Land Adjacent to Hanley Road Malvern Wells Worcestershire Archaeological Evaluation

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Land Adjacent to Hanley Road Malvern Wells Worcestershire

Archaeological Evaluation

for Hunter Page Planning on behalf of Land Fund Limited CA Project: 4088 CA Report: 12397 WAAS Event No: WSM 47441

January 2013

Land Adjacent to Hanley Road Malvern Wells Worcestershire

Archaeological Evaluation

CA Project: 4088 CA Report: 12397 WAAS Event No: 47441

prepared by Tim Havard, Project Officer

date 9 January 2013

checked by Laurent Coleman, Project Manager

date 9 January 2013

approved by Simon Cox, Head of Fieldwork

signed

date 9 January 2013

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Building 11 Unit 4 Office 49 Kemble Enterprise Park Cromwell Business Centre Basepoint Business Centre Kemble, Cirencester Howard Way, Newport Pagnell Caxton Close, Andover Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ MK16 9QS Hampshire, SP10 3FG t. 01285 771022 t. 01908 218320 t. 01264 326549 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

CONTENTS SUMMARY...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-4) ...... 6

3. DISCUSSION...... 11

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 11

5. REFERENCES ...... 12

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 14

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 19

APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 20

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM...... 21

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features (1:1500 & 1:250) Fig. 3 Trenches 3, 5, 15 and 16: Sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50) Fig. 4 Trenches 19, 21 and 22: Sections and photographs (1:20 & 1:50)

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Land Adjacent to Hanley Road Location: Malvern Wells, Worcestershire NGR: SO 7775 4256 Type: Evaluation Date: 11-19 December 2012 Location of Archive: Worcestershire County Museum Site Code: HRM 12

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in December 2012 on Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire. Twenty-seven trenches were excavated.

Two heavily truncated pits, likely the remnants of cremations, containing cremated human bone were identified in the north-western part of the site. A lynchet, lying immediately to the east of an area of slightly higher ground, contained a small quantity of abraded Roman pottery likely to be residual. Several ditches relating to field boundaries removed in the late 20th/early 21st-century were also identified. Two further undated ditches and an undated pit were also noted.

2 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In December 2012 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for Hunter Page Planning on behalf of Land Fund Limited at Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire (centred on NGR: SO 7775 4256; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken to accompany a planning application for residential development of the site.

1.2 The requirement for archaeological trial trenching of 4% of the site (6.8ha) was outlined in an email from Mike Glyde, Historic Environment Planning Officer, Worcestershire Archive & Archaeology Service (WAAS), Worcestershire County Council dated 18 October 2012. The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a detailed Written Scheme of Investigation for Archaeological Evaluation (WSI) produced by CA (2012) and approved by Mr Glyde. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (IfA 2008), the Standards and Guidelines for Archaeological Projects In Worcestershire, the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (English Heritage 2006).

The site 1.3 The site is approximately 6.8ha in total, and comprises a single agricultural field, located beyond the eastern edge of Malvern Wells. The northern site boundary is formed by a tree-lined footpath, with the north-western boundary formed by Wood Farm Road. The western site boundary is formed by property boundaries, located to the rear of properties on the eastern edge of Malvern Wells. The southern and south-western boundaries of the site are lined by trees, beyond which lies Hanley Road, the B4209. The eastern boundaries are formed by hedgerows, with the exception of the southernmost which is demarcated by a metal fence, beyond which lies agricultural land and a residential structure adjacent to the south-eastern corner of the site boundary.

1.4 The site lies within an area of sloping land, situated between the Malvern Hills c. 750m to the west, and the River Severn c. 6.7km to the east. The topography of the proposed development site is characterised by a gradual west/east slope, with the

3 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

western part of the site situated at c. 100m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD) and levels of c. 85m AOD recorded within the eastern part of the site.

1.5 The solid geology within the proposed development site is recorded as sedimentary mudstone bedrock of the Triassic Sidmouth Formation. Superficial head deposits of Quaternary clays, silts, sands and gravels have been recorded within the site (BGS 2012).

