG'IHJ1 125, Amdiingrii, 116. Ban1~erci land, 89. Amusemente, 67-68 ; of the Santii:ls, 77. Binskuri colliery, 114, Animiate, 50. Bara, indigo factory at, 116. Archroology, 42. Biirahaziiri pargana, 125. .4rAar, cultivation of, 91. Bariikhulia, 110• Artisaua, wages of, 1<"2, 103. Barjorii, police outpost, 143 •. Arts nnd industries, 110·117. Baatu land, 89. Assessment of rentl, 101-102. Bauria, 57-58; religion of, oOt 61, Asaociation, agricultural, 92-93. Beare, 15, • A•ura panj, '1. Beliatore, school at, 149• Asuriii, 116. • Bell-metal manufarture, 115-116. 4t-pahari, 63. Bengal·Nigpur Railway, 119. 4u• rice, cultivation of, 90-91 •. Be-panchaH teuurea,101, 126t 12'7 Autumn rice, cultivation of, 91. Betel leaf, cu\tivatiun of, 91. .BhiUoi crops, 90, 91. B. Bhiidu, wonhip of, 52. B4~uan lands, 124. BMig-jot (holdingl, 102, 134. Bagi, 7. Bhairabbiinki river, '1. 182 iNDEX. ·. Bh8.laidiha parse~ruJ, 125, 175. Ckare~le Puja, description of, 54-56 ; Bheriils, ll3. 167-169. - Bhumij caste, 40, i41. Charitable dispensaries, 83-84. Bhiitaahar, 6, 153. Ckadidari chaleran lands, 136. Biharinith hill, 4. Cliauleldar~, 143. • :JJirai river, 6; • scheme for irrigation Cheap, the Commercial Resident,_ 40. from, .as. Chlaridar, 66; Birds, 16. Chhitni, police outpost, 95, 143 ; rail• Bir Hambir, reign of, 25-26. . way station, 119 ; parsana, 125 ; des• 'Bir Singh, Raji of Bishnupur, 26, 27. cription of, 164-165. Bireinghpur, 110. · Chhinpur, description of, 165-166. Birth-rate, 80. . Chingiini, no. Biahnupur parse~•a, 123, 12~; estates of, Cholera, epidemics of, 82. 123-124. Christian Missions, 46-49. Bishnupur Riijiis, history of, 19-37. Chronology, 42. Bishnupdr subdivision, 163-164. Chuar~, 34; rebellions of, 40-41. Bishnupur town, description of, 156-163 i Civil justice, administration of! 140. rainfall of, • 18 ; history or, 19-87 ; Climate, 17-18; in relation to health, 79. wonhip of Dharmaraj, 52, 53 ; dis­ Clothing, 67. pensary at, 84 ·; silk weaving at, 111- Coal mines, 114-115: . 113; tobaccO" manufacture, 116; sub: Cock-fighting, 77-78. registry office at, 140, 146-147 ; iub-jail Cocoon rearing, 111, 112, 113. at, 143; municipality, 146-147; High College of Wesleyan Mission, 47, 149. school at, 149 ; Rajas of, 156-157; Collegiate education, 149. temples, 158-160; the fort, 160-161 ; Collieries, 114-115. guns, 161 ; lakes, 162·163 ; the modern Commerce, 116-117. _. town, 163, Commercial classes, material condition Blanket weaving, 113. of, 107. • Blindness, prevalence of, 83. • Cot¥munication, means of, 118-12~ ; Blunt, ColJ!misaioner of Bishnupur, 12! development of, 118-119 ; rail ways, Botany, 11-14 119 ; roads, 119-121 ; water, 12 2 ; Boundaries of the district, 2. postal, 122. Brakmottar land, 186. Configuration of district, 2. Brass manufacture, 115-116. Conveyances, 121-122. Buddhism, traces of, 52-54. Cooly emigration d9!>ot, 142. Cotton weaving, 113. c. ~ountry spirit, manutacture and con • Calamities, natural, 94-100. aumption of, 138-139. Canalsf'l. ·Courts, civil and crim!nal, J 40. } Carta~\121. Crime, 140-141, Carvin~ of wood, 116. Cr~minal classes, 141-142. Castes apd tribes, 56-61. Criminal justice, administration of, 140. Cattle, $3; • Crops, principal, 90, 91. CensUs statistics,'· 43-44. Cultivation, extension of, 91-92 ; im· I Cessea, rfvenue from, 139. provements in, 92, 93. Chaitanya Singh, Riji of Bishnnpur, Cutlery, manufacture of, 116. so. 35, x:.·· D. Champilo\ 116, 1 Dacoities, 140-141. IliDEX. is~

