Biennial Report 2011 2012

Biennial Report 2011–2012

01.12.12 09:56 Sw i s s Tr o p i c a l a n d Pu b l i c H e a l t h In s t i t u te , B a s e l , Sw i t z e r l a n d

Published by Swiss TPH Basel, Switzerland © Swiss TPH, 2012 Editors Amena Briët Joachim Pelikan Graphic design Weber Werbung Bottmingen, Switzerland Print Kreis Druck AG, Basel, Switzerland

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Biennial Report 2011 – 2012 1

Table of Contents

Overview...... 2

Foreword...... 4

Swiss TPH Associated Foundations...... 8

Financial Statement...... 9

Departments

Administration ...... 10

Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH) ...... 12

Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology (MPI)...... 18

The Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH)...... 23

Medicines Research (MedRes)...... 28

Medical Services and Diagnostics (MEDDIA)...... 31

Teaching and Training ...... 34

Key Areas

1 Basic Research in Infection Biology ...... 41

2 Research and Development for Vaccines, Drugs, Diagnostics and Vector Control...... 45

3 Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology...... 53

4 Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology...... 58

5 Travel and Tropical Medicine ...... 61

6 Health in Social-Ecological Systems...... 63

7 Society, Culture and Health ...... 68

8 Sexual and Reproductive Health and Gender...... 72

9 Strengthening Health Systems and Policy Analysis...... 74 10 Translating Evidence on Health Systems to Policy and Practice and .

Measuring Post Policy Implementation ...... 78

11 eHealth ...... 86

12 Statistical and Mathematical Modelling...... 91

13 Transferring Research and Service Experiences into Teaching, Training and Learning ...... 94

Publications...... 97

Staff list ...... 118

Further activities...... 125

Third-party funding...... 131

Retirements...... 134

In memoriam ...... 136

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2 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) Overview

Swiss TPH

The Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute was founded in 1943 as a public organisation. It is supported through core grants by the Swiss Federal Government and the Canton of Basel-Stadt (total 18%). The remaining part of the funding (82%) comes from competitively acquired project funds and the earnings of the service departments.

Swiss TPH’s mandate is:

To contribute to the improvement of the health of populations internationally and nationally through excellence in research, services and teaching and training.

Board of Governors 10 members from the Canton Basel, the Swiss Federation, universities and the private sector. Chairman: Felix Gutzwiller, Vice-Chairman: Jörg H. Schwarzenbach

Directorate Security / Biosafety Director: Marcel Tanner, Deputy Directors/Department Heads: Nino Künzli, Nicolaus Lorenz, Department Heads: Christian Burri, Christoph Hatz, Gerd Pluschke, Administrative Director: Stefan Mörgeli, Coordination Teaching: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer Communication / PR

Controlling Administration Mathias Kronig Stefan Mörgeli

Teaching and Training, Knowledge Management, eLearning, Library Axel Hoffmann

Finances Human Resources Informatics Infrastructure Dominique Bourgau Silvan Bärtschi Marco Clementi Paul Haas

Epidemiology and Public Health Medical Parasitology Swiss Centre Medicines Research Medical Services Head: Nino Künzli and Infection Biology for International Health Head: Christian Burri and Diagnostic Deputy Head: Head: Gerd Pluschke Head: Nicolaus Lorenz Head: Christoph Hatz Nicole Probst-Hensch Deputy Head: Reto Brun Deputy Head: Kaspar Wyss Deputy Head: Hanspeter Marti Jakob Zinsstag Senior Consultant: Pharmaceutical Medicine Johannes Blum Marc Urich Gene Regulation Sexual and Reproductive Biostatistics Till Voss Health Christian Schindler Manfred Zahorka Medical Consultations Research Cluster – Johannes Blum Academic Clinical Trials Helminth Drug and Capacity Building Systems Support Chronic Disease Epidemiology Development Christian Burri Nicole Probst-Hensch Jennifer Keiser Kaspar Wyss Travel Clinic Christoph Hatz

Molecular Diagnostics Systems Performance Ecosystem Health Science Ingrid Felger and Monitoring Jürg Utzinger Odile Pham-Tan Medical Practice Föhre Johannes Blum Molecular Immunology Gerd Pluschke Health Technology Environmental Exposures and Telemedicine National Reference and Health Martin Raab Centre for Diagnostic Martin Röösli Immunology Molecular Parasitology Stefanie Kramme and Epidemiology Hans-Peter Beck Health Interventions Christian Lengeler National Reference Centre for Diagnostic Parasite Chemotherapy Parasitology Pascal Mäser Hanspeter Marti Health Systems Research and Dynamical Modelling Don de Savigny Tuberculosis Research Vector Control Centre Sebastien Gagneux Pie Müller

Human and Animal Health Jakob Zinsstag Clinical Immunology Claudia Daubenberger

Society, Gender and Health Elisabeth Zemp Stutz

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Project countries and research and service projects in partnerships, including multiple short- and long-term collaborative arrangements in research, services and teaching and training

Norway Finland Russian Federation Sweden Latvia Denmark Lithuania UK Germany Belgium Netherlands Poland France Czech Republic Ukraine Austria Mongolia Switzerland Hungary Moldavia USA Romania Kyrgyztan Spain Georgia Macedonia Tajikistan Italy Greece South Korea Syria Israel China West Bank Mexico and Gaza Jordan Nepal Pakistan Egypt India Bangladesh Mauritania Mali Eritrea Niger PDR Lao Philippines Senegal Myanmar Guatemala Burkina Sudan Cape Verde Island Chad Djibouti El Salvador Faso Vietnam Nicaragua The Gambia Thailand Guinea Republic Togo Nigeria Central African Ethiopia Cambodia Benin Republic Sri Lanka Singapore Liberia Cameroon Côte d'Ivoire Ghana Uganda Gabon Equatorial Guinea Rwanda Colombia Kenya São Tomé DR Congo Burundi Papua New Guinea and Príncipe Tanzania Solomon Islands Zambia Malawi Madagascar Peru Vanuatu Brazil Bolivia Namibia Australia Mozambique Zwaziland

South Africa Lesotho

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4 Foreword

The institutional strategy 2010–2016 was pursued in a coherent way, based on the cornerstones of (i) our departmental and unit structures (see organogram, page 2) that define the organisation and our areas of competence and expertise, (ii) the jointly formulated institutional goals that further specify our mandate and (iii) the Key Areas of activity (see box page 5) that emerge from the collaboration across departments and units on answering important research questions, addressing the needs and demands in science, improving service provision/public and global health action and engaging in training and continuous education. The present biennial report follows the logic of the strategic plan by presenting the departments and units with their key competences, followed by a description of each of the 13 interrelated Key Areas of activity, profiling where the institute is active, where it has achieved significant outcomes and how it impacts local, national and global public health. Work carried out during the biennium led to more than 900 publications in peer-reviewed journals and over 40 books or book contributions, with highlights from each

Marcel Tanner, Director, Swiss TPH. Photo: T. Schuppisser Members of the Board of Governors Prof. Dr. med. Felix Gutzwiller (Chair) Director, Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, It is a great pleasure to present the biennial report, estab- University of Zurich, Switzerland lished and compiled by Swiss TPH staff members, to all Jörg H. Schwarzenbach (Vice-Chair) our collaborators, the governing body, colleagues, friends Aquila Investment Ltd., Basel, Switzerland and the interested general public at national and inter national level. Prof. Dr. Sabina De Geest Head, Institute of Nursing Science, University of Basel, Switzerland PD Dr. Monika Griot-Wenk Developments and highlights Crucell Switzerland AG This biennium reflects the first years of Swiss TPH, with the Prof. Dr. Philippe Burrin integrated former Institute of Social and Preventive Med- Director, Graduate Institute of International and icine of the University of Basel (see also biennial report Development Studies, Geneva, Switzerland 2009–2010). The process of integration and the alignment of the institutional strategy were truly successful and led Prof. Dr. med. Jacques Louis to a most productive two years, thanks to a critical mass Professor emeritus of professionals who contribute to the improvement of the Joakim Rüegger health of populations internationally, nationally and locally Head, Higher Education, Cantonal Department of through excellence in research, services and teaching and Education, Basel, Switzerland training, as our mandate stipulates. I am deeply grateful to all staff members for the way that they committed to an al- Christoph Tschumi liance based on respect for each one’s expertise, experience Administrative Director, University of Basel, and professional and institutional origin. Currently, some Switzerland 614 staff members from 56 nations (520 in Basel and 94 in 21 countries) work at and for Swiss TPH. Together, they gen- Prof. Dr. Didier Trono erate, share and compare experiences and evidence across Dean, Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of countries and cultures in a truly interdisciplinary manner Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland and in the spirit of mutual learning for change. Prof. Dr. med. Werner Zimmerli Head, Internal Medicine/Infectiology, Cantonal Hospital, Liestal, Switzerland Our association with the University of Basel, formalised through a renewed contract, brings us closer and more Prof. Dr. Marcel Tanner effectively into the network of Swiss universities and the Director, Swiss TPH, ex officio Swiss national programme of advanced education in pub- Stefan Mörgeli (Secretary) lic health. The Teaching and Training section of this report Administrative Director, Swiss TPH summarises these fruitful developments.

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of the Key Areas of activity. The Swiss TPH is now a well- Strategic Plan of Swiss TPH, 2010–2016 established actor in local and national public health and is also among the key players in global health. 1. Vision of Swiss TPH Our vision is to achieve significant improvements of human health and well-being through a better understanding of disease- and health sys- The report highlights Swiss TPH’s major contributions to tems and acting on this knowledge research on well-known pathogens/diseases, with a special focus on diseases of poverty and neglected tropical diseases, particularly malaria, trypanosomiasis, mycobacteria 2. Mandate of Swiss TPH infections (tuberculosis, Buruli ulcer), meningitis, HIV/AIDS Our mandate is to contribute to the improvement of the health of pop- and a broad range of helminth infections (schistosomiasis, ulations internationally, nationally and locally through excellence in food-borne trematodes). Moreover, it shows that Swiss TPH research, services and teaching and training. has become equally active and recognised in the areas of non-communicable diseases, ecosystem health, exposure 3. Strategic Goals of Swiss TPH science and environmental epidemiology. These newer We fulfil our mandate and further develop our institutional profile by areas of activity were significantly strengthened by the inte- the pursuit of 8 strategic goals: gration process in 2009–2010. Health systems strengthening, including understanding the social, cultural and economic 1. Contribute to the understanding of the disease biology and to contexts that govern health and social systems, has become develop tools and strategies for diagnostics, prevention and cure increasingly important at the conceptual level as well as at 2. Create global leadership in integrated health systems research, the very practical level of assisting countries and regions to strengthening and training strengthen their health systems. Our current portfolio is a 3. Create national and international leadership in the epidemiology fascinating mix of highly interrelated Key Areas of activities, and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases each one entailing basic and applied research components in their social, cultural, environmental and systems contexts as well as direct public and global health action. Swiss TPH 4. Provide expertise on healthy societies and equitable access to has become the second largest Local Fund Agent (LFA) health for the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Ma- laria (GFATM), active in 19 countries and one region, and 5. Serve as resource centre to provide expertise for national and is the executing agency for major bilateral health systems international agencies strengthening programmes. We continue to be a main part- 6. Generate and provide pre-travel advice, infection diseases di- ner in Global Health Initiatives and in EU FP7- and ERC agnoses (National Reference Laboratory) and post-travel cure programmes. The volume of consultancies and backstop- to travelers and long-term expatriates ping for bi- and multilateral organisations, as outlined in 7. Create and provide excellence as a competence center for the following sections, continues to increase. We recognise eHealth that innovates and applies information and commu- that these developments were made possible by rigorously nication technologies pursuing our strategy and upholding the underlying principles of (i) coherently contributing to the entire value chain 8. Act and develop as a learning organization with a knowledge sharing culture and defined processes of internal and external from innovation to validation and translation/applica- knowledge flows. tion to policy, strategy and global public health action, (ii) fostering collaboration with our key partners and (iii) en- 4. Key Areas of Activities tering into strategic alliances. 1. Basic Research in Infection Biology 2. Research and development for Vaccines, Drugs, Diagnostics and Teaching and training (see page 34) remain a cornerstone Vector Control of our activities. Over the past two years, we once again achieved success in all teaching and training activities, 3. Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology ranging from general introductory courses for the informed 4. Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology public to specialised post-graduate training arrangements, 5. Travel and Tropical Medicine with most of our efforts contributing to the curricula of the University of Basel (more than 250 weekly hours of teach- 6. Health in Social-Ecological Systems ing per year) and to running or adding to tropEd network 7. Society, Culture and Health diploma courses and to its Master of International Health programme. Between 120 and 150 students (20–30 MSc, 8. Sexual and Reproductive Health and Gender 80–120 PhD) from all parts of the world are associated with 9. Strengthening Health Systems and Policy Analysis Swiss TPH each year. 10. Translating Evidence on Health Systems to Policy and Practice and Measuring Post Policy Implementation Despite continued success, we need to rethink teaching 11. eHealth and training approaches in light of a rapidly changing 12. Statistical and Mathematical Modelling world and dynamic changes in communication technology. Consequently, major investments went into e-health, 13. Transferring Research and Service Experiences into Teaching, Training and Learning m-health and knowledge management. In addition, the

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6 Foreword

MSc course in Infection Biology and Epidemiology was nurturing innovative thinkers, engaging partners and inves- split into two separate MSc programmes, one in Infection tors and building on partnerships. It is also within this spirit Biology and one in Epidemiology. The world’s first MBA in and as part of our knowledge management strategy that International Health Management has been established we continue to create platforms for fruitful exchanges; for at Swiss TPH and is due to start in 2013. Vigilance in example, internally through our traditional project leader assessing needs and demands as well as “creative listen- retreats and externally through our Swiss TPH spring and ing” allow us to continuously adapt our teaching and train- fall symposia where we discuss our progress in the various ing to coincide with the way our societies develop and to fields of our broad interdisciplinary portfolio and along the share effectively our expertise and experience for the ben- value chain from innovation to validation and application. efit of people’s well-being. In addition, we aim to host regularly major global events like the BMC conference on “Challenges in Malaria Re- search” in October 2012 and the forthcoming International Swiss TPH’s teaching faculty has also gradually increased conference on “Environment and Health – Bridging South, and now comprises 31 staff members, including two chairs North, East and West” in August 2013 (www.EHBasel13.org). (Epidemiology & Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Science; Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine), three associate professors (Faculty of Science and Faculty of Med- icine), 12 titular professors (Faculty of Science, Faculty of Members of the External Review Team serving Medicine, Faculty of Humanities), two tenure track assistant 2010–2012 professors (Faculty of Science), three assistant professors Prof. rof. Dr. Carlos Morel(Chair), Oswaldo Cruz (“Förderprofessur” of the Swiss National Science Founda- Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil tion) and nine senior lecturers (Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Humanities). Prof. Dr. Peter Abplanalp, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland Prof. Dr. Fred Binka, School of Public Health, Despite our achievements so far, Swiss TPH finances remain University of Ghana an area of concern. At the start of the reporting period, we were still at a level of core funding below 20%, despite Dr. Vicki Doyle, CapacityDevelopment International, a substantial increase awarded to the Swiss TPH by the Liverpool, UK Canton of Basel and the University of Basel. In addition, Dr. Walter Fischli, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, the currency decline experienced during the reporting Allschwil, Switzerland period created a worrying fragility. Swiss TPH pays all salaries in Swiss Francs but the majority of competitively Prof. Dr. Thomas Löscher, University of Munich, acquired funds arrive in US dollars or Euros. Tight financial Germany and cash-flow planning, coherent pursuit of our strategic Dr. Bergis Schmidt-Ehry, Frankenstrasse 53, Germany plan, targeted support of the national government in the time of currency decline and a rigorous approach to finding Prof. Dr. Martin Schumacher, Universitätsklinikum new funding sources have helped us to adhere to our mid- Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany term plan. In addition, our efforts during the reporting Prof. Dr. Carol Vlassoff, Department of Epidemiology period to increase the core contribution to just over 20% and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, by the Canton of Basel, the University of Basel as well as Canada the national government were successful. Despite these important steps, Swiss TPH finances still require our highest attention, as funds are still not sufficient to make major strategic investments when opportunities arise or to invest in None of the work described in this report would have been much needed laboratory and office space, given the devel- possible without the productive partnerships and collabo- opments at all levels. rations with national and international institutions or the generous, great and unconditional support granted by the many donors mentioned throughout the report. We are deeply indebted to all of them. Outlook The future of Swiss TPH looks bright and offers new av enues The sustainable development of Swiss TPH is only possible for institutional developments, particularly as we move into with the most competent guidance and advice provided the new governmental funding cycle 2013–2016; hopefully by the Board of Governors (see box on page 4) and the seeing the core contributions of the local government and international External Review and Advisory Team (see box the University of Basel matched by our federal government. above). We are extremely grateful for their critical, construc- As reflected in the subsequent sections of this report, Swiss tive and forward-looking recommendations. TPH can confidently tackle the future challenges of global and public health. We will pursue our strategic plans but – at the same time – we have to remain vigilant of rapidly My deep and sincere thanks go to Amena Briët who care- changing priorities and needs and maintain the spirit of fully edited this report and to Joachim Pelikan and Markus

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Bill and Melinda Gates visited the Bagamoyo Branch of the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI) in Tanzania

Bill and Melinda Gates visited on Wednesday 29 June 2011 the Bagamoyo Branch of the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), a Tanzanian partner institution of Swiss TPH, and informed themselves about the ongoing projects, particularly the malaria research with focusing on the multi-centre Phase III trial on the currently most promising malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation through the Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI). 16,000 children and infants in 11 African sites including IHI in Bagamoyo are enrolled in this vaccine trial.

Besides touring the Bagamoyo district hospital, the IHI premises, they also visited a dispensary as well as the homes of children enrolled in the RTS,S trial. The visit of Bill and Melinda Gates in Bagamoyo also allowed Swiss TPH Direc- Marcel Tanner discussing malaria control and elimination with tor Marcel Tanner to discuss the relation between the Bill & Bill Gates at IHI in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. Photo: K. Reither Melinda Gates Foundation and Swiss TPH.

Weber who planned, illustrated and once again successfully orators look forward to your comments and suggestions as co-ordinated the production of the report. well as to the development of possible new collaborations. They are also ready to provide more detailed information about specific projects and achievements and can be con- My warm and highest appreciation goes to all Swiss TPH tacted directly or through our website (www.swisstph.ch). staff members – scientific, technical and administrative staff and students – and to all our collaborating institu- We wish you a stimulating read! tions – locally, nationally and internationally. Their wonderful, continuous commitment, countless new ideas and Marcel Tanner hard work made possible the achievements described here. Director

Finally, we thank you, dear readers, for your support and interest. We sincerely hope that reading about our developments, specific highlights and plans stimulates further interest in and support of our activities. All Swiss TPH collab-

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8 Swiss TPH Associated Foundations

The Jubilee Foundation The Jubilee Foundation was established in 1993 to mark the 50th anniversary of the institute’s founding. Its aim is to promote innovative research at Swiss TPH, formerly the Swiss Tropical Institute. The foundation emphasised three main areas: research and control of malaria, urbanisation and urban health, and health and the environment. In 2009, the Jubi- lee Foundation was integrated into the R. Geigy Foundation.

The R. Geigy Foundation The foundation was established by the first director of the Swiss Tropical Institute, Prof. Rudolf Geigy, and aims to support priority activities of the institute, now Swiss TPH, in the field of research and training and to provide specific core support when required. One of the primary goals of the foundation is to support young scientists conducting field research and to help scientists to publish their results. Grants are also made available for the acquisition of special equipment and for core support, such as investments in parts of Swiss TPH buildings belonging to the foundation. R. Geigy Foundation support (RGS) for research is indicated under “Funding” in the individual sections of this report. Every second year, the foundation awards a prize for excellence in research, research-cum-action, and/or public health application to a scientist or a public health practitioner. In 2010, the sixth R. Geigy Award went to Dr. Esther Schelling from Swiss TPH, for her outstanding commitment to science and for translating research results into action in the societies concerned, through effective and iterative exchanges between the field and the laboratory. Her approach truly provides an outlook for sustainable development and a better world. We are convinced that Prof. Geigy would join us in congratulat- ing Dr. Esther Schelling’s career and research achievements so far, as they are representative of Professor Geigy’s vision, established during his first visits to Africa.