Archaeological background 1.6 A Cultural Heritage chapter of an Environmental Statement is currently in preparation and the results are summarised as follows:

1.7 No World Heritage Sites, Scheduled Monuments, Registered Historic Parks and Gardens or Registered Battlefields lie within the site or study area. A number of Grade II Listed buildings lie within the study area, located approximately 300m to the west of the proposed development site. No Listed buildings lie within the proposed development site. Additionally no undesignated buildings lie within the site.

1.8 Below ground remains of two probable agricultural buildings dating from the modern period may remain within the proposed development site.

1.9 A number of the hedgerows demarcating the proposed development site represent parliamentary enclosures shown on the 1797 Enclosure map. These hedgerows lie within an area in which the parliamentary enclosures can still be discerned, due to the regularity of the field patterns. However the hedgerows do not meet any of the criteria for archaeologically or historically important hedgerows, and show limited time-depth.

1.10 The National Monuments Record (NMR) indicates that remains of a World War II plane were recovered from within the proposed development site, although two other possible locations for this record were also given. As such there is some limited potential for further plane wreckage to be present within the site.

1.11 Remains of removed hedgerows and a dried up pond were observed within the proposed development site (CA 2012).

4 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

Archaeological objectives 1.12 The objectives of the evaluation are to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality. In accordance with the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (IfA 2008), the evaluation has been designed to be minimally intrusive and minimally destructive to archaeological remains. The information gathered will enable Worcestershire County Council to identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

Methodology 1.13 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 27 trenches in the locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). The length of several trenches was altered in the field due to the presence of buried services and ecological constraints. Information on the length of each trench can be found in Appendix A; all trenches measured 1.8m in width. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual (2012).

1.14 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2007).

1.15 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003) and, three deposits were sampled and processed. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (1995).

1.16 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with Worcestershire County Museum along with the site archive. A

5 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-4)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and environmental samples (palaeoenvironmental evidence) are to be found in Appendices A, B and C respectively.

2.2 Archaeological features were identified in Trenches 3, 5, 9, 15, 16 and 19-22. Trenches 1, 2, 4, 6-8, 10-14, 17, 18 and 23-27 were devoid of archaeological features.

Trench 3 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.3 A small, shallow pit, 3003, was identified towards the western extent of Trench 3 and contained a single clay sand fill 3004. Analysis of a palaeo-environmental sample (SS 3.1) taken from 3004 recovered 36g of heavily fragmented cremated bone, two fragments of which were identified as human, and a small quantity of charcoal. A further small shallow pit 3005 (Fig. 3 Section AA) lay in close proximity to the east. It contained two silty sand fills, 3006 which was sealed by 3007. Analysis of palaeoenvironmental samples taken from 3006 (SS 3.2) and 3007 (SS 3.3) recovered small quantities of cremated human bone and charcoal. Although both features had been extensively truncated by later ploughing activity they are interpreted as being the remnants of cremations. No other artefactual material was recovered from Trench 3.

Trench 5 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.4 Ditch 5003 (Fig. 3 Section BB) lay centrally within Trench 5 on an east/west alignment and contained a single fill 5004 from which no artefactual material was recovered. Its location and alignment corresponded to a field boundary depicted on a 1797 Enclosure Map of Hanley Castle and still visible on a 1977 Ordnance Survey Map (Old Maps).

Trench 9 (Fig. 2) 2.5 The remnants of a former hedgeline 9005 were identified in the north-western half of Trench 9 on a north/south alignment and had an irregular western edge but a very straight eastern edge indicating probable removal of the hedge by mechanical

6 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

excavator. Two identified fills, 9003 and 9004 derived from removal of the hedgeline. A fragment of 20th-century brick was recovered from 9003 and a fragment of 20th- century glass from 9004. The location and alignment of this feature corresponds to a boundary depicted a 1797 Enclosure Map of Hanley Castle and still visible on a 1977 Ordnance Survey Map (Old Maps).

