Journal of Optometry History Publication of the Optometric Historical Society Volume 48  Number 3  July 2017

HINDSIGHT Journal of Optometry History Publication of the Optometric Historical Society Volume 48  Number 3  July 2017

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 1 ON THE COVER Patented in 1909, this HINDSIGHT: phoro-optometer Journal of Optometry History July, 2017 produced by Henry Volume 48, Number 3 DeZeng in 1917 features a series of spherical Hindsight: Journal of Optometry and cylindrical lenses, History publishes material on the a Steven’s phorometer, history of optometry and related double rotary prisms, and topics. As the official publication of a Maddox rod. This object the Optometric Historical Society represents one stage (OHS), a program of Optometry in the evolution of the Cares®-The AOA Foundation, modern phoropter. Hindsight supports the mission and purpose of the OHS. DeZeng Standard Optical Phoro-Optometer, 2016. FIC.0306. Editor: The Archives & Museum of Optometry, American Optometric David A. Goss. OD, PhD Association headquarters, St. Louis, MO. School of Optometry Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 OHS Advisory Committee 2017 [email protected] Officers R. Norman Bailey, OD, MPH Contributing Editors: Ronald R. Ferrucci, OD [email protected] Irving Bennett, OD President 5551 Dunrobin Drive, #4208 [email protected] Lynn M. Brandes, OD Sarasota, FL 34238 [email protected] [email protected] John C. Townsend, OD Vice-President Bill Sharpton, OD Kirsten Pourroy Hébert [email protected] [email protected] The Archives & Museum of Optometry Irving Bennett, OD George Woo, OD, PhD 243 North Lindbergh Boulevard Secretary-Treasurer [email protected] St. Louis, MO 63141 [email protected] [email protected] Karla Zadnik, OD, PhD Members [email protected] Optometry Cares® - John F. Amos, OD The AOA Foundation [email protected] T. Joel Byars, OD Liaison to Heritage Services, The official publication of the OHS, published quarterly since its beginning, Board of Directors was previously titled Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society, 1970- [email protected] 1991 (volumes 1-22), and Hindsight: Newsletter of the Optometric Historical Society, 1992-2006 (volumes 22-37). Use of the current title, Hindsight: Journal Rebecca Hildebrand of Optometry History, began in 2007 with volume 38, number 1. Back issues, Director indexes, and additional information about the journal are available at: [email protected] https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/hindsight/issue/archive. Kirsten Pourroy Hébert Heritage Services Specialist Manuscripts can be submitted for publication at the journal website (https:// The Archives & Museum scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/hindsight). Alternatively, a Microsoft of Optometry Word document can be submitted by email to the editor. [email protected] HINDSIGHT Journal of Optometry History Publication of the Optometric Historical Society Volume 48  Number 3  July 2017

71 TABLE OF CONTENTS Morey X. Powell, OD News 62 From the Editor 63 Articles 4 Optometry Defined Through the Decades, Cheryl Lynn Bergin 64 There’s Gold in Them Thar Boxes, Irving Bennett 71 Jām-e Jam, Legendary in Visual Optics, Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur 72 Erratum: “I” to Eye – 66 Years of Optometry 74 72 Through the Eyes of a Clinician, Educator, Jām-e Jam, Legendary in Visual Optics, Administrator, Consultant and Public Health Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur Optometrist, Lester Caplan Book Reviews Treasury of Optics: The Collections of the Optisches Museum Jena, 76 David A. Goss 79 Carl Zeiss: A Biography The AOA Photograph Preservation Project 1816-1888 77 David A. Goss From the Archives The AOA Photograph Preservation Project Kirsten Hébert 79

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 61 NEWS

AMO INTERNS RETURN INTERVIEW WITH DR. DAVID The Archives & Museum of FERRIS AVAILABLE AT Optometry welcomes back our University of Missouri-St. Louis STORYCORPS.ME interns, Sophie Grus and Brittany Golden, for their second and final year working with Optometry Cares. In 2013, the AMO became a designated site for the UMSL program which awards graduates with a Master of Arts in History Sophie Grus (left) and with a concentration in Museum Brittany Golden (right) Studies. Since starting in September of 2016, Sophie and Brittany have catalogued more than 10,000 photographs and inventoried more than 1,500 objects in the repository. Did you miss us at Optometry’s Meeting® in Washington, Read about their conservation work with our panoramic D.C.? The OHS Annual Business Meeting was well attended on photographs in this issue. Thursday, June 22, 2017 at the Washington Marriott Marquis. After the meeting, attendees were invited to listen to an interview with Dr. David Ferris by a New England College of ARCHIVES MOVE: THE AOA Optometry Student. If you would like to hear the interview, visit the OHS page on the Optometry Cares webpage (www. RECORDS RETURN TO AOA HQ aoafoundation.org/ohs) and find the link to our StoryCorps. me account. Dr. Ferris’ interview is listed under our “favorites.” OHS ADVISORY COMMITTEE ELECTIONS The OHS is now accepting nominations for the 2018 Advisory Committee. To submit a nomination form, visit www.aoafoundation.org/ ohs/. All nominations must be submitted by House of Delegates Proceedings 1898-2012 Staged for Moving from 5:00 p.m. on Thursday, Off-Site Storage November 30, 2017. If you have any questions, email This September we recommence our survey and move of Dr. Bill Sharpton us at [email protected]. the Archives & Museum of Optometry collections back to In December 2017, Dr. the AOA Headquarters in St. Louis. Boxes of AOA records will Bill Sharpton will step down from the committee after serving be moved back to the Archives in batches so that we can a four-year term. We would like to thank him for his service to consolidate the holdings into new housing. We anticipate the OHS and for his work on increasing student membership. this work will go on throughout the fall and winter of 2017- 2018. Reference services and research will be suspended or restricted until the move is complete. 62 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 FROM THE EDITOR DAVID A GOSS, OD, PHD

documenting the centuries-long MOVING existence of our profession, including its transitions from spectacle making FORWARD WHILE to refracting opticianry to doctors RESPECTING AND of optometry to applications of new devices, new treatments, and new LEARNING FROM technologies. Henry Hofstetter, OD, OUR HISTORY PhD served as the first president of OHS, the first editor of the Newsletter, Regular readers of Hindsight: Journal and the primary contributor to the of Optometry History will recognize Newsletter and Hindsight for over 25 the change in the design for this issue. years. Optometric historians owe him a This is the first issue in the 48 year great debt. history of the Optometric Historical While we are moving Hindsight Society (OHS) that its quarterly forward, hopefully we are respecting publication has not been printed and learning from its history. There on the Indiana University campus have been more changes in Hindsight in Bloomington. This issue is being in the past ten years than in the printed at the American Optometric previous 38 years. These changes have Association headquarters in St. Louis David A. Goss, OD, PhD included shift to journal format, use overseen by Kirsten Hébert, who as of color photographs, digitization of Heritage Services Specialist for the all issues back to volume 1, number Archives and Museum of Optometry of 1, and deposit of them in the Optometry Cares, is an energetic and online repository IUScholarWorks, enthusiastic advocate and contributor online publication of current issues, for OHS activities. The new cover was and introduction of refereeing of designed by Chris Martin, the Graphics submitted papers. These changes Specialist for the American Optometric would not have been possible without Association. The cover retains an the support of the OHS Board/ element of seafoam green, the color of Advisory Committee and especially optometry and the color of the hoods its presidents over the past ten years: received at the graduation ceremony Melvin Wolfberg, Irving Bennett, John for optometry students completing Amos, and Ron Ferrucci. We hope that their education. you the readers like these changes. Soon after Maria Dablemont Please feel free to send in your and Henry Hofstetter initiated feedback. the formation of the OHS, its first David A. Goss, OD, PhD Newsletter of the Optometric Editor Historical Society was published [email protected] in January 1970. The title of the periodical was changed to Hindsight in 1992 while retaining its newsletter form. It was changed to Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History starting with the January 2007 issue. The OHS publication now has accumulated more than 3,100 pages of information on optometry history, a truly remarkable compendium

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 63 ARTICLE CHERYL LYNN BERGIN, OD

