Uma Análise Crítica Da Guerra Das Malvinas/Falklands Pela Teoria Das Operações Marítimas Em Guerras Limitadas De Corbett

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Uma Análise Crítica Da Guerra Das Malvinas/Falklands Pela Teoria Das Operações Marítimas Em Guerras Limitadas De Corbett Uma Análise Crítica da Guerra das Malvinas/Falklands pela Teoria das Operações Marítimas em Guerras Limitadas de Corbett Érico Esteves Duarte Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Luís Rodrigo Machado X Encontro da ABED São Paulo, 3-5 de setembro de 2018 Introdução O presente artigo tem como ambição duas contribuições principais. Primeiro, ele busca verificar a utilidade do arcabouço teórico de Julien Corbett para análise de operações marítimas contemporâneas. Ele dá continuidade a agenda de um programa de pesquisa científico clausewiztiano1, ao apontar que as teorias da guerra de Carl von Clausewitz e Julien Corbett têm potencial explanatório para o estudo de guerras limitadas. Recuperamos, portanto, o argumento que a Guerra das Malvinas é um caso exemplar para esse teste, pois ela: […] cumpre todos os requisitos de uma guerra limitada como acima delineados: a disputa por um território de valor político limitado e passível de ser isolado estrategicamente. E se aplicados as demais proposições das teorias de Clausewitz e Corbett, é possível ter uma avaliação preliminar das razões do insucesso argentino e da importância de se aprofundar seu estudo. A invasão argentina foi veloz o suficiente para inviabilizar qualquer reação britânica que a estancasse, e também procedeu adequadamente na concentração de força terrestre para defesa nas ilhas. No entanto, a Argentina não foi efetiva o suficiente ou não tinha meios adequados para conduzir uma ofensiva marítima que rompesse as linhas marítimas britânicas. De maneira que foram os britânicos aqueles capazes de isolar as ilhas, resultando em desmoralização e rendição das forças terrestres argentinas nas Malvinas, sem que Argentina tivesse como alterar ou retaliar esses reveses. São várias as questões a serem melhor investigadas e revistas com o benefício da abertura dos arquivos oficiais desde 2012. Entre elas, apontam-se três centrais: existiam alternativas melhores para a campanha marítima argentina? Até que ponto a falta de interoperabilidade entre as forças armadas argentinas foi decisiva para o resultado da guerra? Levando-se em consideração que a força terrestre argentina nas Malvinas possuía considerável contingente militar e reservas logísticas intactos quando da sua rendição, a campanha defensiva terrestre poderia ter sido estendida por tempo suficiente a tornar improvável o sucesso britânico?2 Como um estudo preliminar, limitamos o artigo à verificação da teoria de Corbett e à análise crítica as operações marítimas argentinas. Ou seja, o artigo busca responder as duas primeiras perguntas da citação: existiam alternativas melhores para a campanha marítima argentina? Até que ponto a falta de interoperabilidade entre as forças armadas argentinas foi decisiva para o resultado da guerra? Uma segunda ambição de contribuição do artigo é oferecer uma abordagem relativamente original do caso estudado. Com raras exceções3, a literatura sobre a Guerra das Malvinas não é teoricamente orientada, nem construída a partir de hipóteses. Isso é particularmente prejudicial ao impor uma fragmentação das 1 Duarte e Mendes, “A Ciência da Guerra”. 2 Duarte, “Clausewitz, Corbett e o Desafio das Guerras Limitadas”, 141. 3 Nietzel, “The Falklands War: Understanding the Power of Context Shaping Argentine Strategic Decisions”. 1 contribuições a perspectivas unilaterais e/ou fragmentadas da guerra, tendo como pior efeito a limitação dos ganhos progressivos e pedagógicos desses estudos. Portanto, ainda que o presente artigo tenha como enfoque a análise das possibilidades estratégicas argentinas, ele não se limita a fontes argentinas nem apenas ao ponto de vista do uso dos enfrentamentos para o propósito da guerra. Ele também considera os pontos de vista políticos, táticos e logísticos da guerra. Nosso principal argumento é que, no contraste entre as proposições conceituais de Corbett e a correlação das forças combatentes argentinas e britânicas, a Argentina tinha apenas duas opções estratégicas: ou ela conduzia uma operação militar simbólica com assinaturas navais e terrestres mínimas, reduzindo assim as possibilidades de perdas; ou ela elevava as taxas de riscos ao concentrar forças suficientes nas ilhas Malvinas que fariam os britânicos considerarem ser os custos de sua reconquista altos demais. No primeiro caso, de uma diplomacia coercitiva, uma força de guarnição seria suficiente. No segundo caso, ela teria que constituir sua própria Fortaleza Malvinas e ser capaz de resistir, ao menos, a ataques limitados britânicos por uma cabeça-de-praia ou demonstração de força a fim de influenciar as negociações pelas Malvinas. A Argentina não era capaz de conduzir todas as etapas de