R. Geigy Award Celebration, 2010. Photos: R. Duerr

Laudatio for Dr. med. vet. et phil II Esther Schelling It is our great pleasure to award the sixth R. Geigy Award to Dr. Esther Schelling Who • Acting as a veterinary doctor and epidemiologist devoted her professional life to the health and wellbeing of peoples and animals in many parts of the world; chiefly in Africa. • As member of transdisciplinary and transcultural teams of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and all the related teams and partners, has been a key actor to develop the concept of “One Medicine“ to “One Health“ and substantially contributed to validating “One Health” in different settings/systems and societies. • Generated scientific and operational evidence that has strengthened health and social systems towards “One Health“ and that was successfully introduced into national policies and strategies. • Always had a strong interest in training and capacity building of young scientists from the North and South and — acting as supervisor and mentor — has carried many MSc and PhD theses to success. • Practiced and lived her research, training service activities with the spirit of partnership and therefore — combined with her competence and personality — achieved broad recognition among the teams and the populations concerned. • Based on exceptional commitment and scientific excellence in understanding the interrelations between human and animal health and the respective environments contributed to sustainable developments in many parts of the world. These reasons have led to our decision to award Dr. Esther Schelling the sixth R. Geigy Award. We honour her fine contributions and her exceptional commitment to improving the health and wellbeing of peoples and animals.

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Financial Statement 9

Annual aggregated accounts Income statement by activities

2011 2010 2011 in 1,000 chf in 1,000 chf in % Income Total costs Balance Income Statement in 1,000 chf in 1,000 chf in 1,000 chf Income Research 55% Self managed income 47,253 46,706 – Medical Contribution of Parasitology and the Swiss national government * 6,195 4,300 Infection Biology 11,136 11,188 –52 Contribution of – Pubic Health the Basel local government * 5,795 5,752 and Epidemiology 15,632 15,540 92 – Institutional Total income 59,243 56,758 projects 5,695 5,696 –1 Expenditure Total research 32,463 32,424 39 Staff expenditure 41,358 36,950 Material expenditure 15,654 17,917 Teaching and Investments 2,026 2,099 Training 5% 2,666 3,130 –464 Total expenditure 59,038 56,966 Result of the year 205 -208 Service Centres Balance sheet 2011 2010 – Clinical and Assets Diagnostic Services 4,387 4,137 250 Cash and cash equivalents 12,855 7,829 – Medicines Research 1,395 1,974 –579 Receivables 4,952 4,787 – Swiss Centre for Prepayments and International accrued income 3,291 2,181 Health 18,332 17,373 959 Inventories 74 66 Total services 40% 24,114 23,484 630 Total current assets 21,172 14,863 Total 100% 59,243 59,038 205 Non-current assets 10,732 10,216 Total non-current assets 10,732 10,216 in % of included: total costs Total Assets 31,904 25,079 – Central Functions 3,246 6% Liabilities and equity – Infrastructure 2,414 5% Short term liabilities 2,460 2,770 Accrued liabilities and 5,660 11% deferred income 17,610 12,803 Short term provisions 221 98 Total current liabilities 20,291 15,671 Funding Long term-liabilites 564 531 Total core contributions * 11,990 20.2% Mortgages 4,400 2,500 Long term-provisions 753 686 Total self managed income 47,253 79.8% Employee benefit obligations 5,562 5,562 * including support measures against the strong Swiss Franc by the Total non-current liabilities 11,279 9,279 Swiss Confederation Equity 334 129 Total Liabilities 31,904 25,079

Financial statements established in accordance with IFRS® for SMEs (International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium- sized Entities)

Self managed income 80% / Core contribution 20%

Local Government University of Basel Rudolf-Geigy Foundation Postgraduate Training 1% 9% 1% 2% National Government 10% Medical & Diagnostic services 7% Other grants 23%

Mandates 31% EU FP7 SNF + NCCR Medicines Research 3% 10% 2%

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10 Swiss TPH Administration

The Administration of Swiss TPH is the backbone of the institute and provides internal services through four units: (i) Finances, (ii) Human Resources, (iii) Infrastructure and (iv) Informatics. By the end of 2011, staff members had fulfilled a broad range of assignments.

At collaborator level, 2011 and 2012 were marked by a slight increase in staff to meet the needs of a fast growing institute.

Finances In 2012, the Swiss TPH budget reached CHF 60 million. In 2011 and 2012, 80% and 82% of the turnover, respectively, was acquired competitively through research grants, medical and consultancy services and courses. Managing more than 400 projects, funded by different sources and requiring more and more supporting documents, remains a challenge. Since 2010, the unit, led by Dominique Borgau has Administration Department. Photo: J. Pelikan followed a “true and fair view” reporting style. Liquidity planning in 2011 was extremely difficult due to US Dollar and Euro exchange rate losses against the Swiss Franc. Fo- rex represents 25% of the institute’s turnover. Support meas- New Biobanking Infrastructure at Swiss TPH ures against the strong Swiss Franc, implemented by the Swiss Confederation, helped to balance the accounts. The Biobanks are collections of biological material, combined development of a tailored budgeting tool facilitated quar- with health information from human donors. This infor- terly budget control. mation is of great use in identifying the risk factors for and susceptibilities to a specific disease and for studying the mechanisms underlying disease processes. Swiss TPH develops and administers large scientific studies with human Human Resources (HR) biological material and adheres to stringent ethical guide- The unit, led by Silvan Bärtschi, was heavily involved in de- lines. These biobanks are of inestimable scientific value, veloping a new salary scheme for the institute. Further im- thus a safe, long-term and nearby storage facility is of stra- provements were made in personnel administration and tegic interest for the institute. In 2011, we built a central- recruitment procedures. Within the Swiss system of voca- ised biobanking facility in a former in-house air-raid refuge, tional education, two commercial apprentices have been which is optimal for protecting against environmental dis- trained since August 2010. asters and enables easy access to freezers and sample in- bound. The new freezer park location contains several high- tech safety components such as two independent alarm systems; one alarm is directly linked to an in-house control Infrastructure system and stand-by duty officer, while the other contains The growth of Swiss TPH necessitated more building space. a temperature monitoring system for each freezer. The In 2010, we rented additional office space at Eulerstrasse freezer park and cooling system is secured with an emer- 77 and 68 and from June 2012, Eulerstrasse 83. The renova- gency power supply that would allow us to bridge a major tion and adaption of the existing buildings to the needs of blackout, and also has an access control for the locations. the institute is a continuing and challenging exercise for Swiss TPH is now equipped to safely store and manage all the unit, led by Paul Haas. In 2011, new biobanking-facili- internal biobanks for the long-term. With the SAPALDIA ties were established. study samples, we now host the largest Swiss population

HR-key figures 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 AHV wage bill in Mio. CHF 12.970 14.480 16.164 20.283 23.171 26.464

Payroll Headcount (Basel based contracts) 199 210 251 315 351 391 PhD/Master-Students not on Payroll 125 120 115 118 167 115 Locally employed staff abroad 34 57 83 85 86 119 Total Staff members 358 387 449 518 604 625 Some 58 nationalities make Payroll FTE 161.20 171.45 210.75 261.25 289.25 326.55 up the Swiss TPH team.

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Free-cooling aggregate for the new Freezer Park. Photo: Swiss TPH Swiss TPH Freezer Park, located in a former air-raid refuge. Photo: J. Pelikan

biobank. Capacity could be expanded on demand if local Transparent Information on People, Projects and external research groups are looking for high-tech solutions Publications – TiPPPs for their biobanks. Swiss TPH brings its extensive expertise in setting up cohorts and biobanks into the broader network of The TiPPPs project addressed the problem of how to organ- local and national academic and private research partners, ise information flow within a fast growing institute and how thereby making Basel and Switzerland a strong and competi- to meet rising reporting requirements for many different tar- tive partner in epidemiological, clinical and -omics research. get groups. The solution was to develop an institute-wide central data platform. TiPPPs includes information about more than 100 new projects underway in the service and research departments, and lists publication details for the Informatics more than 400 publications produced each year. Both da- The main focus of the Informatics Unit, led by Marco Cle tabases are linked to our organisational structure and are menti, is to build and maintain a stable ICT base suitable for presented directly on our website. the institute, its employees and their activities, given available resources. Many Swiss TPH projects require not only The aim of TiPPPs is to improve transparency, information ICT-skills, but also organisational development knowledge. flow and immediate access to information within Swiss To fulfil this need, the unit recruited a project leader to coor- TPH, and to reduce the administrative report workload for dinate these activities. The team has had to address the im- service and research staff. TiPPPs has become a major in- pact of decreasing hardware quality and worked on several ternal communication and management information tool important related projects (e.g. migration to a new standard and is now a routine part of existing work flows. It enables client installation based on Windows 7 and Office 2010 and staff to keep track of new or leaving collaborators, to effi- launching the institutional “Quality Management” work- ciently create project lists and to manage personal publica- ing group). One such project is described in detail below: tion lists. TiPPPs will be further developed to follow projects from the time of grant submission to the project archiving stage, using standardised data and bio-repositories. The database will also be expanded to centrally manage and report on all Swiss TPH teaching activities. Publi- Projects cations

TiPPPs providing information for

Internal communication Swiss TPH Website Internal and external reports People

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12 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH)

The Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH), advanced statistical modelling and Bayesian computation. with more than 170 staff members, is currently the larg- Main themes are spatio-temporal modelling and forecast- est department at Swiss TPH. EPH develops and applies ing and multivariate data modelling, including prediction cutting-edge epidemiological, biostatistical and modelling of model uncertainty. Disease modelling includes malaria; methods to advance innovation, validation and application neglected tropical diseases; cancer and mortality; provid- in the field of public health. Through our focus on desig- ing spatially explicit estimates of diseases, exposures and nated research topics covering all Swiss TPH Key Areas of their associated burden; and predictions of disease dynam- activities and our interdisciplinary collaborations within ics. The Biostatistics – Frequentist Modelling Group and across groups, units and other departments, EPH re- operates the data and statistics centre of the SAPALDIA co- search contributes to improved health and policy making hort study. It develops models for estimating the long-term in Switzerland, Europe and low- and middle-income coun- health effects of air pollution, conducts time-series mod- tries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. elling of short-term effects and contributes to the development of spatio-temporal models of air pollutants. With its We focus on the distribution of infectious and non-commu- long-standing collaborations with University Hospital nicable diseases in both the South and North; the environ- Basel, the group is also engaged in clinical research. mental, ecological, social, gender and molecular contexts of health and illness; the effectiveness of interventions and health systems; and patterns of access to and use of health services. In keeping with Swiss TPH’s strategic priorities, the department engages in long-term follow up of large national and international cohorts, including scientific use of dynamic cohorts established in large demographic surveys in Africa and Asia; integrated analyses of health databases with social, cultural, environmental, molecular and genetic information (biobanking); and modelling and mapping diseases and exposures.

During the reporting period, EPH strengthened its organisation and structure to accomplish departmental goals and to better contribute to all Swiss TPH Key Areas of activity. Our 23 research groups are administratively and strategi- cally assembled in eight interdisciplinary research units, addressing dynamic clusters of crosscutting public health topics. Biostatistics Unit. Photo: J. Pelikan

We focus on a range of methods, diseases, environmental and ecological, genetic and biological, and socio-cultural topics, life styles and health systems to approach public health and prevention in the most efficient way. We also Chronic Disease Epidemiology develop and employ health impact assessment tools to provide information about the public health relevance of The global increase in non-communicable diseases (NCDs), policies, strategies, decisions or projects. reflecting longer life expectancies and the effects of urbanisation on lifestyles and the environment, calls for research Teaching and training, as well as collaboration with and ad- to understand modifiable risk patterns and disease mech- vice to policy makers, agencies and institutions, constitute anisms. Led by Nicole Probst-Hensch, the unit supports a key part of our commitment to supporting public health strategies for NCD prevention and control through surveys, in all its domains. and health and environmental risk assessments. Activities encompass three interrelated research groups and focus on child and adult health with regard to genetics, physical activity and air pollution epidemiology and health im- Biostatistics pact assessment.

Led by Christian Schindler, the unit engages in collabora- The SAPALDIA Cohort and Biobank (Swiss Cohort Study tive epidemiological research and develops new biostatis- on Air Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults), tical methods. The unit coordinates all biostatistics and funded for more than 20 years (primarily) by the Swiss data services provided in collaboration with the Bioinfor- National Science Foundation and scientifically coordi- matics and the Public Health Computing Groups. It is heavily nated by the unit, is a unique resource for assessing the engaged in teaching at the undergraduate, graduate and interplay between lifestyle, environment, gender, repro- postgraduate levels, in the Medical and Science Faculties ductive factors, genes and other biomarkers in cardiorespi- of the University of Basel and in external programmes. The ratory health, obesity and metabolic disorders. SAPALDIA unit is active in several Key Areas of activity. The Bayesian shares data and biospecimens with large national and inter Modelling and Analysis Group carries out research in national networks, such as the European research on air

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pollution and chronic diseases initiative, ESCAPE, where Environmental Epidemiology and also to Key Areas 6 and 12 SAPALDIA is a key partner. During the reporting period, the on Health in Socio-ecological Systems and Statistical and third assessment of some 6,000 surviving participants was Mathematical Modelling, respectively. accomplished in all eight centres. In four areas, childr en of the original participants were newly recruited (SAPALDIA The Exposure Science Group specialises in environmen- Youth). tal exposure assessment, including state-of-the-art air pollution and noise monitoring and modelling, particulate Physical activity, fitness and chronic diseases early in life source apportionment and chemical analyses. Developing are the focus of KISS (Kinder- und Jugendsportstudie) and models for large-scale epidemiological studies — including BALLABEINA — two randomised controlled studies of life- SAPALDIA and ESCAPE — to characterise human exposure style interventions that use the school system for success- to air pollution, is the primary focus of the group. ful prevention.

Our expertise is applied to collaborations with low- and middle-income countries where air pollution, physical in activity, excess calorie intake and related NCDs are am- plifying the disease burden due to chronic infections and vice versa (e.g. tuberculosis and diabetes). Our systematic literature review service (http://ludok.swisstph.ch) on air pollution and health is widely used by scientists and the public and accessible to all. While contributing to several of the institute’s Key Areas of activity, the unit makes its strongest contributions to Key Area 4: Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology, and Key Area 3: Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology.

Environmental Exposure and Health Unit. Photo: Swiss TPH

The Physical Hazards and Health Research Group concentrates on (but is not limited to) the health effects of non-ionizing and ionizing radiation and noise. New exposure assessment methods are developed and applied to epidemiological studies to examine the health impact of physical hazards. The researchers also conduct health impact assessments and systematic reviews.

The Microbial Exposure and Childhood Allergy Re- search Group, in collaboration with European partners, has shown that children who grow up on traditional farms are protected from asthma, hay fever and allergic sensiti- sation. Early-life contact with livestock and consumption Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit. Some staff members missing. of unprocessed cow’s milk has been identified as the most Photo: J. Pelikan effective protective exposures. Interactions with the innate immune system are of specific interest to the group.

Environmental Exposure and Health Health Interventions Researchers at the Environmental Exposure and Health Unit, led by Martin Röösli, develop and integrate novel Developing new health interventions, especially in the field tools and methods for exposure assessment to investigate of malaria, is one of the long-standing and most successful the health effects of various environmental factors. This traditions at Swiss TPH. The unit, led by Christian Lengeler, includes physical and chemical contaminants, as well as works on all aspects of applied research against malaria, other environmental and lifestyle-related exposures such as from testing new vaccines to implementing proven con- allergens, climate, or environmental microbial exposures. trol tools at national level. Recent highlights are the suc- Current studies deal with atopic and respiratory diseases cessful completion of a Phase Ib trial showing that a viro- in children and adults, childhood tumours, cardiovascular somal-based multistage malaria vaccine trial led to a 50% diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and health-related reduction of malaria morbidity in Tanzanian children and quality of life. The unit also focuses on health risk assess- the collaborative conduct of a Phase III trial of the RTS,S ments including meta-analyses and systematic reviews. The malaria vaccine at eleven sites in seven African countries. unit contributes most to Key Area 4: Chronic Disease and An important area of activity is the introduction of better

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14 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH)

diagnostic approaches and integrating these innovations in improved paediatric fever case management in resource- constrained settings (PeDiAtrick and ALMANACH projects). This work is of high international significance and is done in close collaboration with the relevant WHO departments. The generation of new evidence on current vector control measures is continuously pursued, in synergy with expert advisory activities at global level. Work started recently on a new malaria research programme in Kinshasa, capital of the second most malarious country in the world. Continu- ously improving access to key interventions, and measuring the impact of large-scale deployment (ACCESS and ALIVE projects) is also underway. Society, Gender and Health Unit. Photo: J. Pelikan

and adolescence, to parenthood and old age. Study priorities include vulnerability and resilience among women, youth, the elderly, migrants and mobile populations, especially in Africa.

The Cultural Epidemiology Group bridges approaches from health social sciences and classical epidemiology. Integrating quantitative and qualitative methods clarifies the relevance of ethnographic interests and the effects of culture on health. Our research on social and cultural determinants of access to health care and health seeking behaviour addresses various public health priorities, including ACCESS Team, 2010. Photo: Swiss TPH acceptance and uptake of essential medicines and vaccines, disease control impact of social and cultural features of infectious and chronic diseases and the interplay of culture and mental health. Society, Gender and Health

Social, cultural and gender-related issues are key determi- Ecosystem Health Sciences nants of public health and are central to effective disease control. Areas of research pursued in the unit, led by Elisa- The unit, led by Jürg Utzinger, pursues a broadly applicable beth Zemp, include gender and health, medical anthropol- ecosystem health approach and combines a variety of re- ogy and cultural epidemiology, representing key aspects of search streams, from the bench to the field, frommolecular the health social sciences. to geospatial, from basic to operational. With an emphasis on neglected tropical diseases and malaria, the unit exam- The Gender and Health Research Group focuses on how ines how behavioural, cultural, demographic, ecological, gender shapes health and access to health care, working environmental and socioeconomic factors govern health with gender as a socio-cultural health determinant and ad- and wellbeing. The main areas of investigation include met- dressing sex/gender-related factors as risk factors in epide- abolic profiling, health impact assessment and integrated miological models. Main areas of work include sexual and reproductive health; the interrelatedness of maternal and child health, sex-/gender-related factors and early life factors in the aetiology of chronic diseases (e.g. based on the SAPALDIA and SAPALDIA Youth study); the role of gender in gynaecological care; and gendered social and intra- family dynamics affecting HIV-related decision-making in Zambia.

The Medical Anthropology Research Group emphasises society, with theoretical development of factors that create or sustain vulnerability, build resilience and maintain livelihoods. The terms “reproductive vulnerability” and “resilience” are used to refer to the continuum of care at key points in the life cycle from birth, infancy, childhood Ecosystem Health Sciences Unit. Photo: Swiss TPH

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approaches for disease prevention and control. A network of The Health Systems and Policies Research Group partnerships with health research and development centr es develops and applies methods to evaluate and validate in Africa and Asia provides the backbone for linking inno health and health system interventions in real world health vative laboratory investigations with community-based systems. intervention studies. Different scientific fields are bridged by interdisciplinary research and hence both human and The Dynamical Modelling Research Group focuses on un- ecosystem health are put under investigation, protected and derstanding infection dynamics in the context of real world promoted. disease and health systems, using a range of computational tools from statistics, mathematics and computer science. The Health Impact Assessment Group develops, validates and applies new tools and methods for assessing health im- The Household Health Systems Research Group draws pacts due to the implementation and operation of indus- together departmental activities that deal with interven- trial development projects. A modular baseline health sur- tions at family and household levels concerning water, vey methodology and an innovative risk-profiling matrix sanitation, indoor air pollution, vector protection (e.g. in- have been developed and are now being validated in dif- secticide treated nets) and community/home-based man- ferent settings. agement for malaria and pneumonia.