OPTOMETRY DEFINED THROUGH THE DECADES Cheryl Lynn Bergin, OD optometry, the kind captured in those [email protected] classic Norman Rockwell paintings that have graced many an optometry What is an optometrist? What is office. I benefitted from vision therapy. optometry? The definitions are many I never went to an ophthalmologist. I and varied. Few are accurate. We loved traditional optometry…the kind do not just fit spectacles. Were we preserved in our Optometric Historical ocularists or ophthalmologists or Society archives. opticians? How have the definitions of who we After perusing my extensive home are and what we do changed? See the library, every time I have encountered timeline below. These definitions are an encyclopedia or dictionary, I look from sources easily accessed by the up optometry and optometrist. The general public at local libraries and on definitions of who we are and what we the Internet. do have changed over the decades. As an academic, I do not value I am hard pressed to find complete Wikipedia as an information source. and accurate current definitions of From the Optical Journal and Review, March That said, I have included definitions optometry and optometrist. 1914. The AMO holds the complete set of found in Wikipedia since it is a OJRO and its predecessors 1895-1970. When I was discerning my vocation, common informational resource I had to decide between optometry utilized by the general public. If and ophthalmology. Back in the What’s in a Name?: From we wonder why patients do not 1980s and early 1990s, the main Refracting Optician to understand our roles in primary eye difference between optometrists Optometrist care, these Wiki definitions can help and ophthalmologists was that us understand the facts and fictions The Archives & Museum of ophthalmologists did surgery. Since I about optometry and optometrists. Optometry holds rare periodicals that had no desire to cut into the eyeball chronicle the development of the Note: When multiple copyrights and had benefitted from seeing my profession and the evolution of the are listed, the oldest is utilized. Each local optometrist since age five, I American Optometric Association definition is verbatim. from the date of its inception as the chose optometry. American Association of Opticians Now that distinct surgery/non- in 1898. In 1914, the Association was surgery line is blurred. Optometrists’ still named The American Optical scopes of practice are expanding. If Association, despite its adoption of I did not want to do surgery…I may the term “optometrist” to describe its members in 1904. Clement Edgar’s soon find myself practicing outside editorial in the premier publication of the full scope of optometry. In of the time, The Optical Journal and Oklahoma, optometrists can perform Review (Volume 33, Number 11), is a Selective Laser Trabeculoplasties harbinger of the growing solidarity of (SLTs) and chalazion removal. We “refracting opticians” under the title can do injectables and fluorescein “optometrist” and the Association’s angiographies (FAs). Our national place as the voice of professional boards include injections and are optometry. Indeed, in 1918, the preparing to incorporate lasers on the Association changed its name to the Clinical Skills Exam (CSE). American Optometric Association. I was attracted to old-fashioned

64 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED

1864 Optometry. [f. OPTOMETER: see –METRY] The 1957 A. HUXLEY Let. Jan. 12, 1969: 815 The medical and measurement of the visual powers; the use and the optometrical lobby has gone to work in the various application of the optometer; also, the occupation legislatures. Ibid., What is happening in the US is concerned with the measurement of the refractive that optometrists – a breed superior to opticians, power of the eyes and the prescription of corrective in as much as they get a long training, but not fool lenses.1 [sic] blown oculists…are steadily adopting. Batesian 1 W. D. MOORE tr. Donder’s Anomalies Accomm. & procedures. Refraction of Eye i. 71 It was extremely important to see how far these results of measurement 1961 op.tom.e.trist n –s : a specialist in optometry : and calculation agreed with those of the simple REFRACTIONIST --- compare OPTICIAN3 optometrical investigation in the same persons. op.ti.cian n –s [F optician, fr. ML optica optics + Ibid. (heading) Comparison of R and P, deduced F –ien –ian] 1 archaic: one skilled in optics 2 a: a from measurements on the eye and optometrically maker of or dealer in optical items and instruments 1 determined. b: one that grinds spectacle lenses to prescription and dispenses spectacles --- compare OCULIST, 1886 C.M. CULVER tr. Landolt’s Refraction & Accomm. of OPTOMETRIST3 Eye iii. 259 One important matter to consider is the op.tom.e.try n –es [ISV opto- + -metry] 1: point of the retina to be chosen in optometry. C.M. measurement of visual powers (as by use of an CULVER tr. Landolt’s Refraction & Accomm. of Eye iii. optometer) 2: an art or occupation consisting of 252 To determine this degree of the ametropia, the examination of the eye for defects and faults we may use all the above-mentioned optometric 1 of refraction and the prescription of correctional methods. lenses and exercises by not including the use of drugs or surgery --- compare OPHTHALMOLOGY3 1895 Optometry [op-tom-i-tree] noun 1. The practice op.tom.e.ter n [opto- + -meter] : an instrument for or profession of examining the eyes, by means of measuring the power and range of vision 3 suitable instruments and appliances, for defects in vision and eye disorders in order to prescribe re.frac.tion.ist n –s: one skilled in the practical corrective lenses or other appropriate treatment. application of the laws of refraction esp. to the determination of errors of refraction in the eye 3 Origin of optometry 1890-1895.2 1962 Optometrist One who measures or refracts eyes to 1903 Optical Journal. Nov., 1903: 658 Kindly let me know.. note the need for eyeglasses.4 if there is any law in New York State governing ‘optometry’. 1903. Optical Jrnl. Oct. 558/2. The word ‘optometrist’. coined by Mr. Eberhardt [President of 1965 Am. J. Optom. 42: 50. Optometry has taken on the American Association of Opticians], is a popular a brighter public image in those areas where one, and likely to be adopted by the American optometric educational institutions exist.1 Association at its Milwaukee Convention in 1904.1 1967 op.tom.e.try (ap tam’e tre) n. [< Gr. optikos, optic 1923 GLAZEBROOK Dict. Appl. Physics 4: 287/I Optometry + metron, measure} the science or profession of is a term sometimes applied to all ocular methods testing the vision and fitting glasses to correct eye of estimating the refraction of the eye. We confine defects –op.tom’e.trist n.5 the application here to that generally accepted in Europe, i.e. to instruments where an adjustment of 1969 op.tom.e.trist n. One who specializes in lenses is made by the patient in order to obtain the optometry. See Usage at oculist. 6 image of an object. 1923 op.tom.e.try n. The profession of examining, GLAZEBROOK Dict. Appl. Physics IV. 287/2 This measuring, and treating certain visual defects by optometric system is the best if one can rely upon means of corrective lenses or other methods that the accurate judgment of comparison by the do not require license as a physician. [Greek optos, patient.1 visible (see okw- in Appendix*) + -METRY.] – op’to. met’ric, op’to.met’ri.cal adj. 6 1945 Am. J. Ophthalmol. 28: 669/I It seems obvious that op.tom.e.ter n [opto- + -meter] : an instrument for optometrists will continue to perform a large measuring the power and range of vision 6 percentage of the refractions in America and will always be interested in matters that concern re.frac.tion.ist n –s : one skilled in the practical ophthalmologists also.1 application of the laws of refraction esp. to the determination of errors of refraction in the eye 6 1948 H. W. HOFSTETTER (title) Optometry: professional, economic and legal aspects.1

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 65 YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED

