OFFICUt · AGENTS FOR THE SALE· ·oF GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS. In India. }.{Ess:as. TH.A.CX:B:a, SPINX & Co., Calcutt& and Simla.. MEss:as. NEWlU.N & Co., Calcutta.. MEss:as. HIGGINBOTHA.H & Co., Madras. M:~ss:as. 'IHACXBB & Co., LD., Bombay. MEssas. A. J. CoMBB.IDGB & Co., Bombay. TuB · Sun:aiNTEND.E.NT, AHEEIC&N B.A.l'TIST M I8SIOB PB:ESS, Rangoon. M:as. RaH&BA.I ATlUEA.H S.&.aooN, Bombay. MEssRs. R. CAMBBAY & Co., Calcutta.. )lu SAHIB M. GuLAB SINGH & So.Ns, Proprietors of the Mufid·i-am Press, Lahore, Punjab. MBss:as. THOMPSON & Co., Madras. lbiSES. S. MuETHY & Co., Madras. MEss:as. GoPA.L N .A.B.A. YER & Co., Bombay. M:ass:as. S. K. L.A.HIRI & Co., Printers and Booksellers, College Street, Calcutta. MESSES. V. KALY.A.NAR!M.A. IYE:a & Co., Booksellers, &c., Madru. MESSES. D. B. T&:a.A.POEEVALA, SoNS & Co., Booksellers, Bombay. MEssRs. G. A. N.A.TESON & Co., Madras. M:a. N. B. MuHUE, Superintendent, Nazair Kanu.m Hind Preas, Allahabad. TH:s CALCUTTA. ScHOOL Boox SociBTY. M:a. SUNDEB PANDUB.A.NG, Bombay. M:a. A.M• .A.ND J. FEEGusoN, Ceylon. MEssRs. TEMPI.B & Co., Madras. MEssRs. CollBBIDGE & Co., Madras. MEs:as. A. PILLA! k Co., Trivandru.m• . M:sssEs. A. CHA::ND & Co., Punjab. In England. Ma. E. A. ARNOLD, 41 & 43 Maddox Street, Bond Street, London, W. M:~ssxs. CoNSTA.BLll & Co., 10 Orange Street, Leicester Square, - London, W. C. M:ass:as. GB.INDL.AY & Co., 54 Parliament Street, London, S. W. ME~:~sxs. KEGA::N PAuL, TRENCH, TEUBNER & Co., 43 Gerrard Street, Soho, London, W. lb. B. QuuiTC.K, 11 Grafton Street, New Bond Street, London, W. MEss as. W. T.KACXBB & Co.; 2 Creed Lane, London, E. C. :MEssRs. P. S. KING & SoN, 2 & 4 Great Smith Street, Westminster, London, S. W. · !.bsSRs. H. S. KING & Co., 65 Cornhill, London, E. C. Ma. B. H. BucxWELL, 50-51 Broad Street, O:rlord. MJ:SI!RS. DEIGHTON BELL & Co., Cambridge. M.B.. T. FISHE.B. UNWIN, 1 Adelphi Terra~;e, London. W. C. On, the Continent. MES!IBS. R. FBIEDLANDE.B. & SoHN, Berlin, N. w. Carlstraase, n: Mr. 0TTQ H.A.BB.AssowiTZ, Leipzig. M:a. RuDOLF H.!UPT, 1 Dorrieostrasse, Leipzig (Germany). M:a. KARL HIEBSEMAN::N, Leipzi~r. lb. ERNEST LERoux, 28 Rue Bonaparte, Paris. :M.B.._M.A..aorun71 NIJBOFF, The Hag11e. .BENGAL DISTRICT . GAZETTEERS. - B.ANKURA. tPrice-ln India, lis. 8; in England Ia. 6d,J · BENGAL DISTRICT GAZETTEERS· BANKURA. BY I ... S. S. O'MALLEY, IlOlU.lll CIVU. BIB'fUia • CALCUTTA: A THE BENGAL SECRETARIAT BOOK DEPOT. l9 0 8. PLAN OF CONTENTS. CIIAPTER .PAGES 1. PHYSICAL AsPECTS • • • • • 1-18 II. HISTORY I . • • • • • 19-42 III. THE PEOl'LE • • • .. • • • 43-71 Al'PENDIX-TH:s SANTALS OF BANKURA • • 72-78 • IV. PuBLIC HEALTH • • .. • . • • .. 