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A Comparative Analysis of Alien Plant Species Along the Romanian Black Sea Coastal Area

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A Comparative Analysis of Alien Plant Species Along the Romanian Black Sea Coastal Area J Coast Conserv DOI 10.1007/s11852-011-0149-0 A comparative analysis of alien plant species along the Romanian Black Sea coastal area. The role of harbours Paulina Anastasiu & Gavril Negrean & Ciprian Samoilă & Daniyar Memedemin & Dan Cogălniceanu Received: 27 September 2010 /Revised: 18 January 2011 /Accepted: 28 January 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract Previous studies have found a higher proportion only coastal waters but also green areas in harbours for the of alien plant species along the coastal area of the Black early detection of IAS. Sea. The goals of the present study were to assess the role of two harbours as gateways and reservoirs for alien plant Keywords Harbour . Alien species . Neophyte . species, to compare the structure and invasion pattern of the Monitoring . Romania alien plants recorded there, and test methods useful for effective monitoring programs. We inventoried 12 sites along the western Black Sea coast from the harbour of Introduction Sulina in the north to Cape Kaliakra in the south. Each site was visited at least three times each. A more intensive For hundreds of years, humans have been introducing plants, survey was done in the two harbours targeted by our study: animals, and other organisms around the world, in a relatively Constanţa and Sulina. The proportion of neophytes was slow process of globalizing the Earth’s biota (DiCastri 1989). higher in the harbours (representing about one third of the More recently, the pace of this process has increased with total plant species) and lower in coastal protected areas modern trade, travel, and technology, so that biological (with an average proportion of 6.7%). Species accumulation invasions have become a consequence of globalization that curves and estimators of species richness indicated that facilitates and intensifies the spread of invasive alien species while the plant inventory was not complete, invasive alien (IAS). Human-driven biotic invasions have already caused species (IAS) were adequately inventoried. Harbours act wide alteration of the Earth’s biota, changing the structure of not only as gateways for IAS but also as reservoirs, native communities, disrupting evolutionary processes, and facilitating their acclimatization and naturalization. The causing reductions in the abundance of native species, use of species accumulation curves and estimators of including the extinction of many of them (Mack et al. species richness are useful tools in designing and evaluating 2000). These alterations constitute a threat to global simple monitoring programs based on repeated inventories. biodiversity, second in impact only to the direct destruction Our study has stressed the importance of monitoring not and fragmentation of habitats (Cogălniceanu 2007). The consequences of biological invasions are often so P. Anastasiu : G. Negrean severe that they must be curbed and new invasions Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany and Microbiology, prevented (Mack et al. 2000). Prevention/exclusion is less University of Bucharest, costly than post-entry control and obviously has little or no 1-3 Intr. Portocalelor, detrimental effects. The main concern is to identify the 060101 Bucureşti, România species that should be prevented from entering and the : : C. Samoilă D. Memedemin D. Cogălniceanu (*) areas of high risk of invasion. Early detection and rapid Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, assessment can limit the damage and allow for efficient “ ” ţ Ovidius University of Constan a, control methods. Therefore monitoring programs are 1 Aleea Universităţii, 900470 Constanţa, România required in areas of high risk (Lodge et al. 2006) or along e-mail: [email protected] transfer routes. The investigation of the transfer routes, the P. Anastasiu et al. identification of the introduction routes, and the estimates 75000 of probability for successful settlement of the species suspected of becoming invasive are important fields of 60000 future studies (Occhipinti Ambrogi 2001). Carlton (2001) identified a variety of anthropogenic 45000 vectors for introductions of marine alien species, the most important being commercial shipping. Ships can transport 30000 alien species either in the ballast water, as hull fouling and as solid ballast (e.g. sand, rocks, soil etc.). Terrestrial plant 15000 species can also benefit from this transportation route. Some Total traffic (thousand tonnes) cargoes provide excellent means for the transportation of 0 1911 1937 1988 2008 seeds or even entire plants (food and animal feed, minerals, coal, sand, solid ballast etc.). Despite its importance the Fig. 2 Increase in the total traffic in Constanţa harbour during the last management of solid ballast has received little attention. century (Administration