1971 Optometry Today (Am. Optom. Assoc.): 15 One 1991 Optometry n (Medicine) the science or practice such program, which the profession of optometry of testing visual acuity and prescribing corrective has encouraged.. is the Model Reporting Area for lenses11 1 Blindness. Op.tom.e.try n. the practice or profession of Hence opto’metric, -ical adjs., of or pertaining examining the eyes for defects of vision and eye to optometry; opto’metrically adv., by means of disorders in order to prescribe corrective lenses or optometry; op’tometrist (chiefly U.S.), one who other appropriate treatment. [1890-95]11 practices optometry; an ophthalmic optician. 1971 ‘D. SHANNON’ Murder with Love (1972) v. 79 Nearly 1995 University of Missouri St. Louis optometry school every tenant...was a professional of some kind: mailer 1 doctors, dentists, optometrists. (This repeatedly encouraged me to consider optometry as my profession). 1975 op.tom’e.try n. practice of examining the vision 7 Have You Considered a Career as a Doctor of and fitting glasses for sight correction Optometry?12 A Doctor of Optometry, or “optometrist,” is an 1976 Casper (Wyoming) Star-Tribune 29 June 6/I Members independent health-care professional who voted to assist Dr. James Lane, an optometrist, with is specifically educated, clinically trained, the Vision Day program on July 19. Children who and licensed to examine, diagnose, and treat will attend first grade in the fall are given a free eye conditions or impairments of the human vision examination to rule out serious problems with their system. Optometrists examine the eyes and vision.1 related structures to determine the presence of vision problems, eye disease, and other ocular 1979 British Dictionary definitions for optometry: abnormalities.12 Optometry noun 1. The science or practice of Optometrists are the major providers of vision care. testing visual acuity and prescribing corrective They provide treatment by prescribing ophthalmic lenses8 lenses or other optical aids, provide vision therapy Optometrist [op-tom-i-trist] noun 1. a licensed to preserve or restore maximum efficiency in professional who practices optometry. Origin of vision, and in some states (including Missouri), are optometrist 1900-1905.8 authorized to prescribe drugs in the treatment of certain eye diseases.12 British Dictionary definitions for optometrist: Noun 1. a person who is qualified to examine the Optometrists can also detect certain general eyes and prescribe and supply spectacles and diseases of the human body – such as diabetes, contact lenses also called (esp Brit) ophthalmic hypertension, and arteriosclerosis – they have the optician8 potential capacity to affect vision. When an eye examination reveals diseases in other parts of the body, the optometrist will refer the patient to the 1986 op.tom’e.trist \ap-‘tam’e-trest\ n: a specialist appropriate health-care practitioner for treatment. licensed to practice optometry – compare Like physicians and dentists, optometrists are OPHTHALMOLOGIST, OPTICIAN9 primary health-care professionals.12 op.tom.e.try \-tre\ n, pl –tries: the art or profession The practice of optometry offers independence, of examining the eye for defects and faults of flexibility, and diversity. Optometrists have a wide refraction and prescribing corrective lenses or range of practice modes available. They may choose exercises but not drugs or surgery – op.to.met.ric 9 to practice in inner cities, suburbs, or rural areas. \,ap-te-‘me-trik\ adj Opportunities exist for solo practice, associateship, multi-disciplinary group practice, government or 1989 Optometry. [f. OPTOMETER: see –METRY] The military service, and clinical or hospital settings. measurement of the visual powers; the use and the Additional optometric employment opportunities application of the optometer; also, the occupation may be found in teaching, research, or both.12 concerned with the measurement of the refractive The scope of optometry requires an understanding power of the eyes and the prescription of corrective of the development of vision from infancy though lenses.10 adulthood and a knowledge of the therapeutic and rehabilitative methods used to care for the problems of vision from infancy through the declining years.12 Continued on next page

66 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED

1995 Optometry op.tom.e.try n. 2000 The Job: The health care profession concerned with Optometrists are primarily concerned with examination, diagnosis, and treatment of the eyes examining eyes and performing other services and related structures, and with determination to safeguard and improve vision. To do this, they and correction of vision problems using lenses and use special tests and instruments to identify and other optical aids.8 evaluate eye health, including visual acuity, depth Op.tom’e.trist n. and color perception, and the ability to coordinate and focus the eyes. They prescribe what should The American Heritage® Stedman’s Medical be done to correct vision problems, which may Dictionary. Published by Houghton Mifflin include prescriptions for eyeglasses, contact lenses, Company. 8 vision therapy, or therapeutic drugs. They diagnose eye diseases caused by systemic conditions such as 1998 op.tom.e.try (op-tom’i-tre) n. The health care diabetes or high blood pressure. Optometrists refer profession concerned with the examination, these patients to other specialists. (…..)14 diagnosis, treatment, and management of diseases Some optometry specialties include work with the and disorders of the eyes and related structures, elderly, children, or partially sighted persons who and with the determination and correction of vision need specialized visual devices to improve their problems using lenses and other optical aids. – vision, treatment of workplace injuries, contact 13 op.tom’e.trist n. lenses, sports vision, or vision therapy. A few teach optometry, do research, or consult.14 2000 OPTOMETRISTS: Most optometrists are in general practice. Those Overview: who have private practices must also handle An optometrist is a health care professional who the business aspects of running an office, such provides primary eye care services. These services as developing a patient base, hiring employees, include comprehensive eye health and vision keeping records, and ordering equipment and supplies. Optometrists who operate franchise examinations; diagnosis and treatment of eye 14 diseases and vision disorders; the prescribing of optical stores may also have some of these duties. glasses, contacts, low-vision rehabilitation, vision therapy, and medications; the performing of certain 2001 optometrist (ahp-TAHM-uh-trist) Vision care surgical procedures; and the counseling of patients specialist. Doctor of optometry (OD) specializing regarding their vision needs. By examining the eyes, in vision problems, treating vision conditions with optometrists may also identify signs of diseases and spectacles, contact lenses, low vision aids and conditions that affect the entire body.14 vision therapy, and prescribing medications for certain eye diseases.15 History: optometry (ahp-TAHM-uh-tree) Vision care Modern optometry is derived from the work of a specialty. Deals with function and disorders of the number of Europeans in the 19th century who were eye. Includes detection of disease and some types interested in measuring the eye and in inventing of management.15 instruments for testing sight. Research in physics, mathematics, and optics helped early optometrists make significant discoveries. As they became better 2003 Optometry [op-tom’e-tre] known in the field, professional organizations were The professional practice of eye and vision care formed to gain legal recognition for optometry and for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of to establish education programs for optometrists.14 diseases and conditions of the eye and visual Two particular landmarks in the development system.16 of the profession are noteworthy. A national association of optometrists was first formed in 2004 Optometry (op-tom’i-tre) n. 1897. In 1901, Minnesota passed the first state law The practice or profession of an optometrist. regulating the practice of optometry. Today, every state as well as the District of Columbia has such a Op’to.met’ric (op’te-met’rik), op’to.met’ri.cal (-ri- law.14 kel) adj. Continued on next column The American Heritage ® Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.16

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 67 YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED

2006 op.tom.e.try /ap’tamitre/ n. the practice or 2012 Optometry profession of examining the eyes for visual defects An autonomous, healthcare profession involved in and prescribing corrective lenses. –op.to.met.ric 17 the services and care of the eye and visual system, /,apte’metrik/ adj. –op.tom.e.trist n. and the enhancement of visual performance. Syn. op.ti.cian /ap’tishen/ n. a person qualified to make Ophthalmic optics (term used principally in the and supply eyeglasses and contact lenses for the UK and Republic of Ireland). See primary care correction of vision.17 optometry.16 Behavioural optometry A branch of optometry 2007 Optometry /op.tom.e.try/ (op-tom’e-tre) the concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of professional practice consisting of examination visual problems taking into account not only the of the eyes to evaluate health and visual abilities, ocular history, signs and symptoms but also the diagnosis of eye diseases and conditions of the whole person and his or her environment.16 eye and visual system, and provision of necessary Experimental optometry The branch of treatment by the use of eyeglasses, contact optometry concerned with the scientific lenses, and other functional, optical, surgical, and investigation of optometric problems by pharmaceutical means as regulated by state law.16 experimentation upon humans or animals, or by clinical research. See psychophysics.16 2008 Optometry the practice or profession of testing eyes for defects in vision and the prescribing of Geriatric optometry A branch of optometry corrective glasses. concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of visual problems in old age.16 -Ologies & -isms.18 Paediatric optometry A branch of optometry Optometry (optom’itre), n the professional concerned with the prevention, development, discipline devoted to testing the eyes for diagnosis and treatment of visual problems in visual acuity, prescribing corrective lenses, and children.16 recommending eye exercises and other health practices to preserve sight.18 Primary care optometry Term referring to the basic filed of optometry to which patients usually come directly and are not usually referred by 2009 Optometry other professionals. Primary care optometric [optom’etre] practitioners may refer some of their patients to other practitioners such as ophthalmologists, Etymology: Gk, optikos, sight, metron, measure neurologists or to other optometric specialists for The practice of primary eye care, including specialized services such as paediatric optometry, testing the eyes for visual acuity, prescribing low vision aids or highly specialized aspects of corrective spectacles or contact lenses and topical contact lens fitting.16 medications, and managing binocular vision Op.tom.e.try (op-tom/e-tre) disorders. See also optician.16 The profession concerned with the examination 2010 Word Origin and History for optometry of the eyes and related structures to determine the presence of vision problems and eye n. 1886, from optometer (1738), an instrument for disorders, and with the prescription and testing vision, from opto- “sight,” from Greek optos adaptation of lenses and other optic aids or “seen, visible” (see optic (/browse/optic)) + -metry the use of visual training for maximum visual (/browse/-metry). Probably influenced by French efficiency.16 optome’trie.8 2015 Optometrists An optometrist is a health service 2011 Op.tom.e.try n. The practice or profession of an provider who is involved primarily with vision optometrist.11 problems. Optometrists are specifically educated and trained by an accredited optometry college in 2012 Op.tom.e.try (op-tom’e-tre), a four year course, but have not attended medical school. They are state licensed to examine the eyes 1. The profession concerned with the examination and determine the presence of vision problems. of the eyes and related structures to determine Optometrists determine visual acuity and prescribe the presence of vision problems and eye spectacles, contact lenses and eye exercises. disorders and with the prescription and Optometrists may perform all services listed under adaptation of lenses and other optical aids or the definition of an optician. Some states permit the use of visual training for maximum visual 16 optometrists to give limited treatments of some efficiency. eye conditions.19 16 2. The use of an optometer. (Definitions provided by the American Academy of Continued on next column Ophthalmology.)

