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A History of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1913, Pp A HISTORY OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART 1905-1941 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries https://archive.org/details/historyofmetropo21howe |. PIERPONT MORGAN, PRESIDENT OF THE MUSEUM 1904-1913 FROM A PHOTOGRAPH BY EDWARD STEICHEN A HISTORY OF THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART VOLUME II 1905-1941 PROBLEMS AND PRINCIPLES IN A PERIOD OF EXPANSION BY WINIFRED E. HOWE NEW YORK PUBLISHED FOR THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART BY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS M C M X L V I voL Z COPYRIGHT 1946 BY THE METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA PREFACE N contradistinction to the first volume of the history of The Metro- politan Museum of Art, issued in 1913, this second volume, which { records the events of the years 1905 to 1941 —years covered by the presidencies of J. Pierpont Morgan, Robert W. de Forest, William Sloane Coffin, and George Blumenthal—is concerned entirely with activities that have already been written up in Annual Reports of the Trustees which are far more detailed than those of the earlier period. The more significant happenings have also been described in the monthly Bulletin of the Museum, published since 1905. Under these circumstances the historian must needs search for a method of ar- rangement that will give added value to the narrative, lest the book become a mere repetition of events already published. The noteworthy accomplishments of the Metropolitan Museum, as of American mu- seums as a whole, have been largely associated with the meeting of problems and the formulating of principles, in other words with ideas that have gradually been crystallized into something approaching a philosophy of museum purposes and practice. For this reason an arrangement primarily by subjects rather than by events has been chosen, a tracing of the development in this Museum of one phase of museum work after another, in the hope that the volume will thus present an outline of many of the important problems which all American museums may have faced during this century. The reader who is familiar with the first volume will realize at once that the events of 1905 to 1912 are included in both books. The sug- gestion of this overlapping may be found in Robert W. de Forest’s introductory note to the volume of 1913, in which he writes, ‘The earlier chapters of this book treat of events sufficiently remote to be the proper subject of history; they can be viewed in historic perspec- tive. But the last chapter, treating as it does of recent events, can be deemed only a contribution toward history still to be written.” That chapter, on the presidency of J. Pierpont Morgan, has now been written from a perspective of over thirty years in accordance with Mr. de Forest’s implicit hope that this should be done. The ending of the first volume at 1912 was purely fortuitous, a consequence of the date when the writing was finished, not the natural end of a period; V 88941 PREFACE whereas the year 1905, with which this book begins, marks the end of a regime and the beginning of a new order, a logical line of division in the pattern of the past. A fitting termination for this second book is found at the end of the presidency of George Blumenthal, for this date concludes an era in the Museum. The research for the volume was undertaken at the behest of Mr. Blumenthal and his interest in the completion of the work was keen. Throughout the writing 1 have had the ready assistance of my col- leagues at the Museum. 1 am especially indebted for constant advice and collaboration to Henry W, Kent, whose knowledge and judgment have been invaluable. Winifred E. Howe August, 1945 VI CONTENTS Preface v Illustrations ix Introduction by the President of the Museum ... xi History OF The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1905-1941 I Looking Back to 1905 . i In the Metropolitan Museum i In the Museums of the United States ... 5 II The Men Who Guided the Museum’s Course . 8 III The Growth OF THE Building 24 Museum Architecture in America 24 The Metropolitan Museum Building .... 28 IV Fundamental Administrative Elements .... 43 Financial Background 43 Business Methods 53 Departmental Organization 56 V The Growth of the Collections 70 Through Bequests 70 Through Gifts 96 Through Purchases 108 Through Excavations 112 Surplus Material . 119 VI Temporary Attractions 128 Special Exhibitions 128 The Development OF THE Art OF Installation . 