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The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Visual Perception the Fascination of the Eye Diagnosis – Therapy – Follow-Up Care

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The Magazine from Carl Zeiss Visual Perception the Fascination of the Eye Diagnosis – Therapy – Follow-Up Care InnovationThe Magazine from Carl Zeiss ISSN 1431-8040 17 Ⅲ Visual Perception Ⅲ The Fascination of the Eye Ⅲ Diagnosis – Therapy – Follow-up Care Contents Editorial 3 In Focus The Eye 4 The Fascination with Seeing 6 Visual Perception 8 Optical Illusions 12 Human and Animal Eyes 14 Milestones Luxury Article or Basic Commodity? 18 The Early Days at Carl Zeiss 22 A Tradition of Innovation 24 Enhancing Vision with Refractive Surgery 30 The Sensitive Sensor 32 An Insidious Loss of Vision 36 The First Eye Operation – Cataract Surgery 38 When the Lens Becomes Cloudy 42 In Practice Higher Quality of Life – Electronic Vision Assistant 46 Head-worn Loupes Improve Wine Quality 50 Telescopic Eyeglasses and Model Airplanes 52 Eye Care in Action Two-man Teams Provide Info on AMD 58 Prizes and Awards The Perfect Lens Material 59 Masthead 59 2 Contents Innovation 17, Carl Zeiss AG, 2006 Editorial Dear Readers, ing eye care specialists. The first optical systems to diag- nose diseases of the eye and visual aids for various visual Eyes play a key role in how all life forms perceive and re- problems were jointly developed at the beginning of the act to their environment. A look inside the human eye 20th century together with Allvar Gullstrand who was reveals just how complicated and special it really is. The later awarded the Nobel Prize. Important, trendsetting natural lens and the cornea project our environment onto ophthalmic instruments and visual aids adaptable to the the retina. Registered and pre-processed image informa- needs of each wearer have been created throughout the tion is transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve. The 160-year history of Carl Zeiss. subsequent process of how the brain deals with this in- formation to produce the image that we see has still not been fully researched. The superimposition and fusing of internal and external images is what constitutes the actu- al secret of sight. Vision is thus vital to experience, sensi- tivity, feelings and awareness. We generate new, personal images and points of view through reading and observ- ing, and entirely without visible objects. Increased knowledge Carl Zeiss Meditec AG was founded in 2002, incor- The sciences of the eye, its structure and its functions porating the ophthalmology division of Carl Zeiss. The are complex and diverse. For centuries, we have tried to product offering in the field of ophthalmology and eye- explain the inner workings of the eye. Initial insights that glass lens production was expanded by the founding affect our current knowledge go back to the 18th century. of Carl Zeiss Vision GmbH in 2005. Today, Carl Zeiss is Only with the start of the 20th century did we succeed one of the world‘s leading providers of total solutions in step by step in unraveling the secrets of the visual pro- ophthalmology for diagnosis and treatment. cess. Today, recognizing and treating diseases are at the center of all activities in ophthalmology and in ophthal- Come with us and experience the world of sight and mic medical technology. visual impressions. Be amazed by trendsetting develop- ments for the eye and read about fascinating facts & fig- Carl Zeiss plays its part ures in the use of optical instruments. Learn about the possibilities available today to preserve vision right into In a world, in which vision is becoming increasingly im- old age. portant, an impairment or even the loss of vision can mean a considerable reduction in the quality of life. The I hope you enjoy reading this issue as much as we did main causes of visual impairment, including blindness, putting it together. are ametropia (refractive errors), cataract, glaucoma and diseases of the retina such as age-related macular degen- eration and diabetic retinopathy. Carl Zeiss has manufactured ophthalmic instruments for more than 100 years in close cooperation with lead- September 2006 Editorial Innovation 17, Carl Zeiss AG, 2006 3 In Focus Sclera Muscle Choroid Retina Ciliary muscle Zonular fibers Macula lutea Iris Lens Pupil Optic nerve Cornea The Eye Top right: Retina of the The eye is lens. To pro- eye with blood vessels taken with the VISUCAM® an important vide protection fundus camera. sense organ of against too much human beings and light, eyes with a dia- Bottom right: Schematic drawing of the retina. many animals. For evolu- phragm – the iris – have tionary reasons, the human eye developed which can reduce the reacts to the physical stimuli of size of the pupil in strong light. electromagnetic radiation within The eye is often protected by eye- a wavelength from 