68 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 YEAR OPTOMETRY DEFINED Which classic definition reflects my definition of an optometrist? It is not one easily accessible by the general 2016 Optometry is a healthcare profession concerned public. I found it among the historical archives in my with the eyes and related structures, as well as Optometry library. While I would update it to reflect the fact vision, visual systems, and vision information processing in humans. Optometrists (also known as that more than half the optometrists graduating today are ophthalmic opticians) are trained to prescribe and fit female, this timeless definition from James R. Gregg, O.D.’s lenses to improve vision, and in some countries are book, The Story of Optometry, appeals to the optometric trained to diagnose and treat various eye diseases.20 historian in me. (Note: The quoted text is in italics and my optometry (noun) comments are in brackets): the practice of an optometrist21 Today a highly skilled and uniquely specialized profession, Wikitionary optometry, keeps the nation seeing. The American Optometric Optometry (Noun) Association in 1963 defined optometrist as follows: An the art and science of vision and eye care21 optometrist, doctor of optometry (O.D.), is a person specifically Freebase educated, trained and state licensed to examine the eyes and Optometry related structures to determine the presence of vision problems, Optometry is a health care profession concerned eye diseases, or other abnormalities [as related to systemic with the health of the eyes and related structures, health issues affecting the eyes]. He [She] prescribes and as well as vision information processing in adapts lenses, or other optical aids, and may use visual training humans.21 when indicated to restore maximum efficiency of vision.24 Optometrists are trained to prescribe and fit lenses That definition makes it seem too simple. Optometry to improve vision, and to diagnose and treat various eye diseases. In the United States, Canada and encompasses a highly complex technical field. It deals solely with Ghana optometrists are Doctors of Optometry one of man’s most valued possessions, his sight. Its knowledge is and are held to the same legal standards as vast and ever growing. But it did not develop overnight. Its roots any physician. This is not the case in the United extend far back into history, practically to the beginning of man’s Kingdom and other countries where optometrists written record of himself….24 do not undertake medical training equivalent to that of physicians and are therefore not considered His [Hers] is a high degree of specialization. His [Her] science so. In all U.S. states optometrists are licensed to is the function of vision and his [her] practice is its adaptation diagnose and treat diseases of the eye through to meet man’s myriad of visual needs. No profession deals topical diagnostic and therapeutic drugs, and oral drugs in 48/50 states. Doctors of Optometry are exclusively with such a highly specialized body of knowledge also able to perform certain types of laser surgery as encompassed in physiological optics [systemic and ocular in some states. In other countries patients are anatomy and physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology referred to other healthcare professionals, such as and more]….24 ophthalmologists, neurologists and general medical practitioners for further treatment or investigation.21 Up to this time in history [1919], the term optometrist was U.S. National Library of Medicine not widely used. The need for a specific name for the profession in Optometry its growing stature and role in society was becoming increasingly The professional practice of primary eye and vision evident. Charles Prentice suggested the term “opticist”, he used care that includes the measurement of visual it himself and even had it copyrighted. Emmanuel Klein of refractive power and the correction of visual defects Cincinnati suggested the word optometrist. The president at with lenses or glasses.21 the Milwaukee congress in 1904, John C. Ebergardt of Dayton, Optometrist: a practitioner who provides primary Ohio, pressed for the adoption of the term optometry. After eye and vision care, performs eye examinations much discussion, it was passed unanimously. Optometry was to detect vision problems, and prescribes defined as, “The science which treats of the philosophy [anatomy, corrective lenses to correct those problems. Some optometrists also make and fit eyeglasses, but physiology] of light and sight, and the art of determining many leave that job to opticians. An optometrist is the visual status of the human eye and the neutralization of a doctor of optometry (OD), not an MD. When an abnormal conditions by lenses [vision therapy, topical and optometrist detects eye disease, the patient may be systemic medications, and lasers].” Not a bad definition for men referred instead to an ophthalmologist, a physician who scarcely understood the profession themselves. By adding who specializes in evaluating and treating diseases of the eye.22 “and visual training” at the end and changing a few words, it could still stand today.24 Optometry [mass noun] The occupation of measuring eyesight, prescribing corrective lenses and detecting eye disease.23

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 69 Acknowledgments 11. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www. I want to thank Dr. Goss and the reviewer(s) of this article. thefreedictionary.com/optometry. 12. An Invitation To Explore…Your Future In Sight. St. Louis, References MO: University of Missouri School of Optometry in St. 1. Murry JAH, Bradley H, Craigie WA, Onions CT. A Louis. postmarked June 30, 1995. Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary Edited by 13. Compact American Medical Dictionary. Boston, MA: R.W. Burchfield and Reset with corrections, Revisions and Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998: 314. Additional Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 14. Cosgrove HR. Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational 1989: 879. Guidance, Eleventh ed., Volume 3 Career Articles. 2. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www.dictionary. Chicago: Ferguson Publishing Company, 2000:807-809. com/browse/optometry. 15. Cassin B, Rubin ML. Dictionary of Eye Terminology, Fourth 3. Gove PB. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary ed. 2001 Gainesville, FL: Triad Publishing Company, of the English Language Unabridged. 1961 (1986) 2001:195. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, 1986: 1585, 1909. 16. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www.medical- 4. Rothenberg RE. The New American Medical Dictionary dictionary.com/optometry. and Health Manual, Fifth ed. New American Library, 17. Concise Oxford American Dictionary. New York: Oxford 1988:220. University Press, 2006:621, 622. 5. Guralnik DB. Webster’s New World Large Print Dictionary, 18. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www. Compact Edition. (With the approval of the National thefreedictionary.com/optometry. Association for Visually Handicapped…With: 18 point- type guide words 14 point-type word entries 12 point- 19. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www.djo. type definitions). New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982:319. harvard.edu/site.php?url=/patients/pi/439. 6. Morris W. The American Heritage Dictionary Of The 20. Optometry. Retrieved June 17, 2016, from en.m.wikipedia. English Language New York: American Heritage org/wiki/Optometry. Publishing Co, 1969:923. 21. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www. 7. Norman A., Allen RE. Webster Dictionary (Revised and definitions.net/definition/Optometry. Enlarged Follett Vest-Pocket). Chicago: Follett, 1975:150. 22. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www. 8. (2016). Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www. medicinenet.com/script/main/mobileart. dictionary.com/browse/optometrist. asp?articlekey=4654. 9. Webster’s Medical Desk Dictionary. Springfield, MA: 23. Optometry. Retrieved July 21, 2016, from www. Merriam-Webster, 1986. oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/optometry. 10. Murry JAH, Bradley H, Craigie WA, Onions, CT. The 24. Gregg JR. The Story of Optometry. New York: Ronald Oxford English Dictionary, Second ed., Volume X. Oxford: Press, 1965:3-4, 91, 206. Clarendon Press. Combined with: Burchfield RW. A Supplement to the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:879.