79-85 AGRicULTURE • v. • • • • • • • 86-93 VI. NATURAL CALAMITIES ' . • • ; . 94--100 VII. RENTS, WAGES AND PRICES • • • • • 101·-109 VIII. Occul'ATIONS, MANUFACTURES AND TRADE • • 110-117 IX. MEANS oF CoMMUNICATION • • • • • 118-122 X. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION • • • 0 123-136 XI. GE~ERAL ADMINISTRATION • • • • . 137-1~3 XII. LocAL SELF-GoVERNMENT • • • • • 144-147 XIII. EDucATION • • • • • • • 148-151 XIV. GAZET'l'EEB. .. • • • • • • 152-180. INDEX • • • • • • • • • 181-189 TABLE OF. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PHYSICAL ASPECTS. PAGEl GllJE:U.L DBBCll.IPTION-Boundaries-Configuration-Natural divisions- Scenery-HILL BJ'STBH-RIVER BYSTEH-Dimodar-Sili-Dhalkiaor­ Gandheawari-Silai-Kisai-L.&:KEs, MABSHEB Ali'D C.uu.Ls-FoBESTB- GBOLOGY-BOTANr-FAVlr.&-Wlld animals-Game birda-Filh-.. Reptiles-CLIKAT.Iil ... ... ••• .., 1-18 • CHAPTER II. _ HISTORY. RISB .lli'D J'UL OJ!' TB.ll BIBB.NVPUB RU-0BIGIN OJ'- TBB RUAB-&hLLi.• li:HUH-LEGENDABI' BISTOBI'-The Kalla chiefs-REIGN Ol!' BIB BAH• ,. BIR-TBIBUTABI' . RAUB-RELATIONS WlTK TB.B MUllA.Hit:ADAlfS­ MARATKA BAIDS-lliTBBlfAL J'BUDB-EABLI' BBITII!K- A.Dit:JBISTBA• ~IOli'-TKB Chwa.,. BEBELLION-JVli'GLB MABALB-RIBllfG OJ!'' 1832- l\lutiny of 1857-FOBIIATION Ol!' DISTBICT-BISKlfUPVB OB MALL.& IRA-ABCli.EOLOGI' 19-42 CHAPTER III. TBE PEOPLE. GBOWTB OJ!' POPULATION-CEli'SVS Ol!' 1901-GENEilAI! , OBABACTERJSTICS­ Denaity of population-1\ligratio.n-Towus and viliages-Langnage­ RELIGI6:Ns-Christian Missions-wesleyan Mission-Educational work­ Evangelistic work-Social work-Mnhammadan~~o-Animists-Some aspects of Hinduism-Worship of Manasi-Worship of Bhidu-Wonhip of Dbarmarij-Hook-swinging-CASTEB AND nmEs-Banris-Santils- Biigdis-SocuL Lll'B-Landlortls and tenants-Village officials-Nai7J­ Guma&hta-Mu'kh!Ja or manclal-Purohit-Saraar-BtJtiial,;.-Tiibetliir oldttoal&-Di/}ara-Jagirclara-Simti11aai.ir,_Itmamaarl or mancltSl8- - Paramclnik and manjM-Faujclar and ch.harUM-Food-Dwelling•- • Clothing-Amusements-General conditions ... ' '" · 43-71 APPENDIX TO CHAPTER III.· TB 1 BAll' TALl OJ' Buxu:u ... · ••• ... CHAPTER IV. PUBLIC HEALTH. l'AGES C:tiHA 'rl-VIT .u Sr.&TISTIClS-PBilrOIP AL DISBASES-Fever-Malarial fevers -Non-malarial fevers-Cholera-Small-pox-Leprosy-Other diseasea­ ' VACOIB.&riOli-MEDIC.