Dafadarl, U3. Enteric fever, SL ·Dakla•ldiiri tenurrs, 134. Estates, subdivision of, 123-124; number DiOmodar ri\"er, description of, (-6; navi· and revenue of, 130. gation on, 122. Excise administration, 138-1 S9. Da•sa (high land), 89•. Ex.hibiti~u, agricultural, 93. Darufimrari tenures, 183. Exports, 116. Darlorfii holdings, 135". Extension of cultivation, 91-93. DGrmalarrari tenures, 133. F. Darpatfli tenure,, 131. Death.rate, 80. Factories, old indigo, 116. DeboitGr land, 136. Famine of 1770, 31 ; liability to, 94; Density of populatiun, 44-45. tracts liable to, 94-95; of 1866, 95 ; Desuriii, 116. of 1874, 98;" of 1897, 99·100. Dhalbhiim, 22; description of, 166. Fauna, 14-16. . Dhalkiaor river, deacrijltion of, 6. Ft~•jiliir, 66. Dhindii, 110. Fawjdari D••O.lata, 63. Dbariipit, description of, 166-167. Female education, 150. Dbarmariij, worship of, 52-54. Ferries, 122. Diarrbcea, 83. Fever, prevalence of, 80; types of, 80-82. Digars, 65, 127. Filariasis, 82. Finance, 137-140. Dlghi, 116. Fish, 16-17. Diseases, principal, 80-83. Floods, 1CO. Dispensariea, 83-84. Food grains, prices ~f, 105. Diat.illeries, 138. Food of the people, 66. District, formation of, 41-42. Forests, • Diatrict. Board, administration of, U.J.- 7-S. • 145; roads, 120-12L Fort of Bishnupur, description of, 160· Domestic animals, 93. 161. Dress of the people, 67. . G. Durjan Singh, Biji of Biahnupnr, 27. Gii.bpnr, worship of Dharmarij at, 53. Dwiirkeswar river, description of, 6. Game birds, 16. · Dwellings, 66. Gandheswari river, ·6. Dyeing of Bilk, llL Gangijalg~iti, rainfall of, 18 J telegraph Dysentery, 83. office at, 122; aUb-iegiatcy office at, . E. 140; thin a, 94,142, U.S. - Education, UB-151, work of Wesleyan· Gangi Niriyan'a rising, 40-41. Mission, 48-50_; of Santii.ls, 74; progrcas Ga11jt1, consumption of, 13!1. of, 148-149; atatist.ica of, 149; colle· Gintitbiindh lake, 162. giate, 149; $Condary, H9; primary, General administration, 137-143. 149-150 ~ female, 150 ; industrial. 150; Geology, 8-11. of Muhammadans, 151; of aborigin· Gliat•, 125. als, 151. G14te4li lands, ~25-130; eurYeJ · ud _ Educational staff, 149~ eettlement of, 128-129. Ekteswar, description of, 167-169. Glatv:ali tenures, 101, 125-130. Elephantiasis, 82. Ghatftliu, 125·130. Elephants, 16. G'•tirt, 10. Emigration, 45, 142; of Santiils, 74. Gingelly, cultivation of, 91. 184

