Mountain Biodiversity in Tropical Ecosystems

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Tree line in Manú National Park, Perú. Photo: D.H. Urrego ! * *& " M #

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• Naturally rare or endemic • Require large habitat areas • Poor dispersers • Species with fluctuating populations • Ground nesting birds • Game animals • Metapopulations #

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• 8 J. M! ! ! KQR ) ! J( '"*%%DK ! * & & Fire trends in the Tropical Andes 1982-2005 at high elevations (2000-4500)

Peru Bolivia

Ecuador Venezuela

Colombia

Roman-Cuesta et al. in press ! * & & Fire trends in the Tropical Andes 1982-2005 at high elevations (2000-4500) $K ! 6 & *KR 2 / ) & +KR !)

drier + Regional trend warmer

wetter + colder

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• How have plant species responded to past environmental change?

• What are the periods and potential drivers of rapid ecosystem change?

Lake Pacucha, Peruvian Andes. Photo: A. Correa-Metrio Lakes provide great archives for ecosystem change over time

Lac Toponowini, French Guiana. Photo: D.H. Urrego Lakes are rare and remote in Amazonia Selection of coring site and anchoring

Cores transported in Rig and platform setup Rig manually driven 1.3-m aluminum tubes 2.5 to 5-cm intervals At least 300 grains per sample More than 200 taxa (morphotypes) 60,000 pollen grains per core ,!

Bulk Macrofossil

Age (cal yr BP) 14 C dating 5,000 10,000 15,000 0

100

150

200

Fairbanks0107 Depth (cm) 250 Calibrated age Calibrated 300

350

400 14C age (

Mauritia Charcoal

0 1 2 3 4 0.5 cm3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Age (thousands of years) Age (thousands 14 15 16

0 20 0 5 10 15 Percentage (mm2/cm3) Lowland Charcoal ( Dry Marsh

Generalist Algae

10 Age (thousands of years) 15

0 20 0 20 0 0 0 40 0 0 20 0 40 0 20 0 0 100 0 S 7

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8 Age (thousands of years) 10 0 20 40 0 20 0 30 0 5 10 15 Ordination analysis

8.78 Axis 2 Lowland forest with ﬁre 9.19 last 2000 yrs 7.97

Lowland forest 7.57 8.38 6.1 6.76 6.3 from 9000 to 7.17 5.9 5.7 7000 yrs 0.80 5.8 1.2 0 0.50 0.30 2.6 4.5 1.61.6 1.1 1.41.4 3.2 3.8 AxisA 1 5.4 2.92 5.5

5.1

Dry forest 2.2 elements from 7000 to 2000 yrs 1.9 ! D%% : ,!T

• Continuous forest throughout the Holocene.

• Increase in dry forest elements synchronous with with regional drought between c. 7000 and 2000 years ago.

• Forest fires increase around 2000 years.

• During the last 2000 years, reverts back to lowland forests with a different composition. Lake Consuelo 1400 m

Bush, Silman & Urrego 2004 Science 303:827 Urrego et al. 2005 J. Quat. Sci 20: 693 Urrego et al. 2010 Quat. Res. 73: 364 © 2005 William Bowen Lake Consuelo 1400 m Lowland High-montane Lake Consuelo Mid-montane Generalist Charcoal H (

Urrego et al. 2010 Quat. Res. 73: 364 Lowland High-montane Lake Consuelo Mid-montane Generalist Charcoal H (

Urrego et al. 2010 Quat. Res. 73: 364 Lowland High-montane Lake Consuelo Mid-montane Generalist Charcoal

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H 20

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Urrego et al. 2010 Quat. Res. 73: 364 Lowland High-montane Lake Consuelo Mid-montane

Axis 2

Deglaciation Holocene 22,000 to last 11,000 yrs 11,000 yrs Axis 1

Pleistocene 46,000 to 22,000 yrs Ordination analysis

Urrego et al. 2010 Quat. Res. 73: 364 ! $-%% : ,

• Large species turnover from Pleistocene to Holocene (from high montane and low montane).

• Gradual ecosystem change during deglaciation (5oC warming over c. 10,000 yr).

• No history of fire or human occupation at this site. Lake Refugio 3400 m

Ref Grande

Ref Mediano

Ref Pequeño

Landsat TM sensor, P. Zelazowski Lowland Marsh Refugio Mid-montane Generalist Grande High-montane Charcoal

7600-4400 yrs H ( 0

Urrego et al. accepted. J. Quat Sci Lowland Marsh Refugio Mid-montane Generalist Grande High-montane Charcoal

Large ecosystem change c. 12,000 yrs

H ago ( 0

Urrego et al. accepted. J. Quat Sci ! +-%% :

• Tree line lay close to Refugio lakes between 16,000 and 12,000 years ago. • Largest vegetation change occurred around 12,000, and coincided with onset of fire. • Increase in grasslands 12,000 years ago were associated with increase in fire. • Lakes dried out during mid-Holocene (c. 7600 and 4400 years ago). & . U<,

Migration rate c. 1000 meters in 10,000 years c. 10 cm/year Current rate: c. 3m/yr (Feeley et al. 2009 PNAS)

Deglaciation Projected speed of current temperature change is 3oC/100 years Necessary rate of migration: 6m/yr & • @ ' • . ! 46>' , +0 JR '*%%O(; K'

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Amazon forest in French Guiana. Photo: D.H. Urrego S 7

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Above the clouds, Peruvian Amazon. Photo: D.H. Urrego