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Choreutis Nemorana (Hübner, 1799) (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) –First

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Choreutis Nemorana (Hübner, 1799) (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) –First 1 CHOREUTIS NEMORANA (HÜBNER, 1799) (LEPIDOPTERA: CHOREUTIDAE) –FIRST 2 RECORD IN BULGARIA 3 Tanya Todorova Vaneva-Gancheva 4 Tobacco and Tobacco Products Institute - Plovdiv 5 Abstract: Choreutis nemorana was found on Ficus carica in Plovdiv region, Bulgaria in 6 2016. This is the first record reported from Bulgaria. Distribution data, morphological, biological 7 data and life history of the species are presented. 8 Key words : Choreutis nemorana ; Ficus carica , Bulgaria 9 10 INTRODUCTION 11 On 30 September 2016, a damaged fig tree ( Ficus carica L.) was noticed in Plovdiv 12 region. The leaves looked skeletonized and whitened even from a distance. On the skeletonized 13 leaves some caterpillars, pupae in white cocoons and many empty pupae in cocoons were 14 remarked. We took some caterpillars and cocoons and kept them in the lab. Two larval 15 specimens which pupated on 2 October emerged on 20 and 23 October respectively. The moth 16 from pupa emerged between 15 and 19 October. This year (2017) at the end of summer on the 17 same fig tree and on two others nearby were observed the same damage. The moths emerged in 18 the end of October. It is the most likely that those moths are from second generation. Probably 19 damages from the first generation were minor and stay unremarkable. The only species that has 20 larvae specialized in eating the leaf tissue on a fig tree is Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799), 21 which is not listed in Bulgaria, this appears to be the first report of this species. 22 23 DISTRIBUTION 1 24 C. nemorana (Hübner, 1799) also known as a fig leaf roller or fig-tree skeletonize moth. 25 The species was described by Hübner, 1799. Synonym name is Tortrix nemorana Hübner, 1799. 26 This species is commonly distributed wherever there are Ficus carica trees - the Mediterranean 27 area, Canary Islands and Madeira, N. W. Africa, Asia Minor, Iran, the Caucasus, Georgia, 28 Azerbaijan, Armenia and Uzbekistan (Diakonoff, 1986). C. nemorana has also been recorded 29 from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, France (incl. 30 Corsica), Germany, Gibraltar, Greece (incl. Aegean Islands, Crete, Dodecanese Islands), 31 Hungary, Italy (incl. Sardinia and Sicily), FYRMacedonia, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Spain 32 (incl. Balearic Islands), Switzerland, Turkey, and Ukraine (incl. Crimea) (De Prins, De Prins, 33 2014). The pest has expanded its distribution since 2005-2006 to the northern countries where 34 the F. carica is planted for ornamental purposes. The first northern record was reported from 35 Austria in 2004 (Embacher et al., 2004; Fauster, 2016), then from Germany in 2006 (Bryner, 36 2007; Gaedike, 2008), Switzerland in 2008 (Christian et al. 2008), Belgium in 2009 (De Prins et 37 al., 2009), Hungary in 2012 (Fazekas, 2015; Szaboky, 2015). The recent records are from British 38 Island in 2014 (De Prins, De Prins 2014), the Netherlands in 2014 (Vosser, 2015) and Slovakia 39 in 2015 (Lendel, 2017). The most northerly latitude where the C. nemorana was found is London 40 51.3031N 0.0949W (De Prins, De Prins 2014). The presence of the species in these areas likely 41 confirms the assumption of potential changes in distribution of the moth related to global 42 warming. 43 44 DAMAGE 45 C. nemorana exclusively associated with F. carica and is a leaf tissue feeder (Mifsud et 46 al., 2012). Fig moth is considered a minor pest on F. carica that attacks almost exclusively to the 47 abandoned fig trees. It is rarely being detected in the fig crops. Nevertheless C. nemorana can 2 48 also be a destructive pest of fig tree as it is in Guilan province Iran (Chitgar et al., 2014) and in 49 Tunisia (Zouba, 2010). The damage is caused by the larva (caterpillar). The young caterpillar 50 eats upper parenchymal cells but leaves the underside of the leaf untouched. It is protected by a 51 web of silken threads. Later larval instars feed on upper and under parenchymal cells leaving the 52 veins intact, where the pest name is skeletonized moth. They often turn down a leaf’s edge and 53 feed under this shelter (Fig. 1). Mature larvae pupate on the upper side of the leaf in a white 54 silken cocoon. The larvae can cause distortion, discoloration of the leaves and even extensive 55 defoliation. At times of severe infestation the damage on fig leaves may significantly reduce 56 photosynthesis, which can lead to significant losses (Chitgar et al., 2014). 