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In the Black Hills ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION IN THE BLACK HILLS Jennifer S. Hall Hollis J. Marriott Jennifer K. Perot ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION IN THE BLACK HILLS Jennifer S. Hall Hollis J. Marriott Jennifer K. Perot The Nature Conservancy Midwest Conservation Science Center 1313 Fifth Street SE, Suite 314 Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414 © The Nature Conservancy 2002 An electronic version of this report can be obtained online at conserveonline.org. Cover Photo Credit: Cathedral Spires, Steve Chaplin ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Black Hills Ecoregional Planning Team consisted of (in alphabetical order): Gary Beauvais (Wyoming Natural Diversity Database), Doug Backlund (South Dakota Natural Heritage Data Base), Steve Chaplin (TNC Midwest Conservation Science), Walt Fertig (Wyoming Natural Diversity Database), Jennifer Hall (TNC Midwest Conservation Science), Hollis Marriott (formerly TNC), Dave Ode (South Dakota Natural Heritage Data Base), Bob Paulson (TNC Black Hills Program Office), Jen Perot (TNC Freshwater Initiative), and Brian Schreurs (TNC Midwest Conservation Science). Over the coarse of the planning process, members of the planning team either contributed to the methods of the planning process, as scientific contributors, or both. Beyond the team, many individuals and organizations/agencies offered critical expertise to this effort. Special thanks are given to various staff at The Nature Conservancy for their assistance to the planning team during the planning process. Wayne Ostlie facilitated the organizational meeting that started the planning effort. Pat Comer provided critical guidance and discussions on developing the ecological systems classification. Mary Lammert led the aquatic experts workshop. Tom Fitzhugh provided GIS support for the aquatic classification. Holly Copeland provided GIS data from the Wyoming Field Office. The authors are especially thankful for the editorial comments provided by Beth Burkhart and Elaine Ebbert. The authors would like to thank the following individuals for donating their time and expertise at a terrestrial site selection workshop: Gary Brundige (Custer State Park), Marie Curtin (Wind Cave National Park), Dave Pieper (Black Hills National Forest), Mike Wiles (Jewel Cave National Park), Steve Ogle (WYNDD). Special thanks to those individuals who gave their time and expertise at an aquatic expert workshop: Jack Ericson (SD Game, Fish and Parks), John Rupe (Black Hills National Forest) and Alan Witmuss (SD Department of Environment and Natural Resources). For their phone or email consultation on various components of the terrestrial ecoregional assessment, the authors would like to thank Deanna Reyher (Black Hills National Forest), Carolyn Sieg (USDA Forest Service), George Jones (WYNDD), Gary Larson (SD State University), Barry Parrish (USDA Forest Service), Mike Pfaum (Mt. Rushmore National Memorial), Dan Roddy (Wind Cave National Park), Todd Suess (Devils Tower National Monument), Kerry Burns (Black Hills National Forest), Maggie Engler (Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation). For their phone or email consultation on various components of the aquatic ecoregional assessment, the authors would like to thank Richard Baumann (Brigham Young University), Travis Cundy (Wyoming Game and Fish), Arden Davis (South Dakota School of Mines), Ron Glover (Black Hills National Forest), Jon Hortness (USGS), Brian Kondratieff (Colorado State University), Ron Koth (SD Game, Fish and Parks), Bob McDowell (Wyoming Game and Fish), Ron Remmick (Wyoming Game & Fish), Joe Sandrini (trib.com), Jack Smith (Wyoming DEQ), Bill Stewart (SD – DENR), Bud Stewart (Wyoming Game and Fish), Mike Strobel (USGS), Monte Williams (Black Hills National Forest), Joyce Williamson (USGS). EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Black Hills ecoregion is one of 64 terrestrial ecoregions in the continental United States, and encompasses an area of 5121 square miles (roughly 3 million acres). The varied topography, geology and climate result in a corresponding variety in plant communities, including such diverse elements as western ponderosa pine forests, grasslands of the Great Plains, and northern white spruce forests. Midwest hardwood types are well-represented by stands dominated by oak, ash and elm. Euro- American settlement and activity in the Black Hills have been widespread since the 1880s, and have greatly impacted the Black Hills at a landscape scale. Interaction between natural landscape-scale ecological processes and human-caused processes have altered the fire regime, hydrology, grazing patterns, insect epidemics, wildlife and flooding in the Black Hills landscape in many ways. Until recently, there has not been a comprehensive look at the biodiversity and conservation needs in the Black Hills. By applying The Nature Conservancy’s