of Constantza Port 2009) There are two important harbours on the Romanian Black Sea coast: Sulina in the north, located at the mouth of the higher proportion of alien plants when compared to the Danube, a major harbour since the 19th and beginning of the inland (Anastasiu et al. 2009). The goals of the present 20th century (Fig. 1), and Constanţa, the largest port at the study were to (1) assess the role of the two harbours as Black Sea (Fig. 2). Both ports are connected to inland gateways and reservoirs for alien plant species, (2) compare waterways: Sulina by the Danube and Constanţabythe the structure and invasion pattern of the alien plants Danube-Black Sea canal. They are thus connected to the recorded in the two harbours, and (3) test methods useful Trans-European Network for Transport that provides a for effective monitoring programs. 1,980 km navigation route that links the Danube, Oder and Elbe rivers (Galil and Minchin 2006), while the Rhine– Main–Danube Canal connects the Black Sea to the North Materials and methods Sea and Atlantic Ocean. The western Black Sea coastal area between Sulina Location (Romania) and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria) covers a variety of coastal habitats, with different degrees of human impact. The Romanian Black Sea coast area is part of the region of Several important protected areas are also located in the Dobrudja, representing the northern limit of the Balkan area (Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in Romania, and region. Its limits are the Danube River and Delta in the west Durankulak and Shabla in Bulgaria). The coastline has a and north and the Black Sea in the east. Our study was focused on the coastal area between Sulina (Romania) in the north and Cape Kaliakra (Bulgaria) in the south, along a stretch of coastline 265 km long. Vegetation inventories were conducted in 12 sites, of which nine along the Romanian coastline and three in Bulgaria. Six of these sites were located in protected areas, and were included as control sites. The sites included in our study were under different levels of human impact, ranging from tourism resorts to protected areas, including strictly protected areas with restricted access (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The two harbours included in the study differ in area, traffic intensity and historical development. Constanţa harbour has a total area of 3,626 ha, of which 1,784 land (49%), with 28.5 km of quay constructed and 37 km under construction, and 132 berths, with 150 additional ones under construction (Administration of Constantza Port 2009). The main town in the region is Constanţa, with a population of 304,279 inhabitants (National Institute of ţ Fig. 1 Number of ships transiting Sulina during 1847–1930 and Statistics 2008). The port of Constan a (which includes 2000–2005 (Commission Européenne du Danube 1931; National within its administration the smaller port of Midia) is a Institute of Statistics 2008) container hub for the Black Sea area, with 80% of the Alien plant species in harbours Table 1 Location, area and human impact of the twelve sites sampled in the present study No Site Location Area (ha) Human impact 1 Sulina harbour 45.15N; 29.67 E 600 Moderate 2 Sachalin Island (Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve)a 44.83N; 29.60E 400 Low 3 Chituc Sand dunesa 44.42–44.47N; 28.76–28.80 E 2,300 Low 4 Midia harbour 44.33–44.34N; 28.63–28.67 E 834 of which 234 land Moderate 5Năvodari 44.31N; 28.62 E 25 Moderate 6 Constanţa harbour 44.12–44.17N; 28.65 E 3,626 of which 1,784 land High 7 Agigea Sand Dunesa 44.08N; 28.64 E 25 Low 8 Eforie Sud 44.04N; 28.64 E 2 Moderate 9 Tuzla 44.01N; 28.66 E 2 Low 10 Durankulak (Bulgaria)a 43.67N; 28.56 E 446 Low 11 Shabla (Bulgaria)a 43.58N; 28.57 E 1,463 Low 12 Cape Kaliakra a(Bulgaria) 43.37N; 28.46 E 287 Low a Protected area containerized cargo handled in Constanţa having a different in very large numbers, at considerable distances from the final destination. The number of containers transiting the parent plants, and thus have the potential to spread over a port has increased seven-fold since 2003. Constanţa large area. For Central and Eastern Europe, archaeophytes harbour has grown in importance in time, increasing 45 are the species introduced into the flora of a country before times during the last hundred years (Fig. 1). Its growth was cca 1,500, while neophytes are the species introduced after due both to spatial development, the area covered increas- that year (Pyšek et al. 2004). We included in our analysis ing constantly, and to increased in-port facilities. only neophytes, often being difficult to establish the status Sulina harbour has a total area of 100 ha, of which 25 ha is of archaeophytes. A list of vascular plant taxa was land. With four berths its annual cargo tonnage was 1,400,000 compiled based on field records (see Annex). Native tons in 2008 (Fig. 2). Sulina was historically a major port at species were identified according to Ciocârlan (2009).
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