&.L llJSTI'rlTTIOlU-Leper asylum ,.. ,., 19-85 CHAPTER·v. AGRICULTURE. GBNEBAL COBDITIOlri-Rainfall-lBBIGATION-SOI~S-PBilfOIP.&L CBOPS­ Rice-Sngarcane-Bilidcn crops-.lla6i crops-Other crops-EXTENSION OlP OtJLTIT.I.TION-IHl'liOVEHBliT OlP KE'r:S:ODB-Agricultural Associa• ·tion-CATTLB ••• "' ,,, ••• 86-93 CHAPTER VI. NATURAL CALAMITIES. LIA:BUITY. TO :rAHIBE--TBACTS LIABLE TO J'.&.HINB-P' AHINB OJ' 1866- FAHINB, o:r 18'14-SO.&.BOI'rY Ol!' 1885-FA.KIBB OJ' 1897-FLOODI ••• 94.-100 CHAPTER VII, RENTS, WAGES AND PRICES. · BBJrrs-Cash rents-Produce rents-WAGES-Village labourers-Village servants-Supply of labour-PBIOEB-MATEBI.I.L CONDITION .OJ' 'l11B JPEOPIB--Landlorda-Professional classes-Commercial and industrial classes-Agriculturists-Labourers-Iitdebtedness-Rates of , interest- Methods of usury ••• ... ••• 101-109 CHAPTER VIII. OCCUPATIONS, MANUFACTURES AND TRADE. OCC:VPATIONs-M.unr:rACTUBES-Silk weaving-Tusser silk weaving-Cetton , and wool weavfn~Lac industry-Collieries-Other minerals-Brass- Indigo-Other industriea-T:a.&DB-Weights and measures ... 110-117 CHAPTER IX, MEANS Ol!' COMMUNICATION. D:nnOPllBN'l' o:r COllHUliiOA.TIONS-RAILWAYB-ROJ.DS-Raniganj.Midna• . pore road-Diatrict Board roads-Military Grand Trunk Road-Convey· a~cea-W ATBB COHHTTlllO.&.TIO:trS-Ferriel and boata-PoBT.&L COH• JlVlUC.l:tiONI ••• "" ••• ... u• 118-122 · • ~A'BLB 01' OONTERTS. CHAPTER X. LAND REVENUE ADMINISTRATION. l'.I.QII IUnJJtrll BISTORY-ParQfllltU-Glatll!a.li laudJ-ESTA.TES-TxlnrliE9-PatAI • tenurea-Sliiml tenurea-.lldGrrarl tenurea-Ltimriiri tenures-ljiirci• -Tnuns• uouxsas-JGmii or jtJt-Micidi jamii-BAaj•jot -Jangsl· hrl J••4-NsJti!tid'-.laud•s~t-DGkbldciri-MdGrrarl and mawr•n jam4-Korfii. and d•rkorfa -SRBVICB TElfVUS-SilltciAiidari-ItaclfJI• dii.ri or •a..Ia.li-Kiorpod-HiHr~~iili-REKr•FRJB 'l'l!:li'D'BBS 123-lSG CHAPTER XI. GENERAL ADliiNISTBATION• .lDllllriSfUTIVll CRJ.IGES .u'D BTJ.FF-RBVEli'UE-Land revenue-Stampa­ Eniae-Ceaaes-lncome•tax-Registration-A D ][Ill' I a Tll.l.l' 1 o ll' OJ' nrsrrca-Civll justice-Cnminal justice-Crime-Criminal clauea- :Migration-POLICE-J.&.II.S ••• · ... 187-1'3 . CHAPTER XII. LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT. DI&TliiCT BoJ.RD-Income-Expenditore-LocJ.L ~o..ums-Uli'IOll' COK· · KITHES-lfUli'ICil'J.LITIES-Binknri-Bishnupnr-Sonimnkhi "" 144r-U.7 CHAPTER XIII. EDUCATION. PBOGR!I!S OP ED1TC.I.TION-GESER.I.L STJ.TIBTICs-COLLBGIJ.TB BD1TCA.TIOli'­ SRCOl'rDARY EDUCATIOY-P&IXARY ED1TCATION-FElULB ED1TOA.TIOlf­ Sl'ECIA.L SCBOOI.s-ln!USTRIAL. ED1TCA'IIOJr-0TBER SCS:OOLB-P:aiTA.TB Il'rSTlTn'IOJrS-EDlTCATIOlf 01' MtrHAXXADAli'S-EDUCA.'fiOll' OJ' .I.BOBI• • QU'US-HOSTEI.S AND BOA.IDUG BOll'SBB-LIBRA.RIBS AND liBWS• ~.I.PEBS -- ... ... ... 