Research conducted by the Helminths and Health Group aims to further our understanding of the epidemiology and the effects of helminth infections on the health and well being of neglected populations. We pursue clinical investigations, drug efficacy trials, burden of disease estimates and integrated disease control.

The Ecosystem Services, Climate and Health Group investigates the importance of ecosystem services for the health and wellbeing of vulnerable populations. Our working hypothesis is that ecosystem services must be maintained to manage rapid demographic and ecological transformations (e.g. climate change), which in turn will protect Health Systems Research and Dynamical Modeling Unit. and promote human health and alleviate poverty. Photo: J. Pelikan

The Public Health Computing Research Group combines Health Systems Research expertise in epidemiology and public health with a strong background in computational sciences and application and Dynamical Modelling development. It is involved in the development, implementation and study of dynamical models, where the main fo- The unit, led by Don de Savigny, combines systems science cus is on the domains of infectious disease epidemiology, for health systems strengthening with disease and systems control and elimination, as well as on health systems mod- modelling to create new research opportunities, capacities elling. The group also develops applications for e-Health and evidence to better understand and influence contem- and m-Health innovations and large surveys such as the porary health development. We focus on both health in- Swiss SAPALDIA study. terventions in a systems context as well as on system-level interventions. Our approach to health systems involves a deeper understanding of complex system dynamics and requires empirical evidence and experience from practical real-world scenarios, coupled with systems dynamical mod- Human and Animal Health elling. Our networks include close partnerships with major research institutions and networks in low- and middle- The unit, led by Jakob Zinsstag, focuses on mobile pop- income health systems and depend on collaboration with ulations and zoonoses control in developing countries, other units and departments of Swiss TPH. Our research using an extended “One Health” conceptual approach. The informs both health research funders and stewards of added value of closer cooperation between the human and health systems on the appropriate priorities, strategies animal health sectors amplify financial savings and en- and resource allocation for effective and equitable health vironmental benefits. Systemic approaches are pursued, development, from household to national levels. The unit considering health as an outcome of social-ecological sys- contributes to most Key Areas of activity, but especially to tems connected to social, cultural, economic and ecological Key Area 9: Strengthening Health Systems and Policy Analy dimensions. sis, Key Area 10: Translating Evidence on Health Systems to Policy and Practice and Measuring Post Policy Implemen The zoonoses work of the One Health Group concentrates tation, Key Area 11: eHealth and Key Area 12: Statistical and on brucellosis control in Mongolia and Kyrgyzstan, bovine Mathematical Modelling. tuberculosis in Ethiopia, rabies in Chad and Mali, Rift Val-

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16 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (EPH)

ley Fever in Kenya and Q-fever, brucellosis and leptospirosis in Togo and Côte d’Ivoire.

The Mobile Populations Health Group’s research on health and demographics focuses on provision of appropriate services, particularly for pastoralists; and diseases among labour migrants in Viet Nam and Côte d’Ivoire. This research is accompanied by systematic migration policy reviews.

We use a broad range of methods in epidemiology, molecular biology, mathematical modelling, bio-statistics, medical anthropology, sociology and economics. We are partners in Human and Animal Health Unit. Photo: J. Pelikan networks such as NCCR North-South, EU FP7 ICONZ, FP7 OH-Nextgen, FP7 ADVANZ and Afrique ONE.

Collaborators Academy of Insurance Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland; ARIAS Umwelt, für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF), Düsseldorf, Germany; Institut für Vet- Forschung und Beratung, Bern, Switzerland; Armauer Hansen Research Institute erinärbakteriologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät, Universität Bern, Switzerland; Institut (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Austrian Research Centers, Seibersdorf, Austria; National de Recherche en Santé Publique (INRSP), Nouakchott, Mauritania; Insti- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain; tut Universitaire Roman de Santé au Travail (IST), Lausanne, Switzerland; Insti- Basel Institute of Governance, Basel, Switzerland; Cancer Registry of Norway, tute for Environmental Physics (IUP), Bremen, Germany; Institute for Meteorol- Oslo, Norway; Centre de Support en Santé Internationale (CSSI), Chad; Centre for ogy, Climatology and Remote Sensing, University of Basel, Switzerland; Institute African Studies, University of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Development and En- for Radio-oncology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland; Institute for Risk vironment (CDE), University of Bern, Switzerland; Centre for Gender Studies, Uni- Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Cancer Epide- versity of Basel, Switzerland; Centre for Health Research and Development (DBL), miology, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Epidemiology, University of Ulm, Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology Germany; Institute of Gender in Medicine GiM, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Med- (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), ical Research (PNGIMR), Papua New Guinea; Institute of Social and Preventive Lausanne, Switzerland; Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire Medicine (ISPM), Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Social Anthropology, University (CSRS); CHARGE Consortium; Chest Research Foundation (CRF), Pune, India; of Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Social Medicine, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Children’s Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany; Tropical Medicine (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Children’s Hospital, Schwarzach, Austria; Citizen Cyberscience Centre (CERN, Uni- Public Health (IPTSP), The Federal University of Goias (UFG), Brazil; Instituto de versity of Geneva, Unitar), Geneva, Switzerland; CKDGen Consortium; Clarkson Investigación Nutricional (IIN), Lima, Peru; International Centre of Insect Physi- University, Potsdam NY, Germany; Communauté Urbaine de Nouakchott, Mauritania; ology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya; International Food Policy Research In- Congo National Malaria Control Programme, Democratic Republic of Congo; D-Tree, stitute (IFPRI), Washington, USA; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Dar es Salaam Medical Office of Health, Tanzania; Datta Kenya; International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India; Department of Clinical Their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH), Accra, Ghana; IT’IS Foundation, Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany; Zürich, Switzerland; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare Center for Communication Programs (JHUCCP), USA; Johns Hopkins University, (THL) and Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio, Finland; De- Baltimore, USA; Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST Jordan); partment of Sociology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Dept. of Otorhino- Karolinska Institute Stockholm (KI), Sweden; KEM Hospital and Seth GS Medical laryngology, University Hospital Zürich, Switzerland; Durham University, Durham, College, Mumbai, India; KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Centre for United Kingdom; Ecole Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland; Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kilifi, Kenya; Kenyan Medical Research Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie Université de Lomé, Togo; Egerton University, Nai- Institute, Kenya; Kinshasa School of Public Health, Democratic Republic Congo; robi, Kenya; Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland; Københavns Universitet, Denmark; Kyrgyz Veterinary Laboratories, Kyrgyzstan; Emory University, Atlanta, USA; ETH Zürich, Switzerland; European ARIMMORA Laboratoire Central Véterinaire (LCV), Bamako, Mali; Laboratoire de Recherches Team; European Community Respiratory Health Study Gender Working Group; Véterinaires et Zootechniques (LRVZ), Chad; Laboratory for Electromagnetic Fields European Community Respiratory Health Survey, United Kingdom; European and Microwave Electronics, ETH Zürich, Switzerland; Leeds Metropolitan Univer- ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM Consortium, FP7; European EXPOSOMIC Consortium, sity, United Kingdom; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, FP7; EVE Consortium; Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW), Switzerland; United Kingdom; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Lon- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de l’Université de Nouakchott, Mauritania; don, United Kingdom; Louisiana State University (LSU), Baton Rouge, USA; Lung Fairmed, Bern, Switzerland; Federal Institute of Sports (SFISM), Magglingen, League Basel-City and Basel-Land, Switzerland; Maharashtra Institute of Mental Switzerland; Federal Laboratories for Material Science & Technology (EMPA), Health (MIMH), Pune, India; Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Mailman Switzerland; Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Bern, Switzerland; Fe deral School of Public Health (MSPH), Columbia University, New York, USA; Malaria Re- Office of Civil Protection (FOCP), Switzerland; Federal Office of Public Health search and Training Center (MRTC), Bamako, Mali; Malaria Vaccine Initiative (FOPH), Bern, Switzerland; Federal Office of Roads and Transport (FEDRO); Foun- (MVI), RTS, S Consortium; Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya; Medical Research dation Biobank Suisse, Bern, Switzerland; Foundation for Medical Research (FMR), Council, Tanzania; Medizinische Universität Innsbruck, Austria; Ministry of Mumbai, India; Foundation for Research in Community Health (FRCH), Pune, Health and Social Welfare (MoHSW), Tanzania; Ministry of Health and Social Wel- India,; French Institute for Public Health Surveillance (InVS), Saint Maurice, fare, Zanzibar; Mongolian State University of Agriculture, School of Veterinary France; GABRIEL Consortium; Ghana Health Service (GHS), Accra, Ghana; Ghana Medicine, Mongolia; Mongolian Veterinary Services, Mongolia; National Centre School of Public Health (GSPH), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; Global health for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Na- academy, University of Edinburgh, UK; Hanoi School of Public Health, Vietnam; tional Institute for Medical Council (NIMR), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National In- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA; Haukeland University Hospital, stitute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Bergen, Norway; Heidelberg University (HU), Heidelberg, Germany; Helmholtz National Institute of Environmental and Health Sciences (NIEHS), Durham, USA; Zentrum München, Germany; Helminth Control Laboratory Unguja (HCLU); Hel- National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE), Chennai, India; National Institute of Par- sana Health Insurance, Switzerland; Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), asitic Diseases (IPD), Shanghai; National Institute of Public Health (NIOPH), Vien- Barcelona, Spain; Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Dar es Salaam and Bagamoyo, tiane, Lao PDR; National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP), Tanzania; National Tanzania; Iganga DSS, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Imperial College SAPALDIA Team; National Taiwan University; Natural History Museum, London, of Science Technology and Medicine (ICL), London, United Kingdom; Initiative for United Kingdom; Natural Resources Institute, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Med- Vaccine Research and Global Task Force on Cholera Control, World Health Organ- ical Research, Legon, Ghana; NewFields LLC, Colorado, USA; Noguchi Memorial ization (WHO); Inselspital Berne, Switzerland; INSERM (National Institute of Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana; Nouna Health Research Cen- Health and Medical Research) and Institute Albert Bonniot, Univ J. Fourier (U823) tre (NHRC), Nouna, Burkina Faso; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Develop- Research Center, Grenoble, France; INSERM Respiratory and Environmental Epi- ment (NFSD); Officer Women’s Health Vienna/Austria; Paediatric University Hos- demiology and Epidemiological Study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma, pital Zürich, Switzerland; Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Atopy (EGEA), Villejuif Cedex, France; Insti- (PNGIMR), Papua New Guinea; Partners for Applied Social Sciences, Tessenderlo, tut für Parasitologie, Vetsuisse Fakultät, Universität Zürich, Switzerland; Institut Belgium (PASS International); PATH - OneWorld Health, USA; Public Health Lab- d’Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale (IENT), Limoges, France; oratory – Ivo de Carneri Pemba (PHL-IdC); Puls Umweltberatung, Bern, Switzer- Institut de hautes études internationales et de développement (IHEID), Geneva, land; Republican Tropical Diseases Center, Dushanbe, Tajikistan; Roll Back Ma- Switzerland; Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale (IFMT), Vien- laria (RBM), Geneva; Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation, Washington, USA; tiane, Lao PDR; Institut für Bio- und Medizinethik, Universität Basel, Switzerland; Schistosomiasis Consortium for Operational Research and Evaluation, Georgia, Institut für Geographie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ger- USA (SCORE); School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zambia; many; Institut für Hausarztmedizin der Universität Basel, Switzerland; Institut School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Australia; School of Popu-

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lation Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Public The Netherlands; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington DC, Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA; School of Public Health, Univer- USA; Program for Appropriate Technologies in Health (PATH), Seattle, USA; Reise- sity of California (UCLA), Los Angeles, USA; School of Public Health, University fonds der Universität Basel, Switzerland; Research Foundation Mobile Communi- of Ghana; Service Fraternel d’Entraide, Vientiane, Lao PDR; Shape Consulting Ltd., cation, Zürich, Switzerland; Roll Back Malaria (RBM), WHO Geneva, Switzerland; Pretoria, South Africa; SIKIKA, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; South African Medical Rudolf Geigy Foundation (RGF), Basel, Switzerland; Schistosomiasis Consortium Research Council (SAMRC); Sozialwissenschaftliches Frauenforschungsinstitut for Operational Research and Evaluation (SCORE), Georgia, USA; Schweizerisches Freiburg i.Br., Germany; SpiroMeta Consortium; Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Komitee für UNICEF, Zürich, Switzerland; Spanish Agency for International De- Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India; Sri Ramchan- velopment Cooperation (AECID); Special Programme for Research and Training in dra University, Chennai, India; St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London, Tropical Diseases, by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations United Kingdom; Swiss Cancer Registries; Swiss Cantonal Air Monitoring Author- Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ities Cercle’Air; Swiss Cantonal Environmental Agencies; Swiss Federal Institute and the World Bank, Geneva, Switzerland, (TDR); Starr International Foundation of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Heart (STARR), New York, USA; State Secretary for Education and Research (SER), Bern, Foundation, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Institutes of Social and Preventive Medi- Switzerland; Stiftung für freiheitliche Medizin, Basel, Switzerland; Stipendien cine, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne and Zürich; Swiss National Cohort Research Team; kommission Basel Stadt, Switzerland; Swiss Accidents Insurance (SUVA); Swiss Syngenta Crop Protection, Basel; Tanzania Commission for Science and Technol- Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Brazilian ogy (COSTECH), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Technical University of Graz, Austria; Joint Research Program (SBJRP); Swiss Cancer League (SCL), Bern, Switzerland; The Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, India; The Tulane University of Swiss Cantonal Air Authorities; Swiss Foundation for the Promotion of Breast- Louisiana (TU), New Orleans, USA; The University of Georgia (UGA), Athens, USA; feeding, Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Lung Foundation, Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss The Zambia AIDS Related TB (ZAMBART) Project; TRANSPHORM Consortium, FP7; Lung League and Lung Leagues of Canton Basel-City/Basel-Land, Bern, Geneva, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima , Peru (UPCH); Universitäre Psychi- Ticino, Valais and Zürich, Switzerland; Swiss Midwifery Association, Bern, Switzer atrische Kliniken, Basel, Switzerland; Université d’Abobo-Adjamé, Côte d’ivoire; land; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Bern, Switzerland; Swiss Net- Université de Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire; Université de Cocody, Côte d’ivoire; Univer- work for International Studies (SNIS), Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss South African sité de Lomé, Togo; Université de Nouakchott, Mauritania; Université de Ziguin- Joint Research Program (SSJRP), Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Tobacco Control chor, Senegal; Université Jean Monnet St. Etienne, France; University Children’s Fund, Bern, Switzerland; Talecris; The MENTOR Initiative, Crawley, United Hospital Basel and Zürich, Switzerland; University Hospital Barcelona (UHB), Kingdom; Union Bank of Switzerland Optimus Foundation (UBS), Zürich, Spain; University Hospitals Basel and Geneva, Switzerland; University of Arizona, Switzerland; University of Ghent, Belgium; University of Queensland School of Tucson, USA; University of Bahia, Brazil; University of Bern, Switzerland; Univer- Population Health (UQ), Brisbane, Australia; US Agency for International Devel- sity of California Irvine, USA; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa opment (USAID), Washington DC, USA; US President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), (UCT); University of Ceara, Brazil; University of Cheikh Anta Diop and National Washington DC, USA; Vestergaard Frandsen (VF), Lausanne, Switzerland; Well- Malaria Control Program, Senegal; University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Univer- come Trust, London, United Kingdom; Wolfermann Nägeli Stiftung, Zürich, sity of Dar es Salaam Computer Centre (UCC), Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University Switzerland; World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland; World of Eastern Finland; University of Franca (UNIFRAN), Brazil; University of Franche- Vision International, Geneva, Switzerland Comté, SERF Research Unit, Besançon, France; University of Ghent, Belgium; Uni- versity of Greenwich at Medway, England; University of Groningen, Netherlands; University of Health Sciences, National University of Laos, Vientiane; University of Heidelberg, Germany; University of Naples, Italy; University of National Re- sources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; University of Njimegen, The Netherlands; University of Ottawa School of Public Health, Canada; Univer- sity of Pavia, Italy; University of Queensland School of Population Health (UQ), Brisbane, Australia; University of Southern California (USC) Keck School of Med- icine, Los Angeles, USA; University of the Witwatersrand, School of Public Health, Johannesburg, South Africa; University of Toronto, Canada; University of Ulm, Germany; University of Verona, Italy; University of Washington, Seattle WA, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; University of Zambia; Uni- versity of Zürich, Switzerland; University Women’s Clinic of the University Basel, Switzerland; URGENCHE Consortium Europe & China; US Agency for International Development (USAID); Veterinary Public Health (VPH), University of Bern, Swit- zerland; Virginia Bioinformatics Institute (VBI), Blacksburg, USA; Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Washington Uni- versity St. Louis (WUSTL), USA; Witwatersrand University, South Africa; World Health Organization (including Global Malaria Program, Initiative for Vaccine Re- search, Geneva and European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn, Ger- many); World Vision, Peru; Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland; Yun- nan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China; Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW)

Funding Partners Actelion, Allschwil, Switzerland; Agriculture and Health Platform, International Food and Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, USA; Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR), WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; AusAID, Can- berra, Australia; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (B&MGF), Seattle, USA; Canton of Basel-City, Switzerland; Canton of Luzern, Switzerland; Canton of Tessin, Switzerland; City of Basel, Switzerland; Coca Cola Foundation; COmON Founda- tion, The Netherlands; Consortium of 18 Swiss Cantons; Doris Duke Charitable Foundation (DDCF), New York, USA; DSM, Switzerland; Ecole Polytechnique Fe- dérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland; Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI); Emilia Guggenheim-Schnurr Foundation (EGS), Basel, Switzerland; European Commission; European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland; European Union Framework Programmes FP6 and FP7; Fairmed, Bern, Switzerland; Federal Commission for Scholarships for Foreign Students (FCS); Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Bern, Switzerland; Federal Office of Civil Protection (FOCP), Bern, Switzerland; Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH), Bern, Switzerland; Federal Office of Roads and Transport (FEDRO), Bern, Switzerland; Federal Office of Sport (VBS), Bern, Switzerland; Federal Veterinary Office (FVO), Bern, Switzer- land; Forlen Stiftung, Basel, Switzerland; Freiwillige Akademische Gesellschaft (FAG), Basel, Switzerland; French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME), Paris, France; Gabriele Charitable Trust, Lugano, Switzerland; Glaxo SmithKline Biologicals (GSK); Gottfried und Julia Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung und SAMW, Basel, Switzerland; Governmental Agencies of Cantons Aargau, Basel-City, Basel-Land, Geneva, Luzern, Ticino, Valais, and Zürich; Humer Foundation, Basel, Switzerland; Indo-Swiss Joint Research Programme (ISJRP), Lausanne, Switzer- land; Instituto de Investigación Nutricional (IIN), Lima, Peru; International De- velopment Research Center (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada; International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH), Accra, Ghana; Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI), Seattle, USA; Médécins Sans Frontiers (MSF); Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland; National Institutes of Health (NIH), Washington DC, USA; NCCR North-South, Bern, Switzerland; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development (NFSD), Basel Switzerland; Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland; Oncosuisse, Bern, Switzer land; Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW), The Hague,

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18 Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology (MPI)

The Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Bi- ology (MPI) contributes to improving the health of populations internationally and nationally through excellence in research, teaching and training. Its broad, interdisciplinary, scientific expertise in infection biology has lead to the development of innovative concepts, methods and products that will help strengthen health systems.

