DOCSLIB.ORG

America's Role in Nation-Building: from Germany to Iraq

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
America's Role in Nation-Building: from Germany to Iraq This research in the public interest was supported by RAND, using discretionary funds made possible by the generosity of RAND's donors, the fees earned on client-funded research, and independent research and development (IR&D) funds provided by the Department of Defense. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data America’s role in nation-building : from Germany to Iraq / James Dobbins ... [et at.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. “MR-1753.” ISBN 0-8330-3460-X 1. United States—Foreign relations—1945–1989—Case studies. 2. United States—Foreign relations—1989—Case studies. 3. United States—Military policy—Case studies. 4. Intervention (International law)—Case studies. I. Dobbins, James, 1942– E840.A6215 2003 327.73'009'045—dc21 2003014127 Cover photographs: U.S. Navy (left), Goran Tomasevic/Reuters (right) RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND® is a registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions or policies of its research sponsors. Cover design by Stephen Bloodsworth © Copyright 2003 RAND All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from RAND. Published 2003 by RAND 1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 201 North Craig Street, Suite 202, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1516 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org PREFACE This report contains the results of a study on best practices in nation- building. Its purpose is to analyze U.S. and international military, political, and economic activities in postconflict situations since World War II, determine key principles for success, and draw impli- cations for future U.S. military operations. This report contains the lessons learned from each of these operations, then applies them to the case of Iraq. The preponderance of this research was conducted prior to the March 19, 2003, commencement of Operation Iraqi Freedom, but the project team focused on the near-term implications of our effort throughout the course of this work. To that end, this study served as the point of departure for a RAND conference on nation-building and the future of Iraq that was held in Arlington, Virginia, on May 6– 7, 2003. The results of that conference were factored into the final version of this study. (The appendix lists the conference attendees.) This report is a result of RAND’s continuing program of self- sponsored independent research. Support for such research is pro- vided, in part, by donors and by the independent research and development provisions of RAND’s contracts for the operation of its U.S. Department of Defense federally funded research and develop- ment centers. This report should be of interest to defense and foreign policy decisionmakers, practitioners, analysts, and others concerned with the roles of the United States, other nations, and international and nongovernmental organizations in postconflict situations. Comments are welcome and should be addressed to James Dobbins or Seth Jones. iii iv America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq This research was overseen by RAND’s National Security Research Division (NSRD). NSRD conducts research and analysis for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Joint Staff, the unified commands, the defense agencies, the Department of the Navy, the U.S. intelli- gence community, allied foreign governments, and foundations. CONTENTS Preface ........................................ iii Figures and Table ................................ xi Executive Summary............................... xiii Acknowledgments................................ xxxi Abbreviations ................................... xxxiii Chapter One INTRODUCTION ............................. 1 Chapter Two GERMANY .................................. 3 Challenges .................................. 4 Security ................................... 4 Humanitarian .............................. 5 Civil Administration ......................... 5 Democratization ............................ 6 Reconstruction ............................. 6 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 7 Military ................................... 7 Civil and Economic .......................... 8 What Happened .............................. 8 Security ................................... 9 Humanitarian .............................. 12 Civil Administration ......................... 13 Democratization ............................ 15 Reconstruction ............................. 17 Lessons Learned .............................. 20 v vi America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq Chapter Three JAPAN...................................... 25 Challenges .................................. 26 Security ................................... 26 Humanitarian .............................. 26 Civil Administration ......................... 27 Democratization ............................ 27 Reconstruction ............................. 28 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 28 Military ................................... 30 Civil and Economic .......................... 31 What Happened .............................. 32 Security ................................... 32 Humanitarian .............................. 36 Civil Administration ......................... 38 Democratization ............................ 43 Reconstruction ............................. 45 Lessons Learned .............................. 51 Chapter Four SOMALIA ................................... 55 Challenges .................................. 56 Security ................................... 56 Humanitarian .............................. 57 Civil Administration ......................... 57 Democratization ............................ 57 Reconstruction ............................. 58 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 58 Military ................................... 58 Civil and Economic .......................... 