ON the NORTH AMERIC.\N SPECIES of CHOREUTIS and If.S ALI-II1S

$ON the NORTH AMERIC.\N SPECIES of CHOREUTIS and If.S ALI-II1S$

236 TI{E CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

The author also speaks of the beautiful colours and the spine-bearing tubercles of the Saturniian larve. 'Ihe larva of Co!axa nulttfenestrata, H. Sch., is the urost strikingll'beautiful I have seen. In Automeris jattus, Cr., the spine defense system is carried to an extreme ; the length of the prcfusely branching spines is r5 mm. to 25 mm.' or twice the diameter of the body, and so abundant that the larva ]ooks like a bunch of moss a few yards arvay ; while the quantity of poison contairred in these spines is so great that during the process of inflating, the fumes which are driven off with the vapour are positively dangerous to the operator.

ON THE NORTH AMERIC.\N SPECIES OF CHOREUTIS AND If.S ALI-II1S. BY PROF. C. H. FERNALD' AX{HERS'I'' ]\TASS. About fifteen years ago I obtained from Dr. O. Staudinger a series of all the species placed under the Choreutida: in his CatalogLre of the Lepidoptera of the European Fauna (r87r), and made a critical str.rdy of their structure to aifl in the arrangement of our North American species. This sturJy also 1ed me to look trp the nomenclature of these insects, and the results are given in this PaPer. .Ihere has been a grorvine tendency for some time to use the generic names proposed by Hr.ibner, and while at first I rvas not inclined to adopt the genera in his Tentamen, .I nor' feel compelled to do so' It is not uecessar-y to argue this qr.restion, since both sides were so ably pre- sented years ago in this journal. Hiibner, in his Tentamen published in r8o6, proposed the name Irentera/hiltt, with pariana the only species under it, and we must therefore consider it the type. 'l'he genus Simrethis rvas established by Leach in the article " Eutomology," pubiished in Brewster's Edinburgh En- cyclopedia in r8r5, with detian4 Hlib., for the type. This Encyclopedia rvas re-published in Philadelphia iD r8r6. I 1.rave not seen the Edinburgh edition, bnt understand that the American edition norv before me is a re;rrint, at least so ihr as the article " Entomology " is concerned' Denlana, Hi-ib., rvhich is a synonyrn of oryacanthcl/a, L', is congeneric with trariona, Cl. Ic., and therefore Sixtetltis mtlst fall as a synonym of Eetnerolhi/a. I{iibner published the genr-rs Guaris in l.ris Verzeichniss, p. 37+, wirh alhet liana, Cram', szttederiarta, Stoll., arld rt/eetnanniana, Cram,, uncler it. Ls olbertianaseems to have been the only one of these TI{I'] CANADIAN I]NTO.MOLOGIST. ,2n species knorvn to Hiibner, I anr of the opinion that it should be regarded as the type of Gauris. Hiibner has given an excellent figure of this species Lrnder the narne of r{enero!/:tila lerlrcta A/bertiana in his Sammlung exotoscher Schmetterlinge, Vol. I., pl. zr3 (rgz3). Zeller, who studied several examples of this species rvith his usual care, placed it in the genus Sinrethis. We may therefore regard, Gaurzs as a synonym o[ ]{eneroph ila. Hiibner established the genr.rs C/roreutis in his Verzeicbniss, p, 373, rvith five species under it, all of which, except rliarta and. scitttilu/ona, Hirb. (a synonyn of rtyllerana, Fab.), are congeneric witir /ariana, and. lrave beerr placed with it wder Simrethis,which may now be replaced by ,flemero!hi/a. 'Ihe last species, my//erana, has been taken as the type of Sitnrcl/ris, while rliana has been placed with oryacantle//a, L., arrd its allies, but its structural characters difier so rnuch from the others that r feel justified in following Guenee, rvho separated it and established the gents Orc/tent ia for its reception. Imrnediately follorving C/toreutis, orr the same page of the Ver- zeiclrniss, Hiibner estabiished the genus porpe, with oniv one species ttnder it,i6brana (a misprint for aibrana, FIiib.). and as this species is congeneric with myl/erana, Porl)e must fall as a synoryrx of choreutis. ,,Historical It was shown by Dr. Scudder in his Sketch of the Generic Names Proposed for Butterilies,,,p. 96 (rgZ5), that althorrgh the title page of HLibner's verzeichniss bears the crate of rg16, theie was internal evidence sufficient to prove that it was not all published at that time. r have only conce'red myself with the time of p.blication of the part containing the Microlepidoptera. l'here is a reference on page 3r2 to the I'hird century of the ZLrtrage, the introcluction to which is dated A,,tg.27, 1825, br,rt this page is in a signature rvl.rich begins on page 3o5. The Third Century of the Zutrage, on page 34, makes reference to page zg4 of the verzeichniss, bnt this page is in a signature rvhich ends r,vith page 3o4. I therefore conclude that the first 3o4 pages of the verzeichniss were pubiished before Arg. 27, r825, and the pages following, betzaeen this date and the trrne of Friibner's death, which occurred Sept. 13, r826. It js barely possible that this part of the Verzeichni* may have been irublished late in r825, b't as Hiib'er himself made no reference to it in Ar:gust, it seems more probable that it could not have been prepared and published before lan., 1826, and therefore I ha'e adopted 238 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST.