MPI research focuses on host-pathogen interactions and the determinants of infection and morbidity at the molecular, cellular, clinical and population level. In many areas of activity, the integration of clinical, field and laboratory research is of prime importance. Our multidisciplinary research is supported by close interactions with other departments at Swiss TPH and by participating in broad national and international collaborative networks. Building on a strong foundation of interdisciplinary research in infection biology, MPI develops innovative concepts and novel Clinical Immunology Unit. Photo: C. Daubenberger products to better control infectious diseases. These include drugs and other treatments, as well as vaccines and diagnostics. The department is also involved in validating and recombination for Theileria parva, using whole genome clinically testing new tools and supports the other Swiss sequencing. TPH departments focussing on application and strengthen- • Researchers demonstrated for the first time that vaccina- ing health systems. MPI’s research activities are described tion against the brown ear tick, Rhipicephalus appendicu- primarily in Key Area 1: Basic Research in Infection Biology, latus, based on the tick gut antigen RA86, affects mainly Key Area 2: Research and Development for Drugs, Vaccines, the nymphal tick stage and reduces transmission of Thei- Diagnostics and Vector Control and Key Area 3: Molecular leria parva. and Genetic Epidemiology.

Several MPI staff members hold teaching appointments at the University of Basel, Faculty of Science. Within the new Gene Regulation biology curriculum of the university, they are actively involved in courses for the BSc and MSc in Infection Biology. The core scientific interest of the Gene Regulation Unit, led Furthermore, they supervise a large number of PhD students by Till Voss, focuses on different aspects of nuclear biolog y and contribute to teaching at the Faculty of Medicine and in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Several for Swiss TPH’s postgraduate courses. studies in the genome-informed era of malaria research uncovered intriguing features of nuclear biology in malaria parasites and it is our aim to identify and understand such processes in greater detail. To achieve these goals, we com- Clinical Immunology bine classical molecular and cell biology tools with reverse genetics approaches, proteomics and genome-wide analy- The unit, led by Claudia Daubenberger, focuses mainly on ses. We collaborate with several Swiss TPH research units understanding human immune responses that prevent and and expert groups from other institutions in Switzerland control Plasmodium falciparum and Mycobacterium tuber- and abroad to share scientific and technological expertise culosis infection and disease progression, using multi-dis- and to optimise our research output. Specific projects pur- ciplinary and cross-platform approaches. Our studies are performed within the framework of clinical vaccination and intervention trials (Phase I to Phase III), analyses of co-infections of helminths with malaria, HIV and TB and co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus and TB. The innate immune response development in East African infants in the presence and absence of infectious disease is also dissected. Ad- ditionally, novel integrated control methods against Thei- leria parva, an apicomplexan parasite of livestock in East Africa, are being developed. During the reporting period, the unit made three major achievements:

• The first controlled human malaria infection study in Af- rican volunteers was performed, in collaboration with the Ifakara Health Institute and Sanaria. • Researchers generated one of the highest-resolution genome-wide analyses of the multiple outcomes of meiotic Gene Regulation Unit. Photo: Swiss TPH

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sued in our lab aim (1) to study the mechanisms responsible drug discovery. In close collaboration with Jörg Huwyler at for antigenic variation; (2) to describe and investigate nu- the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of clear landmark structures such as telomeres, centromeres Basel, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and nuclear pores; (3) to characterise the parasite nucleus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/ by organellar proteomics to establish a platform for future MS) as well as high-pressure liquid chromatography with functional analyses of the parasite nucleus; and (4) to con- UV detection (HPLC_UV) bioanalysis methodology is in duct detailed functional studies on important regulatory use to monitor pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinet- proteins. Additional knowledge in these areas will greatly ics of anthelminthic drugs. In addition, following the con- benefit our understanding of the molecular mechanisms cept “from innovation to application”, investigator driven responsible for antigenic variation and immune evasion clinical trials are carried out in the framework of long-term during blood stage infection. Further, we hope to provide partnerships with institutions in Southeast Asia and Africa. novel insight into essential nuclear processes that are im- Research highlights during the reporting period included: portant in stage-specific gene transcription and in cell cycle and life cycle progression. Major achievements during • Documenting the excellent opisthorchicidal properties the reporting period include: of the Chinese anthelminthic tribendimidine in a Phase II clinical trial in Lao PDR; • Identification of a novel DNA-protein interaction that is • Discovering synergistic anthelminthic drug combina- potentially involved in the regulation of antigenic variations, e.g. mefloquine-praziquantel, which progressed tion in the malaria parasite P. falciparum. into clinical trials; and • Establishing the first protein inventory of the P. falcipa- • Developing an in vitro assay for Trichuris muris using rum cell nucleus, using an integrated proteomics ap- hatching of embryonated eggs, which is successfully proach. employed in a DNDi funded drug discovery project.

The unit also developed and validated isothermal micro caliometry as a useful tool to assess drug action on a real Helminth Drug Development time basis for helminths. Led by Jennifer Keiser, the unit is engaged in drug discovery, preclinical research (with an emphasis on pharmacokinetic studies) and drug development (clinical trials). Molecular Diagnostics Our drug discovery work is in collaboration with academic The unit, led by Ingrid Felger, develops new tools for diagnosing parasitic diseases and for genotyping parasite strains and species. Tropical diseases are investigated, as well as parasites occurring in Switzerland. New diagnostic tests are applied in population wide studies in endemic areas or used for individual diagnosis in returning travellers and in patients referred to Swiss TPH’s policlinic.

Five major developments were recently undertaken:

• Within the Europe-wide LeishMan consortium, genotyping of Leishmania species is being optimised to provide evidence on which to base therapeutic decisions. • HIV drug resistance monitoring has been initiated in a major antiretroviral treatment cohort in Ifakara, Tanza- nia, in collaboration with the Ifakara Health Institute. Helminth Drug Development Unit. Photo: Swiss TPH • Sensitive detection strategies and high-resolution geno typing assays for the transmission stages of malaria and industrial partners, as well as with public private part- parasites are being developed. Our new tools for com- nerships such as the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initia- prehensive molecular monitoring of asexual and sexual tive (DNDi) and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV). Plasmodium stages are being applied to major field stud- The unit has established a unique collection of nematode ies. (e.g. both hookworm models Necator americanus and An- • Plasmodium vivax research has become a focal research cylostoma ceylanicum are maintained) and trematode (e.g. area of the unit. This was prompted by the need for mo- Schistosoma mansoni) rodent models. New technologies lecular monitoring of intervention successes in the con- and approaches are employed to improve anthelminthic text of malaria elimination. We are developing and ap-

Molecular Diagnostics Unit.

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20 Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology (MPI)

plying genotyping tools for investigating transmission These molecular epidemiological studies have been ex- dynamics, population genetics, or for molecular moni- tended to include comparative genomic analyses to bet- toring in clinical trials of antimalarials. ter understand natural immune defence and immune • Diagnostic tests are being developed for helminth infec- evasion mechanisms. These insights, in turn, are used tions, using proteomics and genomics approaches. Our to underpin the development of a protein-based menin- aim is to identify and combine chemically synthesised gococcal vaccine. peptides in multiplexed assays to improve upon previous diagnosis techniques using native or recombinant The Molecular Immunology Unit made a number of major antigens for human echinococcosis, strongyloidosis and achievements during the reporting period: Fasciola hepatica infections. • A virosomal malaria vaccine candidate developed by Swiss TPH, together with the University of Zürich and Pe- vion Biotech, showed efficacy in a Phase II vaccine trial Molecular Immunology in Tanzanian children. • A conserved malaria vaccine blood stage antigen desig- The Molecular Immunology Unit, led by Gerd Pluschke, de- nated Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen that elicits para- velops and evaluates new technologies for the design and site growth inhibitory antibodies in an innovative Plas- immunological testing of candidate vaccines, the develop- modium falciparum mouse model has been identified by ment of antigen detection systems, the analysis of the ge- a reverse vaccinology approach. netic and antigenic diversity of pathogens and the contri- • A Phase II clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of heat bution of the immune system to the efficacy of therapeutic treatment in patients with Buruli ulcer using a Phase interventions. This technology base is used for research on Change Material device has yielded promising results. a range of disease systems, including: • Based on comparative genomic analyses, we have developed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based • Buruli ulcer caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, a chronic typing method for Mycobacterium ulcerans that demon- necrotising skin disease. Our research here is embedded strated focal transmission of Buruli ulcer. in the international research consortium, “Stop Buruli”. • A lateral flow assay kit for the detection of anthrax spores Our activities focus on identifying transmission path- based on monoclonal antibodies developed by Swiss TPH ways, developing point-of-care diagnostics, and opti- will soon be commercialised. mising treatment. This is complemented by vaccine development within the EU-funded “Burulivac” research consortium and by research on thermotherapy for Bu- ruli ulcer. • P. falciparum malaria, where we focus on developing a Molecular Parasitology virosome-based synthetic subunit vaccine. In a clinical and Epidemiology trial with a bivalent vaccine formulation in Tanzanian children, pilot efficacy was observed. This promising Three major lines of research are pursued within the unit, clinical concept validation gives hope that an effective led by Hans-Peter Beck. First, we conduct research on the final formulation can be developed by adding additional cell biology of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium fal- antigens. For the search for new malaria vaccine candi- ciparum. Here, researchers focus in particular on the inter- date antigens, we are using a reverse vaccinology ap- action of proteins, which are exported into the host cell cy- proach and an innovative mouse model to assess the pro- tosol and are of crucial importance for the survival of the tective potential of new blood stage antigens. parasite whilst at the same time these proteins are involved • Meningococcal meningitis, where our longitudinal stud- in the pathology of the disease. A number of reverse genetic ies in the meningitis belt of sub-Saharan Africa have approaches combined with mass-spectrocopical analyses demonstrated clonal waves of colonisation and disease. to establish a protein interaction network of these exported proteins is used. To date, we have identified a number of potential interaction partners and will use systems approaches to establish such interaction networks within the host cell cytosol. Since the interaction of these proteins seems to be essential for survival of the parasite during the intraeryth- rocytic cycle we hope to eventually develop innovative intervention strategies. Second, we analyse the expression of Plasmodium falciparum var genes encoding the major virulence determinant, PfEMP1, in field samples. Our researchers are interested in whether or not a particular set of var genes determines severe disease or if var genes are ran- domly expressed. They are also interested in knowing how broad the var gene repertoire is within a specific population or worldwide. In order to analyse var genes in greater detail, a new technique that allows cloning of complete var Molecular Immunology Unit. Photo: Swiss TPH genes in single BACs has been developed. Finally, we con-

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of new chemical entities, we also reposition known drugs for use against tropical diseases, e.g. agrochemicals that are active against plasmodia or trypanosomes.

Target-oriented research is complemented by basic research in cell biology, molecular biology and bioinformatics. We study the molecular mechanisms of drug action and drug selectivity, with particular emphasis on the roles of nutrient transporters in drug uptake. Bioinformatic and experimental tools have been combined to identify and validate novel antiparasitic drug targets. Researchers also study the mechanisms of drug resistance, investigating whether or not mutations identified in the lab also occur in the field. Understanding the nature of drug resistance is pivotal for sustainable use of antiparasitic drugs. During the report- A day out in the greens: visiting the Fromagerie Amstutz SA. ing period, the unit made some notable research advances:

• With our partners, the team discovered and developed duct molecular epidemiological studies on Plasmodium fal- six drug candidates that successfully passed Phase I clin- ciparum in drug and other intervention trials and conduct ical trials; two for African sleeping sickness and four for studies on Mycobcterium tuberculosis to determine the di- malaria. versity of strains circulating in Papua New Guinea. Drug re- • Isothermal microcaliometry was developed and validated sistance in both parasites, using molecular techniques, is as a useful tool for assessing drug action on a real time currently being determined. basis for malaria and African trypanosomes. • The genome of the heartworm Dirofilaria immitis was sequenced and drug and vaccine targets were predicted. • A new approach to trick African trypanosomes into giv- Parasite Chemotherapy ing up their innate protection was awarded with a Phase II grant by the highly competitive Grand Challenges Ex- The research activities of the Parasite Chemotherapy Unit, plorations Programme of the BMGF. coordinated by Pascal Mäser, concentrate on drug discovery against unicellular parasites, the mode of action of new drug candidates and mechanisms of drug resistance. The aim is to discover new active compounds against:

• Plasmodium species, the causative agents of malaria; • African trypanosomes, causing sleeping sickness and nagana; • South-American trypanosomes, causing Chagas’ disease; • Leishmania, causing Kala Azar and cutaneous leishmani- oses; and • Entamoeba and Giardia, causing dysentery.

Based on the in vitro drug sensitivity tests developed by our researchers, we screen for molecules that are active against the parasites but much less so against mammalian cells. Parasite Chemotherapy Unit. Photo: Swiss TPH The identified “hits” are further characterised by their efficacy and pharmacokinetics, using a panel of in vitro and in vivo assays, thereby contributing to the development of new drugs against tropical diseases. Our main partners are Tuberculosis Research the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV). Several molecules The unit, led by Sebastien Gagneux, conducts both basic from our research have made it into drug candidates that and applied research. Specifically, the unit studies the cause are currently under clinical testing. Besides the discovery and consequence of global diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB). An important research focus of TBRU is the evolution and transmission dynamics of multidrug-resistant TB, Molecular Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit

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22 Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology (MPI)

Tuberculosis team at IHI. Photo: E. Straatsma Tuberculosis Research Unit. Photo: J. Pelikan

with a special emphasis on the role of bacterial factors. In Shanghai, China; Functional Genomics Centre, (FGCZ) Zürich, Switzerland; addition, TBRU studies the impact of co-morbidities, such Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation (GNF), San Diego; GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Madrid; Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), Tanzania; Impe- as HIV/AIDS and type 2 diabetes, in the biology and epi- rial College London; Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Mittel- demiology of TB. Increasingly, TBRU has been relying on häusern, Switzerland; Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium; Insti- tuto de Ciencias Biomedicas da USP, Sao Paulo, Brazil; International Livestock large-scale genomics platforms, in particular comparative Research Institute, (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya; Ivo de Carneri Foundation; Kenya whole-genome sequencing and RNA-seq, to address spe- Agricultural Research Institute Trypanosomiasis Research Centre (KARI-TRC); LeishMan team, European countries; Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; cific research questions. These experimental approaches are Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva; MRC Laboratories, Banjul, The combined with detailed molecular epidemiological stud- Gambia; N.D.Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of ies conducted both in Switzerland and in partnership with Sciences, Moscow; National Buruli Ulcer Control Programme, Accra, Ghana; National Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Tbilisi, Georgia; National various research institutions in endemic countries. The ap- Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), London, UK; Navrongo Health Research plied research carried out by the unit primarily consists of Centre (NHRC), Navrongo, Ghana; New York University School of Medicine (NYU), New York, USA; Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Accra, clinical trials for new TB diagnostics, drugs and vaccines, Ghana; Nouna Health Research Centre, Nouna, Burkina Faso; North-West Uni- and are jointly conducted with our partners at the Ifakara versity, Potchefstroom, South Africa; Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases Health Institute (IHI) in Bagamoyo, Tanzania. During the (NITD), Singapore; Novartis Pharma AG, Basel; Novartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena, Italy; Pan African Consortium for Evaluation of Anti reporting period, MPI researchers: tuberculosis Antibiotics (PanACEA team); Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka & Madang, PNG; Pevion Biotech Ltd, Bern; Public Health Laboratory Pemba; Queensland Mycobacterium Reference Laboratory, • Identified a novel set of compensatory mutations in the Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany; RNA polymerase of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium Sanaria Inc, Rockville, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Techno- tuberculosis, which appear to play an important role in logical University, Singapore; Scynexis, North Carolina; Statens Serum Insti- tute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; the global spread of drug-resistant M. tuberculosis; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich; Swiss Federal Institute of • Developed a novel single nucleotide polymorphism- Technology (EPFL) Lausanne; Telormedix SA, Bioggio, Switzerland; Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva; Uni versity based genotyping platform to identify the main phylo- of Basel; University of Bern; University of California, San Francisco; University genetic lineages of M. tuberculosis; of Cape Town,; University of Edinburgh; University of Glasgow; University of Heidelberg; University of Lausanne; University of Maryland; University of Mel- • Successfully completed a nine-year nationwide study on bourne; University of Munich; University of Naples; University of Nebraska; Uni- the molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in Switzer- versity of Nijmegen; University of North Carolina; University of Nottingham; land; University of Tübingen; University of Zürich; University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris; Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Austra- • Participated in clinical trials of new tuberculosis diag- lia; Virometix AG, Zürich; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Austra- nostics, treatment regimens, and vaccines, in collabo- lia; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, ration with the Ifakara Health Institute; and Hinxton, UK; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland • Were awarded a highly competitive European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant for our work on the evolu- Funding Partners tion of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Actelion Pharmaceuticals; Amt für Ausbildungsbeiträge Basel-Stadt; Bayer Healthcare AG; Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds; Brazilian Swiss Joint Research Programme; DFID/MRC/Wellcome Trust (Joint Global Health Trials Scheme); Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva; European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP); European Union (EU); EVIMalaR, European FP7 Net- work of Excellence; German Academic Exchange Service; Global Alliance Collaborators for Livestock Veterinary Medicines (GALVmed); Global Alliance for TB Drug Actelion Pharmaceuticals, Allschwil, Switzerland; Aga Khan University Hospi- Development (TB Alliance); Institute of One World Health; International tal, Nairobi, Kenya; Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI), Addis Ababa, Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research; Kommission für Forschungspart- Ethiopia; Aurum Institute for Health Research, Pretoria, South Africa,; Barce- nerschaften mit Entwicklungsländern (KFPE); Malaria Vaccine Initiativ e lona Centre for International Health Research, (CRESIB), Barcelona, Spain; (MVI); Medical Research Council, UK (MRC); Medicines for Malaria Venture Bayer CropScience; Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia; Broad (MMV); Medicor Foundation; National Institutes of Health (NIH); Novartis Re- Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA; Case Western Reserve Univer- search Foundation; OPO Stiftung; Research Fellow Partnership Programme, sity, Cleveland, USA; Centre de Depistage et de Traitement de l’Ulcere de Buruli North South Centre, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich (ETH); Rudolf d’Allada, Benin; Centre de Diagnostic et de Traitement de l’Ulcère de Buruli, Geigy Stiftung; Scientific & Technological Cooperation Programme Switzerland- Pobè, Bénin; Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB), Russia; Stanley Thomas Johnson Foundation; Swiss National Science Founda- Spain; Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Geneva; F. Hoffmann- tion (SNSF); The Leverhulme Foundation/Royal Society; UBS Optimus Foun- La-Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland; Fairmed; Federal Office for Civil Protection, dation; Unisciencia Foundation; University of Basel; Volkswagen Foundation; Spiez Laboratory; Foundation for Medical Research, Mumbai, India; Fred Vontobel Stiftung; Wellcome Trust Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre, (FHCRC), Seattle, USA; Fudan University,

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The Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH) 23

Improving Health Systems Worldwide Mission Statement of the SCIH

The Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH) is a service The Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH) con- department of the Swiss TPH. We provide programme man- tributes to improving health systems and population agement and implementation, consultancy and advisory, access to effective health services worldwide. It com- teaching and training, and operations research services to bines scientific knowledge and practical expertise to re- sustainably strengthen health systems worldwide. We are duce health inequalities. engaged globally in short- and long-term projects and programmes with a special focus on Africa, Asia, Central and In strengthening health systems, our approach is to of- Eastern Europe and Switzerland. The SCIH is also a WHO fer comprehensive, interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral Collaborating Centre for Health Systems Development. services, covering project or programme identification, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Our services are based on evidence developed by the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH) and its wider network of collaborators. The experiences of our collaborators feed into the teaching provided by Swiss TPH.