135 Anniversary Celebrations 141 Musical Events 144 VII The Exposition or Interpretation of the Collections 150 The Printed Word 150 The Printed Picture 158 vii 88941 CONTENTS PAGE Motion Pictures i6o The Spoken Word 163 Radio AND Television 179 VI 11 Special Facilities FOR Students 181 The Library 181 Study Rooms 185 Privileges to Copyists and Photographers . 189 IX The Relation of the Museum to the Art Industries 192 X Progress in Social Welfare 199 Pensions and Retiring Allowances .... 199 The Employees’ Association 200 The Ladies’ Lunch Club 201 XI Museum Extension 203 Branches of the Museum 203 Loans to Other Institutions and to Individuals . 205 Neighborhood Exhibitions 207 XII The Cloisters: the Museum’s First Branch . 210 L’Envoi 224 Appendix 227 Benefactors of The Metropolitan Museum OF Art, 1870-1945 229 Trustees and Officers with their Terms OF Service, 1870-1945 231 The Staff, 1905-1945 235 One Hundred Important Purchases, 1905-1945 . 241 Index 247 viii ILLUSTRATIONS J. PiERPONT Morgan, President of the Museum 1904- 1913 Frontispiece From a photograph by Edward Steichen Facing Page Robert W. de Forest, President of the Museum 1913-1931 16 From a portrait by John C. Johansen in the possession of Johnston de Forest The pAfADE OF THE Museum along Fifth Avenue As It Was in 1905 32 Sir Caspar Purdon Clarke, Director of the Museum 1905-19 10 48 From a photograph Edward Robinson, Director OF THE Museum 1910-193 1 . 64 From a portrait by John Singer Sargent The South Wall of the American Wing, Showing the pAfADE OF THE UNITED STATES BrANCH BaNK, FORMERLY 1 5^ Wall Street 80 William Sloane Coffin, President of the Museum '93>->933 96 From a portrait by Ellen Emmet Rand George Blumenthal, President of the Museum 1934-1941 1 12 From a portrait by A. Dechenaud Herbert E. Winlock, Director of the Museum 1932-1939 144 From a portrait by Jean MacLane The Fa(,;ade of the Museum along Fifth Avenue As It Is Today 176 William Church Osborn, Elected President of the Museum July 7, 1941 208 From a photograph by Blank and Stoller The Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park; the Branch of the Museum Devoted to Mediaeval Art 224 IX 'Vi. <« . 4 «5, f INTRODUCTION BY THE PRESIDENT OE THE MUSEUM HEN the first volume of thehistory of The Metropolitan Mu- seum of Art was issued, in 1913, thirty-two years ago, Robert WW. de Forest, then its Secretary, wrote what he called a Fore- word, which, he said, was more in the nature of an “afterword,” be- cause the pages of the book recalled so much that he once knew and told him so much that he now knew for the first time. In the volume we have before us, the story of the period in which Mr. de Forest as President played a major part is written, but it may be questioned whether if he could read it he would not say again that it tells of many things whose full implications for the future he did not grasp at the time of their happening, things which time has now presented in their true light. This second volume continues to show, what the first one showed for its years, the logical development of the institution along civic, edu- cational, and inspirational lines, the working out of the purposes given in the Charter granted by the Legislature of the State in April, 1870,^ “. in these familiar words: . for the purpose of establishing and main- taining ... a Museum and library of art, of encouraging and develop- ing the study of the fine arts, and the application of arts to manu- factures and practical life, of advancing the general knowledge of kindred subjects, and to that end, of furnishing popular instruction and recreation.” The same purposes were again expressed at the opening of the new building in Central Park in 1880, in these words of the Honorable Joseph H. Choate: “They [the Founders] believed that the diffusion of a knowledge of art in its higher forms of beauty would tend directly to humanize, to educate, and refine a practical and la- borious people . but should also show to the students and artisans of every branch of industry . what the past had accomplished for them to imitate and excel.”'* The recognition of the educational and cultural aim and Value of the Museum was emphasized once more by an amendment to the Charter in 1908 which dropped the last words “and recreation” as quoted above and explicitly declared that the ‘ Chap. 197 of the Laws of 1870, State of New York. ^ A History of The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 1913, pp. i98f. XI INTRODUCTION corporation "shall be, and be classed as an educational corporation.”* It may be of help to the reader to set down here certain facts about the Museum, which, though told before, may serve by repetition to fix in mind the basic principles which will be found to underlie all its history. In the first instance. New York owes its museum of art to the public- spirited interest of some of its citizens.
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