10-151 CHAPTER XIV. GAZETTEER. • Ajodhyi-Ambikinagar--Bii.huliirii-Biinkuri-Binkuri Subdiviaion-Bishnn• pur-Bishnupur Snbdivision-Chhitni-Chhinpur-Dhalbbiim-Dharipit - Ekteawar-I ndia-Jimkundi-Khii.tri-Kotalpur-Kuchiikol-Lokpur -M i 1 i i r i-Raipur-Siibrikon-Siimantabhiim-Sirengi-Simliipii.I- Sonimu~hi-Sonitapal-5u.sunii-Telisiyar-Tongbhiim-Vishnupur ... 152-180 IBDE:Jt ... ... ••• • •• 18l-U9 iND:t:ic • • INDEX. A. Bagalland, 89. Biigdia, connection with Mils 21 22 •· A ban tiki, 6,- , , . Aboriginala,·_50-51, 56-57, 68-69; educa· religion of, 50; description of, 59-61.· Biihuliirii, description of, 152-153. tion of, 151. Baital, 53. Adhikuli, 52, 53. lliilsi, 53, Adi Malia, 24. t.,. BandAa, 86, 87'. Administration, land revenue, 123-136 ; Diinku Rai, 1. general, 137-143 ; or justice, 140-142. Biinkuri, origin of namP, 1~ Administrative charges and staft', 137. Banhrci Darpan (newspaper), 151 • .Jgh?Ji cror•. 90, 91. Bankuri subdivision, 155-156. Agr~cultural Aasociation, 92-93. Agricultural cluseP, no. Banknra town, description of, 153·154 ; Agriculture, 86-93. rainfall of, 18; Wealey~on Misaion at Agricalturists, material condition of, 47-49; hospital and dispensary at, 84; . 108. leper asylum at, ~4-; former indigo Ajodhyi, diapensary at, 84 ; description factory at, 116; eub•registry office at, ot, 152. 140; diatrict jail, 143 ; municipaiity, AlllllA rico, cultivation of, D0-91. 145-146 ; college and;schooiB at, 47, 48, Ambikinegar, description of, 152, 166 ; 149, 150 ; population, 153 ; publi~ . buildings,"153-155; climate; 155. • pGrgG'IHJ1 125, Amdiingrii, 116. Ban1~erci land, 89. Amusemente, 67-68 ; of the Santii:ls, 77. Binskuri colliery, 114, Animiate, 50. Bara, indigo factory at, 116. Archroology, 42. Biirahaziiri pargana, 125. .4rAar, cultivation of, 91. Bariikhulia, 110• Artisaua, wages of, 1<"2, 103. Barjorii, police outpost, 143 •. Arts nnd industries, 110·117. Baatu land, 89. Assessment of rentl, 101-102. Bauria, 57-58; religion of, oOt 61, Asaociation, agricultural, 92-93. Beare, 15, • A•ura panj, '1. Beliatore, school at, 149• Asuriii, 116. • Bell-metal manufarture, 115-116. 4t-pahari, 63. Bengal·Nigpur Railway, 119. 4u• rice, cultivation of, 90-91 •. Be-panchaH teuurea,101, 126t 12'7 Autumn rice, cultivation of, 91.