70 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 ARTICLE IRVING BENNETT, OD

THERE’S GOLD IN THEM THAR BOXES Irving Bennett, OD were insufficient to cover the rent and [email protected] the salaries of the executive director and his staff. It was three months My century-old optometric before the next state convention friend Morey X. Powell, formerly would be held; it was then that the of Middletown, PA, and now from membership dues could be increased. Lantana, FL, called the other day, The wolves were at the door and, for saying that he had finally decided to non-payment of rent, the association open up the last few boxes of “junk” was going to be evicted from its office that he and his late wife, Dot, had quarters. brought with them when they moved The 1950s were good investment into their current retirement home. Of years for Morey and Dot Powell. And Morey X. Powell course, the move had been made a their optometric practice had done couple of years ago but neither of the well. By standards of that day, they Powells had much curiosity to unpack were “affluent.” Of course, Morey the “stuff,” until now, that is. volunteered to lend his association A cursory glance at the contents was the $2,900 it needed to get out of the unremarkable. Old papers, old letters, financial hole it was in. Over the next old booklets, all kinds of “worthless” few years, the Association repeatedly memorabilia. Morey decided to close asked for an extension on paying back up the box and check it out another the loan. As it turns out, the note was day. Of course, that would have been never cashed. And now there is some the end of the story if he did not doubt if it would even be cashable. inadvertently spill a glass of something Nonetheless, Morey Powell does not on the contents as he was closing the intend to find out. He actually finds the Morey X. Powell & Gordon C. Shivas (1966) box. Now he had to clean up the mess. experience amusing! He wisely decided that at the same For readers to understand this story time he could take a look at what had fully, $2,900 in 1960 is, because of been packed. inflation, equivalent to more than Surprise! Surprise! On the bottom $32,000 in 2016 dollars. And the 6% of the pile was a Promissory Note interest, compounded yearly over for $2,900 from the Pennsylvania the 56 years that the note remained Optometric Association (POA) to outstanding, would make it payable to Morey X. Powell. It was dated February about $ 75,775. I feel sure the current 1, 1960 and carried an interest POA leadership would not like to face requirement of 6%. The signatures that obligation! Perhaps now is the on the note were those of Melvin D. time for the association to say thanks Wolfberg, then President of the POA to its oldest life member. and later AOA President, and Shay P. Oh, yes, there was another find in Millis, then secretary of the POA. Both that box: 32, two-dollar bills! Those of those two association officers have Morey Powell smilingly has spent. You long been deceased. never know what one finds in those The grey memory cells in Dr. Powell’s old cartons. Morey X. Powell head began to work. He recalled that in 1960, the POA was in a deep financial dilemma. The dues collected

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 71 ARTICLE EBRAHIM JAFARZADEHPUR, PHD

JĀM-E JAM, LEGENDARY IN VISUAL OPTICS Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur, PhD Therefore, in each legend, some Professor of Optometry and Vision aspects of realities may be found. Science, Department of Optometry There are some small spherical crystals School of Rehabilitation Science, that have been found in archeological Iran University of Medical Sciences excavations in different parts of Persia (ancient Iran). These small spherical [email protected] jewels may be the reality of “Jām-e “Jām-e Jam” (Globe or Cup of Jam or Jam”. Jamshid) is a common word in Persian Visual optics may give an answer to classical, mythological, mystical and the legend: fiction literatures. “Jām-e Jahān- bin” 1. Small spherical transparent (Globe or Cup for seeing the world), natural crystals (gems) may be “Jām-e Jahān Nama” (Globe or Cup considered as small thick convex that shows all the world), “Jām-e Giti Hafez looking at the Cup of Jamshid, lenses with radii of curvature nama” (Globe or Cup that shows all Bibliothèque nationale de France, Turkish around a few centimeters. manuscript of 1477, author unknown, from the universe) and other similar words Shîrâz, Iran may be referred to the “Jām-e Jam” 2. According to the thick lens concept.1 Jamshid is a legendary formula5 the vertex focal length ancient Persian king who made many of the lens (gem) is around a great inventions.2 He invented a cup few centimeters too. As a result, that was filled by elixir or crystal globe these small gems have great or mirror so that he could see the dioptric powers. future and the world.2 3. Refractive error is corrected by In classical Iranian mystical poems superimposition of the second and literature, the “Jām-e Jam” concept focal point of correcting lens is usually synonymous to “insight”, on the far point.5 The far point “intelligence” and “vision”. For instance, is located behind the eye in in a famous poem of Hafez, he says: hyperopic eyes and in front of “For years, our heart has been seeking the eye in myopic eyes. The far out “Globe of Jam” from us, - Begging point is very near to the eye in from strangers what he was already high refractive errors. Therefore, owned”. The ancient concept of “Jām-e high power lenses with small Jam” originated in Persia and then focal length are needed for entered into Europe. In Europe it is correcting high refractive errors. known as Saint Ciarán of Saighir Cup.3,4 Changing the lens position also Although there are many symbols for alters its effective correcting predicting devices in ancient legends, power.5 the most common one is a magician 4. It seems, in Persia, people globe. The magician globe was a well- held the gems in front of their known device for everyone who was eyes and saw clear images living in ancient times and it seems to by changing its distance have originated from ancient legends. from their eyes. In a specific Many researchers believe that position, according to the exaggeration of realities and facts optical properties of the gem are presented as myth and legends. and refractive error of the eye, 72 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 ARTICLE EBRAHIM JAFARZADEHPUR, PHD

that far point of the eye and in the situation where the far focal point of the gems are point of a myopic eye and the coincident, the clearest image second focal point of the lens would be seen! are coincident, the retinal image 5. As these gems are similar to a in this circumstance will be erect high power convex lens, their and thus the visual perception of correcting effect is completely such an image will be inverted. obvious. The objects are seen 6. High-power convex lenses straight and clear, according to (gems) may be also considered the lens position. Interestingly, it as a magnifier! is also possible for myopic eyes Therefore, gems, which are very to see the far objects clearly by beautiful and decorative for rich convex lenses! According to people, may also work as low vision the far point principle, if the far aids for high myopic or high hyperopic point of a myopic eye is located individuals for far and near distances. between the eye and a convex The spherical crystal may improve lens in a manner that the far vision for some people to see the point and the second focal world. An exaggerated description of point of the lens are coincident, these spherical crystals may be the the far objects are focused on “Jām-e Jam” (Globe of Jam or Jamshid). the retina. This implies that The Crystal Ball by John William Waterhouse in this specific circumstance, References this high myopic eye can be corrected by convex lens but 1. Emami N, Malgrad N. The Myth the visual perception of the of Jām-e Jam and Islamic-Iranian image is inverted. To explain Mysticism, Researches on Mystical such a thought-provoking Literature (Gawhar-i Guya), 2012; 2, phenomenon, some knowledge 22, 1-24. of visual optics and perception 2. Shimamoto T. Gnosis (`erfan), are needed. When light from Reason (`aql): the case of Hafez, an object comes from infinity the Persian poet. J Interdisc Study toward a convex lens, the image Monotheistic Religions (JISMOR) will be a point on the second 2012;8:77-100. focal point of the convex lens. 3. Loomis RS. Celtic Myth and After rays from infinity parallel Arthurian Romance. Chicago: to the axis are refracted by the Academy Chicago Publishers, convex lens at this focal point, 1997:280-281. the light rays also change their direction as they leave the 4. Farmer D. Oxford Dictionary focal point. This means light of Saints. Oxford: Oxford Press, rays cross one another at this 2011:91. focal point. Therefore, when the 5. Rabbetts RB. Bennett & Rabbetts’ parallel ray comes from the top Clinical Visual Optics, 4th ed. of the object horizontally to the Edinburgh: Elsevier/Butterworth convex lens parallel to its axis, it Heinemann, 2007. refracts through the convex lens and passes through the focal point on the far side of the lens and crosses over. For this reason,