Trench 15 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.6 A probable ditch, 15009 (Fig. 2, Section CC) lay centrally within Trench 15 on a north/south alignment. It contained two primary fills, 15006 and 15004, which were sealed by a secondary silting fill 15007. This latter fill was cut by lynchet 15003. This contained a primary fill 15005 sealed by a secondary fill 15008. Two small abraded sherds of Roman pottery were recovered from fill 15008. The width and alignment of this lynchet suggested it represented the northern continuation of the lynchet identified in Trenches 16 and 20.

Trench 16 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.7 Lynchet 16005 (Fig. 2 Section DD) lay towards the southern end of Trench 16 on broadly a north/south alignment. It contained a primary fill 16006 of re-deposited natural gravel which was sealed by a secondary silting fill 16007. Three small sherds of abraded Roman pottery were recovered from 16006 and a single small sherd of abraded Roman pottery from 16007. The width and alignment of this lynchet suggested it represented a continuation of the lynchet identified in Trenches 15 and 20.

Trench 19 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.8 Ditch 19017 lay in the northern half of Trench 19 on an east/west alignment and contained a single sandy silt fill 19016 from which no artefactual material was recovered. Its location and alignment corresponded to a field boundary first depicted on the 1884 Ordnance Survey Map and still visible on a 1977 Ordnance Survey Map (ibid). It also appeared to represent a continuation of Ditch 21005 identified in Trench 21.

2.9 Pit 19015 (Fig. 4 Section EE) lay towards the centre of Trench 19 and contained a series of thin fills or lenses derived from silting and collapsing/slumping of pit sides; primary fill 19014 was sealed in turn by 19013, 19012, 19011, 19010 and lastly 19009. The final fill 19009 was cut by ditch 19008 which contained three silting fills,

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19007 sealed by 19006 which in turn was sealed by 19005. No artefactual material was recovered from either pit 19015 or ditch 19008.

Trench 20 (Fig. 2) 2.10 Lynchet 20003 lay towards the south-eastern end of Trench 20 on an approximate north-east/south-west alignment. It contained a single fill 2004 from which no artefactual material was recovered. The width and alignment of this lynchet suggested it represented a southern continuation of lynchets 15003 and 16005 identified in Trenches 15 and 16 respectively.

Trench 21 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.11 Ditch 21005 (Fig. 4 Section GG) lay centrally within Trench 21 on an east/west alignment. It contained two silting fills, 21004 sealed by 21003 from which no artefactual material was recovered. The location and alignment of this ditch corresponded to a field boundary first depicted on the 1884 Ordnance Survey Map and still visible on a 1977 Ordnance Survey Map (ibid). It also appeared to represent a western continuation of Ditch 19017 in Trench 19.

Trench 22 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.12 A shallow gully, 22004, was identified centrally within Trench 22 on an approximate north-west/south east alignment. It contained a single silting fill 22005 from which a single small abraded sherd of Roman pottery was recovered. Its location and alignment suggests it is possible that it represents a field boundary depicted only on the 1797 Enclosure Map of Hanley Castle although this is far from conclusive.

The finds and palaeoenvironmental evidence The Finds 2.13 The finds recovered from the evaluation are summarised in Appendix B, with pottery fabric codes in accordance with the fabric reference series maintained by Worcestershire County Councils Archive and Archaeology Service (Hurst and Rees 1992; Hurst 1994; and at www.worcestershireceramics.org). The pottery assemblage consisted of eight sherds of pottery weighing 60g. In addition vessel glass and a fragment of brick was also recovered. The finds were recovered from seven stratified contexts and could be dated to the Roman, post-medieval and modern periods.

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Pottery 2.14 The Roman pottery assemblage consisted of seven sherds of pottery weighing 54 g. The sherds, recovered from fill 15008 of lynchet 15003, fills 16006 and 16007 of lynchet 16005 and fill 22005 of gully 22004, were in abraded condition and unfeatured. All could be broadly dated from the mid 1st to 4th century.