350 to 750 most simple “eyes” are photosensi- lids. In order to protect it against in- nm. It then converts the stimuli tive sensory cells which function as jury, the eye is generally positioned into the perception of light and passive optical systems. They can on- deep into the skull, with protruding color. ly recognize whether the surround- bones around it providing further ings are bright or dark (Euglena, protection. Although the structures of eyes in Volvox). In some mollusks (e.g. squid) and the animal kingdom are very similar, Eyes are generally almost spherical most vertebrates, light is projected they have each developed independ- in shape. The largest part of the eye, onto the retina, a photosensitive ently of each other. This is clearly the vitreous body, is filled with a layer of sensory cells. The light per- seen in the embryonal formation transparent, gel-like substance. Many ceived by the sensory cells is con- of the eye: while vertebrates eyes animals possess eyes with a lens verted into nerve pulses which are develop from a protuberance of the whose shape can be changed in transmitted to the brain by the optic cells that later form the brain, the order to focus the image. Here, the nerve. eyes of mollusks result from an in- ciliary muscle is responsible for the version of the outer cell layer that focusing process (accommodation) subsequently forms the skin. The by changing the curvature of the 4 In Focus Innovation 17, Carl Zeiss AG, 2006 details The human eye Using their eyes as sense organs, humans see objects at different distances. With their eyes, they can recog- nize colors, shapes, sizes, dis- tances and movements as well as the orientation and texture of objects. The object information processed by the eye consists of the visible portion – 350-750 nm – of the light spectrum. Eye Diameter of the eyeball – Adult 22 - 23 mm – New born baby 10 - 17 mm Circumference 74.9 mm Weight 7.5 g Volume 6.5 cm³ Intraocular pressure 12 - 21 mmHg Start of tear production from approx. the third week of life Number of retina photo- receptors (rods and cones) Pigment cells Axons of 132,000,000 ganglion cells Number of rods 125,000,000 Rods Number of cones 7,000,000 Number of retinal switching cells 2,000,000 Absorption range of the photoreceptors 350 - 750 nm Optic nerve Number of nerve fibers in optic nerve 1,000,000 Visual field Distance of near point with maxi- mum capacity of accommodation 10 - 19 years 7 cm 20 - 29 years 9 cm 30 - 39 years 12 cm 40 - 49 years 22 cm 50 - 59 years 40 cm Cones Bipolar cell Ganglion cell 60 - 69 years 100 cm 70 - 79 years to 400 cm In Focus Innovation 17, Carl Zeiss AG, 2006 5 The Fascination with Seeing We equate seeing and recog- nizing with understanding and comprehending, and derive our “insights” from these. Without seeing, many experiences that shape our awareness would re- main incomplete. The German word for awareness, “Bewusst- sein”, has its roots in the Early High German word “bewissen” and its meaning “I have seen, I know”. The German word for seeing, “Sehen”, originates from the indo-Germanic “seku”, which means something along the lines of “to follow with the eyes”. Below: Leonardo da Vinci’s preoccupation with optics is impressively reflected in the treatment of light and shadow in his paintings. His “Chiaroscuro” is a barely perceptible contrast between light and dark that endows his female portraits with a perfect aura of mystery. 6 In Focus Innovation 17, Carl Zeiss AG, 2006 Even the origins of these terms illus- see could not be triggered by rays of upon these theories, largely under Above: Schematic diagram trate that people examined their abil- light emitted from the eye, as other- the influence of Leonardo da Vinci’s of the eye from the Codex Atlanticus and sketched ity to see at an extraordinarily early wise it would have to be possible for optical studies. “He was like a man examinations of binocular stage – not just as a means of exter- us to see in the dark. who awoke too early in the darkness, perception from the nal orientation, but also as an inner What then is the nature of visual while the others were all still asleep,” Codex Madrid by Leonardo da Vinci. perception of themselves, their expe- perception? Inevitably, there has to wrote Sigmund Freud. riences and responses. be a meeting between an object of Leonardo da Vinci rejected the There have been a number of the- the perception and a subject per- prevailing view that the eye was able Literature: ories on visual perception throughout forming the perception. This opposi- to see by emitting rays of light. He Oliver Wondratschek, physicist: “Geschichte der history. Empedocles believed that our tion is reflected in all the theories of dissected the eyes of animals and Theorie des Sehens” Wiki- eyes contained pores, the emissions sight, with the object and subject be- probably also those of humans.
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