Our guiding principle is to work with partners to respond to local needs, thus tailoring our services to the contexts and countries in which we work. The SCIH combines the state-of-the-art knowledge of a multidisciplinary academic institution with the industry standards of a consulting agency.

The SCIH is one of the service departments of Swiss TPH in Basel, Switzerland and works on a non-profit basis. Services: Any benefits generated are reinvested in creating know Innovation, Validation and Implementation ledge and providing training in the field of international health. Based on our technical and managerial expertise in health- sector reform and systems development, and our extensive field work experience, the SCIH provides assistance in the Teaching and Training implementation of development projects, acts as an executing and support agency for health development and offers To ensure sustainability of the benefits of our services we short- and long-term consultancies in all aspects of health engage in teaching and training of technical, medical, man- services management, planning, risk analysis, operations agerial and administrative personnel as a crucial part of research and evaluation. Our interdisciplinary approach our efforts. We also supervise PhD and MSc students and capitalises on our wealth of knowledge across numerous contribute to international university level courses such disciplines. as Health Care and Management in Tropical Countries

Swiss Centre for International Health Head: Nicolaus Lorenz, Deputy: Kaspar Wyss

Communications and Tender Writing Project Administration Unit

Health Sexual and Systems Systems Technology and Reproductive Performance Support Unit Telemedicine Health Unit and Monitoring (SySU) Unit (HTTU) (SRHU) Unit (SPMU)

Head: Head: Head: Head: Martin Raab Manfred Zahorka Odile Pham-Tan Kaspar Wyss

20 Field Offices (see list page 27) Organisational structure and thematic focus areas of the SCIH.

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24 The Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH)

(HCMTC), rational drug policy and management for diseases of poverty, and perinatal services. We regularly publish pa- SCIH Comparative Advantages pers in peer-reviewed journals and contribute actively to in- • Unique combination of an academic background and ternational discussions on health development. The annual industry standards consultancy Swiss TPH Spring Symposium on specific global health is- • Familiarity with international initiatives and agencies sues is also organised by the SCIH, attracting high level in- • Highly successful, multidisciplinary, multicultural ternational and national speakers and providing a fertile and multilingual core team ground for discussion with a wide range of stakeholders • Market orientation without prime objective of maxim- on current topics. ising financial profits • Gain is reflected in contribution to sustainable development, generation of research questions and a solid basis for our teaching and training activities

Thematic Areas The bulk of SCIH activities are embedded in Key Area 10: Translating Evidence on Health Systems to Policy and Prac- tice and Measuring Post Policy Implementation, with relevant activities also in Key Area 11: eHealth and Key Area 8: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Gender. We maintain our excellence with a select group of experienced professionals from various disciplines, backgrounds and cultures Swiss TPH Spring Symposium, 2010. Photo: R. Duerr focusing on the following four thematic areas:

Swiss TPH Spring Symposia

2012: eHealth in Proof and Practice: Opportunities and Challenges in International Health 2011: Improving Access through Effective Health Financing 2010: Sex, Youth and Health 2009: Making Health Interventions Work: From Validation to Application 2008: The Role of Information & Communication Technologies in Health Systems Development Moldovan Neonatal Ward. Photo: M. Blunier

Strategy 2015 Health Technology and Telemedicine The SCIH maintains a leading position as a consulting agency in international health in Switzerland and contin- The steady influx of new methods, materials and clinical de- ues to expand into international markets. To sustain this vices into health services shape the way health care is pro- growth, we orient ourselves with our “Strategy 2015”, ena- vided. The implications of technology for health — increas- bling us to further our reputation for providing services in ing recurrent costs, additional support services, changes in international health based on institutional, technical and medical practice and training needs — are often underes- scientific expertise. Human resource development and timated. Appropriate infrastructure, medical facilities and regional decentralised collaboration are key elements of equipment, health devices, logistics and proper manage- the strategy, as is a quality management system that en- ment are crucial for preventive and curative health services. sures efficient processes compliant with the highest ethical The rapid propagation of health technology is fuelled by standards. In addition, internal knowledge management changing demographics, scientific progress, societal expec- is constantly evolving to strengthen our knowledge base. tations and changing burdens of disease. The most current knowledge is required to ensure that health service provision makes the best use of available technologies. For more details on our strategy, activities and approach, please visit http://scih.swisstph.ch. In support of these ever-changing needs, Martin Raab and his team leverage their expertise in health technology man-

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agement (HTM) and informatics and communication tech- vices, such as family planning and HIV and AIDS, in pro- nology (ICT) for health systems (see Key Area 11: eHealth). jects throughout Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Moldova, Roma- One example of our work in this area is the Moldovian-Swiss nia) and Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Perinatal Care project, where the SCIH led the design of a Republic of Congo, Ghana). For example, within the Pre- comprehensive HTM system, including developing relevant vention and Awareness in Schools of HIV and AIDS (PA- policies, introducing computerised inventory systems, es- SHA) project in Tanzania, we provided technical expertise tablishing a needs-based procurement strategy, providing and support through sensitising school communities, im- medical engineering services, facilitating training for care plementing school counselling services and peer educa- providers and establishing a telemedicine network using tion in schools, and supporting School Counselling and the web-based telemedicine platform iPath – the results of AIDS Education Committees. As a result of these efforts, which significantly increased the overall quality of care in students have improved knowledge of and attitudes about perinatal facilities (see Key Area 10, section 3). We transfer sexual and reproductive health and HIV/AIDS, and are em- our know-how via systematic assessment, appropriate so- powered to make informed decisions, develop positive life lutions and process and system optimisation, including hu- skills and become responsible adults. Today, the approach man resources and institutional capacity building. In pur- of PASHA is fully integrated into the Ministry of Education suit of the Swiss TPH eHealth strategy of utilising ICTs to and Vocational Training’s structure and is no longer a pro- achieve overarching health goals in our partner countries, ject, but an integral programme in the Ministry’s response we closely collaborate with the institute’s IT team and re- to the HIV epidemic. In Switzerland, we provide technical search departments to conceptualise, roll out and validate and policy advisory services to clients such as the Swiss De- eHealth interventions. Together we offer Telemedicine, velopment Agency (SDC) and support the coordination of eLearning, Health Information Systems Research Informa Swiss actors working in the field of SRHR abroad. tics, and eHealth tools and services. For more information please visit www.swisstph.ch/services/ehealth.html.

Sexual and Reproductive Health With the growing recognition of the field’s importance for global population dynamics, sustainable development and poverty reduction, promoting sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) has gained new momentum on the global health and development agendas. Within this thematic area, led by Manfred Zahorka, we address all thematic fields of SRHR (see Key Area 8) within the broader context of health sector reform and health systems strengthening to promote sustainability, efficiency and improved access Nouna-Research-Centre, Burkina-Faso. Photo: T. Schuppisser to health services (see Key Area 10). We respond to the increasing demand for quality health service provision and assist in the development of prevention and health promotion interventions, especially at the community level, in- Systems Performance and Monitoring volving gender, equity and social development approaches. More specifically, our work focuses on supporting govern- Performance assessment and monitoring provide an impor- ments to improve the quality of maternal and perinatal tant basis for analysing the outcomes and impacts of dif- health services and to promote the integration of SRH ser- ferent health systems programmes and projects, and more generally, on public health. SCIH activities in this field are led by Odile Pham-Tan. Through improving the performance quality and functioning of health services and programmes we contribute to the development of accessible, equitable and efficient health systems. We carry out research and project implementation, supporting the development of sustainable health systems to alleviate poverty and reduce health deficiencies (see Key Area 10, section 4). This involves rethinking solutions for pharmaceutical and financial management performance assessment, and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms.

As a Local Fund Agent (LFA) for The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) we take part in and lead major evaluations and consultancies in 19 coun- Prevention and Awareness in Schools of HIV/AIDS (PASHA) tries, as well as the REDCA region (see page 27). We assess programme. Photo: T. Schuppisser the capacity of potential principal recipients to implement a

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26 The Swiss Centre for International Health (SCIH)

project, review proposed budgets and work plans and sup- projects emphasise policy dialog with decision makers to port the Global Fund in grant negotiations. We oversee pro- enhance the effectiveness of activities and funding (see Key gramme performance and financial accountability, includ- Area 10, sections 1 and 3). ing ad hoc assignments such as investigations relating to the suspected misuse of funds.

Systems Support Effective health services can only be assured through sustainable and strong health systems. Evidence informed health workforces and financing policies are the cornerstone of robust health systems. From a systems perspective, we identify, analyse, review and compare health strategies and policies to enlarge the evidence base and facilitate decision making in these critical areas, contributing to the understanding of health reforms and health systems development support (see Key Areas 9 and 10). Most of the SCIH Basel team, June 2012. Photo: Swiss TPH

Within this framework, Kaspar Wyss leads a team which evaluates human resources, placing emphasis on how and un- Our Team der what conditions a management strengthening intervention can improve workforce performance and retention and Over 130 professional staff members of some 45 nationalities further aid the development of training capacities in low- currently work for the SCIH in Basel and abroad. The var- and middle-income countries; undertakes economic evalu- ious concentrations and competencies represented by our ations encompassing resource planning, costing, cost-effec- team are our capital. SCIH public health specialists span a tiveness analysis and health system financing – including variety of backgrounds including biology, biomedical engi- health insurance support and public financial manage- neering, business administration, communication technol- ment; and addresses the continuum between data, infor- ogy, communications, developmental sociology, econom- mation and knowledge, promoting the production and use ics, education, epidemiology, finance management, health of high quality evidence to inform decision making through technology, medical informatics, medicine, pharmaceuti- activities such as auditing data quality, generating evidence cal science, pharmacology, public administration, social from monitoring and evaluation assignments, analysing anthropology, social geography, social marketing and sta- surveys, conducting systematic reviews and designing ap- tistics. The capacity and diversity of SCIH competencies is proaches to develop health systems guidance. Project Sino further enhanced through frequent collaboration with other (Tajik-Swiss Health Reform and Family Medicine Support Swiss TPH professionals. To cover very specific and short- Project) in Tajikistan and the Health Promotion and System term capacity gaps, we also maintain a wide network of ex- Strengthening (HPSS) project in Tanzania, for example, im- ternal professional partners. prove access to care through strengthening community involvement, quality of care, skills of primary care providers, infrastructure and equipment availability, and more gener- How and Where We Work ally, through resource shifts away from hospitals towards primary care. The HPSS project in Tanzania additionally We are active around the globe, with the majority of our improves financial protection of the population by enroll- staff based in the field, ensuring hands-on local involve- ing people in a community-based insurance scheme. Both ment. Our Basel-based staff travel frequently on assign-

Health Service Provider in Tajikistan. Photo: T. Schuppisser LFA team meeting, November 2010. Photo: Swiss TPH

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ments and have first-hand experience of the countries with Collaborators which they work. Our colleagues working as LFAs and as Association Progress Print Alternative, Moldova; Association of Biomedical Engineers technical assistants for bilateral agencies are present in of Moldova; Association of Perinatal Medicine, Moldova; Basel University Hospital, 32 countries. We operate 20 field offices, most of which have Maternity and Paediatric Departments, Switzerland; Centre de Support en Santé Internationale, N’Djamena, Chad; Centre for Health Policy and Services, Moldova; a non-governmental organisation (NGO) status independent Centre of Sociological Research “Zerkalo”, Tajikistan; CRED Foundation, Romanian- of a specific project. Swiss Centre for Health Sector Development, Romania; CREDES Society, France; Development Project Service Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal; Ecumenical Pharmaceu- tical Network, Kenya; Freiburg University Hospital, Dept. for Quality Management, We cultivate a strong working relationship with our global Germany; Geneva University Hospital, Maternity and Paediatric Department, Switzer land; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; La Trobe University, Mel- clients and partners, as well as with various UN and aid bourne Australia; Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom; Medical organisations. Our client portfolio is large and includes the School of Southern Africa (Medunsa) Limpopo, South Africa; MEH Consultants, Kathmandu, Nepal; Micro Insurance Academy, Germany and India; Ministry of Health Swiss and German governments and European Union (EU) and its entities in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, development agencies. Global initiatives and other inter- Moldova, Rwanda, Tanzania, Tajikistan, Togo, Ukraine, Romania; National Health Insurance Fund, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; National Social Marketing Associations national agencies constitute a considerable portion of our in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad and Congo; Norwegian Knowledge portfolio. A spirit of collaboration and mutual respect gov- Centre for Health Services, Norway; Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, United Kingdom; Options Consultancy Services, erns the relationship between the SCIH and its partners and Ltd., United Kingdom; Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies clients. The projects that the SCIH supports are developed en Afrique Centrale; Pharmacy Council, Tanzania; School of Public Health, Makerere University, Uganda; School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; SKAT in line with policies, guidelines and priorities of partner Consulting, Switzerland; SolidarMed, Switzerland; South African Medical Research countries and agencies and are in keeping with the princi- Council; Southampton University, Department of Demography, United Kingdom; St. John’s University, Dodoma, Tanzania; Swiss Network for Health Technology ples of the 2005 Paris Declaration of alignment and coordi- Assessment; Tajik State Medical University, Dushanbe, Tajikistan; Tanzania Medical nation for aid effectiveness. Equipment, Ltd., Tanzania; Tanzania Network for Community Health Funds, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Technical University of Moldova; UNITAID, Geneva, Switzerland; United Nations Development Programme, New York, United States; United Nations Population Fund, New York, United States; University of Calgary, Canada; University of Cape Town, South Africa; University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; West African Health Organization, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso; World Health Organization, SCIH Global Presence Geneva, Switzerland 1. Benin*• 2. Bolivia*• 3. Burkina Faso*• Funding Partners 4. Burundi• Agence Française de Developpment (AFD); Crucell; Bundesamt für Gesundheit, • (BAG); Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung, 5. Cambodia* Deutschland (BMZ); Department for International Development DFID of the UK; 6. Cameroon European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP); Eur opean • Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST); Financial 7. Chad* Mechanism Offices (FMO) of Norway, Iceland and Lichtenstein of the European 8. Djibouti* Economic Area (EEA); Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammen arbeit (GIZ); Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI); Global Drug Facility of 9. Egypt• Stop TB Partnership; Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria • (GFATM); Indo-Swiss bilateral Research Initiative (SNF); International Centre for 10. El Salvador* Diarrhoeal Disease Research of Bangladesh (ICDDR,B); International Committee of 11. Equatorial Guinea* the Red Cross (ICRC); KFW German Development Bank; Lux Development; NCCR • North-South; Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel, Switzerland; 12. The Gambia* Novartis Vaccins; Rockefeller Foundation; Stiftung Swiss School of Public Health+ 13. Guatemala*• (SSPH+); Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC); UNITAID; United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); 14. Korea (Democratic Republic) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); USAID; 15. Kyrgyzstan World Health Organisation (WHO & WHO/TDR/HRP/IVR); Worldbank 16. Mali*• 17. Moldova 18. Myanmar*• 19. Nicaragua*• 20. Niger*• 21. Nigeria 22. PDR Lao*• 23. Romania• 24. Rwanda 25. Sao Tomé & Principe* 26. Senegal*• 27. Switzerland (Headquarters) 28. Syria* 29. Tajikistan• 30. Tanzania• 31. Ukraine• 32. West Bank and Gaza*

* Local Fund Agent (19+REDCA region) • Field Office (20)

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28 Department of Medicines Research (MedRes)

The core competence of the Department of Medicines Re- from academic partner organisations and freelance con- search (MedRes) is the resource effective conduct and man- sultants who have undergone basic training at Swiss TPH agement of clinical research projects. The department’s long and regularly participate in the institute’s ongoing train- history of conducting clinical research projects, particularly ing activities. in Africa, and its close collaboration with Swiss TPH’s clinical and research units, gives it a distinct ability to provide Our customers include both companies and not-for-profit clinical research services and expertise. organisations (product development partnerships, governmental organisations and academic institutions, Services provided by MedRes include: among others).

a) Planning and conducting clinical studies b) Supporting investigator-initiated trials (IIT). Funding IITs b) Monitoring clinical trials forms an attractive opportunity for companies to collab- c) Developing customised quality management systems orate with academic institutions to jointly address re- d) Customising trainings for clinical trial staff search questions that are not covered by standard drug development programmes. By definition, the investiga- MedRes’ work takes place at the interface of industry and tor is also the sponsor of an IIT, thus the level of control academia. MedRes staff is composed in such a way that that the funding company has is limited. PMU IIT-ser- academic and industry background is well balanced. vices provide training, support and coaching to Spon- sor-Investigators during the planning, preparation and MedRes provides services in two mutually reinforcing areas: implementation phases of investigator initiated studies, thereby helping to maximise the return on invest for the funder.

1. The Pharmaceutical Medicine Unit Typical services offered in this field include: (PMU) • Training for Sponsor-Investigators • Coaching Sponsor-Investigators during IIT planning PMU, led by Marc Urich, is an academic Contract Research and implementation Organisation (CRO) that provides external customers with • Setting up quality management systems in academic highly customised, resource-effective and result-oriented institutions services for clinical research. The team’s academic roots • Supporting companies during internal quality man- distinguish it from other CROs and allow us to offer ser- agement system set-up vices that take full advantage of Swiss TPH’s unique setting. Our customers include companies that want to optimise PMU activities focus on two main areas: IIT programme output and academic researchers who seek support for their projects. Our services in this area benefit a) Managing small and medium sized clinical trials on pov- greatly from the input of research colleagues who provide erty related diseases. Typical services include monitor- current and candid insight into the daily challenges of con- ing and project management support. We support and ducting academic clinical research. enrich this business area through regular exchange with our research colleagues at Swiss TPH. Collaboration with a close network of regional partners gives us maximum flexibility and a unique ability to consider local contexts. Our partners include Swiss TPH employees, employees 2. The Research Cluster

Led by Christian Burri, the Research Cluster is PMU’s academic counterpart. It drives Swiss TPH’s internal clinical research forward, taking advantage of our experiences in competitive commercial environments. The team’s activities include

• Conducting clinical and pharmaceutical research • Collaborating as an operational partner in Swiss TPH clinical research performed in other departments • Optimising and facilitating internal processes on an ongoing basis, such as study planning and ethic committee submission through the study secretariat

In addition to PMU and the Research Cluster, the department comprises Quality Management Services (QMS), which Teaching clinical ethics during pre-study visit for FEXI004 trial in is organised as a staff unit. QMS has the following internal Dingila, DRC. Photo: C. Burri and external roles:

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a) Ensuring continuous internal staff training, taking re- Ongoing Collaboration sponsibility for the selection and training of our regional monitors and supporting the institutional study secretar- Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) – Sleeping Sickness iat. HAT has been a traditional research focus of the institute. The particular challenge of conducting HAT clinical trials b) Offering external training courses on topics relevant to lies in patient distribution, as most HAT patients live in re- clinical research and providing the backbone of quality mote, rural areas of Africa. The field of sleeping sickness management for consultations and projects. Trainings treatment has evolved tremendously over the past few years. range from standard programmes, like general GCP train- Until recently, only an unacceptably toxic organo-arsenical ing (SwissMedic accredited for investigators and sub-in- drug was available for treatment of second-stage disease; to- vestigators), to tailor-made courses adapted to the spe- day, patients can profit from the much better tolerated NECT cific needs of research organisations and sponsors. and there is even a small number of compounds ready for clinical testing. MedRes is very much involved in this development and currently supports two drug development pro- Medicines Research at Swiss TPH: grammes, nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment (NECT) (Phase IIIb field trial, Democratic Republic of the Bridging Industry and Academia Congo) and fexinidazole (Phase II–III, Democratic Repub- The department’s structure and strategy, as described lic of the Congo and Central African Republic), on behalf of above, is the result of 12 years of lessons-learned and rec- the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative. ognition that the landscape of drug development for poverty-related diseases has changed tremendously during that period.

Although our two main fields of activities are divided into the service unit, PMU, and the research-oriented Research Cluster, we do not dedicate our staff to only one of these areas. Rather, our organisational structure allows each team member to collect and combine experiences from both areas. Our credo is that the real value for our customers (both internally and externally) is mainly created by exchange between the two units.