2.15 A single sherd of post-medieval buff ware (fabric 91) was recorded from subsoil deposit 9001 and was of 18th century date.

Glass 2.16 A large fragment of clear moulded vessel glass was recorded from fill 9004 of hedgeline 9005 and dated to the 20th century.

Ceramic building material 2.17 A fragment of 20th century brick was recorded from fill 9003 of hedgeline 9004.

Significance 2.18 The finds assemblage recovered from the evaluation was of limited archaeological significance. The Roman pottery assemblage was of small size and abraded condition, more typical of residual material rather than intensive site occupation. The remaining finds of a post-medieval pottery sherd and modern glass and brick fragment were consistent with general low level rubbish discard during the 18th and 20th century

The Palaeoenvironmental Evidence 2.19 Three environmental samples (24 litres of soil) were retrieved from three deposits with the intention of recovering evidence of industrial or domestic activity and material for radiocarbon dating. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No. 2).

2.20 SS 3.1 (Fill 3004) was recovered from pit 3003. The sample contained a quantity of cremated bone (discussed below), three well preserved cleavers/goosegrass (Galium spp) seeds and a moderate amount of poorly preserved charcoal was identified as alder/hazel (Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana), oak (Quercus spp) and hawthorn/rowan/crab apple (Crataegus monogyna/Sorbus spp/Malus sylvestris). The charcoal was recovered in sufficient quantities to indicate it may have originated

9 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

from pyre debris, which would have been collected alongside the cremated human bone and deposited within this cremation burial pit. Cleavers/goosegrass is a common weed found in areas of disturbed ground. It is likely that the pyre was set on top of the plant/seeds, or the plant was used for kindling, thereby allowing the seeds to become incorporated within the pyre debris.

2.21 SS 3.2 (fill 3006) and SS 3.3 (fill 3007) were taken from pit 3005. Fill 3006 contained a single cleavers seeds and both fills contained some unidentifiable seeds (seeds were impregnated with silt, preventing identification) and a small quantity of cremated bone. The samples each contained a large amount of poorly preserved charcoal identified as oak. As above, this material together with cremated human bone is indicative of pyre debris deposited within this cremation burial pit.

2.22 Any of the charcoal, with the exception of oak would be suitable for radiocarbon dating.

The Cremated Bone 2.23 Analysis of samples (SS3.1, 3.2 & 3.3) taken from the fills of pits 3003 and 3005 recovered a quantity of cremated bone. The bones were subjected to a full osteological analysis, following recommended methodologies and standard praxis (Gejvall 1948; McKinley 2004; Wahl 1982).

2.24 A small quantity, 36g, of cremated bone was recovered from fill 3004 of pit 3003 (SS 3.1). The bone fragments were heavily fragmented, and displayed considerable degree of erosion. Two fragments were identifiable, which confirmed that they were human. They comprised a cranial vault fragment, and a portion of the shaft of femur bone; both of an adult individual (> 18 years). Sex was not possible to determine from the remains, and no pathologies were noted.

2.25 A total of 33g was recovered from the two samples taken, SS 3.2 and SS 3.3, from fills 3006 and 3007 respectively. As with that recovered from pit 3003 the bones were heavily fragmented and eroded. Nine fragments, all of cranial vault bones, were identified as human. The remains were from an adult individual. Sex could not be determined, and no pathologies were observed.

2.26 No further osteological analysis of the cremated bone is required although it would be suitable for radiocarbon dating.

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3. DISCUSSION

Prehistoric/Roman 3.1 Cremation is a burial rite typically seen from the Bronze Age through to the Roman period and so the probable cremations 3003 and 3005 in Trench 3 may be reasonably assigned to this date range. If the cremations are indeed of prehistoric date then the absence of other prehistoric features and prehistoric artefactual material from the rest of the site indicates any focus of prehistoric activity lies beyond the site.

Roman 3.2 Small quantities of Roman pottery were recovered from the fills of lynchets 15003 and 16005 and gully 22004. However, the small quantities recovered and the abraded nature of the sherds indicates they are likely to be residual in later features.