59 What Happened .............................. 60 Security ................................... 60 Humanitarian .............................. 64 Civil Administration ......................... 64 Democratization ............................ 66 Reconstruction ............................. 68 Lessons Learned .............................. 68 Chapter Five HAITI ...................................... 71 Challenges .................................. 71 Contents vii Security ................................... 72 Humanitarian .............................. 72 Civil Administration and Democratization ......... 72 Reconstruction ............................. 73 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 73 Military ................................... 74 Civil and Economic .......................... 74 What Happened .............................. 74 Security ................................... 75 Humanitarian .............................. 78 Civil Administration and Democratization ......... 78 Reconstruction ............................. 80 Lessons Learned .............................. 83 Chapter Six BOSNIA .................................... 87 Challenges .................................. 89 Security ................................... 89 Humanitarian .............................. 90 Civil Administration ......................... 90 Democratization ............................ 92 Reconstruction ............................. 92 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 93 Military ................................... 93 Civil and Economic .......................... 94 What Happened .............................. 95 Security ................................... 95 Humanitarian .............................. 98 Civil Administration ......................... 100 Democratization ............................ 103 Reconstruction ............................. 103 Lessons Learned .............................. 107 Chapter Seven KOSOVO .................................... 111 Challenges .................................. 112 Security ................................... 112 Humanitarian .............................. 113 Civil Administration ......................... 113 Reconstruction ............................. 114 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 114 viii America’s Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq Military ................................... 114 Civil and Economic .......................... 115 What Happened .............................. 116 Security ................................... 117 Humanitarian .............................. 121 Civil Administration ......................... 121 Democratization ............................ 122 Reconstruction ............................. 123 Lessons Learned .............................. 126 Chapter Eight AFGHANISTAN ............................... 129 Challenges .................................. 130 Security ................................... 130 Humanitarian .............................. 131 Civil Administration ......................... 131 Democratization ............................ 131 Reconstruction ............................. 132 The U.S. and International Roles .................. 132 Military
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Elections Act the Elections Act (1997:157) (1997:157) 2 the Elections Act Chapter 1
    The Elections Act the elections act (1997:157) (1997:157) 2 the elections act Chapter 1. General Provisions Section 1 This Act applies to elections to the Riksdag, to elections to county council and municipal assemblies and also to elections to the European Parliament. In connection with such elections the voters vote for a party with an option for the voter to express a preference for a particular candidate. Who is entitled to vote? Section 2 A Swedish citizen who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is resident in Sweden or has once been registered as resident in Sweden is entitled to vote in elections to the Riksdag. These provisions are contained in Chapter 3, Section 2 of the Instrument of Government. Section 3 A person who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is registered as resident within the county council is entitled to vote for the county council assembly. A person who attains the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who is registered as resident within the municipality is entitled to vote for the municipal assembly. Citizens of one of the Member States of the European Union (Union citizens) together with citizens of Iceland or Norway who attain the age of 18 years no later than on the election day and who are registered as resident in Sweden are entitled to vote in elections for the county council and municipal assembly. 3 the elections act Other aliens who attain the age of 18 years no later than on the election day are entitled to vote in elections to the county council and municipal assembly if they have been registered as resident in Sweden for three consecutive years prior to the election day.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Irene Schrotenboer Final
    Tilburg University Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity Lubberman-Schrotenboer, I.G. Publication date: 2014 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Lubberman-Schrotenboer, I. G. (2014). Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity: Case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. CentER, Center for Economic Research. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 28. sep. 2021 Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity Case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia Dynamics of payments, conflict and economic activity Case studies of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan Tilburg University op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. Ph. Eijlander, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties aangewezen commissie in de aula van de Universiteit op maandag 1 december 2014 om 10:15 uur door Irene Geessien Lubberman-Schrotenboer geboren op 23 mei 1977 te Sneek.