Girls' schools, 150; of Wesleyan Mission, Indebtedness, 108• . 48. lndigo, cultivation of, 91; industry, 116." Gold deposits, 115. · • Indpur, police outpost, 143. Gondwana system, 11. Industrial classe1, 110; material condition Gopilnagar, 116. · · · of, 107. Gopilpur, worship of Dharmarij ·at, .sa; Industrial education, 150. former indigo faetory at, 116. IndustrieP, 110-117; in district jails, 143. Gopil Singh, Rijii of Bishnupur, 28 •• Inoculation. 83. Gopinathpur, silk weaving at, 110, 112. Institutions, medical, 83-84. Ooswimis, 66. . Interest, rates of, 108·109. • Government estates, 130. Inundations, 100. Gralri, cn!tivation of, 91 J pricea of, 105. Irrigation, 87-89. Grazing grounds, 93. I.titfararl tenures, 133. Gum"ii11tt1, 63. Itmamdar, 65. Guns at Bishnupur, 16L Itmamdarl holdings, 136. H. J .• ll'arinmiri .UiZ, 88. .Jagiraar~, 65, 127. Hariaankirlan, 67. · .Tail industries, 143. Harmisri, 7. .Tails, 143. . Health, public, 79·8~; .lalsa1an holdings, 1f4• . (tenant's holding), 133-134• . Hemp drugi; consumption of, 139.· .lt~a"il Jamkundi, description of, 169-170. High school, 1~9!. lake, 162. Hikitntili holdings, 136. lamu~abiindh Hill system, 3-4. • lamuniikbiili colliery, 114. Jiim'urii, 116.· ~induism, some aspects of, p0-51. . . _ .Jan (Santiil witch doctor) 76. Biitory of the district, 19-42; of .land .JangallJurl jam 134. revenue administra:tion, 123-130. . a J asodii khal, 6. Honorary Magistrate~, 140. _ J'atras, 67. Hook-swinging, 54-56,· among . the Santi!s, '17. .Taykbiil river, 7. Hospitals, 83-8~ Jaypandi iiver, 7. Hoatels, 151. . Jaypur, silk weaving at, 110; former B~oses of the people, ·66. indigo factory at, 116; police outpost~ Hurp~TJ"=dn, ·s. 143• .T ayrimpur, police outpost, 143. I. Jhantipiihiri railway station, 119 • .Jog·ManjM, 74. Idola, maintained by the Bishnupur Rij, Jo~ (tenants' holding) 133• . 124~ . . . Judicial staff, 140. Ijara leases, 133. Jungle Mahils, description of, 38-40. Immigration, 45. Jungle Mahiil estate, 123, 124. Imports, 116. Income-tax, 139. Justice, administration of, 140-142. In~s, rainfall of, 18; worship of Dharma· K. rij at, 53; sub-registry office at, 140 . Ka"hiriij (among the Santiils), 76. tbina ~42, 143 i High school at 149: Kiikatiii, 151. . description of, 169. ' ' ·• Kiilindibindh lake, 162. t:MDBX. 186

Kilikiipur collie11, 11'. Land revenue, aclm.iniatntiou. ·of, 123'· Xal111, 57. 136; receipts from, 137. Kalil· a,., 10,. Land tenures, 130, 136. Xinkilii, 116. Language, 46. . .· Kauri hill, 4. Laterite, 9, 10 J economic uaes of, US. Xansiillati river, detcription or, 7. Liugriim, U. :- Kaolin, 115. Leasea of land, 133,.134, 135. Karo hill, 4. Legends, of Madan Kohan, 161-163 1 Xisai river, deacription of, 71 naviga• of Chhitnii, 161·165: of Dbalbhiim; tion on, 12a. 168 ; of Lokpur, 170.171 : of Raipnr, Keating, Collector of Biahnnpur, 82·3", 172-173 1 ·of Sibrikon, 173; ·of Kendadi, 113. Simantabhiim, 173-174; of Slmlip'il, Xeababpur, UO. 175; of Manohar, ·176-177 1 of Keaiikol, 154. Tungbbiim, 179. K.t• or tua,er aUk cloth, 109. Leopards, 16. Kharagpur,A.sanaol branch line, 119. Leper as1lum, M-8~. Khatnagar, 115. Leproey, 83. Khitri, rainfall of,' 18; diapenaary at, Librariea, 151. 8J. ; aab-regiatry office at, 140 J thina, Literate population, 149. 142, 143; dcecription of, 170. Litbomarge, 115. KhOI'poiA holdings, 136. Local Boards, 145, Kori hill, V, 5. Local &If-Government, 1'"-147. Kor:J4 holdings, 135. L'lhira, 130. Kotdl, 74. Lokpur, description of, 170·171. Kotalp11r, rainfall of, 18 1 diapensary at, 84_; former Indigo factory at, 116.; l'rl. aub-regiatry . office at, 140 1 thina, 142, MagistrateP, 138. 14,3; achool at, 143; description of, Maliiijt~al, 107, 103, 109• 170. .lllt!Aiftdlil'l (labourers), 103. Kl'ii'Unl (labourers), 103. · lfabiawari pt1~gant11 125. Kr1abnabindb lake, 162. Maize, cultivation of, 91. Kur.hiikol, school at, 149; description Miikri, indigo factory at, 116 • of, 170. .lllakla'61, 11\1. Xucbkuchiii, High school at, 47, 149. Malarial fever, 80-st: Xukbri river, 6. Miliirii, rainftoll of, 18 J diapenaarJ at, Xurpii, 116. 8i; pal'gflns, 125 J schoo~ at, 1~9 J . description of, 171-172. L. Malia chier1, 241·25. Labour supply, 104-105. Malia era, 42. Labourers, wages of, 102, 103 ; material Mallabhiim, description of 21·23 J legen• condition of, 108. dary history of, 23-25. Labouring classes, 110. l!lanaai, worship of, 15L Lac industry, 118, 114. MandaZ, 63, 6 t., 65. Lakes, 7, 162. .lllandaU holdings, 186, Lilbiindb lake, 162. Mangalpur, worship of Dharmarij at, Lanl\lords, relation with tenanta, 61·62 ; 63. ' material condition of, 106-107. Mbjl•i or !antil heacimau, 65, 74. Land meaaure•, 117. Manobar, legend of, 116, 177. !S6 .:UUJ E. X.