Post-medieval/modern 3.3 Ditches corresponding to field boundaries first depicted on late 18th-century mapping and still present on late 20th-century mapping were identified in Trenches 5, 9, 19 and 21. As discussed above, the hedgeline in Trench 9 showed clear signs of having been removed by mechanical excavator.

Undated 3.4 The lynchets identified in Trenches 15, 16 and 20 all lay immediately to the east of an area of slightly higher ground in the central western part of the site.

3.5 Undated ditches and a gully were identified in Trenches 15 (15009), 19 (19008) and 22 (22004) and an undated pit in Trench 19 (19015). Whilst it is possible gully 22004 may represent a field boundary depicted only on the 1797 Enclosure Map of Hanley Castle little interpretation, beyond agricultural activity, can be offered for these features particularly given the lack of recovered artefactual material.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Tim Havard, assisted by Roy Poulter, Jerry Stone, Alex Thomson and Chris Watts. The report was written by Tim Havard. The finds

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report was compiled by Angus Crawford, the palaeoenvironmental report by Sarah Cobain and the cremated bone report by Jonny Geber. The illustrations were prepared by Jon Bennett. The archive has been compiled by Tim Havard, and prepared for deposition by James Johnson. The project was managed for CA by Laurent Coleman.

5. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2012 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 21 December 2012

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Watching Brief

Gejvall, N-G. 1948 Bestämning av de brända benen från gravarna i Horn, in Sahlström, K.E. and Gejvall, N-G. (eds), Gravfältet på kyrkbacken i Horns socken, Västergötland, pp. 153–99. Stockholm, Wahlström & Wikstrand

Hurst, J. D. and Rees, H., 1992 Pottery fabrics. A multi-period series for the County of Hereford and Worcester. In Woodiwiss, S. G. (ed), Iron Age and Roman salt production and the medieval town of Droitwich, CBA Research Report 81

Hurst, J. D., 1994 (as amended) Pottery fabrics. A multi-period series for the County of Hereford and Worcester, County Archaeological Service, Hereford and Worcester County Council, report 445

McKinley, J.I. 2004 Compiling a skeletal inventory: cremated human bone, in Brickley, M. and McKinley, J.I. (eds), Guidelines to the standards for recording human remains IFA Paper 7, pp. 9–13 Reading, BABAO/IFA

Old Maps 2013 http://www.old-maps.co.uk/maps.html viewed 7 January 2012

Wahl, J. 1982 Leichenbranduntersuchungen: Ein Überblick über die Bearbeitungs- und Aussagemöglichkeiten von Brandgräbern Prähistorische Zeitschrift 57, 2–125

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13 © Cotswold Archaeology Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench 1: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1000 Layer Topsoil: dark brown clay silt 0.25 1001 Layer Subsoil: mid orange brown silty clay 0.15 1002 Layer Natural substrate: mid grey brown silty clay >0.1

Trench 2: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2000 Layer Topsoil: as 1000 0.25 2001 Layer Subsoil: as 1001, very intermittent throughout trench max 0.05 2002 Layer Natural substrate: light grey sandy clay with orange >0.1 clay gravel patches

Trench 3: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3000 Layer Topsoil: as 1000 0.2 3001 Layer Subsoil: as 1001, very intermittent throughout trench max 0.05 3002 Layer Natural substrate: brown sandy gravel with light >0.2 grey clay patches 3003 Cut Pit 0.5 0.5 0.07 3004 Fill Single fill of 3003 3005 Cut Pit 0.63 0.6 0.2 3006 Fill Third fill of 3005 0.05 3007 Fill Second fill of 3005 0.11 3008 Fill First fill of 3005 0.08

Trench 4: Length 43m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 4000 Layer Topsoil: as 1000 0.25 4001 Layer Subsoil: mid orange brown clay silt 0.15 4002 Layer Natural substrate: mid grey brown silty gravel >0.1