    [Show full text]
  • Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 3: Macro Report June 05, 2006
    Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 1 Module 3: Macro Report Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Module 3: Macro Report June 05, 2006 Country: Sweden Date of Election: 2006-09-17 Prepared by: Swedish National Election Studies Date of Preparation: NOTES TO COLLABORATORS: . The information provided in this report contributes to an important part of the CSES project. The information may be filled out by yourself, or by an expert or experts of your choice. Your efforts in providing these data are greatly appreciated! Any supplementary documents that you can provide (e.g., electoral legislation, party manifestos, electoral commission reports, media reports) are also appreciated, and may be made available on the CSES website. Answers should be as of the date of the election being studied. Where brackets [ ] appear, collaborators should answer by placing an “X” within the appropriate bracket or brackets. For example: [X] . If more space is needed to answer any question, please lengthen the document as necessary. Data Pertinent to the Election at which the Module was Administered 1a. Type of Election [ x] Parliamentary/Legislative [ ] Parliamentary/Legislative and Presidential [ ] Presidential [ ] Other; please specify: __________ 1b. If the type of election in Question 1a included Parliamentary/Legislative, was the election for the Upper House, Lower House, or both? [ ] Upper House [ ] Lower House [ ] Both [x ] Other; please specify: Election to the Riksdag, one chamber Comparative Study of Electoral Systems 2 Module 3: Macro Report 2a. What was the party of the president prior to the most recent election? -- 2b. What was the party of the Prime Minister prior to the most recent election? SOCIAL DEMOCRATS (SOCIALDEMOKRATERNA), Göran Persson 2c.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing EMU Economic, Political, Legal and Historical Perspectives
    Governing EMU Economic, Political, Legal and Historical Perspectives Francisco Torres Amy Verdun, Chiara Zilioli and Hubert Zimmermann (eds)* European University Institute European Central Bank European Investment Bank July 2004 * Francisco Torres, Amy Verdun and Hubert Zimmermann were the editors of these proceedings while Chiara Zilioli was one of the four initial conference organisers. 1 2 CONTENTS Preface page 7 Chapter 1: Introduction Francisco Torres, Amy Verdun and Hubert Zimmermann ”9 Democracy and Governance in the Euro area Chapter 2: Politicizing EMU: the ‘Legitimacy gap’and the Populist Challenge to the EU Oliver Schmidtke ”19 Chapter 3: EMU and EU Governance Francisco Torres ”35 Chapter 4: Common Currency and National Constitutions Anneli Albi ”63 Papers discussion Stefano Bartolini ”81 Svetlozar Andreev ”85 Alessandra Chirico ”89 General discussion Philippe Schmitter ”99 Michael Artis ” 111 The ECB between Growth and Stability Chapter 5: Governing EMU: the European Central Bank between Growth and Stability Simona Talani ” 117 Chapter 6: The Dog that Would Never Bite? What We Can Learn from the Origins of the Stability and Growth Pact Martin Heipertz and Amy Verdun ” 137 Chapter 7: The “Brussels Consensus” on Macroeconomic Stabilization Policies: A Critical Assessment Roberto Tamborini ” 153 Chapter 8: Stability and Growth: the Role of Monetary Policy and Other Policy Actors in EMU Bernhard Winkler ” 177 Chapter 9: The New Economy and Economic Policy in the Euro Zone Dario Togati ” 195 3 Papers discussion Martin Rhodes ”
    [Show full text]
  • Fredrik Reinfeldt
    2014 Press release 03 June 2014 Prime Minister's Office REMINDER: German Chancellor Angela Merkel, British Prime Minister David Cameron and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte to Harpsund On Monday and Tuesday 9-10 June, Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt will host a high-level meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, British Prime Minister David Cameron and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte at Harpsund. The European Union needs to improve job creation and growth now that the EU is gradually recovering from the economic crisis. At the same time, the EU is facing institutional changes with a new European Parliament and a new European Commission taking office in the autumn. Sweden, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands are all reform and growth-oriented countries. As far as Sweden is concerned, it will be important to emphasise structural reforms to boost EU competitiveness, strengthen the Single Market, increase trade relations and promote free movement. These issues will be at the centre of the discussions at Harpsund. Germany, the UK and the Netherlands, like Sweden, are on the World Economic Forum's list of the world's ten most competitive countries. It is natural, therefore, for these countries to come together to compare experiences and discuss EU reform. Programme points: Monday 9 June 18.30 Chancellor Merkel, PM Cameron and PM Rutte arrive at Harpsund; outdoor photo opportunity/door step. Tuesday 10 June 10.30 Joint concluding press conference. Possible further photo opportunities will be announced later. Accreditation is required through the MFA International Press Centre. Applications close on 4 June at 18.00.