Manufactures, 1iO.ll6: Music•al schools, 150•. Mariithiis, raids.of, 28-30. Mustard, cultivation of, 91. Marriage ceremony among the Bauris, Mutiny of 1857, 41. • 60-61 ; among the Biigdis, 61. Mars, 6. N. .Marshes, 7. Nii:gpanchami, 51 • Marw'iJ, cultivation of, 91. Naf!J, 62. Maru1u;121 .. Namal, 45. Masaker Piihar, 4. Narayanpur, 116. Material condition of the pebplfl, 106- · Natural calamities, 94-100. • 109; of landlords, 106-107; of Natural divisions of district, 2-8. . professional classes, 107 ; o( commer­ Navigation, 5, 122. .cial, and industrial classes, 107 ; of NayalJadi holdings, 134• agriculturists. 108 ; of 'tabourers, Newspapers, 151. 108. o. Matbgoda Mndk, 88•. - Matlca cloths, 113. Occupations of the peoplt', 110. Maunsl jama; 134. Oil-seeds, cultivation of, 91. Means of communication, 118·12~. OncJi, rainfall of, 18; Wesleyan Mission . .Measures, 117. schools at, 48 ; former indigo factory Medical aspects, 79-85 ; institutions, at, 116 ; sob-registry office at, 140 ; 83-8i. thana, 142, 143. · ·Mejia, police outpost, 94, 143. Ondiigram railway station,l19. Mejia Bil, 7. Opium, consumption of, 139. Mejia hill, 4. OutpostP, police, 143. Miadl jama, 134. Outstills, 138. llica, 116. P. Middle English schools,· 149 ; of Wesleyan Mission, 48, 49. · Packwai, consumption of,-138, 139. Middle Vernacular schools! 149 ; of Padampur, 24. Paik, 63. W esleya~ Mission, 48. Midnapore-.Jherria branch line, 119. Pakhurdabii, 110. ~ti~ra tion, 45. • Palasdinga, school at, 149. Military Grand Trunk Road, 121. Pan, cultivation of, 91. Minerals, 114, 115. Panckak, 125, 126, 127. Mines, 114. Panckakl makals, 135-136. Missions, Christian, 46-49. Pankhai, worship of Dharmarij at, 63. Molasses, manufacture of, 116. Paramanik, 65, 74. Money-orde~s, 122. Parganas, 125. ·Monsoon rainfall, 17-18. Parganaits, 74, 75. Mortgages of property, 109. Parsii, worship of Dharmariij at, 53. Muhammadans, 49-50; education of, Pastoragl', 93. 151. Piithardaba, 110. Mukarrari tenures, 132-133 ; jaaa, Patni tenu~s, 131, 132. 134. Patnldars, 62. Mdk!Ja, 63, 64. -Patrasiyar, 39, 115, 116. Mundiirl language, 46. People, _the, 43-71; material condition Municipalities, 145-147. of, 106-109 ; octupations of, 110. INDEX, 187

Permanently settled estates, 130. Rarh, 46. Phulkuawii parga11a, 125, 179, 180. Rarli lJoli, 46. PhJ'aie&l aspects, 1-18. Rates of rent, 101, 102. Piiirdobi J'llilway station, 119. Registration, 139·140.

