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Anti-Apartheid Activism and Politics in Atlanta, 1976-1990

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Anti-Apartheid Activism and Politics in Atlanta, 1976-1990 Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Dissertations Department of History Summer 8-12-2014 South to Freedom? Anti-Apartheid Activism and Politics in Atlanta, 1976-1990 Lauren E. Moran Georgia State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss Recommended Citation Moran, Lauren E., "South to Freedom? Anti-Apartheid Activism and Politics in Atlanta, 1976-1990." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2014. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_diss/42 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOUTH TO FREEDOM? ANTI-APARTHEID ACTIVISM AND POLITICS IN ATLANTA, 1976-1990 by LAUREN ELIZABETH MORAN Under the Direction of Dr. Charles G. Steffen ABSTRACT This study examines Atlanta’s role in the international anti-apartheid movement during the 1980s. As the movement to end apartheid in South Africa intensified throughout the decade, Atlanta’s universities, government officials, and corporations came under pressure to respond to the mounting crisis. While the anti-apartheid movement was constructed on a global scale, in any given locality a transnational movement must intersect with a variety of unique political, social and economic forces. In Atlanta, grassroots activists worked through the Southern Regional Office of the American Friends Service Committee as well as through the Georgia Coalition for Divestment in Southern Africa to hold institutions accountable for their ties to South Africa. However, at the same time these efforts collided with a local political regime in which African American politicians eagerly partnered with corporate interests, resulting in anti-apartheid activism in Atlanta that was often less confrontational or radical than that found in other U.S. cities. Examining this moment in Atlanta’s history sheds light on the way that diverse groups jockeyed to shape metro-Atlanta’s political identity on both a local and a global scale. Further, examining the overlap, cooperation, and competition between groups with varying organizational scales and focuses contributes to the broader literature on social movements. This dissertation emphasizes the need for scholars of movement building to consider the influence of local dynamics when analyzing transnational social movements. INDEX WORDS: Atlanta, Anti-apartheid, Social movements, South Africa, Coca-Cola, Local politics, American Friends Service Committee, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Thandi Gcabashe, Andrew Young SOUTH TO FREEDOM? ANTI-APARTHEID ACTIVISM AND POLITICS IN ATLANTA, 1976-1990 by LAUREN ELIZABETH MORAN A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2014 Copyright by Lauren Elizabeth Moran 2014 SOUTH TO FREEDOM? ANTI-APARTHEID ACTIVISM AND POLITICS IN ATLANTA, 1976-1990 by LAUREN ELIZABETH MORAN Committee Chair: Charles G. Steffen Committee: Ian C. Fletcher Mohammed Hassan Ali Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2014 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe many people great thanks for their support in making this dissertation possible. I remember in college being warned that “in graduate school the professors won’t be nice or helpful. All they will care about is their own research; you’ll be totally on your own.” That warning could not be further from the truth of my own experience. The History Department at Georgia State has been helpful and inspiring at every stage and level. My advisor, Chuck Steffen provided guidance, feedback and encouragement that have been valuable beyond what I could have possibly imagined or hoped for. He has pushed me to become a more discerning scholar, and this dissertation is the better for it. Ian Fletcher has given me consistent attention and support and modeled to me how to be empathetic and committed mentor. His dedication to students is an inspiration. Mohammed Ali provided for me a foundation in the literature on South Africa which has made this dissertation and my understanding of the anti-apartheid movement much richer. Joe Perry, Richard Laub, and Denis Gainty gave me more encouragement and assistance over the years than anyone not formally associated with my project should ever be expected to provide. Christine Skwiot and Larry Youngs were also great supporters during their years at Georgia State. I am grateful to the History Department’s amazing staff, Carolyn Whiters, Paula Sorrell and Robin Jackson. All of these women have patiently and kindly walked me through moments of stress and bureaucratic haze. I have also benefited from and enjoyed