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United N~tJan~ Decad. an aladJvenolty OCCASIONAL PAPER NO. 337 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Animal Remains from South-western part of West Bengal, India and their relevance to the Ancient Civilization of the Area SUPRIYA NANDY T. K. PAL Zoological Survey of India OCCASIONAL PAPER No. 337 ANIMAL REMAINS FROM SOUTH-WESTERN PART OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA AND THEIR RELEV ANCE TO THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION OF THE AREA SUPRIYA NANDY T.K. PAL Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata- 700 053 E-mail: [email protected] Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Supriya Nandy and T.K. Pal, 2014. Animal Remains from South-western Part ofWest Bengal, India and Their Relevance to the Ancient Civilization of the Area, Occ. Paper No. 337: 1-171. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published: January, 2014 ISBN 978-81-8171-352-0 © Government of India, 2014 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that is shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher's consent, in any form of binding or cover other then in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and shoud be unacceptable. PRICE India : ~ 925/ Foreign: $ 45; £ 35 Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survay of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700 053 and typeset at Hooghly Printing Co. Ltd., Kolkata-700 071 and printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006 Records of the Zoological Survey of India Occasional Paper No. 337 2014 Pages 1-171 CONTENTS Page Nos. 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 2. STUDY AREA ........................................................................................................ 2 2.1. General features ......................................................................................... 2 2.2. Location ....................................................................................................... 2 2.3. Geology ....................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1. Geomorphology and landforms ................................................. 4 2.3.2. Prequaternary geology ................................................................ 7 2.3.3. Quaternary geology ..................................................................... 8 2.4. Physiography ............................................................................................. 9 2.4.1. Physical features ........................................................................... 9 2.4.2. Hills ................................................................................................ 9 2.4.3. Watercourses ................................................................................. 10 2.4.4. Soil and Climate ............................................................................ 12 2.4.5. Forests and Wildlife ..................................................................... 12 2.4.6. Landuse and irrigation ................................................................ 13 2.5. Demography and Livelihood .................................................................. 13 3. HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN SOUTH-WEST WEST BENGAL ........................................................................ 14 4. ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE STUDY AREA - EARLIER STUDIES .... 15 5. ANCESTRY OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION OF THE AREA ......................... 17 5.1. Palaeolithic ................................................................................................ 17 5.2. Mesolithic .................................................................................................. 19 5.3. Neolithic .................................................................................................... 21 5.4. Chalcolithic/ Ferro-chalcolithic ............................................................. 21 5.5. Early Historic ........................................................................................... 24 6. IMPORTANT ZOO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ............................................................................ 28 6.1. Pandu Rajar Dhibi ................................................................................... 28 6.2. Bharatpur .................................................................................................. 29 6.3. Baneswardanga ........................................................................................ 30 6.4. Mangolkot ................................................................................................. 31 6.5. Bahiri .......................................................................................................... 33 6.6. Mahisdal .................................................................................................... 34 6.7. Hatikra ....................................................................................................... 35 6.8. Pokhorna ................................................................................................... 35 6.9. Kotasur ...................................................................................................... 35 6.10. Susunia ...................................................................................................... 36 7. FINDINGS ON FAUNAL REMAINS .............................................................. 37 8. A PROFILE OF ZOO ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS ............................... 51 9. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................ 61 TABLES 5 -17 ........................................................................................................ 68 10. SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... 144 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................ 144 12. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 145 PLATES I-XIX ..................................................................................................... 153 1. INTRODUCTION The state of West Bengal with an area of about 87,616 sq. km. lies between the geographical coordinates of 21 ° 38' N - 27° 10' Nand 85° 49' E - 89° 50'E and is divided primarily into three geomorphological regions, viz., (i) Extra-peninsular region of the north (ii) Peninsular mass of the southwest, and (iii) Alluvial and deltaic plains of the south and east (G.5.I., 1974). Of these regions, the southwestern part constitutes a rolling upland with the presence of several hills and virtually an extension of the Chhotonagpur plateau. The districts come under this region are Puruliya, Bankura, West Medinipur, two small segments of western Bardhaman and a part of western Birbhum. The present surface of this region has been derived mainly through the process of degradation. This tract of land is considered as the old landmass of West Bengal and the Archean representing the oldest rocks in the form of gneiss and schist are exposed in places. The whole land surface consists of alternate ridges and depressions (Samanta, 1992). The evidences of very old human cultures/ Homo in India dating back to about 2 million years ago to 5000 B.C. without break, have been noticed in recent times in this region and in contiguous part of the neighbouring state. The probability of the Palaeolithic ancestry of Bengal was first projected by Valentine Ball in 1865 who recorded stone tools from the surface near Kunkune village in Bardhaman district. In next two years he reported some more sites from this part of West Bengal which established the gravity of the area from the standpoint of palaeolithic antiquity. Even so, the attention for prehistoric researches in this area was not sufficiently given until Krishnaswami (1959) took up a study with renewed interest. He recovered stone tools belonging to lower and middle Palaeolithic periods from the alluvial deposits along Kangsabati, Kumari and Jam rivers of Puruliya and Bankura districts (IAR, 1960). Lal (1958) however, recovered several micro lithic tools in Birbhanpur on the bank of Damodar River in Bardhaman district representing Mesolithic culture. Ghosh (1961, 1962) reported stone tools belonging to Palaeolithic, Microlithic and Neolithic cultures from several places of northwestern part of Medinipur district. During 1961-65 a number of Stone Age, Chalcolithic and Protohistoric sites were discovered by Dasgupta (1963, 1965,1966 and 1967). Later, Chakrabarti (1993) gave a prehistoric profile of West Bengal highlighting a number of sites dating back from Early Stone Age to Early Historic period in this region. Despite archaeological records and history of human cultures through ages in this region of West Bengal no concerted effort was made earlier to trace out the zooarchaeological remains from the area. Sporadic reports