operações marítimas em guerras limitadas, segundo a teoria de Corbett. O Reino Unido tinha uma ampla vantagem de recursos navais em relação a Marinha argentina, com mais alto nível de desempenho e prontidão de uma força-tarefa naval completa com meios aéreos, submarinos, de superfície e de mísseis. Isso significa que a Argentina não era capaz de fazer frente aos britânicos numa batalha naval decisiva em alto mar. Como consequência, ela também não era capaz de conduzir uma ofensiva naval que rompesse com as linhas de comunicação marítimas britânicas ou neutralizasse seu acesso as ilhas, muito menos era capaz de conduzir uma ofensiva coercitiva para conquista de posses britânicas adicionais de valor para permuta pelas Malvinas ou causar adicionais que forçassem Londres ceder aos termos argentinos. Da mesma maneira, ela não era capaz de sustentar uma linha de comunicações marítima em apoio de qualquer força estabelecida nas Malvinas. Apesar disso, argumenta-se que as forças argentinas seriam capazes não apenas de tomar, mas defender as Ilhas Malvinas. Pois, na realidade da guerra no mar na era dos mísseis, existe a possibilidade de acumulação de meios de plataformas distintas em operações de defesa de costa4. A Argentina tinha meios navais, aéreos e terrestres suficientes para tornar as ilhas em sua ‘Fortaleza Malvinas’ e impor aos britânicos uma condição de dilema na tomada de decisão: assumir o risco de perdas com os meios disponíveis em um curto prazo de tempo, ou postergar a operação de retomada para concentração de mais meios sob risco de perder as condições políticas - internacionais e nacionais - para tal. As vantagens navais britânicas eram potencialmente limitadas num ambiente de aguas rasas e costeiras em que seus submarinos tivessem menor liberdade de 4 Vego, Naval Strategy and Operations in Narrow Seas; Hughes, Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat; Till, Seapower, seç. 9.7. 2 ação (em particular porque eles estavam subordinados ao comando naval em Northwodd e não ao comandante da força-tarefa Almirante Woodward), e passasse a depender quase que exclusivamente de seus caças-bombardeiros Sea Harrier para fazer frente a combinação da capacidade de mísseis dos navios de superfície argentinos, com as baterias antiaéreas de defesa de costa e sua superioridade numérica em termos aéreos. Nas piores estimativas, a Argentina tinha a vantagem de 80 caças-bombardeiros operacionais contra 20 do lado oponente. Embora os britânicos contassem com mísseis ar-ar mais efetivos, os argentinos, diferente de seu oponente, eram capazes de assumir baixas que não colocariam sua operação em risco. Essa vantagem argentina seria ainda maior se ela pudesse ter contado com seu porta-aviões Veinticinco de Mayo operando proximamente das ilhas e do uso pleno da pista de pouso em Stanley (ou Porto Argentino) ou à disposição combinada dos caças A-4 com o destroier Belgrano e as três fragatas modernas que tinha a disposição ao inicio do conflito. Dessa maneira, os pilotos argentinos contariam com voos mais curtos, condições de conduzir suas missões de combate por mais tempo e conduzir uma campanha aérea concentrada com melhor apoio de sistemas de radares e comunicação embarcados e em terra. No entanto, argumenta-se que essas duas alternativas estratégicas tinham uma pré-condição específica para cada uma delas. Para condução de ação típica de diplomacia coercitiva de uma tomada de mão simbólica e temporária, era necessário que a Operação Alfa na Geórgia do Sul não tivesse sido conduzida. Isso porque ela não era o objetivo primário argentino e expunha qualquer a operação a improvisos diplomáticos e operacionais. De outro lado, ainda que a Operação Alfa também prejudicasse a opção estratégica de uma Fortaleza Malvinas, esta opção tinha como pré-condição mudanças significativas na preparação e momento da invasão argentina. Era necessário, primeiramente, suspender a rivalidade e desconfiança mutua entre as forças singulares. Em segundo, uma revisão profunda de doutrinas aéreas e navais argentinas. Enquanto a Força Aérea não era adequada a guerra naval, a Armada via com muito maus olhos o emprego de sua força de superfície como ‘artilharia móvel’ em operações defensivas em costa e ambas tinham que concentrar recursos nas Ilhas Malvinas com um mínimo de interoperabilidade entre elas. Por fim, seria necessária a substituição das brigadas mecanizadas, formadas por conscritos engajados havia apenas três meses, por brigadas de montanha, de mais alto desempenho operacional e adequadas ao frio, se decidisse conduzir a operação às vésperas do inverno. Ou, alternativamente, como suscitado pela própria Junta Militar, a operação deveria ser conduzida apenas ao fim de 1982, com clima e tropas conscritasadestradas mais adequadamente. Essa alternativa seria reforçada ainda pelas possibilidades de incremento de componentes aéreos e navais aos argentinos e destituição de embarcações
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