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 73 ARTICLE LESTER CAPLAN, OD, MEd

ERRATUM: “I” TO EYE – 66 YEARS OF OPTOMETRY THROUGH THE EYES OF A CLINICIAN, EDUCATOR, ADMINISTRATOR, CONSULTANT AND PUBLIC HEALTH OPTOMETRIST Lester Caplan, OD, MEd was gradually fading from the scene. School of Optometry, The cost of furnishing, equipping and University of Alabama at Birmingham running a solo practice had become [email protected] so astronomical that it was no longer feasible to be a solo practitioner. Many Editor’s Note: The last page of Dr. private practices were purchased by Caplan’s article in the January, 2017 ophthalmology and optometry group issue of Hindsight was inadvertently practices, referral centers and multi- omitted in the final version published disciplinary practices. Optometry in Hindsight. The last page is presented school graduates now had multitude here starting from the heading on the choices of employment, very few of 1994 Optometric Clinical Practice Guideline previous page. Our apologies to Dr. which were available in the earlier on Amblyopia. Caplan for this omission. days. A good percentage of graduates The Profession 1994-2013 – choose to pursue a one-year residency Changes in Optometry during these for post-graduate work in primary years were not nearly as dramatic as and specialty areas in optometry. those which had occurred over the This placed them in a much more previous 45 years, but there were favorable position for employment in still some major transformations. The optometric education, or for positions number of women going into the in the Veterans Administration and profession grew substantially. When I Referral Centers. The V.A., the Military, was in optometry school, there were and the Indian Health Service offered 3 women in my class and over 250 career oriented opportunities, with men. By the late 90’s, women had good pay and excellent fringe benefits. outnumbered men in many of the Commercial entities offered high schools of optometry and within paying positions and opportunities to another generation or two, there work part-time, especially for the many will be more female optometrists whose priorities, while they are still than male. The introduction of new young, were raising a family. high tech, sophisticated diagnostic In 1994, the AOA published the instruments, which started back in first series of Optometric Clinical the 70’s with the auto-refractors and Practice Guidelines (OCPGs). They programmed perimeters continued combined the best available current at a rapid pace. Retinal imaging and scientific evidence and research with corneal topography instruments expert clinical opinion to recommend became the latest tools for improved appropriate steps in the diagnosis, diagnosis, treatment and management management, and treatment of of ocular anomalies. The solo practice patients with various eye and vision mode, the keystone of the practice conditions. A total of 20 OCPGs were of optometry when I started in 1950 published over the next couple of

74 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 ARTICLE LESTER CAPLAN, OD, MEd years. Dr. John Amos, as Chair of the Clinical Guidelines Coordinating Committee, was the guiding force behind this major endeavor. Review with revisions are continuous. Four new schools of optometry opened their doors in the twenty- first century: Western University of Health Sciences School of Optometry, Midwestern University of Health Sciences College of Optometry, University of the Incarnate Word Rosenberg School of Optometry (UIWRSO) in 2010, and the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences College of Optometry. Midwestern University will The Kentucky College of Optometry at the University of Pikeville welcomed its first class be opening a College of Optometry in the fall of 2016. at its Downers Grove campus in 2016 after I was actively involved, or those Rod Tahran, John Townsend, Satya and new colleges of optometry are whom I never had the opportunity Verma, Rick Weisbarth, John Whitener, expected to open in Kentucky and to get to know on a more personal Brad Wild, Siu Wong, and Stan Yamane. West Virginia in the next couple of level. So for those whom I failed to years. On July 1, 2008, PCO became list, I do apologize, as I am sure their References Salus University, consisting of four contributions are as significant as the colleges: Pennsylvania College of 1. Caplan L. Early History of the many whom I have mentioned. Optometry; George S. Osborne Association of Optometric Contact College of Audiology; College of My four leading “game changers” for Lens Educators 1974 – 1998. Education and Rehabilitation; and Optometry in the past 66 years are Dr. AOCLE Newsletter 1997, 1998. College of Health Sciences. ln 2013, at Henry B. Peters, Dr. A. Norman Haffner, the 109-year-old Southern California Dr. Irvin Borish and internationally, Dr. College of Optometry, Marshall B. Brien Holden. Ketchum University was established The following are those whom I and named in Ketchum’s honor to was fortunate to interact with in one recognize his dedication to developing way or another and whom I consider inter-professional education. The first the “other great ones” who made program to be added was the School a difference in my life and for our of Physician Assistant Studies, which profession. The names are without opened in 2014. the Dr. title or their degrees since I Conclusion. Before ending this 66- wanted them listed as they are or year journey of my years in Optometry, were known to me. John Amos, Arol I would like to close with a tribute to Augsburger, Bill Baldwin, Jimmy those who made Optometry what it Bartlett, Irv Bennett, Jim Boucher, Joan is today. This is my personal opinion Exford, Ron Fair, Dave Hansen, Michael and does not take into account those Harris, Dick Hopping, Don Korb, individuals whose equally important Richard Lippman, Jerry Lowther, Bob contributions to the profession, Mandell, Ed Marshall, Charlie Mullen, either took place before I became Bob Newcomb, Al Rosenbloom, Jack actively involved in the profession or Runninger, Mel Shipp, Mort Silverman,

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 75 BOOK REVIEW

TREASURY OF OPTICS: THE COLLECTIONS OF THE OPTISCHES MUSEUM JENA David A. Goss, OD, PhD binocular microscopes, microscope projectors, and Emeritus Professor of Optometry microphotography are among the topics examined on Indiana University Bloomington microscopy. The contributions of individuals such as Carl [email protected] Zeiss (1816-1888), Ernst Abbe (1840-1905), Friedrich Nobert (1806-1881), and others to the development of optical Treasury of Optics: The Collections of the Optisches instruments and technology are discussed. This book is Museum Jena. a fitting tribute to a museum with thousands of items of Edited by R.F. Schmalbrock, Karin Gjudjenow, and Hans Meinl. historical interest. Jena, Germany: Ernst-Abbe-Stiftung, 2013. 303 pages. As can be discerned from the title, this book celebrates the collections of the Optisches Museum Jena in Jena, Germany. The book contains sixteen essays with accompanying images, the topics of which include the history of the museum and its intertwined history with the Carl Zeiss Jena Company, aspects of the museum’s collection of visual aids and optical instruments, development of refractive procedures, Nuremberg Masterpiece spectacles, contact lens history, history of the microscope and important persons in its development, optical technology, and graphic art related to optics. The Optisches Museum Jena was formed in 1922, but some collecting by the Carl Zeiss company in Jena was started before that, and the museum acquired some personal collections dating from before 1900. The book is lavishly illustrated with both color and monochrome photographs, portraits, drawings, paintings, reproductions of advertisements, and other images. Some of the pictures that particularly caught my eye were those of a Davidson Double Optometer from about 1900, Nuremberg Masterpiece spectacles from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and an early trial lens set. There are numerous photographs of microscopes, telescopes, and binoculars. Three of the essays document the history of the museum. The history of microscopes is given particular attention, being the subject of six of the sixteen essays. Simple and compound microscopes, important microscope makers,

Treasury of Optics: The Collections of the Optisches Museum Jena. Edited by R.F. Schmalbrock, Karin Gjudjenow, and Hans Meinl. Translated from German by Janet Mayer and Steven W. Sidore. Jena, Germany: Ernst- Abbe-Stiftung, 2013. ISBN 978-3-9811120-5-4. 303 pages. Hardcover.