r8z6asthedateofpublicationoftlratpartoftheVerzeichnissoccurring after pa.ge 3o4, the part including the N{icrolepidoptera' SYNOPSIS OF l'HE GENERA. and 8 of fore wings forked " " ' Orchemia' r' f Veins 7 fv.intTandBofforewingsnotforked """""2' ( palpi short and blunt ' ' Ifemerophila' 2' Third sesment of ' " l fni.a selment of palpi long an

Simret/ris diana, ZeIl. Isis, Vol. 3o, p. zog (rga6). AnQ/tisa luridana, \Yalk. Cat. Lep. Ifer., zg, p. 3rg (rg63). _ Expanse of lvings, r5-r7 mm. Ilead, thorax and fore lvings green, the latter with the first cross line dark brorvn or black, much thicker on the costa and giving off two outward angres. Seconci line gives offan acute angle beyond the cell and another on vein z. r oth of these lines are bordered more or less rvidery rvith ivhite or greenisrr-lvhite and more or less diffLrsed. The median shade is represented by a dark brown anguJated line from the cell to the hind border, but this is ofren obscured by the shade .r,vings 'vhite on this part of the rving. Hind uniformry dark fttscous. A1l tlie fri'ges dark luscous, but rvith a lighter streak through the middle. f have Iong had this sprssiss in my collection from American localities, I.raving received it from Halifax, N. S.; White Mts., N. lI., and also I took several specimens in June, rg77, at Orono, Me., in an open pasture. walker described it from St. x,Iartin's Falls, under the name of Am//tistt, iuridana, I l-rave also a clark varietl, of this sDecies from Prof. C. P. Gillette, taken in Colorado. The early stages and food plant are unjcnoivn, bLrt Hartmann states that he fourrd it on the rving near r'funich in June and July between a pine forest and a jrniper. The pasture in orouo where it was taken had more juniper or less (Juniperus commuruis) scattered over it, and was by the side of woods co'taining pine, spruce and other evergreen trees, but as there were many other kinds of plants i' the immediate 'not vicinity, I do think this at all conclusive or even hardli, suggestive concerning the food plant of this insect. Genus HEMEROpHILA, Hiib., l.entamen (r3o6). Head smooth and rounde d ; rabial palpi mediun, slightly curving up in front, strongly roughened bcneath, third segment srrort and blunt I proboscis present, short and scaled at tl're base ; ocelli present j antennre half the lergth of the costa or a littre more, simpre in the female, ciriated 'lhorax in the male. smooth, hind tibi:e hairy along the upper side, nriddle a'd hind tibi:e thicliened with scales at the middle and end. Fore wings ovate or somewhat triangular, witrr acute apex and twelve separate veins : r with a long fork at the base I z arises from the outer third of the medianvein,3 to ro arise at nearly equar distances from each 2+0 TI{E CANADIAN I,NTOMOLOGIST.