ecoregional-based conservation approach in the Black Hills, a comprehensive list of areas of biodiversity significance in the Black Hills can be identified. Ecoregional conservation is inherent in The Nature Conservancy’s goal to ensure “the long-term survival of all viable native species and community types through the design and conservation of portfolios of sites within ecoregions” (The Nature Conservancy 1996). Ecoregional conservation in the Black Hills is based on two independent, but interrelated assessments – a terrestrial ecoregional assessment and an aquatic ecoregional assessment. The results of this planning effort represent a first iteration of ecoregional planning in the Black Hills based on the knowledge currently available regarding biodiversity in the Black Hills. Conservation targets (those ecological systems, communities and species around which the ecoregional conservation plan was assembled) include 7 terrestrial ecological systems, 12 aquatic ecological systems, 63 terrestrial community associations, 39 plant species and 34 animal species. Conservation goals (the number and distribution of populations/occurrences required to sustain the targets over time within the ecoregion) were set for each of the conservation targets. Viability, the ability of a population, species or community type to persist over time, was assessed when possible for all target occurrences. Where possible, only examples of targets thought to be viable were included in the analysis. Areas of biodiversity significance were identified which encompass conservation targets and provide a starting point for further work in site-based conservation planning. The resulting ecoregional conservation portfolio consists of 40 sites. Together, these areas account for nearly 821,390 acres, or 25% of the ecoregion’s total area. In this report, no strategies are suggested for carrying out comprehensive conservation action in the ecoregion. In addition, this report provides a list of research needs in the ecoregion. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION TO ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION 1 Setting Priorities 1 Black Hills Ecoregional Planning 2 II. AN ISLAND IN THE PLAINS – THE BLACK HILLS 3 Geology and Geomorphology 4 Ecoregional Boundary 5 Climate 5 Flora and Vegetation 6 Landscape-scale Ecological Processes 7 Land Ownership and Management 9 Land Uses 9 III. TERRESTRIAL ECOREGIONAL ASSESSMENT 10 Ecological System Conservation Targets 10 Plant Community Association Conservation Targets 12 Plant and Animal Conservation Targets 15 Spatial Stratification 18 IV. AQUATIC ECOREGIONAL ASSESSMENT 20 Defining Aquatic Conservation Targets 20 Setting Conservation Goals and Assessing Viability 23 V. ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION DESIGN 24 Identifying Areas of Biodiversity Significance 25 Black Hills Ecoregional Conservation Design 26 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONSERVATION ACTION 34 Threats Assessment 34 Threat Abatement 36 Future Research Questions 36 Conclusion 36 REFERENCES 37 APPENDIX 1. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM AND COMMUNITY TARGET INFORMATION 41 APPENDIX 2. PLANT TARGET INFORMATION 53 APPENDIX 3. ANIMAL TARGET INFORMATION 77 APPENDIX 4. AQUATIC SYSTEM INFORMATION 97 APPENDIX 5. AREAS OF BIODIVERSITY SIGNIFICANCE 99 APPENDIX 6. TARGET OCCURRENCES AND ANALYSIS OF CONSERVATION GOALS 145 I. INTRODUCTION TO ECOREGIONAL CONSERVATION Several years ago, The Nature Conservancy translated its broad mission of biodiversity conservation into a clear goal that would promote a unified method of taking effective conservation action. That goal, as stated in Conservation by Design: A Framework for Mission Success, is “the long-term survival of all viable native species and community types through the design and conservation of portfolios of sites within ecoregions (The Nature Conservancy 1996).” Inherent in this goal is the Conservancy’s commitment the four-part conservation approach: setting priorities, developing strategies, taking action, and measuring success (Figure 1). Figure 1. The Nature Conservancy’s Conservation Approach. SETTING PRIORITIES Conservation planners at The Nature Conservancy set priorities through the selection and design of “portfolios of conservation areas within and across ecologically similar regions” (The Nature Conservancy 2000a). This process called ecoregional planning is both complex and iterative. The end result is the identification of areas that comprehensively conserve the biological diversity of the region. The areas make up a “portfolio” of conservation areas for the ecoregion, integrating the actions of the Conservancy with those of our partners. The process starts with the identification of the important elements of biological diversity that will be used to select the final portfolio of conservation areas. These important elements, or conservation targets, represent critical
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