76 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 BOOK REVIEW

CARL ZEISS, A BIOGRAPHY 1816-1888 David A. Goss, OD, PhD Things started looking up for Zeiss in 1860 when he was Emeritus Professor of Optometry appointed University Mechanic at the University of Jena. In Indiana University Bloomington 1861, he was one of 28 winners out of 1,300 exhibitors at the [email protected] General Thuringian Trade Exhibition, receiving a gold medal “for one of the most sublime microscopes ever produced Carl Zeiss, A Biography 1816-1888. in Germany.” (p. 72) In 1863, he was named Grand Ducal by Stephan Paetrow and Wolfgang Wimmer. Jena: Zeiss Archives, Mechanic of the Court. 2016. 143 pages. In 1866, Zeiss had an eleven man work force, and he This book was published in 2016, the two hundredth brought Ernst Abbe (1840-1905) into the company to anniversary of the birth of Carl Zeiss, founder of the German work toward a more scientific and repeatable method company which bears his name. Zeiss was born in Weimar, of producing lenses. Abbe had completed a doctorate the fifth of twelve children of a wood turner. He attended degree in physics and was a lecturer in mathematics and grammar school in Weimar before starting an apprenticeship in Jena in 1834. He was apprenticed with University of Jena mechanic Friedrich Körner (1778-1847) until 1838. During this time, he also took classes in math and science at the university. From 1838 to 1845, Zeiss was a journeyman mechanic in workshops making mostly scientific instruments in Stuttgart, Darmstadt, Vienna, and Berlin. In 1845 to 1846, Zeiss attended lectures in mathematics at the university in Jena. It is difficult to relate training then to comparable status today; the book suggested that Zeiss’ mathematical and linguistic skills would resemble those of a present-day engineer. In 1846, Zeiss opened his own workshop in Jena. He sold spectacles, loupes, and thermometers, among other items. In 1847, he sold his first simple microscope. Zeiss was acquainted with the microscopy pioneer Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881), a botanist who was co-founder of the cell theory. Zeiss incorporated suggestions made by Schleiden for the improvement of microscopes. From 1847 to 1852, Zeiss sold 20 to 40 simple microscopes annually, but he was struggling to keep his business financially viable. One problem was that the optical construction of microscopes was largely trial and error. Zeiss recognized that their construction would benefit from collaboration with a qualified scientist. His first collaboration was with mathematician Wilhelm Barfuss in 1852. Modest improvements were made before the death of Barfuss in 1854. Zeiss started making compound microscopes in 1857, Carl Zeiss, A Biography 1816-1888. by Stephan Paetrow but sales remained low. He made only 17 compound and Wolfgang Wimmer. Translated by Clive Poole, James microscopes between 1857 and 1859. In June of 1859, Humphreys, Marina Stephanon, and Charles Taggart. he had to reduce the number of his employees from three Jena: Zeiss Archives, 2016. 143 pages. ISBN: 978-3-412- to two. 50423-6, hardcover.

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 77 BOOK REVIEW

physics at the University of Jena. Abbe’s efforts resulted in In addition to the interesting narrative on the life of Carl the development of instruments to measure focal lengths, Zeiss, the book contains the transcripts of interviews of four lens radii, lens thickness, and refractive index. Through present-day individuals with ties to Carl Zeiss through family, collaboration with Abbe, Zeiss was able to modernize the Zeiss company, or the physics of microscopy. All of them production methods and reduce the price of microscope expressed admiration for Carl Zeiss’s skills as an entrepreneur lenses. That work by Abbe, along with his studies on and as a visionary for how science and craftsmanship aperture size and diffraction in the early 1870s, resulted in can be synthesized. The book is nicely illustrated with substantial improvements in microscope quality by 1872. The numerous photographs and images. As an aside, one of collaboration was proving to be a successful combination of the photographs that I found interesting was a picture of the theoretical and the practical. nine individuals identified as the 1891 Zeiss scientific staff By the mid 1870s, Zeiss had more than twenty employees. and lens designers, including Carl Pulfrich, well known to Innovations in microscope design continued in the late 1870s vision scientists for the Pulfrich effect, and Siegfried Czapski, with the introduction of new stands, a lens turret for ease in who worked closely with Ernst Abbe. The book is highly changing between lenses, and an oil immersion objective recommended for anyone who wants to learn about the lens. Sales of microscopes increased significantly so that in life of Carl Zeiss or the people behind nineteenth century 1880, Zeiss announced that he was transferring his business developments in microscope optics. in eyeglasses, telescopes, thermometers, barometers, and other equipment to another company. For many years, Zeiss was dependent on external suppliers of glass. Zeiss and Abbe enticed chemist Otto Schott (1851-1935) to come to Jena in 1882 to continue his experimentation on glass. In 1883, Zeiss made his first microscope lens using Schott glass, yielding further improvement in optics. In the 1880s, Carl Zeiss gradually withdrew from involvement in the company. Before his death in 1888, Carl Zeiss saw his company expand its distribution of microscopes into international markets and, in 1886, produce its 10,000th microscope. He received many recognitions, including an honorary degree from the University of Jena (1880) and presentation of the Knight’s Cross First Class by the Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1886). In the 1890s, the Zeiss company started expanding its product line to include binoculars, camera lenses, astronomical equipment, and other instruments.

78 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 FROM THE ARCHIVES

THE AOA PHOTOGRAPH PRESERVATION PROJECT Kirsten Hébert Heritage Services Specialist The Archives & Museum of Optometry The Archives & Museum of Optometry holds more than 10,000 photographs that document the history of the American Optometric Association, state affiliates and optometry’s leaders. Among these are many oversize photographic prints, including 43 unique panoramic photos of AOA Congresses, state meetings and events from the last century (1913-2000). Digitally preserving and providing online access to these resources is a long-term goal for our repository, but only a few digital images have ever been made from this collection and these are of poor quality. Many of the photographic prints are damaged or in fragile condition and need to be rehoused in archival containers to keep them from deteriorating. Still others require expensive conservation treatment before we can create digital masters.

Conservation In the fall of 2016 our University of Missouri-St. Louis Museum Studies interns, Brittany Golden and Sophie Grus, finished an inventory of the photographs in our collections. This year, they have been preparing our oversize and panoramic photographs for digitization and rehousing. Most of our large photos were rolled for compact storage. Once photos are stored this way forcing them open can cause damage to the emulsion, cracking and flaking the images. Before we can begin to digitize our panoramic photos they must be humidified, unrolled and dried flat. While it is recommended that conservation treatment of historic photographs be performed by a conservator, humidification and flattening can be performed by trained Figure 2. Flattened panoramic photograph drying before rehousing. museum staff and interns under the supervision of a curator. Humidification and Flattening Photographs that are tightly rolled are placed in a humidification chamber and monitored every hour. The chamber in Figure 1 was constructed from a plastic container and baker’s racks lined with muslin. The students must make sure that the photographs become pliable without getting so moist that they buckle or develop mold. The photos will begin to unfurl on their own, but very large photographs may need several sessions and be placed in larger containers as they unfold. When they are ready to be unrolled, the photos are carefully placed on sheets of archival blotter paper and held flat with glass weights. By stacking the blotter sheets, several photos can be processed at once. They are allowed to dry slowly in a clean, climate-controlled space (Figure 2).

Figure 1. Rolled panoramic photographs in a humidification chamber

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 79 FROM THE ARCHIVES

Preservation Rehousing Digital Preservation Once they have been flattened, a custom Mylar sleeve Digitization achieves two goals. First, digital images is created for each photograph to prevent damage from published online can provide access to researchers across handling and dust. The sleeve is left open along one of the the globe. Second, allowing researchers to access digital long axes in order to accommodate removal for digitizing or surrogates protects the original object from damage due conservation work. Encapsulated photographs are stored flat to handling. This is particularly critical for large-format in archival boxes (Figure 3). archival material, but it is also difficult as most panoramic photographs will not fit on a scanner and require the use of very expensive photography equipment to capture images of sufficient resolution and clarity. The few images that we have already digitized were created by scanning or photographing portions of the image and “stitching” them together using photo editing software such as Photoshop to match overlapping edges (Figure 4). Unfortunately, the images were not captured properly to ensure long-term access nor was the color adjusted to give an accurate depiction of the original images. Very high-quality images can be produced this way if one is skilled working with the software and familiar with standards for creating digital masters. It is preferable to outsource this project to professional photographers who have experience working with historical photographs and who have access and expertise in using specialized equipment. This way, Figure 3. After treatment, photos are encapsulated and stored flat in the photograph is not damaged by placing on a scanner archival boxes. that does not support the entire photograph, and a high- resolution image can be captured and used to make service copies while preserving the master.

Figure 4. Images stitched together to produce a panoramic. Pre-Congress Post graduate Course, AOA Scientific Section, 1913, Rochester, NY. Original held at The Archives & Museum of Optometry.