costa a little before the other, 7 ends in the outer margin and 8 in the cell apex, rr arises from near the basal fourth of tbe subcostal vein; but closed and with the sr:perior and inferior cellular veins both present' internal difficLrlt to distinguish. llind wings ovate, with eight veins' three and veins present, r b forked at the base, z beyond outer fourtll of median' 3 equidistant' 8 free from 4 stalied, base of stalk and 5 and 6 arising nearly the base of rving, cell closed. with trvo cellular veius very indistinct' median not hairy above tolvards the base' 'fhe only species tlnder this genus occtlrring in North America so published far as known ar present is aicorialis,.which Ze1ler described and inthe,Veri.randlr.rngenderk.k.zooiogisch-botanischerrGese]]schaft,p'3zz (r825), giving the habitat " Nlaine or Xfassachusetts'" This species is trnknorvn to me. Genus CIIOREU'I'IS, Hiib', Verz', p' 373 (rBz6)' Head smooth, rvith the front sloping; labial palpi with the first and second segrnelrts armed beneath rvith long bristles, those of the second segmellt collected into four tufts nearly as long as the segrnent itself' tl-re than third segment slim and pointecl, abottt as long and but iittie larger the tufts on the uncler sirle of the second segilent; prohoscis short I eyes tnediutl, hemispherical ; ocelli present ; antennte aboul tlvo-thirds as long as the costa., ciliate in the male, sirnple in the female I thorax and s;,oooth, hincl tibire hairy aiong rhe uppel anil loive r sides; middle hind tibire thickened with scales at the micidle and end I abdomen unttr[ted; unctls plcscnL, clespers lltrge' Fore t'irlgs oblzng ovate, with metallic markings I twelve separate vein' veins, r with a fork at the base about one-third of the iength of the nearly z arises from the outer fourth of tlie median, 3 to 5 usually arise equidistant from eacl.r other, tl'rough in some species 3 and 4 arise from the one point or very near each other, and 5 and 6 are more remote than and otheis, r r arises fr.onr the basal thirc of the subcostal, superior inferior celir.-rlar veins generally visible. Hind rvings ovate, with eight veins, r b forked at the base, z arises from the outer fourth of the median, 6 and arise nearly equidislant' from 3 and 4 stalked or coalesced, 5, 7 7 ih" upp., angle of the cell, 8 free, from tlre base of the wing I cell closed' torvards witt., i*n very ind.istinct cellular veins, median not hairy above the base. TIIE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 247

SYNOPSIS OF l'HE NOR'I'H ATTERICAN SPECIES. ,. { Putu] t.hirq of fore wirrgs wlrite.. .leucobasis. ( basal thlrd of fore wings not white ...... 2. 2. { fore rvings with metallic mar*ings green. . ittflalel/a. ( -t'ore wlngs with metallic nrarl

silphie//a, Grote, Pap., I., 1t. 4o (r gg r). gemnalis, Hulst, Tr. Anr. Ent. Soc., Vol r3, p. r4g (rgg6). sorocule/la, I)var, Caw. ENr., Vol. 32, p. g6 (r9oo). Var. a. 1lrelrcsana, Dup,, Hist. Nat., IV., p. rgz, pl.65, Fig.S. australis, Zeli., Isis (r8+Z). I{abitat.-lll., Mo., l'ex,, Cal., Ore., and Europe. Europe, "trood.-In fttu/o salicina, fnztla tlysenterica ; Eelenium ; cardaus crisilzrs; car/ina acau/is; veronica. In America. si/bhtum i n t e r r ifo / i u xt ( Co qu ill ett). I4iss Murtfeldt sent me the following notes on this species : " The larva is found late in J'ne (in N{issouri), and again in october, mining and rvebbing the leaves of Gnaphaliuru .po/ycei!/ta/um. trvhen small it rvorks chiefly between the cuticles of the leaves, but later feeds externally, spinning quantities of somewhat viscirl web, among which the black powdery frass is profusely scattered. ( f'he mature larva is 6 mm. in length by ,.S in d.iameter across middle segments, from which it tapers very slightly in both directions ; fornr cylindrical, sub-moniliform. colour translucent, whitish green, immaculate. Head oblique, same colour as body, but horny and pol_ ished. collar inconspicuous. Legs concolo'ous rvith general surface. Before the first transformation it becomes gregarious, the rarvre spinning their dense white sticky cocoonsr something to the number of a dozen in elose lrroximity in the general web. .t /l .) TIIE CANADIAN XNTOMOLOGIST.