In our offices, we host an independent Senior Regulatory Expert, which gives us easy access to regulatory know-how. Pharmacovigilance work will focus on academic projects in Investigators training for NECT Field study, Bandundu, DRC. collaboration with the Department of Pharmaceutical Sci- Photo: S. Bernhard ences at the University of Basel.

We are currently exploring opportunities for partnering with Malaria larger CROs in order to be able to participate in larger trials In line with Swiss TPH priorities, MedRes is involved in sev- that need our expertise. eral malaria studies, ranging from early-stage vaccine de-

MedRes Team

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30 Department of Medicines Research (MedRes)

velopment to post-approval implementation studies for new Training international Sponsor-Investigators in Germany drugs. Our particular interest lies in a) developing an ap- (GABA International AG, Therwil, Switzerland) propriate methodology for “challenge studies”, a new clinical model that has the potential to revolutionise vaccine Coaching Sponsor-Investigators during preparation and and drug development in this area and b) conducting late implementation of the ROBUST-study (University Hospi- phase “real life” effectiveness studies. tal Basel-Stadt)

SwissMedic-certified standard trainings for investigators and co-investigators

Capacity Building The ARCEAU-RDC project was successfully concluded after four years of funding from the BMGF. Two clinical research centres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are ready to host clinical trials and research studies, one at the Kinshasa School of Public Health and one at Biamba Ma- rie Mutombo Hospital. Both institutions have already provided Swiss TPH representatives in Kinshasa with a base for studies on malaria.

Collaborators Centre assessment for the “MATIAS” implementation study of Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; University of Kinshasa, School of artesunate against severe malaria, Centre de Santé de Menkao, DRC. Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; RaPID Pharmacovigi- Photo: C. Burri lance Program, O3i Inc (NGO), Edgewater, NJ, USA; University of Bern, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), Bern, Switzerland; University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University of Ghana, Medical School, Centre for Trop- We currently support a malaria sporozoites challenge trial ical Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Accra, Ghana; WHO Collaborating Cen- (Phase I) in Tanzania for Sanaria Inc., a vaccine challenge tre for International Drug Monitoring (UMC), Uppsala, Sweden trial in Switzerland (Phase I) for Vac-4-all, an observational study of fixed dose combinations of artesunate-amodi- Funding Partners aquine in Côte d’Ivoire for Sanofi and DNDi and lead an Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville MD, USA; Aurum Institute, Parktown, observational implementation study (Phase IV) of inject- South Africa; Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF), Seattle WA, USA; able artesunate use in severe malaria cases in the Demo- Bionorica SE, Neumarkt, Germany; Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), Geneva, Switzerland; European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partner- cratic Republic of the Congo on behalf of the Medicines for ship (EDCTP); Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzer- Malaria Venture. land; GABA International AG, Therwil, Switzerland; Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Intermune, Brisbane CA, USA; Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland; Roll Back Malaria Partnership, Geneva, Switzerland; Sanaria Tuberculosis Inc., Rockville MD, USA; Sanofi-Aventis S.A., Paris, France; Universität Basel, Swiss South African Joint Research Programme (SSAJRP); Vac-4-all, Paris, France; Vienna Tuberculosis (TB) research is a comparatively new, but fast School of Clinical Research, Vienna, Austria growing field of activity at Swiss TPH. In line with this development, MedRes started supporting TB projects during this reporting period. Our current focus in this field is on early and exploratory studies. During the reporting period, we monitored one centre in Kenya participating in a mul- ticentre TB vaccine study among HIV-uninfected infants for Aeras. At present, we are monitoring a TB vaccine trial among HIV-infected adults (Phase II) in South Africa and Tanzania, on behalf of the Aurum Institute/Statens Serum Institut and a (Phase II) study on diagnostics for childhood tuberculosis in high burden countries in the framework of an EDCTP funded consortium.

For further details of our activities, please refer to Key Area 2: Research and Development for Drugs, Vaccines, Diagnostics and Vector Control.

Examples of Our other Ongoing Activities Training Sponsor-Investigators in Russia, Ukraine, Uzbek- istan and Kazakhstan (Bionorica SE, Neumarkt, Germany)

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Department of Medical Services and Diagnostics (MEDDIA) 31

The Department of Medical Services and Diagnostics Medical students and physicians from Switzerland and (MEDDIA) of the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Insti- Germany are regularly trained at the department. The Swiss tute is the only institution in Switzerland providing preven- Federation of Physicians recognises the department as an tive, diagnostic and curative services for imported infectious official training institution for postgraduate physicians in diseases and serves as the Swiss National Reference Centre the fields of Tropical and Travel Medicine, Infectious Dis- for Imported Human Parasitic Diseases. Formal collabora- eases and Internal Medicine. tive contacts exist with the University of Zürich and Univer- sity of Bern and with all major University Travel Clinics and Collaborative research on prevention, diagnosis and man- Departments of Infectious Diseases in Switzerland (Basel, agement of various infectious diseases is conducted with Bern, Genève, Lausanne, St. Gallen, Zürich-WHO Collabo- Swiss TPH scientists and with partners in national and rating Centre) through the Expert Committee for Travel Med- international institutions in Germany, the Netherlands, icine, (ECTM), a collaborative network. Belgium, United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Angola, Brazil, Cameroon, Ethiopia, the People’s Republic of China, the The department provides expertise on a wide range of Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Lao People’s tropical and travel medicine issues and offers a variety of Democratic Republic, Cambodia, Thailand, Peru and Tan- services to medical practitioners and the public, including: zania.

• Care for travellers returning ill from tropical and subtrop- Our clinicians have formal appointments at the University ical countries Hospitals of Basel, Bern and Zürich and maintain close • Advice to short- and long-term travellers on preventive contacts with the travel clinics in Lausanne and Geneva. measures The department’s staff provides clinical expertise to ongo- • Advisory services for physicians on tropical and travel- ing epidemiological studies, drug trials and other research related health problems, including emerging diseases projects at Swiss TPH. • Telephone advice (24-hour service) for physicians and travellers • National Reference Centre for Imported Human Parasitic Diseases Medical Services • General information through internet services • Parasitic disease diagnosis using a wide range of tests Travel Clinic • Quality control partnership for parasitic disease diagnosis Led by Christoph Hatz, our travel clinic is the largest in • Vector control advisory and research centre. Northwestern Switzerland, offering pre-travel services to those living in the region and in neighbouring areas in Germany and France. Some 10,000 clients received travel Mission Statement advice and vaccinations in 2010 and 2011 and our telephone advice service receives more than 25,000 callers each year. The clinic is open five-days a week at fixed times in the The Medical and Diagnostic Department (MEDDIA) aims afternoons. to maintain and further develop its role as a national centre of excellence in travel and tropical medicine and By closely following international health events and be in parasitological diagnostic services for Switzerland, nefitting from research in the TropNet (a European network European and overseas countries through research- and of institutions in tropical and travel medicine) and the Ex- education-based services. pert Committee for Travel Medicine networks, we are able to provide evidence-based pre-travel advice services of the highest quality. The department has maintained a regular presence at the Annual Basel Travel Fair for more than 20 years. MEDDIA Out-patients Department also has a Vector Control Unit that conducts translational Five specialists in tropical and travel medicine offer diag- and contract research for new tools against arthropod vec- nosis and treatment services for travel-related diseases and tors, including a repellent and insecticide testing facility. check-up investigations for people returning from or going to tropical countries. The department, led by Johannes The department’s senior staff teach 420 contact hours in Blum, offers consultant services to hospitals in the Basel some 70 national and international tropical and travel med- region and to other Swiss hospitals. A 24-hour emergency icine courses and seminars every year. Regular one-week service for advice on and treatment of tropical and emerg- courses in Travel Medicine have been offered for 18 years. ing diseases is available to the general public, to patients All travel medicine courses are conducted in collaboration working in national and international organisations and to with national and international facilitators. medical doctors working in private practices and hospitals. The department recorded close to 3,000 patient contacts in Clinical tropical medicine has been taught in three-week 2011. Consultations with returning travellers accounted for courses in Tanzania, offering excellent opportunities for almost 2,000 contacts, 12% of which were emergency con- continuing education of the staff. One staff member has tacts. Our physicians also serve as staff physicians for the been repeatedly invited to teach at the Gorgas Course in growing number of Swiss TPH employees and overseas Lima, Peru. students.

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32 Department of Medical Services and Diagnostics (MEDDIA) Diagnostic Services Other Activities

National Reference Centre for Imported Human Parasitic Dis- Operational Research in Travel Medicine: Risk Perception of eases and Molecular Diagnostics Unit Travellers to Tropical and Subtropical Countries More than 28,000 serological, 6,500 haematological and Pre- and post-travel perceptions of travel-associated health 8,000 coprological examinations were performed in both risks were recorded among 314 travellers to tropical and 2010 and 2011. Led by Hanspeter Marti and Stephanie subtropical destinations at our Travel Clinic, using a vali- Kramme, the unit’s emergency diagnostic service examined dated visual psychometric measuring instrument (PRISM, some 200 blood films per year to confirm or rule out malaria a Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure). Be- (outside regular working hours). The unit’s accredited fore travel, travellers considered mosquito-related diseases laboratory regularly provides polymerase chain reaction to pose the greatest risk. After travel, compared to other tests to investigate leishmania species, malaria, trypano- risks, accidents were ranked higher. The study concluded somiasis, strongyloides and amoebiasis. Serological tests that travel-related health risks as perceived by travellers against Anisakis, Angiostrongylus, Paragonimus and Gna- may differ from professional risk assessments, thus, travel thostoma are performed for many European centres, often health professionals should consider important but insuf- leading to additional requests for tests. New tests for echi- ficiently perceived health risks, such as sexual behaviour/ nococcosis and strongyloidiasis are being studied for rou- sexually transmitted infections and accidents, as an inte- tine use. gral part of pre-travel health advice.

Laboratory staff regularly carry out quality control exami- Medicine in the Tropics: HIV/AIDS Treatment Cohort in a nations for various field projects. Teaching and training on Rural Tanzania Setting laboratory practice has been offered extensively through As of August 2012, more than 6,000 patients had been courses in Switzerland and abroad. The annual audits enrolled at St Francis Referral Hospital since the start of for certification of the laboratory services according to EU the National Aids Control Programme (NACP) in 2004. All standards EN ISO/IEC 17025 have confirmed the quality those in need of anti-retroviral drugs (ART) started treat- since 2004. ment. The supply of drugs for continuous anti-retroviral therapy (cART) has been uninterrupted since ARV distribution started at the new Chronic Disease Department in Ifakara (CDDI).

Epidemiology and Molecular Monitoring of HIV Drug Resis tance in Tanzania In resource poor settings, accessibility to and preservation of inexpensive drugs for antiretroviral treatment is most needed. Active drug combinations can only be preserved when treatment programmes are closely linked to careful and effective resistance testing that also allows for captur- ing the resistance dynamics in patient cohorts. To facilitate early monitoring of the occurrence and spread of viral drug resistance, we have built up research facilities for HIV molecular epidemiology at the Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania. The laboratory, funded by the Swiss MEDDIA staff. Photo: Swiss TPH National Science Foundation, now provides some molecular diagnostic tests (e.g., molecular viral load quantifica- Vector Control Centre

Personal protection against biting arthropods (e.g. mosquitoes and ticks) and vector control, by and large, continue to be the most effective measures for preventing vector-borne disease such as malaria, dengue and Lyme disease. In collaboration with the manufacturing industry and research institutions, the Vector Control Centre, led by Pie Müller, develops and validates tools for personal protection, for vector surveillance and for arthropod vector control. The unit carries out research to understand the ecology and physi- ology of medically important mosquitoes with the purpose of improving current vector control. The unit also engages in teaching and training for the relevant BSc, MSc and PhD programmes. Vector Control Centre. Photo: Swiss TPH

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tion and detection of drug resistance mutations by Sanger stations through training and information, and that stock- sequencing) for patients from the Tanzanian HIV cohort, outs and delayed drug delivery were common in the periph- KIULARCO. To create a low cost and sustainable set up with eral CTCs in the investigated Kilombero and Ulanga Dis- limited resources, in-house developed protocols are in use. tricts of Tanzania. Initial studies have focused on monitoring drug resistance mutations in baseline samples collected prior to treatment The Kilombero-Ulanga-Anti-Retroviral-Cohort (KIULARCO) and on characterising cases of treatment failure. will generate further data on various features of HIV/AIDS, including disease transmission, treatment adherence, tuberculosis and Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory A study on HIV and helminth co-infection was recently com- Syndrome (IRIS) among patients attending CDDI, with the pleted. Three parasitological results are of major relevance aim of filling gaps in our present knowledge about the im- to public health: pact of the disease and its management in rural Tanzania.

1. There is a moderate to high helminth prevalence in the Other research: population served at the HIV clinic at St. Francis Referral Malaria risk assessment and infection management for Hospital: 43% of the population at the HIV clinic are in- travellers to various endemic countries, immunogenicity fected with at least one helminth species. The real prev- and the safety of yellow fever vaccinations for HIV-infected alence is estimated to be 10%–20% higher (the study an- patients, defining accident risk incidence for travellers to alysed only one stool/urine sample). endemic areas and travel vaccination issues are further topics of research. 2. At the end of the study, only 4.4% (estimated +10% to 20%) of patients that had received empirical anthelmin- Operational research is conducted jointly by Switzerland’s thic treatment remained positive or newly tested positive two largest travel clinics (Basel and Zürich) including epi- for helminth infection. demiology of travel medicine (e.g. Dengue, Leishmaniasis), trials on new or improved prophylactic and curative drugs 3. The empirical combination of three anthelminthic com- against malaria and vaccines. pounds had not been tested previously in HIV positive patients. WHO recommends sequential anthelminthic treatment, which is often not feasible. The combined treatment was well tolerated and no serious adverse Collaborators events occurred that were causally related to intake of Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil; Cantonal Institute of anthelminthic treatment. The primary endpoint – deter- Microbiology, Bellinzona, Switzerland; Centro per le Malattie Tropicali, Ospedale mining the effect of regular anthelminthic treatment on S. Cuore, Negrar, Verona, Italy; Clinica di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, Università di Brescia, Italy; Department of Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, University of HIV RNA – is currently undergoing final analysis. München, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital, Bern; Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Hôpital Avicenne, Bo bigny, Paris, France; Hospital for Rolling-out the NACP: Tropical Diseases, London, UK; Ifakara Health Institute; Innovative Vector Control Over time, several drug-refilling stations have been created Consortium, Liverpool, UK; Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University, through the Tanzanian National Aids Control Programme Zürich; Leiden University Medical Centre; Mabritec SA, Riehen, Switzerland; Medical (NACP) to decentralise drug provision and to provide con- Clinic. Infectious Diseases, Charité/Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Mission Hospital, Würzburg, Germany; Prins Leopold Instituut voor Geneskunde, Clini- tinuous antiretroviral therapy (cART). The operational con- cal Services, Antwerp, Belgium; Robinson Centre for Biostatistics, University of Glasgow, sequences of the recent upgrade to comprehensive HIV Glasgow, UK; Seccion de Medicina Tropical, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain; Sektion Tropenmedizin und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinik Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; care and treatment centres (CTC) were investigated. The St. Anna Clinic, Lucerne; St. Francis Referral Hospital, Ifakara; Swiss Research Centre, study focused on the supply chain, the key indicators of Abidjan, Ivory Coast; Travel Clinic at the Polyclinique Medicale Universitaire, Uni- versity of Lausanne, Switzerland; Tropical medicine and Clinical Parasitology Unit, patient management quality, and the coping strategies of Infectious Diseases – Microbiology, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain; Vector the CTC staff and patients in times of stock outs of essen- Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK tial supplies. The results show that access to cART has increased despite some imbalances in the supply manage- Funding Partners ment chain, that the upgrade of drug refilling stations was Brazilian Swiss Joint Research Programme; European Commission’s Seventh Frame- done very quickly and possibly prematurely without ap- work Programme, FP7-Africa-2010; Swiss Federal Office for the Environment; Swiss propriate emphasis on roles and functions of the refilling Federal Office of Public Health; UBS Optimus Foundation

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34 Teaching and Training

The Teaching and Training Unit (T&T), led by Axel Hoff- mann, is responsible for all undergraduate, graduate, doctoral and post-graduate professional training activities at Swiss TPH. The continuous pursuit of “mutual learning for change” is the unit’s guiding principle and has been a distinct feature of all teaching and training activities at the institute since its creation.

An overview of teaching and training activities to which the unit contributes significantly (teaching, programme development and administration) is given in Figure 1. Swiss TPH staff also engages in teaching and training activities beyond the unit’s activities, collaborating with many national and international research institutions and involving colleagues from all departments. A comprehensive teaching inventory is currently being developed to reflect the full scope of Swiss TPH’s teaching and training activities. Rec ent de- Teaching and Training Unit. Photo: P. Alvarez velopments in transferring research and service experience into teaching, training, and learning are outlined in The secretariat provides academic counselling for students Key Area 13: Transferring Research and Service Experiences and produces informational materials, such as brochures into Teaching, Training and Learning. and the Student Handbook.

Student Secretariat Bachelor- and Master-Level Teaching at The Student Secretariat is the core facility of the unit. The secretariat deals with all administrative issues for Bachelor, the University of Basel Master, and Doctoral students and for participants in the Faculty of Science numerous postgraduate professional training programmes offered by the institute. It is also the primary point of con- At the bachelor level, we offer two courses (Protozoology, tact for students and teachers of the various programmes. Parasitology and Parasitism) in the first year and a block

The Information and Documentation Centre The Information and Documentation Centre plays a vital role in disseminating scientific information and satisfies the growing need for library services that rely on electronic resources, such as online data sources, library catalogues, scientific databases, electronic journals and many more. The library team offers assistance, guidance and training for students and other users seeking access to scientific information. The team organises the vast array of publications and maintains the Swiss TPH website (http://www.swisstph.ch). The centre not only serves scientists in Switzerland, but also assists partner institutions in the South to increase and improve their library services.

Knowledge Management and eLearning Knowledge Management (KM) is also part of the Teaching and Training Unit’s portfolio. Swiss TPH takes a holistic approach to KM, with the aim of providing its staff with the relevant and current information and knowledge they need to perform at the highest standards. The KM group focuses on people and organisational structures, and new technologies such as document management systems, to facilitate and support the KM process. We also provide KM support, including solutions for project communication and knowledge dissemination, for big international projects like Accessing Medicines in Africa and South Asia (AMASA), a three-year research project funded under the European Union’s Frame- work Programme 7 and coordinated by Swiss TPH’s Society, Gender and Health Unit. Developing, implementing and applying eLearning programmes has been part of Swiss TPH’s teaching and training activities since 2000. Educational software for the bachelor course on Infection Biology and Parasitology is available in German and English (www.infektionsbiologie.ch). An updated version of “Introduction to Diagnostic Medical Para- sitology” is another impressive self-directed eLearning tool designed by Swiss TPH. Students can learn about the most important helminth and protozoan diseases affecting humans through a series of short overviews of various parasites, diseases, diagnostic methods and strategies. More importantly, they can improve their diagnostic capabilities by using a virtual microscope. The programme is accessible for free through the internet (www.parasite-diagnosis.ch). The East African Telemedicine and eLearning Network (EATEN), is another important Swiss TPH eLearning project that aims to improve the quality of training for Assistant Medical Officers (AMO) and to create eLearning development capacities at the Tanzanian Training Centre for International Health (TTCIH) in Ifakara, Tanzania. eLearning modules were developed in cooperation with our Tanzanian partners and with support from the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. This project is part of Swiss TPH’s eHealth strategy.