80 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 FROM THE ARCHIVES

Panoramic Photographs The technology used to produce panoramic photographs was developed in the early nineteenth century, but the first panoramic cameras were not widely available to commercial photographers until 1898--the same year as the AOA was founded! A typical panoramic print is twice as long as it is high, but they vary in size. The prints in our collection range from 4” tall x 12” long to 18” tall x 60” long.1, 2

Panoramic photographs are special because they allow the photographer a wide Figure 5. 17th AOA Annual Congress, field of view. This means they can capture a large group of people in great detail. St. Louis, MO, Naturally, the association used this new and exciting format to photograph their July 18-25,1914. annual convention attendees. The photograph in Figure 5 was taken in front of the The Archives & Museum of Optometry. Planters Hotel in St. Louis, MO in 1914

The panoramic photographs in our collection not only capture the association’s past, Figure 6. 61st AOA Annual Congress, but also can serve as a time capsule for historic landscapes. Photos taken outside can Shoreham Hotel, provide insight into how the environment has changed over time. The [Omni] Shoreham Washington D.C., 1958. Hotel grounds featured in Figure 6 have changed drastically in the past six decades. The Archives & Museum of Optometry.

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 81 FROM THE ARCHIVES

Panoramic photographs can also provide interior detail that assists architectural Figure 7. 77th AOA Annual Congress Banquet, historians in restoring historic furnishings or researching structural histories. Located Sheraton Park Hotel, just two blocks from the [Omni] Shoreham, the Sheraton Park Hotel [now the Marriott Washington, D.C., 1974. Wardman Park] is the largest hotel in the Capitol and is listed on the National Register The Archives & Museum of Optometry of Historic Places. The ballroom seen in Figure 7 in the photo of the AOA’s 77th Annual Convention in 1974 is still used for large banquets and other events.3

Historians and city planners often use historic photos to understand changes in land Figure 8. 27th AOA Annual Congress, 1924, use and plan developments in urban landscapes. In the rear of this 1934 (Figure 8) Kansas City, MO. photograph of the 27th AOA Congress you can see Kansas City’s second convention The Archives & Museum of Optometry center. Built after the first convention center burned to the ground in April of 1900, this building was erected in only 3 months to accommodate the July 4 Democratic Convention. This historic building has since been replaced by a parking garage.4

Next Steps: Conservation and Accessibility References Digitizing large photographs is a necessary and expensive 1. Library of Congress. “A Brief History of Panoramic part of our preservation program, but some of our Photography.” Accessed: https://www.loc.gov/collections/ photographs have suffered damage from years of poor panoramic-photographs/articles-and-essays/a-brief- storage and treatment. Photos hung in hallways are faded history-of-panoramic-photography/ from UV light or have adhered to glass as a result of poor 2. Bigelow, Sue. (March 2011).”The Moore Panorama climate control. Still others have suffered mold infestation, Digitization Project.” Accessed: http://www. tearing or damage to the emulsion from exposure to vancouverarchives.ca/2011/03/01/the-moore-panorama- environmental pollutants or poor storage practices. These digitization-project/ will need the services of a professional conservator before they are lost and this treatment must be done to stabilize 3. “Marriott Wardman Park.” Wikipedia. Accessed: https:// the photographs so that they can withstand the digitization en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Wardman_Park process. 4. Kansas City Public Library. “Convention Hall.” Missouri Your contribution to Optometry Cares – The AOA Valley Special Collections. Accessed at: http://www. Foundation (www.aoafoundation.org) can help us in meeting kchistory.org/content/convention-hall-0 our preservation goals and making these remarkable photographs accessible. Please remember to select “Museum and Archives” as the program designation. 82 Volume 48, Number 3, July 2017 OHS MEMBERS 2017

Jerome Abrams, OD Morton Greenspoon, OD Inter American University of Puerto Michael Aitken, LOSc Charles Haine, OD, MS Rico School of Optometry Library John Amos, OD, MS Richard Hopping, OD Marshall B. Ketchum Memorial Library, Southern California College Arol Augsburger, OD, PhD Walter King, OD of Optometry R. Norman Bailey, OD, MPH Robert Kocembo, OD National Library of Medicine Felix Barker, OD Ernest Loewenstein, OD, PhD New England College of Allan Barker, OD Stacey J. Meier, OD Optometry Library Irving Bennett, OD J.D. Miller, Jr., OD Optometrists Association of Australia Cheryl Bergin, OD Pamela Miller, OD, JD Wellcome Library, London, England Willard Bleything, OD, MS Raymond Myers, OD Weston A. Pettey Optometry Library, Lynn Brandes, OD Robert Newcomb, OD, MPH University of Houston Abraham Bromberg, OD Arnie Patrick, OD Students Albert Bucar, OD P. Duncan Roy, Jr., OD Jeffrey Ferrucci, New England Alan Bugg, OD James Sandefur, OD College of Optometry Gary Campbell, OD Katie Schubert, CPO Rahul Gupta, New England Lester Caplan, OD Clifford Scott, OD, MPH College of Optometry Linda Casser, OD William Sharpton, OD Erick Henderson, Southern College of Optometry Tony Chahine, OD David Snyder, OD Bradley Jansen, Pacific University Richard Chong, OD Richard Soden, OD College of Optometry John Classé, OD, JD Gregory Stephens, OD, PhD Ryan Kern, Salus University Judith A. Clay, OD Nancy Stovall, OD Ariel Lenning, Southern College Barry Cole, OD, PhD Charles Stuckey, OD of Optometry Melanie Crandall, OD Selwyn Super, OD, PhD Jackie Ngo, Illinois College of Viktoria Davis, OD John Townsend, OD Optometry Thomas Eichhorst, JD, CAE Satya Verma, OD Angela Nguyen, Marshall B. Ketchum University Paul Farkas, OD Lilien Vogl, OD Anna Parfenova, Western University Ronald Ferrucci, OD Tmothy Wingert, OD of Health Sciences Gregory Ferrucci, OD George Woo, OD, PhD Amy Puerto, Southern College Barry Fisch, OD Melissa Woodard, OD of Optometry David Fleishman, MD Karla Zadnik, OD, PhD Emma Scott, University of Alabama George Foster, OD School of Optometry Institutions Louis Frank, OD Nisma Sehar, Al Shifa Eye Trust Alcon Laboratories, Inc. Hospital, Pakistan Matthew Garston, OD Carl Shepard Library, Illinois Stephanie Uchida, Oklahoma Alan Gold, OD College of Optometry College of Optometry Fred Goldberg, OD Harold Kohn Vision Science David Goss, OD, PhD Library, State University of New York Gary Gray, Jr., OD Indiana University Libraries

HINDSIGHT: Journal of Optometry History 83

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The Archives & Museum of Optometry The Archives & Museum of Optometry (AMO) has been taking care of the tangible pieces of our optometric memories since 2009 by Collecting, Preserving, and Sharing. This service to you would not be possible without generous donations from optometrists interested in maintaining an outstanding collection of archival material and museum objects. Located at the Ameri- can Optometric Association headquarters in St. Louis, AMO strives to ensure the protection of our legacy for future generations. Support The Archives & Museum of Optometry! Make your donation at www.aoafoundation.org

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 More than 10,000 photographs,  1,800 square feet of secure,  Computer catalog and finding aids prints, negatives, slides, film and climate controlled storage space provide access to researchers video-recordings  Trained staff provide  Public and private exhibits promote  Thousands of ophthalmic preservation assessment, the profession and vision science Instruments, devices, objet d’art monitoring, treatment and housing  Digital access to frequently used and pieces of ephemera  Digital preservation programs materials  Rare books, historic periodicals, for at-risk and high value materials  On-site research space for unique manuscripts and records, and members by appointment audio-recordings THE MISSION OF THE OPTOMETRIC HISTORICAL SOCIETY Protect and promote the historical legacy of the profession of optometry.

THE MISSION OF THE ARCHIVES & MUSEUM OF OPTOMETRY Collect, preserve, interpret and make available for research archival resources and museum objects that document the history of the profession of optometry as a clinical practice, academic discipline, and a health science.

The Archives & Museum of Optometry is a program of

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