    [Show full text]
  • Religion and the Secular State in Japan1
    KYOKO KIMPARA Religion and the Secular State in Japan1 I. SOCIAL CONTEXT The contemporary society of Japan appears to be comprised of both secular and religious influences. The reality is that the Japanese society reflects an ambivalent feeling towards religion shared by the majority of the Japanese people and is the key to understanding the social, political and legal context in the theme of “Religion and the Secular State.” In this setion of the report, both the current breakdown of religious affiliations in Japan and a brief historical explanation of the major religious traditions in Japan are given. According to the latest reliable statistics available concerning the religious affiliation of the Japanese, 51.2 percent are Shintoists (Shinto is traditional polytheistic religion of Japan), 43.3 percent are Buddhists, 1.0 percent are Christians, and 4.4 percent are other religions. The total number of Shintoists and Buddhists combined make up approximately two hundred million, which is almost twice as many as the total population of the country. How could that be explained? First, as the statistics are based on a questionnaire answered by religious communities, each community may have declared a number slightly more than actual membership. Another explanation could be the possibility that each community counted the number of people who had simply participated in some religious events of the community or worshipped in some way or other, even though there is no such clear-cut sign of one’s religious affiliation in Shinto and Buddhism as baptism is in Christianity. Many Japanese tend to participate in religious events of different religions, such as the New Year’s celebrations at Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples, Saint Valentine’s Day and Christmas Eve, romantic wedding ceremonies at Christian churches, and funeral ceremonies done in a Shintoist or Buddhist style.
    [Show full text]
  • The 2018 Swedish Election of the Riksdag
    The 2018 Swedish Election of the Riksdag POLICY PAPER / NOVEMBER 2018 AUTHORS: EMMA WELSINK LILEESHA BOYD The 2018 Swedish Elections of the Riksdag Policy Paper – Emma Welsink, Lileesha Boyd; November 2018 On Sunday the 9th September 2018 the Social Democrats were able to maintain Swedish voted on the political party that dominance in Sweden as a centre-left they believe should represent them in party, sometimes taking more than 50% of Parliament. Sweden has been a perfect the votes, sometimes going into a coalition example of the Scandinavian model of with leftist parties. Consequentially, the politics for decades, with a focus on social Social Democrats have had a big impact on welfare and progression. But for the first Swedish politics and society. The party is time in history, the 2018 election results especially well known for its establishment left Sweden with an uncertain path of the Swedish welfare system, also called forward as the populist Sweden Democrats ‘Social Democracy’. By implementing this party gained significant ground in expense system, the Social Democrats transformed of the traditionally powerful Social the Swedish health, education and pension Democrats. This paper focuses on the systems. Additionally, they also boosted its question of why Swedish politics have economy, thus providing people with jobs diverted from its established path, and and income. A downside to this impressive what the way forward may look like. welfare system is that during times of economic hardships it is more difficult for The Swedish Political System: the government to curtail (social) expenses Its Political Parties and their and mitigate negative economic Campaign Points developments.
