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Cytomorphological Diversity in Some Species of Impatiens Linn. (Balsaminaceae) from Western Himalayas (India)

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Cytomorphological Diversity in Some Species of Impatiens Linn. (Balsaminaceae) from Western Himalayas (India) © 2010 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 75(4): 379–387, 2010 Cytomorphological Diversity in Some Species of Impatiens Linn. (Balsaminaceae) from Western Himalayas (India) Syed Mudassir Jeelani*, Savita Rani, Sanjeev Kumar, Raghbir Chand Gupta and Santosh Kumari Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala 147 002, India Received May 28, 2010; accepted August 28, 2010 Summary The genus Impatiens Linn. belongs to the family Balsaminaceae and includes mostly wild as well as commonly cultivated ornamental plants. Nearly 91% of Indian species of Impatiens are reported to be endemic. To generate basic information on genetic diversity required for the improvement of germplasm, the present study has been carried out from the different selected parts of Western Himalayas such as Kashmir (J&K) and the Kangra and Sirmaur districts (H.P). During this study, 23 accessions belonging to 9 species of the genus Impatiens have been cytomorphologi- cally observed. The species being cytologically worked out for the first time on a worldwide basis include 2 species as I.laxiflora (nϭ7, 8) and I. reidii (nϭ7). Six aneuploid cytotypes have been reported for the first time for the species I. arguta (nϭ7), I. bicornuta (nϭ7), I. brachycentra (nϭ8), I. glandulifera (nϭ6), I. scabrida (nϭ6) and I. sulcata (nϭ8) on a worldwide basis. The meiotic course in most of these accessions has been observed to be normal except for some of the accessions of I. brachycentra, I. glandulifera, I. scabrida and I. sulcata marked with abnormal meiosis. Out of 4 species (6 accessions) marked with cytomixis, in 2 accessions, one for each of I. scabrida and I. sulcata, the percentage of cytomixis has been seen to be relatively higher with production of heterogenous sized fertile pollen grains. The presence of B-chromosomes in I. balsamina is in conformity with the earlier reports for this species. Morphological comparison at intraspecific level has also been made for the different aneuploid cytotypes of I. brachycentra (nϭ7 and nϭ8), I. glandulifera (nϭ9 and nϭ6), I. laxiflora (nϭ7 and nϭ8) and I. scabrida (nϭ6 and nϭ7) highlighting the morphological changes coupled with chromosomal changes. Key words Cytotypes, Impatiens, Meiotic abnormalities, Western Himalayas. The genus Impatiens belongs to the family Balsaminaceae and occurs mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World (Grey-Wilson 1980) with limited number of species present in temperate parts of northern Asia, Europe and north America (Song et al. 2003). It is represented by more than 1000 species on a worldwide basis (Clifton 2000). In India, the concentration of species of Impatiens is well defined viz. tne Western Himalayas (North India), the hills of the north Eastern States and Western Ghats (South India) with a total of 206 species (Vivekananthan et al. 1997), out of which more than 91% are endemic (Chatterjee 1940). The different species of the genus are generally found growing in moist shady places or occasionally as epiphytes in altitudinal range of 800– 3500 m. A perusal of literature shows that significant number of species of Impatiens have been worked out cytologically on a worldwide basis as evident from data compiled for 189 species by Song et al. (2003). The different chromosome numbers reported in the genus are 2nϭ6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17,18, 19, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 44, 48, 50, 56 and 66 (Song et al. 2003). The different species of the genus Impatiens have medicinal properties such as antioxidant (Shahwar et al. 2010), * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 380 S. M. Jeelani et al. Cytologia 75(4) antibacterial and antifungal (Nisar et al. 2010) activities. Ethnobotanically, the different species of the genus are used for the treatment of gonorrhea, external burns and pains in joints (Quereshi et al. 2007). Due to the endemic nature, sympatric distribution (Khoshoo 1957), intraspecific chromosomal variations and introgression among some of the species (Mehra et al. 1968) coupled with the economic importance, cytomorphological studies on different species of the genus Impatiens from relatively less explored areas of the Western Himalayas have been presently undertaken. Materials and methods For meiotic studies, plant materials were collected from selected localities of different areas of the Western Himalayas. Usual acetocarmine smears of appropriate sized flower buds were made after fixing them in the Carnoy’s fixative. Pollen fertility was estimated by mounting mature pollen grains in glycero–acetocarmine (1 : 1) mixture. Well-filled pollen grains with stained nuclei were taken as apparently fertile, while shrivelled and unstained pollen grains were counted as sterile. Pollen grain size was measured using an occulomicrometre. Photomicrographs