"Pupapaiegoldenbrowl.t,4mm'inlength,zrndratherstout'with no especially markeC characters' " f magines in seven or eight days after ptrpation' ,, In central llissouri the species is rather rare, and, within the limits of my observation, has only occurred three times rvithin the last dozen years, although careful watch for it has been maintained upon its food plant. So far it has not been found upon any Gnalhaliutn or Antennaria, except G. por-vcppnelurr. I have nerrer taken this species at 1ight." C. rNnr.ertr.re (Clem.), Proc. Ent. Soc. Ph., Vol' II', p' 5 (t863) ; Tineina of N. A,, P. zog (t872). Dr. Clemens states that he described this species from a " single specimen taken on the rving in July," presurnably at Easton, Pennsvlvania. The type of this species has probably been lost, as I conld not find it in the collection of Dr, Clemens, llow orvned by the Am' Ent' Soc' I would not be greatly surprised if it should prove to be a variety of bjerhan'drel/a. C. occronnror-ta, Dyar. Cew. ENr., Vol. 32. p 86 (r9oo)' Ihavelonghadthisspeciesinmycollectiontrnderthenameof cltoreutis co/orar/e//a, and had so named it for others, but had not published a description of it, so that Mr. Dyar's name will hold' His type is in poor conditiou, else he rvould probablyhave recognized that it'lvas the same as my c. colorodella, :;pecimens of lvhicl-r I had sent to the National Museum. c/toreutis exlrittcicella, Dyar, seems to be a badly-faded specimen of the above. After a careful examination and comparison of the single type specimen rvith all the material before me, I should not feel justified in considering it a distinct species. C. oNusreNe (Walk.). Cat. Lep. IIet., 3o, p. 996 (r86a)' Ilabitat.-Nova Scotia I Amherst, Nlass' C. r,rucosesrs, n. sP. Ilxpanse of rvings lo to r2 mm. Head, thorax and base of fore wings pure white. outer two-thirds of fore wings dark fuscons or reddish brorvn, with an oblique, white costal streak before the apex, and two others of the same colour, but mnch sma)ler, on the costa bet'lveen this and the wliite base of the rving. outer part of the wing more or less overlaid with white scales, so dense beyond the cell as to fuse and form a distinct whitish patch. 'fhere are nunerotls clustels of metallic scale$ THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST, q,1.7

scattered over the or.rter part of the lving, some of lvhich form a curved line around the apex on the border, and there are two large clusters of them resting o' a black ground between the white patch and the fold. Fringes reddish brorvn.

Hind *'ings and upper side of abdomen fuscous. under side of arl the wings fuscous, with the white costal spots reproduced, and there are several whitish cross lines on the urider side of the hind wings. uncler side of the body rvhite. Legs white, annulate with black.

Described from four specimens, two from London, O'tario, and two from Massachusetts. This species was fig,red by the late Townend Gloverin his unpublished work on N. A. Lepidoptera, pl. g3, Fig. zr. vrncrNrnrre (Clem.). ph,, C. Proc. Ent. Soc. 3, p. 505 (rg6a) ; Tineina of N. A., p. 257 ft872). Eabitat.-Va., W. Va., Penn.