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Overview of teaching and training activities. Teaching and Training Unit

Teaching Supervision

Bachelor/Master Doctoral Professional Postgraduate

Faculty of Science PhD Program SSPH+ Master of International MA Thesis UniBS Health (MIH) UniBS

Faculty of Medicine PhD program Infection Master of Public Health PhD UniBS Biology (UniBS/ETHZH) (MPH) (BS/ZH/BE)

Faculty of Arts UniBS PhD program Master of Insurance Professional Postgraduate Health Sciences UniBS Medicine UniBs Master Thesis

Graduierten Kolleg Health Care and Dr. med. Gender UniBS Management in Tropical Countries (HCMTC) UniBS

General Tropical Course UniBS

Short courses in International Health UniBS

Summer School SSPH+, USI

Continuous education of health Professionals in various fields UniBS

course in the third year. The six-week block course on Between 2010 and 2012, seven students graduated from the “Infection Biology and Epidemiology” attracts a high MSc programme on Infectious Diseases, Vaccinology and number of interested students: in 2010, 48 students regis- Drug Discovery, jointly run with the National University of tered, and for the 2012/13 academic year more than 50 stu- Singapore, the Biozentrum of the University of Basel and dents have already announced their interest in following the Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (Singapore). this intensive course. Unfortunately, limited laboratory facilities for practical work require us to limit the number of participants to 40 to allow for an adequate teaching and Faculty of Medicine learning experience. Swiss TPH is responsible for teaching the Public Health and In 2011, Swiss TPH established two new specialised Master Travel Medicine programme and also participates in teach- programmes: the MSc in Epidemiology and the MSc in Infec- ing parasitology. tion Biology (see Key Area 13). For the 2012/13 academic year, 68 students applied for one of the new MSc programmes. At the bachelor level, Swiss TPH coordinates the three-week block course “Körper, Subjekt, Umwelt”, to which many The last 33 students from the former combined MSc in Infec- Swiss TPH researchers contribute through interactive sem- tion Biology and Epidemiology graduated in February 2012. inars. During the second year of study, we provide computer-assisted training in statistics and contribute to seminars on scientific methods in medical research. During the third year, a practical is organised to allow each medical student insight into one of the institutions of Basel’s psychosocial network.

At the master level, important Public Health topics are discussed in a series of lectures and seminars. Swiss TPH also contributes to organising and teaching during the “Wissen- schaftsmonat”, in the last year of studies. Swiss TPH staff also supervises medical master’s theses on various topics.

Faculty of Arts Through modules on epidemiology, medical anthropology and ecology, Swiss TPH contributes significantly to the MA in African Studies offered by the Faculty of Arts and Information and Documentation Centre. Photo: J. Pelikan Humanities.

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36 Teaching and Training

Doctoral Students which has shifted emphasis from tropical medicine to international public health issues. Finally, the course promotes More than 170 students are enrolled in PhD studies at Swiss an exchange of ideas and resources (rather than the clas- TPH in the areas of microbiology, cell biology, zoology and sical one-way transfer of knowledge) and encourages col- epidemiology. Over the last two years, 57 students were laboration and coordination among institutions within Eu- awarded a PhD degree by the University of Basel. In addi- rope and between the northern and southern hemispheres. tion to contributing to PhD programme development (see Key Area 13), Swiss TPH researchers also supervised MD Currently, 89 students are enrolled in this MAS programme; and DVM theses and several students completed their de- 16 finished their studies between September 2010 and Au- gree (see list below). gust 2012. The MIH programme has been accredited by the Swiss National Accreditation Body, OAQ, since 2007. More The T&T Unit also coordinates and administers the SSPH+ details on the tropEd network can be found in the box at PhD programme. page 37.

Professional Postgraduate Teaching and Training Master of Public Health (MPH) Since its foundation, Swiss TPH has offered courses and Swiss TPH is the Basel study centre for the Swiss inter-uni- programmes for health professionals holding a first degree. versity MAS programme, Master of Public Health, jointly run In the field of academic, university-accredited programmes by the universities of Basel, Bern and Zürich. The MPH pro- in continuous education, the institute either leads or sub- gramme aims to equip health professionals with the knowl- stantially contributes to a variety of Master of Advanced edge and skills needed to work in key positions in the Swiss Studies (MAS) programmes, Diploma of Advanced Studies health system, after graduation. Swiss TPH colleagues are (DAS) programmes, several Certificate of Advanced Studies represented in the Governing Board of the MPH programme (CAS) and various certificate short courses. and also run several mandatory and optional short courses within the MPH.

Master in International Health (MIH) — A successful collaboration with European, African, Asian, Australian Master of Insurance Medicine (MIM) and Central American Partners Over the last few years, Swiss TPH has substantially contrib- For nearly 20 years, Swiss TPH has been a driving force uted to the development of a new MAS in Insurance Med- within tropEd – the network for education in international icine. The directorate of this 60 ECTS programme (equiva- health, which developed and implemented Master in Inter- lent to one year of full-time study), which can be taken over national Health programmes in several European universi- a period of up to four years, is shared between the Acad- ties. Swiss TPH has run the MIH programme officially since emy of Swiss Insurance Medicine and Swiss TPH. The aim 2001, the year it was accredited by the University of Basel. of the programme is to equip the students with the in-depth The part-time course, which is equivalent to a one-year full- knowledge and skills needed in the broad field of private time programme (60 ECTS), has a number of unique fea- and public insurance systems, and to evaluate the field’s tures. First, students can not start and finish their studies impact on health, economy and society. at Swiss TPH only, but must take a substantial amount of accredited short courses in one of the more than 30 universities in Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia or Central America. DAS Health Care and Management in Tropical Countries Second, students can sequence their study over a period of five years. Third, the Master programme curriculum takes This 14-week DAS (formerly called “University Professional into account changes in the field in international health, – UP”) programme runs annually and focuses on public

Graduates from MSc in Infection Biology and Epidemiology, 2012. Photo: R. Duerr

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SSPH+ and tropEd – national and interna- CAS General Tropical Course (Allgemeiner Tropenkurs) tional teaching networks The institute has offered a General Tropical Course since right after its foundation in 1943. Over more than five dec- In the field of postgraduate academic teaching and train- ades, it has developed into an eight-week full-time course ing, Swiss TPH cooperates with networks at both the accommodating up to 50 participants yearly. The current national and international level. curriculum is tailored to account for a globalised world and its challenges for populations and population groups in re- The Swiss School of Public Health+ (SSPH+) is a foun- source poor countries. The course is held in two separate dation (funded by the Swiss government) of seven mem- blocks of four-weeks each. The first block provides an over- ber universities: Basel, Bern, Geneva, Lausanne, Lugano, view of global economic, ecological, cultural, geographi- Neuchatel and Zürich. Swiss TPH represents the Univer- cal and social relations and their influence on the lives of sity of Basel in this venture. The role of SSPH+ is to fa- people in tropical and resource-poor countries. The second cilitate exchange, collaboration and networking between block addresses specifically clinical and public health as- the various programmes on offer (MAS, DAS, CAS and pects in these resource-poor settings and control strategies doctoral) and to promote the development of new train- and options for improving the health and wellbeing of pop- ing programmes. Swiss TPH is represented on the school ulations. The course is open to any student, without restric- board and in SSPH+’s extended management group. tions; to obtain the university CAS degree, students must pass a mandatory examination. tropEd – the network for education in international health, is an association of more than 30 institutions in 13 European and eight overseas countries (Australia, Summer School in Public Health Policy, Economics and China, Indonesia, Mexico, South Africa, Tanzania, Thai- Management land and Vietnam). Swiss TPH is a founding member and has been very active in the network since its beginning. The Summer School in Public Health Policy, Economics and Swiss TPH has hosted the network secretariat since 2011; Management is a joint venture of the Swiss School of Public a T&T Unit staff member is elected General Secretary. The Health+ (SSPH+), the Institute of Economics of the Univer- aim of tropEd is to promote excellence in postgraduate sità della Svizzera italiana (USI) and Swiss TPH. Our insti- education and training in international/global health. tute is represented in the Academic Advisory Board and in the Organisational Committee. The six-day summer school, which takes place in August in Lugano, offers up to eight parallel courses in Public Health Policy and Management. health, particularly from a district-level perspective. The Swiss TPH administers up to 32 scholarships, funded by course is designed for people who already have a first quali- the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), fication in a health-related profession and at least two years allowing health professionals from Albania, Belarus, Bos- of working experience. Some scholarships are available nia-Herzogivina, Kyrgyzstan, Northern Caucasus, Moldova, through the Canton of Basel-Stadt, thus participants from Tajikistan and Ukraine to attend the courses and to bring in resource-constrained countries are also able to take part. their experiences in health systems management. Several The course offers an exciting inter-cultural teaching and Swiss TPH colleagues teach in these courses every year or learning environment and is accredited by tropEd and the give keynote speeches to the plenary. University of Basel as a core course for the MIH degree (see above).

Other Postgraduate Professional Teaching Activities Short Courses in International Health Formal and informal teaching and training activities are Swiss TPH offers several self-contained short courses, part of most Swiss TPH projects and contribute to the ed- accredited by the University of Basel as postgraduate cer- ucation of health professionals in various fields. For ex- tificate courses and by tropEd as optional advanced mod- ample, Swiss TPH participates in the practical training of ules, which can be taken by MIH students to obtain credits. graduate research assistants (ATA) and medical laboratory The courses are also open to other suitably qualified candi- technicians in the cantons of Basel, Bern and Luzern. In dates. Thanks to collaboration with our partners in Africa, addition, it offers courses in Basel and elsewhere on the some of these courses are run in Tanzania and South Africa. Diagnosis of Human Pathogenic Parasites, and provides The topics of these courses range from Health District Man- continuing education in tropical and travel medicine for agement, Project Design, Resource Allocation, and Priority Swiss medical doctors. Setting and Rational Management of Medicines, to Travel- lers’ Health and Clinical Priorities in Tropical Countries. A Since 2002, Swiss TPH has been recognised by the Swiss detailed description of the courses can be obtained from Association of Pharmacists (pharmaSuisse) as an official the course secretariat or from our website. The latest de- provider of continuing and postgraduate education. The velopments are described in Key Area 13: Transferring Re- number of one-day courses in the fields of pharmaceutical search and Service Experiences into Teaching, Training competence, management, epidemiology and public health and Learning. increases from year to year.

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38 Teaching and Training

Consultancy Services and programme design, implementation and evaluation. Examples include close teaching collaboration with the Members of the unit also consult for national and interna- National Institute of Epidemiology in India and consultan- tional organisations and institutions in various countries. cies for the Swiss Red Cross and the International Commit- The tasks range from teaching assignments and advisory tee of The Red Cross in various countries. services in curriculum development, to support for project

Students awarded degrees, September 2010 to August 2012

Completed PhD Erat, Anna (20.10.2011): Motivational conditions Köpfli, Cristian (04.01.2012): Molecular Epide Ackumey, Mercy (15.12.2011): Socio-cultural features of successful Corporate Social Responsi miology and Population Genetics of Plasmo of Buruli ulcer and implications for control bility (CSR) actions in form of Cross Sect or dium vivax in Papua New Guinea in Ghana Collaborations in International Health Kulangara, Caroline (22.11.2010): Characterisation Amek, Ombek (12.03.2012): Bayesian spatio-tem- Fürst, Thomas (30.03.2012): Assessing morbid- of novel malaria vaccine candidates represent- poral modelling of the relationship between ity and burden due to neglected tropical dis- ing alpha-helical coiled coil domains mortality and malaria transmission in rural eases at different geographical scales List, Claudia (25.10.2010): Synthetic peptides in western Kenya Garba, Amadou (23.09.2011): Enhancing control the diagnosis of human echinococcosis Aydin, Denis (07.05.2012): The use of mobile phones of schistosomiasis in Niger: assessing mor- Loss, Georg (12.07.2012): Investigating the effect of and the risk of brain tumours among children bidity in preschool-aged children, praziqu- farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and adolescents antel treatment efficacy and cost implica- and allergies in the context of farming, early Ayé-Soukhathammavong, Phonepasong (20.12. tion for control life nutrition and innate immunity 2011): Morbidity and treatment of Opisthorchis Geigenfeind, Ila (23.06.2011): On the Biology and Manneck, Theresia (30.05.2011): Antischistosomal viverrini, Schistosoma mekongi and soil-trans- Epidemiology of the Feral Pigeon (Columba Properties of Mefloquine: From in vitro Studies mitted helminthiasis in Lao People’s Demo- livia) to Drug Target Discovery cratic Republic. Godel, Christelle (27.06.2012): Drug targets of Masimba, Pax Jessey (15.12.2011): Molecular moni- Ballif, Marie (14.12.2011): Molecular epidemiology the heartworm Dirofilaria immitis toring of HIV-1 drug resistance in Ifakara HIV-1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Madang, Gross, Karin (08.11.2011): Intermittent Preven- cohort, Tanzania Papua New Guinea tive Treatment during Pregnancy and An- Mbuba, Kathomi Caroline (24.06.2011): Epilepsy Bretscher, Michael (08.10.2010): Statistical analysis tenatal Care in Practice: A Study from the treatment gap, associated risk factors and of Plasmodium falciparum infection dynamics Kilombero Valley, Tanzania intervention strategies in Kilifi, Kenya Bringolf-Isler, Bettina (16.12.2010): Bewegungs Meyer, Ursina (14.06.2012): Short- and long-term Guerard, Vincent (09.3.2011): Performance, verhalten im Alltag – Kinder und Umwelt effects of a multi-component physical activity costs and cost-effectiveness analysis of the Brooks, Alan (28.10.2011): Planning for new health intervention in primary school Tay HoHIV integrative prevention and care interventions for developing countries: An in- Mohler, Evelyn (06.04.2011): Effects of radio and treatment outpatient clinic, Vietnam. Is tegrated strategy to prepare for malaria vac- frequency electromagnetic field exposure on the model worth scale up? cines and lessons for future interventions sleep quality Gumi, Donde Balako (20.10.11): Mycobacteria Brunner, Ralph (06.06.2011): A Novel Antimalarial Mwanyika, Henry (01.03.2012): Developing Inte- and zoonoses among pastoralists and their Lead Compound: In Vitro Properties and Mode grated Health Information Systems in Low- livestock in South-East Ethiopia. of Action Studies income Countries: An Enterprise Architecture Coulibaly, Jean (27.06.2012): Epidemiology and Hartinger, Stella (05.07.2012): Reducing Child- Approach diagnosis of schistosomiasis in preschool-aged hood Illness – Fostering Growth. An inte- Ngandolo Bongo, Richard (21.12.2010): Diagnostic children in Azaguié, south Côte d’Ivoire grated home-based intervention package et Epidémiologie Moléculare de la Tuberculose Crowell, Valerie (29.02.2012): Predicting the Cost- (IHIP) to improve household-air pollution, Bovine au Tchad: Cas des Bovins Destinés à Effectiveness of Strategies for Case Manage- drinking water quality and child nutrition l’Abattage ment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Idindili, Boniphace (07.10.2010): Challenges Oehring, Sophie (29.06.2012): Towards discover- Sub-Saharan Africa of continuum of HIV/AIDS care and treating novel aspects of nuclear biology in the ma- Cui, Fuqiang (21.09.2011): Scaling up hepatitis B ment in Tanzania: the effects of parasites co- vaccination with the support of GAVI in China: laria parasite P. falciparum infections, HIV clinical manifestations, and Pachlatko, Esther (22.09.2010): Characterisa- Lessons learned for introduction of new vac- adherence to antiretroviral therapy cines and for the future of hepatitis B control tion of two Plasmodium falciparum proteins, Kaba, Mirgissa (21.09.2011): Gender, Sexuality Curjuric, Ivan (28.03.12): Impact of gene-environ- MAHRP1 and MAHRP2, involved in host cell and Vulnerability to HIV among the Borana ment interactions within inflammatory and refurbishment Pastoral Community of Southern Ethiopia oxidative stress pathways on the development Paralikar, Vasudeo (20.12.2011): Neurasthenia Kabanywanyi, Abdunoor Mulokozi (19.11.2010): of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD) Spectrum Disorders: Clinical Cultural Epide- Decristopheris, Paola (05.04.2011): Epidemiology Pharmaco-epidemiology of ACT in the con- miology in Pune, India of multi-drug resistant staphylococci in cats, text of impact evaluation of Artemether-Lu- Pham Duc, Phuc (15.12.2011): Wastewater and ex- dogs and people mefantrine on malaria morbidity and mor- creta use in agriculture in Northern Vietnam: Dreyer, Anita (26.10.2011): Characterisation of tality during programmatic implementation Health risks and environmental impacts novel surface proteins of Plasmodium falcipa in rural Tanzania Ruf, Theresa (05.07.2011): Mycobacterium ulcerans rum and their assessment as molecular targets Kirchhofer, Carla (11.04.2012): Elucidation of disease and treatment: a histopathological for a malaria subunit vaccine the activity, pharmacokinetics, and toxic- perspective Duthaler, Urs (28.06.2011): Artemisinins for the ity profiles of fasciocidal drug candidates Rumisha, Susan Fred (19.12.2011): Modelling Treatment of Fascioliasis: Progress in Preclin- 1,2,4-trioxolane OZ78 and 1,2,4,5-tetraox- the seasonal and spatial variation of malaria ical and Diagnostic Research ane MT04 transmission in relation to mortality in Africa