of pollen mother cells and pollen grains were made from freshly prepared slides using a Nikon 80i eclipse Digital Imaging System. Voucher specimens are available in the Herbarium, Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala (PUN). Results Detailed cytomorphological studies were carried out on 23 accessions belonging to 9 species of the genus Impatiens. The data regarding locality with altitude, accessions and meiotic chromosome numbers (present and previous) of the presently worked out species has been presented in Table 1. The results for each species with new/additional/varied chromosome counts and abnormal meiotic course are discussed below. I.arguta Hook. f. & Thoms. The single accession of this species from Kangra shows nϭ7 (Fig. 1). The meiotic course is observed to be normal with high pollen fertility of (94%). I. balsamina L. All the 5 accessions have the same chromosome number nϭ7 with 1 B-chromosome in the single accession from Boh (Fig. 2).The course of meiosis has been found to be normal in all the accessions with high pollen fertility. I. bicornuta Wall. In Roxb. The single accession for the species from Sirmaur depicts 7II at metaphase-I (Fig. 3). The meiotic course is found to be normal with almost cent per cent pollen fertility (99%). I. brachycentra Kar & Kir. Out of the 4 different accessions of the species, one each from Bara-gran, Nauradhar and Keller show nϭ7 (Fig. 4) with normal course of meiosis and high pollen fertility. The accession from Sachapass shows 8II at metaphase-I (Fig. 5) with abnormal meiotic course (Table 2). The cytotype with nϭ8 shows significant morphological difference from the 1 with nϭ7 (Table 3). The 3 accessions with nϭ7 are morphologically identical. I. glandulifera Royle. Both the accessions of the species show different chromosome counts. The accession from Kangra shows 6II at metaphase-I (Fig. 6) and the meiotic course is found to be normal with high pollen fertility (98%). On the other hand, the accession from Sirmaur exhibits nϭ9 (Fig. 7) with abnormal meiotic course (Table 2). The 2 cytotypes show some morphological differences (Table 3). 2010 Cytomorphological Diversity in Western Himalayan Impatiens 381 Table 1. Information about locality, altitude with accession numbers and chromosome numbers of presently worked out species of genus Impatiens from the Western Himalayas Locality/ Chromosome numbers S.No. Taxa Altitide (m)/ Accession numbers Present count *Previous reports 1. I. arguta Hook. Multan, District, nϭ72nϭ12, 18, 20 f. & Thoms. Kangra (H.P); 2,300; 52568 2. I. balsamina L. Ranhear, District nϭ7 Kangra (H.P); 850; 52558 Boh, District nϭ7ϩ1B 2nϭ10, 12, 14, 14ϩ2B, 18, Kangra (H.P); 1,900; 20, 24, 26, 28, 28ϩ2B, 52566 56, 56ϩ2B Ganduri, District nϭ7 Sirmaur (H.P); 2,100; 52535 Nauradhar, District nϭ7 Sirmaur (H.P); 2,000; 52567 Tral, District nϭ7 Pulwama (J & K); 2,300; 52508 3. I. bicornuta Haripurdhar, District nϭ72nϭ16, 18 Wall. In Roxb. Sirmaur (H.P); 2,300; 52542 4. I. brachycentra Sacchapass, District nϭ8 Kar & Kir. Kangra (H.P); 3,200; 52559 2nϭ14 Bara-gran, District nϭ7 Kangra (H.P); 3,000; 52560 Nauradhar, District nϭ7 Sirmaur (H.P); 2,000; 52539 Keller, District nϭ7 Shopian (J & K); 2,350; 52506 5. I. glandulifera Bara-gran, District nϭ6 Royle. Kangra (H.P); 3,000; 52564 2nϭ18, 20 Ganduri, District nϭ9 Sirmaur (H.P); 2,000; 52570 6. I. laxiflora Ganduri, District nϭ8 No report Edegew. Sirmaur (H.P); 2,000; 52540 Rajgarh, District nϭ7 Sirmaur (H.P); 1,600; 52538 7. I. reidii Multan, District nϭ7 No report Kar & Kir. Kangra (H.P); 2,300; 52565 8. I. scabrida DC. Multan, District nϭ7 Kangra (H.P); 2,300; 52571 2nϭ14, 16, 18, 20 Boh, District nϭ6 Kangra (H.P); 1,900; 52563 382 S. M. Jeelani et al. Cytologia 75(4) Table 1. (Continued) Locality/ Chromosome numbers S.No. Taxa Altitide (m)/ Accession numbers Present count *Previous reports 8. I. scabrida DC. Haripurdhar, District nϭ7 Sirmaur (H.P); 2,300; 52541 Ganduri, District nϭ7 Sirmaur (H.P); 2,000; 52543 Aharbal, District nϭ6 Kulgam (J & K); 2,250; 52507 9. I. sulcata Wall Aharbal, District nϭ8 Shopion (J & K); 2,200; 52505 2nϭ18, 20 Ferozpur, District nϭ8 Baramulla (J & K); 1,700; 52569 * Previous chromosome number reports are based on literature from Chromosomal Atlases by Fedorov (1969), and Kumar and Subramanium Vol. I (1986); Index to Plant Chromosome Number Reports from 1968 onwards; various Journals, Proceeding volumes and internet. I. laxiflora Edegew. The 2 accessions from Sirmaur district are found to have different chromosome numbers, nϭ8 and nϭ7 (Figs. 8, 9) with normal course of meiosis and high pollen fertility. Some significant morphological variations are noticed between the 2 cytotypes (Table 3). I. reidii Kar & Kir. The single accession of the species from Kangra shows 7II at metaphase-I (Fig. 10) and the meiotic course is found to be normal with high pollen fertility (96%). I. scabrida DC. Two accessions from Sirmaur district and one from Mutan are found to have 7II during diakinesis/ metaphase-I where as 2 accessions, one each from the Kangra and Shopion (J & K) districts, are found to have nϭ6 (Fig.
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