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Foundation of the Metropolitan Authority and the Effective Control Within the Church Province of Nidaros in the Thirteenth Century

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Foundation of the Metropolitan Authority and the Effective Control Within the Church Province of Nidaros in the Thirteenth Century Innovations and Conservatism: Foundation of the Metropolitan Authority and the Effective Control within the Church Province of Nidaros in the Thirteenth Century Takahiro Narikawa A Thesis submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Philosophy in Nordic Viking and Medieval Culture University of Oslo May 2008 Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to express my deepest and the most respectful gratitude to my academic supervisor Jón Vi¦ar Sigur¦sson who kindly shared his invaluable knowledge of the Icelandic as well as Norwegian history with me, and encouraged me throughout my research, with positive comments and supports. He also kindly provided me with a number of copies of the work that are difficult to obtain. I should also sincerely thank to all my teachers and fellow students here in Oslo, for their professional help and warm friendship. Any faults, still found in the thesis, are ascribed solely to the author, of course. I am grateful also to my teachers and colleagues in Japan, especially to Prof. Hiroshi Takayama (The University of Tokyo), Associate Prof. Osamu Kano (Nagoya University), and Minoru Ozawa (Global COE researcher, Nagoya University), who have encouraged me since my undergraduate. Last but not least, I wish also to thank my family in Japan. My study in this master program was financially supported by the Research Council of Norway (Forskningsrådet) in form of the Norwegian Government Scholarships to Japanese Nationals. I am also very grateful to my academic supervisor, Jón Vi¦ar Sigur¦sson again, for the formalities of this scholarship. Oslo, May 13, 2008. Takahiro Narikawa On the Spelling of Personal and Place Names in the Thesis I will employ the uniform spelling in Old Norse for the medieval personalities from the church province of Nidaros, comprising of Norway, Iceland, and the other isles in the North Atlantic from the Irish Sea to Greenland. As for other personal names, I will basically follow her/his origin, or, in case of the clergy, in Latin, but some names of the famous churchmen such as Innocent III or Adrian IV are to be spelled in English for the sake of convenience, instead of ”Innocentius,‘ or ”Hadrianus.‘ On the other hand, the most of place names in this thesis will be written in modern English spelling, just for sake of convenience. 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgement………...……………………………………………………………02 On the Spelling of Personal and Place Names in the Thesis………………...……….02 1. Introduction………………………………………………………………..………...05 1.1. Background and Description of the Problems………………………………………05 1.2. Historiography………………………………………………………………………10 1.3. Primarily Sources…………………………………………………………………...14 1.3.1. Diplomatic Sources and Letters…………………………………………………...15 1.3.2. Law and Statutes………………………………………………………………….16 1.3.3. Narrative Sources…………………………………………………………………17 1.3.4. Approach to the Sources……………..……………………………………………19 2. Norwegian Metropolitan of Nidaros around Lateran IV………………..………...22 2.1. Restoration of the Order in the mainland Norway?.....................................................22 2.2. Relationship between the Archbishop and Oversea Dioceses in the North Atlantic...27 3. Metropolitan Authority of Nidaros and the Centralization of the Papal Government…………………………………………………………………………...38 3.1. A Series of Papal Correspondences: Whose Initiative? …………………………….38 3.1.1. Letter Collection of Archbishop Eystein in the Late 12th Century………………...39 3.1.2. Papal Letters Addressed to Archbishop Sigur¦r tafsi: Continuity or Change?........43 3.2. Activity of the Papal Legates and Other Representatives in Norway……………….46 3.2.1. Some ”Norwegian‘ Features of the Visit of Papal Legates………………………..48 3.2.2. Eystein, ”Archbishop Legate‘……………………………………………………..50 3.2.3. Absence of the Papal Legates in Norway in the First Half of the 13th Century…...52 3.2.3. Legation of the cardinal William of Sabina……………………………………….54 3.3. Impact of the Delegation of William on the Communication with the Papacy……...61 3.3.1. Lingering Old Connection: The Papacy and Páll of Hamar.....................................62 3.3.2. Direct Contact and Negotiation with the Roman Pontiff………………………….63 3.3.3. How to make advantage of Canonical Regulations? Two Disputed Episcopal 3 Elections of Hamar…………………………………………………..