Pirs, veneration of 1 4.9-50. Registry offices, 140. · Pokharbiindh lake, 162. Relief works In fllmine, 96, 97, 98, 09, Police, administration of, 142-143. 100. Population, growth of, 43; census of Religiona, 46-66 ; of the Santila, 7&-7G.

19011 43-44 ; dcnaity of, 4t-45; urban, Rent-free lands, 124; tenurei, 136.

45 ; rural" 451 46. Renta, 101-102; cash rents, lOl-102; Post offices, 12j, produce rents, 102, Postal communications, 122. Reptiles, 17. Preminanda orphanag!'• 46. · Revenue, administration of land, 123·

Pricea, 105; in faminea1 96, 97, 99, 100. 136, • Primary education, 149-150. Revenue history, 123-130. Private acbools, 151. Revenue of the district, 137·140; land Produce reuta, 102. revenue, 137; stamps, 137·138; excise Professional clasaee, 110 ;. material 133-189 ; cet~Ses, 139 ; income-tax, condition of, 107. 139 ; registration, 139-14.0. • Public health, 79-85. Rice, cultivation ol, 90-91; pric01 of, Public Workl Department, 1191 120. 105. Puniisol, 110. River 11yste:u, 4·7 • .Purohit, 63. Road and Public Workl cesa01, 139. Q. Roada, 119-121. Qu~~orrics, 115. Rol, former dispensary at, 84.; former indigo factory at, 116 ; school at, R. 149. Rabi crops, 90, 91. Rotation of cropa, 92, Rafts, use of, 122. Riipniriyan river, 6. • Raghunath Singh, Riji of Biahuupur, Rural population, 45, 46. 26. • Railways, 119. s. l~ainfall 1 17-18 ; in relation to agricul· Sibrikon, dearription of, 173. turo, 86-87. Sadi4l ghatw4la, 64, 125. ltaipur, rainfall or, 18; rebellion of Sdj4 cultivators, 102. Chuara, 89, 40; dispensary at, M; par• · saz forests, 7, 8. garaa, 125; sub-registry office at, 140; Salami payment of, 133, 135, thina, 95, 142, 143; deacript.ion of, Saldi, 5-I. 172-173. Silghiti, 121. Riijgrim, 110, 153; aUk-weaving at sau land, 89. 110, 112 ; police outpost, 143 ; school Sali_river, 6, at, 149. Siiltori, 88, 121; police outpoat, 94, Rijhit-Bir~inghpur, 112. • 143. liimpur, 116. Salt, pricea of, 105. Rimsiigar, 119, 121. Siimantabhum, 22; description of, 173·· Ringime\ii, 121, 122. . 175. - • Riniganj-Midnapore road, 120. Sam1ir, 5. Rape, cultivation of, 91. Sanskrit toZ1, 150, 151. · · i88

Santili language, 46, 74, 77. Soils, 89. Santils of Iliinkuri, 58-59, 72-78 ; Sonimukhi, 39, rainfall of, 18; com• connection with la11d, 72 ; character, mereta! residency at, 39 ; dispensary 72-73 ~ village lite, 73; emigration, 74; at, 84; silk weaving at, 112; tribal organization, 7 4-75 ; religion, former indtgo factory at, 116 ; tele· 76-76; belief In witchcraft, 76; graph. office at, 122 ; sub-registry practice of hook-swinging, 77; amuse· office at, UO ; tbii.na and· outpost, 95, menta, '17 ; hunting, 77 ; cock-fighting, 142, t143; . municipality, 147; n-78; education of, 15~. school at, 149; descriptioni of, 1'15- San.toi-, us. · 177. Siinturi, 116, Sonitapal, description of, 177-178. Sarrlar, 64-65. SpE!cial schools, 150. ~arrlar o'hatwaZI, 64, 1~7. Spirit, consumption of, 13!).