BRENTHIA, C1em. proc. A-c. Sci., I., p. r7z (fi6o). Head smooth and rounded; labial palpi moderately longer, slender, smooth and pointed, slightly curving up in front, the terminal segment being shorter than the second. proboscis very short and slightly scaled. Eyes oval and rather promine't; ocerli present, large. Antenne simple in the female, but rather densely ciliated in the male, about half the length of the costa. Fore wings ovate, with t.ounded apex and twelve separate veins : r with a long fork at the base, z from very ltear the angle of the cell, rvhich is closed and extends to near the middie of the.lving; cross vein convex on the outside I ro arises from the upper angle of the cell and rr from the subcostal before the middle. Hind wings somervhat triangular, with eight veins: r b furcate at the base, z from near the end of the cell, rvhich is closed and scarcely reaches to the middle of the wing ; 3 and 4 from a stem which arises from the lower angle of the cell, 5,6 and.7 nearly equidistant and paralleJ, 8 arises free from the base of the wing. pevoNrcor,re, B. CIem. Proc. phil. Ac. Sci., p. r72 (rg6o); Tineina of N.A., p. r34 (r872). Microrzthia antlllticarileeana, Charn, CeN. Ewr., Vol. X., p. 76 (r 878.) oAAa+a TIIE CANADIAN ENTO}IOLOGIST.

I{abitat.-Penn., I11', Kan., Tex., W. I., Panarna; Btazll'

o tt. A mp h'ic arp ce a monl ica (Chambers)' Fo - WALSINGHANIIA, Riley. Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash', I', P' r57 (r888)' W. orve, Riley. Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash,, I, p. r58. Eabitat.-F|orida. ,Food.-Picus. W. St-ossoNtA) n. sp. Expanse of wings, 15 mm' Head, palpi, antenne and thorax dark brorvn, with metallic reflection in certain lights. Fore 'lvings dark brown, with a straight band across the middle, on each side of rvhich a consider- abie portion of thc wing is aburdantly sprinkled rvith ivhitish scales, which are arranged into very fine cross lines near the band, but more irregularly toward tire outer edge, whicir is more oblique than tl're outer margin of the rving. The basal and onter portion of the wing beyond the white sprinkled area, and the cross band except a black edge on each side, are changeable in colour rvhen seen at different oblique angles, from deep violet to bright metallic red or flame colour, or golden yellow ; in [act, the play of colours under a lens is quite remarkable. Fringe at the base concolorous tvith the adjacent par:t of the wing, dark fnscotts on the outer part. Hind rvings ancl abdomen above and beneath, and the under si

7 forked, the stem of which arises from the upper angle; g free, from the base ofthe wing.

S. xe.NrHosesrs, Zell. Verh. der k. k. Zooi.-Bot., (ies., p.325 (r375). I{ab it at.-F la., Tex., I1l.

The following notes on this species were kindll' sent to me by X{iss

X{ary E. Murtfeldt, who bred it at her home in l(irkr.vood, jVlissouri : '( The larva of Setiostoma nant/zobosis was collected September z7tb, r8go, orr a variety of Querrus stel/ata. ft faster-rcd trvo ieaves together flatly, but not rvith the surfaces closell, applied-the,lveb ulder which it was feeding, wirich rvas irregularly circular and about I of an inch in diameter, being curiously,boxed'ou the margin, r-5 inch in height rvhere the two leaves rvere furthest apart. within this fence it was feeding upon the parenchyma oi the under surface of the leaf, rejecting even the smrllest veins.

'! At the date mentioned it seemed to be about full_grorvn, and nray be characterized as foilor,r's: Length 15 mm., cliameter 3 mtn.; form sub- depressed, broadest across thoracic segments. Colonr, a dull, rvatrry, somewhat livid green, mottled rvith duli crirnson-ventraiJy as well as dorsally. Abdominal segrnents marked on dorsurn rvith two br.oad, irregularly outlined, longitudinai streaks, connected by a transverse, slightly curved crimson line. Piliferous spots and hairs inconspicr-rous. " Head short, tbick, pale brotvl, tith central spot of dark brown. cervical collar narrorv, covering orly one half of the first segment, horny, pale brorvn.

" Anal plate triangu)ar, horny, pale brorvn. 'I'horacic legs pale brown. Prolegs similar in colour to general surface.

" On Oct. r5th, after aperiod of ten days,quiescence, this larvaleft its neat case betlveen the leaves and spurr up in an inconspicuous, tough little cocoon ulder the folded edge ofone ofthe leaves. " fmago appeared May r 5th, r B9 r.,, S. FnnNar,osne, Riley. Proc. Ent. Soc., Wa5l., I, p. r55 (rggg).

f{a b i tat.-Los Angeles, Cal. -Fo o d. - Qu e rc u s ngr tfol i a.