    [Show full text]
  • Stockholm Conference the Pacific Alliance – an Emerging Region in A
    The European Institute of International Studies (EIIS) and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development are pleased to invite to the Stockholm Conference The Pacific Alliance – An emerging region in a global world Towards better integration of regional policies and international cooperation Stockholm, 5th December, 2017 Venue: Business Sweden-Headquarters World Trade Center Klarabergsviadukten 70, 11164 Stockholm Organized by: In collaboration with: Presidency Pro Tempore Pacific Alliance Supported by Embassy of Chile to Sweden Embassy of Peru to Sweden Embassy of Mexico to Sweden Stockholm Conference The Pacific Alliance – An emerging region in a global world Towards better integration of regional policies and international cooperation The Stockholm Conference-Pacific Alliance is the first chapter of a two-fold conference which will see its second edition at Copenhagen Business School (CBS) in spring 2018. This initiative is derived from the joint seminar between EIIS and OECD: “Emerging Markets. The Pacific Alliance: Perspectives & Opportunities” held in the OECD Headquarters in Paris on June 23rd 2017. Participants at the seminar highlighted the immense importance of clear paths to overcome challenges and maximize opportunities for further contact with observer countries, and emphasizing prospects with the OECD members in view of strengthening a robust dialogue amongst member countries, observer and associated states. The Pacific Alliance is an initiative of regional integration comprised by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Its objectives are to: build in a participatory and consensual way an area of deep integration to move progressively towards the free movement of goods, services, resources and people; drive further growth, development and competitiveness of the economies of its members, focused on achieving greater well-being, overcoming socioeconomic inequality and promote the social inclusion of its inhabitants; become a platform of political articulation, economic and commercial integration and projection to the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Countries Codes and Currencies 2020.Xlsx
    World Bank Country Code Country Name WHO Region Currency Name Currency Code Income Group (2018) AFG Afghanistan EMR Low Afghanistan Afghani AFN ALB Albania EUR Upper‐middle Albanian Lek ALL DZA Algeria AFR Upper‐middle Algerian Dinar DZD AND Andorra EUR High Euro EUR AGO Angola AFR Lower‐middle Angolan Kwanza AON ATG Antigua and Barbuda AMR High Eastern Caribbean Dollar XCD ARG Argentina AMR Upper‐middle Argentine Peso ARS ARM Armenia EUR Upper‐middle Dram AMD AUS Australia WPR High Australian Dollar AUD AUT Austria EUR High Euro EUR AZE Azerbaijan EUR Upper‐middle Manat AZN BHS Bahamas AMR High Bahamian Dollar BSD BHR Bahrain EMR High Baharaini Dinar BHD BGD Bangladesh SEAR Lower‐middle Taka BDT BRB Barbados AMR High Barbados Dollar BBD BLR Belarus EUR Upper‐middle Belarusian Ruble BYN BEL Belgium EUR High Euro EUR BLZ Belize AMR Upper‐middle Belize Dollar BZD BEN Benin AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BTN Bhutan SEAR Lower‐middle Ngultrum BTN BOL Bolivia Plurinational States of AMR Lower‐middle Boliviano BOB BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina EUR Upper‐middle Convertible Mark BAM BWA Botswana AFR Upper‐middle Botswana Pula BWP BRA Brazil AMR Upper‐middle Brazilian Real BRL BRN Brunei Darussalam WPR High Brunei Dollar BND BGR Bulgaria EUR Upper‐middle Bulgarian Lev BGL BFA Burkina Faso AFR Low CFA Franc XOF BDI Burundi AFR Low Burundi Franc BIF CPV Cabo Verde Republic of AFR Lower‐middle Cape Verde Escudo CVE KHM Cambodia WPR Lower‐middle Riel KHR CMR Cameroon AFR Lower‐middle CFA Franc XAF CAN Canada AMR High Canadian Dollar CAD CAF Central African Republic
    [Show full text]
  • The Enduring Ambiguities of Japan's Postwar Secularism
    THE ENDURING AMBIGUITIES OF JAPAN’S POSTWAR SECULARISM David Rangdrol Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree in Political Science School of Political Studies Faculty of Social Sciences University of Ottawa © David Rangdrol, Ottawa, Canada, 2018 ABSTRACT Following decades of state control of religion, a secular constitution was introduced in Japan in 1947, presenting favourable prospects for safeguarding freedom of conscience and equality. However, the vague language used in Articles 20 and 89 of the constitution arguably complicated the task of creating a strong, liberal secular regime. This thesis, therefore, will describe how institutional flaws have compounded the secularism-related challenges linked to the revival of Shinto’s public role in the postwar era, as well as the controversies surrounding the creation of a powerful Buddhism-based political party, the Komeito. In this regard, the Japanese case provides an opportunity to reflect on similar issues elsewhere in the world. Indeed, attempts at fostering citizens’ civic cohesion are being challenged in nation-states worldwide; on one hand, by the absolutist goals of religio-political movements, and on the other, by state-led constructions of national and religious identities. The Japanese case can especially contribute to the debates concerning the introduction of secularism in non-Western societies – notably where the notions used to articulate secularism, such as the religion–state dichotomy, either are absent or lack deep cultural and historical roots. By focusing on the impact of key ambiguities found at the core of Japan’s secular rules, the thesis will argue that institutional design choices, rather than cultural barriers, are responsible for some of the most important challenges confronting secularism in Japan today.