Trench 5: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 5000 Layer Topsoil: mid brown clay silt 0.3 5001 Layer Subsoil: grey brown clay silt 0.2 5002 Layer Natural substrate: grey brown orange gravel and silt >0.1 5003 Cut Ditch cut >1.8 1.2 0.2 5004 Fill Single fill of 5003

Trench 6: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 6000 Layer Topsoil: as 5000 0.35 6001 Layer Subsoil: light yellow brown silty clay 0.1 6002 Layer Natural substrate: as 6002 >0.1 6003 Cut Pit 0.42 0.38 0.16 6004 Fill Single fill of 6003

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Trench 7: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 7000 Layer Topsoil: as 14000 0.3 7001 Layer Subsoil: patchy/intermittent as 14001 0.1 max 7002 Layer Natural substrate: as 14002 >0.1

Trench 8: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 8000 Layer Topsoil: mid grey brown silty clay 0.3 8001 Layer Subsoil: light yellow brown silty clay, intermittent 0.05 max 8002 Layer Natural substrate: as 9002 >0.1

Trench 9: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 9000 Layer Topsoil: dark grey sandy silt 0.25 9001 Layer Subsoil: light grey brown sandy silt 0.15 9002 Layer Natural substrate: grey yellow sandy silt and gravels >0.1 9003 Fill Fill of 9005: unexcavated 9004 Fill Fill of 9005: unexcavated 9005 Cut Cut of grubbed out hedge boundary: unexcavated >5 2.75

Trench 10: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 10000 Layer Topsoil: dark brown sandy silt 0.25 10001 Layer Subsoil: mid orange brown sandy silt 0.15 10002 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown silty gravels >0.1

Trench 11: Length 40m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 11000 Layer Topsoil: as 10000 0.3 11001 Layer Subsoil: mid orange brown clay silt 0.15 11002 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown silty gravel >0.1

Trench 12: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 12000 Layer Topsoil: dark grey brown clay silt 0.3 12001 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown sandy gravel and >0.1 silt

Trench 13: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 13000 Layer Topsoil: mid grey brown clay silt 0.33 13001 Layer Natural substrate: red orange brown sandy gravel >0.1

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Trench 14: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 14000 Layer Topsoil: mid brown silty clay 0.3 14001 Layer Subsoil: light yellow brown silty clay, intermittent 0.1 max 14002 Layer Natural substrate: as 13002 >0.1

Trench 15: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 15000 Layer Topsoil: dark grey brown clay silt 0.3 15001 Layer Subsoil: dark red brown clay silt 0.3 15002 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange brown sandy gravel >0.4 15003 Cut Lynchet cut: cuts 15007 >1.8 6 0.4 max 15004 Fill First fill of 15009: light orange brown sandy gravel 0.12 15005 Fill First fill of 15003: light orange brown silty gravel 0.16 15006 Fill First fill of 15006: light grey silty clay 0.16 15007 Fill Second fill of 15009: dark brown clay silt 0.36 max 15008 Fill Second fill of 15003: dark brown sandy silt 0.58 max 15009 Cut Ditch/pit cut >0.9 3 0.32

Trench 16: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 16000 Layer Topsoil: mid grey brown sandy silt 0.3 16001 Layer Subsoil: mid yellow brown silty sand 0.18 16002 Layer Natural substrate: brown orange clays and sand >0.1 16003 Void Number not assigned 16004 Void Number not assigned 16005 Cut Lynchet >2 0.94 0.27 max 16006 Fill Single fill of 16005: dark brown silty gravel

Trench 17: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 17000 Layer Topsoil: dark brown clay silt 0.3 17001 Layer Subsoil: orange brown clay silt with gravels 0.1 17002 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown silty gravels >0.1

Trench 18: Length 36m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 18000 Layer Topsoil: as 17000 0.3 18001 Layer Subsoil: as 17001 0.16 18002 Layer Natural substrate: as 17002 >0.1

Trench 19: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 19000 Layer Topsoil: as 1700 0.29 19001 Layer Natural substrate: mid yellow grey sandy gravels >0.1 19002 Fill Second fill of 19004 0.29 19003 Fill First fill of 19004 0.15