57 58 MORPHOLOGY 59 The adult insect is a small moth that has a wingspan 16-20 mm (Fig. 2). The body is 60 coloured in light grayish on the ventral part to brown on the dorsal part. The head is light 61 grayish. The forewings are almost square, have mainly an orange-brownish ground colour with a 62 very narrow silver-grey transverse line and a rather broad postdiscal transverse band of the same 63 colour. The hindwing is brown and has some yellowish to golden spots in the discal area and 64 along the margin. Eggs are spherical, cream white colour, 0.5 mm in diameter. Larvae are light 65 green with numerous black verrucae on thorax and abdominal segments; the head is yellowish 66 brown marked with black (Fig 3). Fully grown larvae are 15 mm long. The pupa is dark brown, 67 and 6-7 mm long. The cremaster is formed from two hard thorns sub dorsal located with a 68 crooked tip like a hook (Fig. 4). 69 BIOLOGY 70 Overwintered moths appear in the early spring and deposit eggs on the upperside of the 71 leaves. Larvae feed and grow for a few weeks and then pupate. The adults from first generation 3 72 emerge in July–August. The moths of the second generation flight in September–October. The 73 adults of this autumn generation hibernate in plant debris. 74 75 Acknowledgement: I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. Willy De Prins (The Natural History 76 Museum, Department of Life Sciences, Division of Insects, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD) for the 77 identification of the Fig tree moth. 78 79 REFERENCES 80 Bryner, R. 2007. Choreutis nemorana Huebner in Deutschland wieder gefunden Lepidoptera, 81 Choreutidae. Mitteilungen der Entomologischen Gesellschaft Basel, 571, 16-21. 82 Chitgar, M. G., M. Ghadamyari, M. Sharifi, R. Hassan Sajedi. 2014. Partial characterization of 83 digestive carbohydrases in the midgut of fig tree skeletonizer moth, Choreutis nemorana 84 Hübner (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae). Trakia J. of Sciences, 1, 27-37. 85 Christian, E., H. Deutsch, P. Huemer. 2008. The fig moth Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799) 86 gains ground in Austria (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae). Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik 9 – 87 Kurzmitteilungen, 178-180. 88 Gaedike, R. 2008. Nachträge und Korrekturen zu: Verzeichnis der Schmetterlinge Deutschlands 89 (Microlepidoptera). Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte, 52, (1), 9-49. 90 De Prins, W., J.Y. Baugnée, A. Georis, R. Spronck, R. Spronck. 2009. Choreutis nemorana 91 (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) well established in Belgium. Phegea, 42(2), 29-32. 92 De Prins, W., J. De Prins. 2014. Choreutis nemorana (hübner, 1799) (Lep.: Choreutidae), a new 93 adventive species to the British Isles. - Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 126, 157-163. 94 Diakonoff, A., 1986. Glyphipterigidae auctorurn sensu lato (Glyphipterygidae sensu Meyrick 95 1913). Microlepidoptera Palaearctica, 7, 209-210. 4 96 Embacher, G., M. Kurz, Ch. Zeller-Lukashort. 2004. Beitrag zur Microlepidopterenfauna 97 Salzburgs (Lepidoptera). Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik, 5, 57-66. 98 Fauster, R. 2016. Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799) – nun auch in der Steiermark 99 angekommen (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae). Joannea Zoologie, 15, 85–88. 100 Fazekas, I. 2015. Choreutis nemorana (Hübner, 1799) an adventive species in Hungary 101 (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae). Microlepidoptera.hu, 8, 3–10. 102 Lendel, A. 2017. Choreutis nemorana (hübner, 1799) a gracillaria loriolella (frey, 1881) – dva 103 nové druhy motý ľov pre faunu Slovenska. Folia faunistica Slovaca, 22, 1–5. 104 Mifsud, I. D., A. Falzon, C. Malumphy, E. de Lillo, N. Vovlas, F. Porcelli. 2012. On some 105 arthropods associated with Ficus species (Moraceae) in the Maltese Islands. Bulletin of 106 the entomological Society of Malta, 5, 5-34. 107 Szabóky, Cs. 2015. A ligeti levélmoly (Choreutis nemorana Hübner, 1799) magyarországi 108 el őfordulásai. Növényvédelem, 51 (1), 11–13. 109 Vossen, P. 2015. Vijgenskeletteermot Choreutis nemorana (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) nieuw 110 voor Nederland. Entomologische berichten, 75(3), 118. 111 Zouba, A. 2010. First report of Choreutis nemorana (Lepidoptera: Choreutidae) in Tunisia. The 112 African J. of Plant Science and Biotechnology, 4(2), 96-97. 5 113 114 115 Fig. 1. F. carica tree damaged by C. nemorana in Plovdiv region (42.08167N 24.70416E), 116 Bulgaria during 2016. 117 118 Fig. 2. C. nemorana adult emerged on 20 October 2016. 119 120 Fig. 3. C. nemorana larva - 30 September 2016. 6 121 122 Fig. 4. Pupae, cremaster. 123 124 E-mail: [email protected] 125 7 .
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