    [Show full text]
  • Selections from the Gift Collection of Walter and Leonore
    Graduated brass weights cast in the shape of elephants (page 47). Previous page A sampling of decorative boxes that the Annenbergs received as gifts over the decades. TREASURES AT SUNNYLANDS: SELECTIONS FROM THE GIFT COLLECTION OF WALTER & LEONORE ANNENBERG January 25, 2015 through January 17, 2016 by Anne Rowe Text, design, and all images copyright © The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands 2014. An illustration of Washington, D.C. from First published in 2014 by The Annenberg Foundation Trust at Sunnylands, the interior of the decoupage presentation 71231 Tamarisk Lane, Rancho Mirage, CA 92270, United States of America. box given to the Annenbergs by All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized, in any form or by any Jay and Sharon Rockefeller (page 51). means, electronic or mechanical, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2014951183 ISBN: 978-0-9858429-9-4. Printed in the United States of America. Book and cover design by JCRR Design. Contents The Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands by Geoffrey Cowan page 6 Walter and Leonore Annenberg by Janice Lyle, Ph.D. page 6 Treasures at Sunnylands by Anne Rowe pages 7 – 17 Gifts from Presidents & First Ladies pages 18 – 27 Gifts from Royalty pages 28 – 33 Gifts from Diplomats pages 34 – 43 Gifts from Business Leaders pages 44 – 53 Gifts from Entertainers pages 54 – 59 Gifts from Family pages 60 – 63 Acknowledgments page 64 This eighteenth-century silver creamer was a gift from David Rockefeller (page 45). 5 The Annenberg Retreat at Sunnylands Walter and Leonore Annenberg For more than forty years, Sunnylands served as Sunnylands was the winter home of Walter and an oasis for presidents of the United States, other Leonore Annenberg.
    [Show full text]
  • Emerging Japanese Nationalism and Its Correlations with the Collapse of Japan As a Family Nation 1
    EMERGING JAPANESE NATIONALISM AND ITS CORRELATIONS WITH THE COLLAPSE OF JAPAN AS A FAMILY NATION 1 ASPAC 2016 – Conference Paper ‘Emerging Japanese Nationalism and Its Correlations with the Collapse of Japan as a Family Nation’ Shingo Masunaga University of Turku Author Note Shingo Masunaga, Centre for East Asian Studies (CEAS), Department of Social Sciences, University of Turku. Correspondence regarding this article should be addressed to Shingo Masunaga, Department of Social Sciences, University of Turku, 3A Arwidssoninkatu 20500, Turku, Republic of Finland. Contact: shingo.masunaga@utu.fi EMERGING JAPANESE NATIONALISM AND ITS CORRELATIONS WITH THE COLLAPSE OF JAPAN AS A FAMILY NATION 2 Abstract This article attempts to manifest future of Japanese nationalism through the traditional Shinto nationalism and the decades-long concept of ‘family nation’. The both are products of contemporary Shintoism hence mutually intertwined. In recent years, Japanese nationalists succeeded to integrate the family nation concept with their Shinto agenda. Through Professor Aiji Tanaka’s ‘Three Dimentional Coordinates Model (TDCM), it was found that the Shinto nationalists are less likely to repeat the historical mistakes of the pre-war State Shinto, however more prone to increase tensions, even wars, with neighbouring states than other ideologies. Literature Review Sato (2015) analysed the ‘national polity’ of Japan (Kokutai) based on the pre-war nationalist literature called the ‘True Meaning of National Polity’ (Kokutai no Hongi) written in 1939 by a group of Japanese scholars embraced by the Ministry of Education. He stressed the difference between the Western individualistic values ever since the enlightenment and traditional Japanese Shintoistic value. The former concept was named ‘Atom-like value’ (Atom-teki Sekaikan) by himself which means each individuals are isolated and freedom of the individuals must be prioritized.
    [Show full text]