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Evolution of Forest Restoration – a Solid Past and a Dynamic Future

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Evolution of Forest Restoration – a Solid Past and a Dynamic Future Evolution of forest restoration – A solid past and a dynamic future. Gabriela Nunez-Mir, Purdue University, Indiana, USA. Additional Authors: Basil Iannone, Keeli Curtis, Songlin Fei From its beginnings over 30 years ago, the discipline of restoration ecology has evolved and grown. It strives to define, not only itself, but also the conceptual framework on which it is based, the goals towards its efforts are aimed, and the methodologies used to achieve the success of these goals. Forest restoration, in particular, is highly complex as it has to handle dynamic economic and cultural constraints, along with complex biotic interactions and changing physical and hydrological conditions. In this study, we review the development history of this growing discipline by exploring the semantic relationships among the most prevalent concepts in forest restoration and how they have changed over the past 35 years. To achieve this goal, we performed an automated content analysis using the abstracts of all articles published in the top 15 international general forest science journals from 1980 to 2014 (n=30,471). We used Leximancer, a content analysis and word-mining software, to analyze the entire corpus of literature. We identified and compared the major concepts associated to forest restoration within each decade (80s, 90s, 00s, and early 10s). Our results revealed the field’s early interest in the restoration of disturbed areas, namely disturbed areas (e.g., roads or agricultural systems) to previous conditions with a particular emphasis on recovering soil fertility. The 1990s marked the beginning of forest restoration as a defined discipline with a strong focus on discussions on the conceptual framework on which it would be based, evidenced by the predominance of concepts associated with conceptualization (e.g., goals, concept, social, and knowledge). The start of the millennium saw the rise of concepts such as seed bank, Pinus ponderosa and burning, suggesting a transition period from conceptual and theoretical work to its application in empirical studies on the restoration of degraded areas using seed banks and prescribed burning as restoration strategies. The early 2010s are characterized by a solidified focus on the restoration of degraded areas with a greater focus on reforestation and forest succession. Additionally, the appearance of new concepts such as exotic and tropical, suggests the focus will broaden in coming decades. Reforestation and ecosystem services: If you build it, will they come? Brian D. Strahm, Virginia Tech University, Virginia, USA. Additional Authors: Bethany Avera, Jim Burger, Carl Zipper Forest restoration or reforestation efforts often focus on a narrow set of relatively short-term objectives that are most easily assessed based on the return of forest structure. In the central Appalachian coalfields of the United States, for example, where surface mining has drastically disturbed ~600,000 ha of mixed hardwood forests since the 1800’s, current reforestation efforts focus on the rapid restoration of metrics like ground cover, stem density, or species diversity. As a result, decades of research in these systems have focused on the short-term goals of improved seedling survival and establishment. The Appalachian Regional Reforestation Initiative’s Forestry Reclamation Approach is one such technique that is currently promoted by the U.S. Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement and many other regulatory agencies as an increasingly feasible and appealing option for reclaiming post-mining landscapes throughout the Appalachian region. Despite the success of such reforestation strategies, and their broad adoption and promotion, very little is actually known about the restoration of ecosystem function associated with these reforestation efforts. This study was initiated to characterize the linkages between the rates of development of forest structure and key functions associated with forest ecosystems. A chronosequence of four reclaimed and reforested stands (ages 5, 11, 21, and 30 years) and an unmined reference stand, representing the pre-mining forest condition, were identified in southwestern Virginia. Within each age cohort, three replicate stands were characterized for structural attributes including forest biomass, basal area, stem density, species composition, ecosystem organic carbon and nitrogen pools, and microbial biomass. Throughout the 2013 growing season, forest ecosystem functions such as soil greenhouse gas [i.e., carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4)] fluxes, nutrient supply/availability, and microbial activity were monitored. Results indicate that some ecosystem structural attributes (e.g., microbial biomass) rapidly return to the pre- mining condition, and that certain associated ecosystem functions (e.g., soil CO2 efflux and nitrogen cycling) correlate strongly with the return of forest structure. However, other ecosystem functions (e.g., soil CH4 consumption) were completely decoupled from forest structural development over the 30-year reclamation period. This research shows that while the restoration of some ecosystem functions can be tied to structural development, the return of forest structure does not necessarily imply the complete restoration of ecological function along the same time frame. Thus, restoration strategies that facilitate plant processes may be quite different than those required to restore the microbially mediated processes which are equally important to the restoration of functioning forest ecosystems. Monitoring the influence of restoration plantings on tropical dry forest regeneration dynamics in coastal Kenya. David W. MacFarlane, Michigan State University, Michigan, USA. Additional Authors: Andrew T. Kinzer, John E. Banks Tropical dry forests are among the most degraded and threatened of tropical forest ecosystems. Remaining fragments of East African coastal dry forest contain very high levels of endemic species and have been identified as key areas for conservation and restoration. Little is known about natural growth rates and regeneration dynamics of these forests, or about how to successfully restore them after being degraded. Here, we present data and analyses from long-term monitoring plots in a twenty-year-old forest restoration project in Gede, Kenya, where enrichment plantings of indigenous species were conducted to: (1) help restore a degraded area of East African coastal dry forest, (2) increase knowledge of propagation, cultivation and growth of indigenous species, and (3) increase community knowledge and capacity regarding forest conservation. After 20 years, 54% of the planted trees were still alive. Despite fencing, community participation and conservation education, a significant amount of illegal pole-cutting has persisted in the restoration area, reducing the rate of forest regeneration. Nonetheless, forests in the restoration area are regenerating well and are rich within indigenous species. Planted trees accounted for about 20% of regrowth and carbon sequestration in above-ground woody biomass, with the other 80% from natural regeneration. The results show that the enrichment plantings, comprised of fewer individuals of many species, increased the biodiversity of woody plant species, relative to that arising from natural regeneration processes. The plantings served to offset natural declines in both richness and eveness caused by canopy closure and a progression toward dominance by fewer, larger trees of certain species over time. A silvicultural strategy of inter-planting within existing natural regeneration did not have a significant effect on survival of the planted trees, relative to planting in non-vegetated areas. However, existing vegetation included exotic and invasive Neem (Azadirachta indica) trees. A strategy of crowding Neem out with the plantings did not succeed; it ended up comprising about 30% of above-ground carbon biomass in the restoration area, at the expense of woody plant biodiversity, with almost twice as much Neem in areas where it was already established. Further, we found evidence that Neem, which contains natural insecticidal compounds, was significantly altering the structure of arthropod communities. Ground-dwelling arthropods were lower in abundance on plots where Neem made up a higher proportion of above-ground woody biomass, leaving a higher proportion of flying arthropods which could disperse away from Neem. Overall, the project was successful, providing new information on propagation, cultivation and growth rates of indigenous tree species, new estimates of natural and human-enhanced regeneration rates for tropical dry forests, and increasing local capacity for, and interest in, forest conservation. Fire-Sites Restoration in Middle Volga: Major Risks and Modern Technologies. Tatiana V. Nureeva, Volga State University of Technology, Russian Federation. Additional Author: Evgenii M.Romanov Middle Volga is a vast territory which includes republics and oblasts with various forest cover and species composition. There are different climatic conditions in this area. High intensity of forest management and high attendance of forests on the part of population are observed here. The climate of the territory is moderately continental, warm summer and relatively cold and snowy winter are endemic to the area. Growing in alluvial sand pine forests are widely spread in republics and oblasts of Middle Volga. The forests are associated with the forests of the Volga and the Sura rivers territory.
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