Sirengi1 Wesleyan Vission at, 49; hook· Stamps, revenue frllm,137-138. swinging at, 55-56; description of, 173. Statistics, vital, 79-80; of crops, 90, · Sarkari .fanckakl tenures, 101, 126, of education, 148, 149. 127. Stone quarries, 115. Sisbpur, 116. Subdivisions• of the district, 137• Savings Bank transactions, }22. Subhankari kkiil, 7, 87, 88. Scarcity, 95-100, Sugarcane, cultivation of, 91. ·scenery-of the district, 3. Suna soil, 89, Schools, US-151; of Wesleyan Mission~ Supply of labour, 104-105. · 47~49; High schools, 149 ; lfiddle Supur pargana, 125; description of, 166. English, 149; Middle Vernacular, Survey and settlement of gkatwali. 149 ; Primary, 149-150; specia1150. lands, 128-129.

Secondary educ;ation, 149. Susunii hill1 3 ; description of, 178-179. · SekharbJlii.m, 23. Syambindh lake,162. ·sepatnl tenures, 131 •. Syiimsondarpur, 7; ~ina !I., 88; .fargana Service tenures, 135-136. 125, 179, 180. Settlement of rent, 101. Settlements, early, 125; of gllatwali T. lands, 128-129. Shihirjori .fargana, 125. Ta~edar glaiwal•, 65; duties of, 127. Sheikhs, 49. Tildangrii, police autpost, 143. SMkml tenures, 132. Tanka, irrigation from, 87. Siis, worship of Dharmarij at, 53. , Tisuli, 116. Sikharbbii.m, 23. Technical education, 150. Silibati river, 6-7. Telegraph offices, 122. Silai river, 64. Tells, 57. Silk weaving, 110-113. Telisiiyar, 179. Simanaaari ho1dings, 136. Tomperature, 17. Bimataarlar• (watchmen), 65, 104, 143. Temples- of Bishnupur, description ot, Simlipil, 110 ; police outpost, 95, 143 ; 158-160. pargana, 125; description of, 175. Temporarily settled estates, 12~­ •Skin diseases, 83. Tenants' holdings, 133 • Small-pox, 82. Tenants, relations with the landlords, Snakes, 17. • 61-62. Social life of the p~ople, 61-71. Tenure-holders, 131, 133. · INDEX. 189

Tenuru of land, 130-136; estates, 130; Vlllagee, 45-46. tem1re1, 130-181 ; tenanta• holdinga, Village life, 59-71. 133-135 ; aervice tenures, 135-136 ; Village ofiiciats, 62-66. rent-free tenures, 136. Village servants, wages of, 103-104. Thinu, poliet>, U2, US. Vishnupur. 8u Bishnapur. Tu cultivation of, UL Vital •tatistica, 79-80. Tilaghigri, 110. w. Tobaeco, manufacture of, 116. Wage•, 102-105. 'l'ol•, 150, 151. Water communications, 122. Topography, 1. Waterfalls, 6. Towne, 45, 46. Weaving of tilk, 110-113 ; of cotton Track>, 116-117. ancJ wooJ, 113: Tr•ioing echools, 150. Weights, 117. Tree•, 7~ s, n.u. Welts, irrigation from, 87. Tribes and eastes. SG-61. , \f'esleyan Mission, 46-49. Tungbhilm, 2.3; deecription of, 179-180. West Eurdwin district, 42.. Tuntii Mosalmin11, 139-140. Wheat) cultivation of, 91 ; prices of, 105. Tuaser silk weaving, 111·113. '!itchcraft, beUef in, 76, . Wild animals, l'-16. u. Winds,17. Udba1t11 land, 89. Women, education of, 150. Wood earving,.116. Vnion Committees, 145. Wool weaving, 113. Urban population, 45. Uat1J'l', methods of, 109. , z. Zaml'!di.iri panclakl tonurea, 101, UB, v. 127. Vaccination, 83. Zar-i-pull31 ijiri leases, 133. · Vailihnavism, 66. Zili achooJ, U9. Ve:teratio~ of Pjr•, 4~, SO. Zooloq, 14·17•

.P.~· J."reu-I~-9-1908-108~60~-c. A. :J,>. . .