19004 Cut Tree bole 1.8 1 0.43 19005 Fill Third fill of 19008: dark grey brown sandy silt 0.33 19006 Fill Second fill of 19008: light grey sandy silt 0.15 19007 Fill First fill of 19008: light grey brown sandy gravel 0.1 19008 Cut Ditch cut >2.2 0.9 0.55 19009 Fill Sixth fill of 19015: dark grey sandy silt 0.2 19010 Fill Fifth fill of 19015: mid grey brown silty sand 0.13 19011 Fill Fourth fill of 19015: mid grey clay silt 0.06 19012 Fill Third fill of 19015: dark grey brown sandy silt 0.15 19013 Fill Second fill of 19015: dark grey sandy silt 0.09 19014 Fill First fill of 19015: dark grey clay silt 0.03 19015 Cut Pit cut >0.56 0.44 0.53 19016 Fill Fill of 19017: dark grey sandy silt 0.1 19017 Cut Ditch cut >1.8 1.4 0.1

Trench 20: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 20000 Layer Topsoil: as 16000 0.35 20001 Layer Subsoil: as 16001 0.15 20002 Layer Natural substrate: as 16002 >0.1 20003 Cut Lynchet: unexcavated >2.5 5 20004 Fill Single fill of 20004

Trench 21: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 21000 Layer Topsoil: as 16000 0.24 21001 Layer Subsoil: mid brown clay silt 0.2 21002 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown silty gravel >0.1 21003 Fill Second fill of 21005 0.15 21004 Fill First fill of 21005 0.12 21005 Cut Ditch cut >1.8 1.8 0.25

Trench 22: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 22000 Layer Topsoil: as 21000 0.3 22001 Layer Subsoil: as 21001 0.15 22002 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown silty gravel >0.1 22003 Void Number not assigned 22004 Cut Gully: very truncated >8.8 0.6 0.03 22005 Fill Single fill of 22004

Trench 23: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 23000 Layer Topsoil: as 24000 0.3 23001 Layer Natural substrate: as 24002 >0.1

Trench 24: Length 36m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 24000 Layer Topsoil: mid brown clay silt 0.28

24001 Layer Subsoil: mid orange brown clay silt 0.2 24002 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange brown sandy gravel >0.1

Trench 25: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 25000 Layer Topsoil: as 24000 0.3 25001 Layer Subsoil: as 24001 0.07 25002 Layer Natural substrate: as 24002 >0.1

Trench 26: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 26000 Layer Topsoil: mid brown grey silty clay 0.27 26001 Layer Subsoil: grey brown silty clay with gravel inclusions 0.25 26002 Layer Natural substrate: orange brown silty clay with >0.1 gravel pockets

Trench 27: Length 50m No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 27000 Layer Topsoil: mid grey brown silty clay 0.25 27001 Layer Subsoil: mid grey brown sandy silt 0.3 27002 Void Number not assigned 27003 Layer Natural substrate: mid orange brown sandy clay and >0.1 gravel

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Context Description Ct. Wt.(g) Date 9001 Post-medieval pottery: post-medieval buff ware (fabric 91) 1 6 C18 9003 CBM: brick fragment 1 254 C20 9004 Glass: vessel 1 62 C20 15008 Roman pottery: oxidised Severn Valley ware (fabric 12) 2 19 Roman 16006 Roman pottery: oxidised Severn Valley ware (fabric 12) 3 7 Roman 16007 Roman pottery: oxidised Severn Valley ware (fabric 12) 1 25 Roman 22005 Roman pottery: oxidised Severn Valley ware (fabric 12) 1 3 Roman Bone: animal tooth 1 5

APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE Sample No No Context Volume (L) of Percentage sample processed Flots (g) Flot Weight Material Weight (g) Identification (where applicable)