…………………67 4. Changing Relationship between the Archbishop of Nidaros and his Suffragans...75 4.1. Reception of the Decrees and Ideals about the Ecclesiastical Re-Organization…….75 4.1.1. Possible Direct Participation of the Norwegian Prelates in Lateran IV…………...75 4.1.2. The Immediate Reception of the Decrees and Ideas promulgated in Lateran IV…78 4.1.3. Episcopal Election of Two Icelandic bishops in 1238, in the Light of the Problem with Defectus Natalium, and the Participation of the Laymen…………………………80 4.1.4. Control of the Episcopal Election through the Privileges…………………………86 4.2. Intensified Communication between the Archbishop and the Peripheral Part of the Church Provinces………………………………………………………………………89 4.2.1. From Nidaros down to dioceses in the North Atlantic…………………………….89 4.2.2. From dioceses in the North Atlantic up to Nidaros………………………………..95 5. Concluding Remarks……………………..………………………………….. ……107 Abbreviations………………………………………...………………………………..109 Bibliography……………………..……………………………………………………114 4 0. Introduction 0.1. Background and Description of the Problems The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the transformation of the ecclesiastical policy of the metropolitans of Nidaros in 13th century (especially during ca. 1215-1285), and that of their administrative measures, oriented to the effective control in their church province, and to evaluate them within wider European context from a point of view from ”Integration into Europe/ Latin Christendom‘, through the overall scrutiny both on the different sort of the primary sources. It is worth noting that the concept of ”Europe,‘ or ”Latin-Christendom‘ itself experienced the profound transformation during this period. Wheels of this transformation mainly stemmed from the efforts of the Papacy, also oriented towards the centralization of the church and establishment of the supreme authority of the Pope. It is not difficult to expect that such consolidation of the papal authority affected the power balance on the peripheral region, and sometimes provoked conflicts.1 Did the efforts of the metropolitan of Nidaros and their relationship with the Papacy, or with their suffragans, largely follow the similar directions as that of their colleague archbishops? If it diverged from the main trend of his colleagues in Medieval West, what local characteristics differentiated it? Moreover, how the ecclesiastical authority, both the Papacy in Rome and the metropolitan of Nidaros, reacted against the problems? These questions are to be examined as leading questions, i.e. problemstilling in this thesis. In the title, I employ two conceptual key words, i.e. ”authority‘ and ”control,‘ of the archbishop, or the metropolitan of Nidaros.2 In this thesis, the term ”authority‘ primarily means the jurisdiction (potestas jurisdictionis), especially of the archbishop over a certain area with territorial border, i.e. the church province, stipulated chiefly in accordance with the Canon Law. There are mainly two theories about the legal foundation of the metropolitan ”authority‘ over the province. Whereas the first theory ascribes it mainly to the customary rights as the preeminence of the archbishop among the collegial bishops in the province (”primus inter pares‘), the second one, preferred by the Gregorian Papacy from 11th century onwards, primarily regards the metropolitan as a tandem exchange of 1 See Smith 2002 as a case study. 2 At least from 12th century onwards, the two terms, i.e. archbishop and metropolitan have been used as synonyms. Therefore, I follow the contemporary usage of them, and do not distinguish these two words each other in the thesis. Gaudemet 1994: 462sq. 5 the papal power in the province.3 In course of the High Middle Ages, the predominant interpretation of the foundation shifted to the latter one, but there was still a room for the exact content and extent of this jurisdiction.4 On the other hand, we cannot attribute the sources of the power of the archbishop /metropolitan solely to somewhat dry discussion about the legal definition of the office. In their latest collection of essays on the episcopal office of the Central Middle Ages, Ott and Jones emphasize the multiple and sometimes overlapping role of the bishop in his immediate environments, as patron, as liturgist, as warrior as well as pastor, as intellectual as well as lawyer, and as lord and reformer.5 In short, the episcopal office in the High Middle Ages was intertwined with the nexus of sometimes conflicting principles, the secular-political and the religious, and the local and the universal. For the archbishop/ metropolitan, situation must have been the same. Therefore I also choose the term, ”control,‘ to denote the broader influence of the archbishop, exerted in his province, than their religious role, based on the discussion in Canon Law. In other words, the control of the archbishop of Nidaros over oversea dioceses in the North Atlantic, situated in his church province, was not restricted to the ecclesiastical authority, in a strict sense of the term. He could also made advantage of the secular power as well as his political influence to make his point. In course of medieval history in Latin West, 13th century is often characterized as an
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