being part of a fun, smart and conscientious cohort of graduate students, including Carrie Whitney, Andy Reisinger, Casey Cater, Dave Doran, Matt Hutchinson, Elizabeth Henry, Jeff Marlin, Greg Brooking, Pablo Valenzuela, Clif Stratton, Allyson Tadjer, Lauren Thompson, Cathy Freeman, and Christy Garrison-Harrison. Whether in the cube farm, the part-time office at “GSU North” (Kennesaw v State), through social media, or at various local watering holes, your humor, support and commiseration contributed to making this journey such a positive experience. I also want to thank Dr. Eric Ching and Dr. Don Gordon at Furman University. They took me to South Africa in 2003, a learning experience which has shaped every aspect of my life over the last decade plus, as well as the topic and tone of this dissertation. Dr. Ron Atkinson at University of South Carolina was also a tremendous positive influence during the years that I completed my MA degree and since. Like many of my professors at Georgia State, his life and work serves as a model for how historical scholarship can contribute to promoting social justice. Ansley Abraham of the Southern Regional Education Board has also a supportive mentor and friend. This dissertation would not have been possible without many individuals agreeing to spend time with me to contribute their oral histories. I am particularly grateful to – and inspired by – Thandi Gcbashe, Gloria Gaines, Diane Mathiowetz, Heather Gray, Tyrone Brooks, Mack Jones, Earl Picard, Adolph Reed, Dwayne Redding, Elizabeth Enloe and Randy Blazak. Don Davis, archivist at the American Friends Service Committee office in Philadelphia, also deserves thanks for his assistance and contributions. Finally, I wish to thank my friends and family in Atlanta and beyond, particularly Ansley and Carlton McMillan, Matt Smith and my parents. My parents have provided way more support of all sorts than I deserve or can ever repay, and Matt has been by my side every step of the way through this journey. To all of you I am grateful. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………………………………………iv TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………………vi INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...1 CHAPTER 1: ATLANTA’S UNIVERSITIES CONFRONT APARTHEID…………………...34 CHAPTER 2: JOSEPH LOWERY, THE SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE, AND ANTI-APARTHEID……………………………………………………53 CHAPTER 3: THANDI GCABASHE AND THE AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE: BUILDING A GRASSROOTS ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT IN ATLANTA……………………………………………………………………………………….74 CHAPTER 4: WHAT THEY CALL POLITICS: ATLANTA’S POLITICAL ESTABLISHMENT AND SOUTH AFRICA…………………………………………………...96 CHAPTER 5: COKE SWEEETENS APARTHEID…………………………………………...124 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………151 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………161 1 INTRODUCTION My dissertation argues that global social movements cannot be fully understood without giving proper attention to the unique political, social and economic forces that influence movement building on a local scale. The anti-apartheid movement of the 1980s took on different characteristics in Atlanta than it did in London, New York, or Washington D.C. A narrative of anti-apartheid struggle in Atlanta would be incomplete without taking into account the historical context in which this struggle emerged. This introduction provides a brief history of Atlanta, giving particular attention to the way that that race and class have shaped the city’s political climate. The story of anti-apartheid activism in Atlanta during the 1980s must also be placed in the context of the long history of this transnational social movement. Thus, I provide a brief history of the anti-apartheid movement with a focus on events occurring within the United States. Floyd Hunter and Clarence Stone have written the pivotal books on Atlanta’s city government. In his ground-breaking 1953 work, Community Power Structure: A Study of Decision Makers, Floyd Hunter examined the critical - yet informal – linkages between Atlanta’s elected officials and its business leaders during the 1940s and early 1950s.This business elite was a close knit group both politically and socially and made important decisions through informal negotiations. William Hartsfield was Mayor from 1942 to 1962 and consistently consulted local business leaders before making policy decisions. In Regime Politics: Governing Atlanta, 1946- 1988, Stone picks up the story where Hunter left off. By Hartsfield’s 1949 reelection campaign, the number of black voters had climbed to 27 percent of the electorate, as a result of the
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