Alder/hazel (2) Hawthorn/rowan/crab apple (1) Charcoal 15 1mm and Indeterminate (4) 3.1 3004 9 100% 0.43 0.25mm Oak (7) Plant In flot Cleavers + macrofossils Indeterminate (5) Charcoal 34 Oak (10) 1mm and 3.2 3006 8 100% 0.74 Cleavers + 0.25mm Plant Indet seed ++++ In flot macrofossil (full identification not possible as impregnated with silt) 65 plus Charcoal Oak (10) flot 1mm and 3.3 3007 7 100% 1.39 Indet seed ++++ 0.25mm Plant In flot (full identification not possible as macrofossils impregnated with silt)

Species List

Family Species Common Name Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana Alder/Hazel Fagaceae Quercus spp Oak spp Crataegus monogyna/Sorbus Rosaceae Hawthorn/rowan/crab apple spp/Malus sylvestris Rubiaceae Galium aparine Cleavers

Key + = 1-5 items ++ = 6-20 items +++ = 21-40 items ++++ = >40 items

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS

Project Name Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire Short description An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in December 2012 on Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire. Twenty seven trenches were excavated. Two heavily truncated pits, likely the remnants of cremations, containing cremated human bone were identified in the north-western part of the site. A lynchet, lying immediately to the east of an area of slightly higher ground, contained a small quantity of abraded Roman pottery likely to be residual. Several ditches relating to field boundaries removed in the late 20th/early 21st- century were also identified. Two further undated ditches and an undated pit were also noted. Project dates 11-19 December 2012 Project type Archaeological Evaluation Previous work None Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire Study area (M2/ha) 6.8ha Site co-ordinates (8 Fig Grid Reference) SO 7775 4256

PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator N/A Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology Project Manager Laurent Coleman Project Supervisor Tim Havard MONUMENT TYPE None SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content (museum/Accession no.)

Physical Worcestershire County Museum Pottery Paper Worcestershire County Museum Context sheets, trench recording sheets, permatrace drawings, photo registers Digital Worcestershire County Museum Survey data, digital photos BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2012 Land Adjacent to Hanley Road, Malvern Wells, Worcestershire: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 12397

21 N Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 326549 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Worcestershire Hanley Road, Malvern Wells Worcestershire

FIGURE TITLE Site location plan

0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2001 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 4088 DATE 03-01-2013 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1

Trench 3, section AA

S N 91.7m 3006 AOD 3007 3008 pit 3005 01m

Trench 5, section BB

SN 93.5m AOD 5004 ditch 5003 01m Trench 3, pit 3005, looking west (scale 0.4m)

Trench 15, Section CC

W topsoi 15000 E 90.5m 15005 subsoil 15001 AOD 15008 lynchet 15003 15007 15004 15006

ditch 15009 0 3m

Trench 5, ditch 5003, looking west (scale 1m)

Trench 16, Section DD Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 Cotswold Andover 01264 326549 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected] topsoil 16000 PROJECT TITLE NW subsoil 16001 SE 93.5m Hanley Road, Malvern Wells 16007 AOD Worcestershire 16006 lynchet FIGURE TITLE 16005 Trenches 3, 5, 15 and 16: Sections and photographs 0 3m

PROJECT NO. 4088 DATE 03-01-2013 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 3 Trench 19, Section EE

19000 N S 91.5m 19001 AOD

19009 19005

19010 ditch 19011 19006 19008 19012 19013 19007 pit 19014 19015

01m

Trench 19, ditch 19008 and pit 19015, looking west (scales 1m and 0.4m)

Trench 21, Section FF

topsoil 21000

N S 97.5m subsoil 21001 AOD 21002 21004

ditch 21005

01m

Trench 22, Section GG

Trench 21, ditch 21005, looking east (scale 1m) Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 218320 NS Cotswold Andover 01264 326549 95.8m 22005 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk AOD gully e [email protected] 22004 PROJECT TITLE 01m Hanley Road, Malvern Wells Worcestershire

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 19, 21 and 22; Sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 4088 DATE 03-01-2013 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A3 1:20 & 1:50 4