Unit 8 TnT 034-040.indd 38 01.12.12 08:43

Schätti-Zundel, Christian (20.12.2011): Social and Gorlanova, Olga: Geographical variation of Suter, Tobias: A field survey of mosquitos in cultural features of vaccine acceptance and colorectal cancer mortality in Switzerland, the greater area of the Euro Airport Basel- cost-effectiveness of an oral cholera mass 1969–2002 Mulhouse vaccination campaign in Zanzibar Javati, Sarah: Detection of Plasmodium species Warren, Ashley: Investments in Health Systems Schur-Riedel, Nadine (12.05.2011): Geostatistical gametocytes by quantitative reverse tran- Strengthening by Global Health Initiatives modelling of schistosomiasis in Africa scription PCR for Millennium Development Goals Shan, Lv (22.06.2011): Epidemiology of Angi Kerber, Sarah: Generation of monoclonal an- Wenzler, Tanja: Pharmacophore Model for Pen ostrongylus cantonensis and eosinophilic tibodies against GPI-anchored proteins of tamidine Analogs Active Against Plasmo meningitis in the People’s Republic of China Plasmodium falciparum by immunization dium falciparum Senn, Nicolas (27.06.2011): Exploring the con- with antigen-expressing mammalian cells Wetzel, Johanna: New insights into the biology text and potential benefits of implementing Koneru, Pavani: Characterisation of antibody of the Plasmodium falciparum nucleus using an Intermittent Preventive Treatment for ma- responses against Mycobacterium ulcerans transgenic cell lines laria in infants (IPTi) in Papua New Guinea Krauth, Stefanie: Current field procedures for Xayaseng, Vilavanh: Control of Opisthorchis Singh, Angel (14.06.2012): Gaining access to the diagnosis of helminth infections: Im- viverrini infection in Laos: community prompt and appropriate malaria treatment pact of homogenisation, time delays, stor- knowledge, attitude, perception and prac- in the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania; A health ing method and faecal egg count variation tices that favour or hinder adoption of pre- social science perspective Manzetti, Julia: Effects of Hypoxia on Polyoma- ventive measures Tchicaya, Emile (27.06.2012): Evaluation de virus BK Replication In vitro l’efficacité d’insecticides de longue durée, Moser, Mirjam: Analysis of putative interaction Joint MSc in Infectious Diseases, de traitement intra domiciliaire et de réim- partners of MAHRP1 and MAHRP2 Vaccinology and Drug Discovery, prégnation de moustiquaire sur les vecteurs Mpina, Maxmilian: Assessment of immune re- completed in 2011 du paludisme en milieu semi-naturel, au cen- sponses induced by influenza virosome as Lim Han, Wern: Understanding the mecha- tre de la Côte d’Ivoire antigen delivery system during a phase Ib nism of action of protein synthesis inhibi- Tritten, Lucienne (27.06.2012): Inv estigations on malaria vaccine trial in Tanzanian adults tors against mycobacterium potential drug candidates and metabonomics- and children Malpani, Sukriti: Development and validation based diagnostic biomarker discovery for hu- Neu, Simone: Prediction and characterisation of a generic assay to detect compounds act- man soil-transmitted helminthiases of Polyomavirus BK Large T specific T-cell ing via a n aggregation-based Wicki, Melanie (05.10.2010): Identifying human responses Ondari, Edna: Characterisation of the cellular and animal faecal contamination in surface Perera, Dushan: Chapter I: Identification of data response to a dengue nucleoside polymer- and drinking water gaps pertaining to Salmonella enterica Sero- ase inhibitor Windisch-Merkle, Ricarda (11.11.2011): Complex var Paratyphi A in medium HDI countries Sautter, Casey: Engineering dengue virus NS3 Interventions in Complex Systems: Health between 1984–2009/Chapter II: Perivascular protease for structural studies Systems Analysis of Antiretroviral Treatment origin of follicular dendritic cells Susanto, Patricia: Studies on the antibody rep- Scale-up in Burkina Faso, Tanzania and Pletscher, Flurina: Determinants of Chlamydia ertoire in a dengue virus immune subject Uganda trachomatis Infections in the Canton Basel- and isolation of neutralizing antibodies by Winkler, Mirko (27.05.2011): Health impact as- Stadt phage display sessment in complex eco-epidemiological Polat, Elif: The transport of noroviruses and in- Victorio, Carla Bianca: Cell-based screening settings in the humid tropics dicator microorganisms depending on the assay for inhibitors of porcine circovirus Witmer, Kathrin (18.03.2011): Transcriptional interaction between river and groundwater type 2 (PCV2) replication Regulation of Virulence Gene Families in during rainfall events Wyss, Madeleine: Investigating the transcrip- Plasmodium falciparum Rudin, Olivia: Selection and screening of syn- tional regulation of the stevor multi-gene thetic peptides for the diagnosis of Fasciola family in plasmodium falciparum MSc in Infection Biology and hepatica infection Epidemiology, completed in 2011 Sater Rustom, Mohamad: DANN Methylation MSc in Infection Biology and Bertschi, Nicole: Establishment of the yeast and Gene Regulation in Neisseria menin Epidemiology, completed in 2012 one-hybrid system for Plasmodium falcipa gitidis Aho, Celestine: Diversity of disease and coloni- rum and the identification of telomere repeat Schaub, Nadia: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance sation isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae binding proteins in Trypanosoma brucei in Papua New Guinea Brenneisen, Sandra: A molecular survey of phar- Schleiferböck, Sarah: In vitro assessment of the Ampah, Kobina: Micro epidemiological studies macological determinants and parasite drug- pharmacodynamic properties of five anti- on Buruli Ulcer Disease: Development and resistance marker genes malarial drug development candidates out use of a new single nucleotide polymorphism Christ, Benedikt: Evaluation of a future-oriented of the Swiss TPH-MMV collaboration and typing method for M. ulcerans application method of Duddingtonia flagrans investigation of five drug interactions with Beauparlant, David: Characterisation of Pf14_0377 against gastro-intestinal nematodes of first SSJ-183 (PfVAMP) and its Interaction Partners season grazing cattle: a pilot study con- Schmidlin, Sandro: Development and im- Biedermann, Patricia: Investigating the health ducted in the Swiss Jura Mountains plementation of a baseline health survey outcomes of interventions for safe water in De Wouters, Mariana: Antibody-mediated growth methodology in the frame of the health im- the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum pact assessment of the Rio Tinto Simandou Bless, Philipp: Is human fascioliasis endemic Eichin, Dominik: Monitoring humoral and cel- project in the Republic of Guinea in Cambodia? lular antigen-specific immune response in Silbereisen, Angelika: In vitro studies to com- Blumer, Tanja: Investigation of mycobacteria in- patients treated with immuno-modulatory pare the efficacy of marketed and new drugs fection and the host phosphoinositide me- drugs against Trichuris muris tabolism Francini, Valentina: Prevalence of ESBL pro- Sundaram, Neisha: Socio-cultural features of Bracher Bianca: Localisation of PF07_0008 and ducing Enterobacteriaceae in cats and dogs cholera and anticipated acceptance of an sequence requirement for export to the host in Switzerland oral cholera vaccine in Western Kenya cell cytosol

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40 Teaching and Training

Cereghetti Nadja: Avian malaria in the African Schmidlin Thomas: A knowledge, attitude, prac- Vreeswijk, Ellen: Overcoming barriers to inclusive black-footed penguin colony in the Zoo Basel tice and beliefs survey about open defecation education for children with a disability in rural Chakwera Victoria: Gamma delta T cells in Buruli in association with helminth and intestinal Nigeria (July 2011) ulcer and other skin diseases and the presence protozoa infections in Taabo, Côte d’Ivoire Kantilli, Maria: Predicting turnover of medical of M. ulcerans DNA in the environment of a BU Schmutz Claudia: Time trend in positivity rate of doctors in the humanitarian sector at time of endemic area of Cameroon Chlamydia trachomalis tests in Switzerland selection (July 2011) Fuhrimann Samuel: Rift valley fever in Kenyan Schneitter Stefan: Functional characterisation of Habtewold, Betigel Workalemahu: User Fee Ex- pastoral livestock three novel nuclear proteins in Plasmodium emption Policy in the Health Sector in Ethi- Gysel-Löffler Cheryl: Functional characterisation falciparum opia: Analysis of Feasibility, Legitimacy and of the silencing factor PfHP1 in Plasmodium Seiffert Salome: The role of PE-PGRS genes in Support (October 2011) falciparum the antigenic diversity of Mycobacterium Sayem, A.S.M. Best practices and alternative inte- Jakovlesca Jovana: Spatially explicit estimates of tuberculosis grated community based model in delivering parasitaemia risk in Rwanda: an analy sis of Shabb Duncan: A Demographic Model of Mon- primary health care service for Chittagong hill the 2008 Rwanda national malaria indicator golia Livestock Populations tracts of Bangladesh (November 2011) survey Teo Youjin: The effects of Epistasis between drug Stöckle, Marcel: Rift Valley Fever in South-Central Jourdan Joelle: Evaluation of the Pheroid™ Tech- resistance conferring mutations on mycobac Tanzania: An Emerging Infectious Disease and nology to improve the in vitro activity of Anti terial fitness its Public Health Implication (December 2011) malarial Drugs Tonoz Nurgül: Oxaboroles – new leads for the Stähelin, Jody: Evaluation of a sexual and re- Kaiser Deborah: Immunity to Aspergillus fumig treatment of sleeping sickness productive health preventive intervention for atus in Healthy Donors and in Patients after Touray Sunkaru: Climate change, climate varia youth in rural Zambia: a quantitative and qualitative assessment of Bumi Bwesu Youth Centr e Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Trans- bility and infectious disease epidemiology in (January 2012) plantation West Africa: Case study in Kédi, Mauritania Sironi, Orsola: Is cytology screening for cervical Lai Yingsi: Geographical distribution and burden Wampfler-Amstutz Rahel: Development of tools cancer an option in Sub-Saharan Africa? The of soil-transmitted helminth infections in China for monitoring P. falciparum and P. vivax ga- specific case of Swaziland (January 2012) Marxer Monika: Schistosoma haematobium: metocytes Staehelin, Cornelia Johanna: Prevalence of hel- Development of an in vitro drug-screening as- Wang Jingying: Child mortality dynamics and minth infection in the Kilombero Ulanga say for Schistosomula and studies on its inter- determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa Antiretroviral Cohort (KIULARCO), Ifakara, mediate host Bulinus truncatus Completed MIH Master of Advanced Tanzania (February 2012) Meier Simon: Mass-spectrometry based lipid pro- Gujjarappa, Lokesh: Decision-making among filing to identify novel serum biomarkers for Studies in International Health, September 2010–August 2012 women seeking induced abortion services in diagnosis of active Tuberculosis in humans Ranchi district, Jharkhand, India (February Nguyen Dana: Health resources allocation mod- Billah Al Mahmud, Arif: Investigation of low 2012) elling: updates, comparisons and health out- birth weight (LBW) incidence and its risk Güss, Isabelle: Focus on staff care: assessing put measures optimisation factors in rural community of Bangladesh: safety and security support of expatriate field Oberli Alex: Visualisation and elucidation of a case control study (February 2011) staff in Switzerland based humanitarian orga endocytosis-associated protein homologues Gauch, Ursula: Rational use of medicines: nizations (May 2012) in P. falciparum comparison of medicine use practices in a Rössler, Bernhard: Anaesthesia in complex emer- Ott Rebekka: Investigating the health outcomes of primary health care facility with pharma- gencies – development of a curriculum for a interventions for safe water in the Kilombero ceutical support and facilities without phar- preparatory short-course (May 2012) Valley, Tanzania maceutical support in urban Madagascar: Kiriyama, Makiko: Identifying Barriers Affecting Owuor Milka: Investigating the health outcomes a medicine use indicator study (Mai 2011) Health Care Seeking Behaviour of Mothers in of interventions for safe water in the Kilombero Zen Ruffinen, Carole: Lessons learned: the im- Oecusse District, Timor-Leste (July 2012) Valley, Tanzania plementation of Syphilis and HIV screening Papis, Alexandra: Assessment of Adherence to Di- Owusu Henry: Environmental determinants of life with rapid tests in special indigenous health hydroartemisinin Piperaquine (Duocotexcin®) history traits of mosquitoes and their suscep- district of Alto Solimões in the Brazilian Am- provided by Village Health Workers in Dawei tibility to permethrin azon (Mai 2011) district, Myanmar (July 2012)

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Key Area 1 41 Basic Research in Infection Biology

Exploring the basic biological processes underlying host- dates are currently being investigated in detail, using re- pathogen interrelations has been a key research area of our verse genetics approaches. In addition, since both MAHRP institute since its foundation. The overarching goal of these 1 and 2 lack any common or discernable trafficking motifs, efforts is to acquire new scientific knowledge from which to we use mutational analyses to dissect sequence signatures develop, validate and apply innovative interventions and required for MAHRP 1 and 2 trafficking [673]. diagnostic approaches for neglected and poverty-related diseases. We achieve this goal by studying key aspects of We are also interested in the transcriptional mechanisms re- (1) pathogen biology and survival; (2) infection dynamics, sponsible for antigenic variation of PfEMP1, the major anti- pathogenesis and transmission; (3) natural and adaptive gen on iRBCs. PfEMP1 is encoded by the var multi-gene fam- immunity; (4) mechanisms and evolution of drug resis- ily and only one of the 60 var genes contained per genome tance; and (5) pathogen diversity, evolution and population is activated at any given time. Transcriptional switches be- structure. We place particular emphasis on malaria, tuber- tween var genes result in antigenic variation of PfEMP1, culosis and Buruli ulcer, but other important disease sys- which ultimately facilitates immune evasion and trans- tems such as African trypanosomiasis, bacterial meningitis, mission. Using a functional reverse genetics approach, we helminth infections and East Coast Fever are also covered. identified, for the first time, promoter elements implicated Projects are mostly conducted by the research units affili- in transcriptional activation and mutually exclusive expres- ated with the Department of Medical Parasitology and In- sion of var genes [575]. Current efforts focus on identifying fection Biology (MPI) and benefit enormously from collabo- the transcription factors that execute this complicated reg- rations with both internal and external research teams. This ulatory process. In a related study, we demonstrated that section features some of the main achievements in infec- transcription of other prominent subtelomeric gene fami- tion biology research at Swiss TPH over the last two years. lies, such as rif, stevor, pfmc-2tm and phist, is not mutually exclusive and occurs through mechanisms distinct from those that control var genes [577]. Protein Export and Antigenic Variation in Plasmodium falciparum Isothermal Microcalorimetry: A Novel Tool for The malaria parasite, P. falciparum, exports hundreds of proteins into the infected red blood cell (iRBC) to acquire Studying Parasite Proliferation nutrients and to transport antigens to the iRBC surface. We have established isothermal microcalorimetry (ITM) The Molecular Parasitology and Epidemiology Unit and the as a tool for monitoring the metabolic activity and prolif- Gene Regulation Unit conduct research to understand the eration of parasites in real-time and in a non-invasive way mechanisms underlying protein trafficking and transcrip- [807]. ITM measures the heat-flow produced by parasites tional control of antigen gene families, to identify the func- in the microwatt range. We successfully applied this tech- tion of individual players, and to establish interaction net- nique to Trypanosoma brucei and P. falciparum in vitro cul- works between exported factors. Using affinity purification tures, as well as to parasitic helminths such as Schistosoma approaches and mass spectrometry, we observed proteins mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Ancylostoma ceylanicum or Tri- interacting with the two exported and membrane-associ- churis muris [602]. ITM allows us to accurately determine ated proteins MAHRP 1 and 2, both of which have impor- multiple parameters such as onset of drug action and time tant roles in host cell remodeling. Interestingly, most of the to death, which will greatly support our future activities in potential interaction partners identified are known or sus- drug development. In addition, ITM will be a useful tool for pected exported proteins. A number of promising candi- analysing phenotypes of mutant parasite lines.

IFA showing co-localization of MAHRP1 and PFE0060w, a potential interaction partner of MAHRP1. MAHRP1 (anti-MAHRP1; green), PFE0060w-GFP (anti-GFP; red), nuclei (DAPI, blue).

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port the notion that M. tuberculosis strain diversity translates into important phenotypic differences. Future efforts will attempt to link these experimental phenotypes to relevant clinical differences, using molecular epidemiological approaches.

Metabolite profiles in infection models The Helminth Drug Development Unit, in collaboration with the Ecosystem Health Sciences Unit and Imperial Col- lege (London, UK), conducts metabolic profiling studies. We used nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics to analyse systems metabolic changes in the mouse caused by infection with S. mansoni. We modelled the sequence Heat production rate in T. brucei cultures at different initial cell of metabolic events in urine, plasma and faecal water ex- densities (red, 106/ml; blue, 105/ml, green; 104/ml). tracts [209]. Moreover, we studied metabolic responses of mice to T. brucei brucei single and multiple strain infections. This allowed us to establish a co-infection model Large-Scale Studies of Pathogen Biology, of murine malaria and hookworm to study the impact of concurrent infection on host metabolism. We identified Infection and Population Structure characteristic metabolic changes caused by P. berghei sin- High resolution genotyping of Theileria parva gle infection or co-infection with Heligmosomoides bakeri T. parva is a tick-borne protozoan parasite that causes East Coast Fever in cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. The Clinical Immunology Unit, in collaboration with the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya) and the Functional Genome Centre (FGCZ, Zürich, Switzerland), re-sequenced the 8.3 Mbp genomes for each of two parents and their progeny clones from an experimental T. parva co-infection in cattle. The high throughput marker detection method, using Roche 454 Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, in combination with the bioinformatics tools applied, substantially improved the discovery of novel alleles and crossover events compared to previous analyses. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms suitable for future molecular epidemiology studies, and obtained an initial list of genes that are under positive selection. The high number of observed gene conversion and crossover events indicates that T. parva has a highly dynamic genome. Given the high multiplicity of infection in both cattle and wild buf- faloes, these processes most likely occur frequently under Representative spectra obtained from mice urine reveal metabo- natural conditions and underpin the high level of polymor- lites correlating with (A) P. berghei single infection; (B) delayed phism observed in natural T. parva infections [844]. co-infection; (C) H. bakeri single infection. The water peak region and high peaks were cut out (double bars). 1, pipecolic acid; 2 and 3, unknown metabolites. Phenotypic effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain diversity In collaboration with the National Institute for Medical Re- search (NIMR, London, UK), the Tuberculosis Research Unit and confirmed elevated levels of urinary pipecolic acid in employed NGS to explore the effects of strain diversity on P. berghei single and co-infected mice. Two unknown uri- the M. tuberculosis transcriptome. Our data show that phy- nary metabolites also correlated with P. berghei infection, logenetic diversity is reflected at the level of gene expres- whereas no specific biomarker was found for H. bakeri. sion, and that differentially expressed sequences include Although no interaction was found between P. berghei and many regulatory RNAs. Together with our Lipidomics Group H. bakeri regarding parasitaemia and worm counts, our and the National University of Singapore (NUS), we found work highlighted the complexity and specificity of host- that M. tuberculosis lineages exhibit important differences parasite interactions. in their mycolate profiles. These surface lipids are important components of the mycobacterial cell wall and are in- Lipidomics research in infection biology and diagnostics volved in virulence. In collaboration with NIMR, we found that human macrophages infected with different strains ex- Lipids play important roles at various stages of the intri- hibit varying cytokine profiles. Together, these findings sup- cate interaction between intracellular pathogens and their

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hosts. The variation in the lipid repertoire and enzymatic machinery between pathogens and their hosts make targeting the lipid metabolism of pathogens a highly attractive approach to therapeutic intervention. We recently established a new mass spectrometry laboratory dedicated to lipidomics, which operates in close partnership with our long-standing collaborator, Markus Wenk (NUS). Our research focuses on developing lipidomics approaches for human and pathogen lipid analyses, understanding the role of lipids during host-pathogen interactions and identifying novel diagnostic markers. In collaboration with the Tuberculosis Research Unit, the Molecular Immunology Unit and the Parasite Chemotherapy Unit, we currently focus on M. tuberculosis, M. ulcerans and T. cruzi infection.

Novel nuclear proteins in P. falciparum. (A) Visualisation of a GFP-tagged nuclear pore candidate (green) at the periphery of the nucleus (DAPI, blue) by live cell fluorescence microscopy. (B) Double-labeling IFA shows the position of a tagged nucleolar protein (anti-HA; red) in relation to peripheral chromosome ends (anti-PfHP1; green); nucleus (DAPI, blue).

cell cycle-specific regulation. Further, our results shed new light on various nuclear components and processes, including the nucleolus, nuclear import pathways and the nuclear pore. Experimental localisation of 29 candidates confirmed the high specificity of this inventory, and revealed distinct nuclear localisation patterns of hitherto uncharacterised proteins. This study provides important insights into Plas- modium biology and serves as an important resource for dis- Representative classes of diverse microbial lipids include (A) my- secting nuclear processes in detail and for studying evolu- colactone A/B of M. ulcerans; (B) alpha-mycolic acid of Myco tionary aspects of nuclear biology. bacterium species; (C) diacylated phosphatidylinositol mannosides of Mycobacterium species; (D) glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid of T. cruzi. Computational approaches The Parasite Chemotherapy Unit combines bioinformatic Ultimately, together with other expert laboratories and con- and experimental tools to elucidate the mode of action of sortia, we strive towards integrating various experimental current antiparasitic drugs and to identify novel drug tar- readouts including lipidomics, transcriptomics, proteomics gets. As part of an international consortium, we sequenced and theoretical modelling to embark on comprehensive sys- the genome of the heartworm Dirofilaria immitis and discov- tems biology approaches to host-pathogen interactions. ered new potential drug targets [728]. We also identified new targets in P. falciparum by applying evolutionary algorithms Organellar proteomics of the P. falciparum cell nucleus to the fully sequenced genomes of malaria parasites. More- over, we study the possible roles of nutrient transporters in The large evolutionary distance between protozoan para- drug uptake and drug resistance in African trypanosomes. sites and model eukaryotes precludes the systematic as- To learn more about parasite immune evasion strategies, signment of protein function and subcellular localisation in we developed an in silico pipeline for detecting molecular these pathogens. To fill some of these gaps, the Gene Regu- mimicry candidates that pinpoints epitopes shared between lation Unit conducted the first organellar proteomic analy- parasite and host, but are absent in non-parasitic reference sis of a protist cell nucleus. In collaboration with Paul Jenoe eukaryotes [751]. (University of Basel, Switzerland) and Stuart Ralph (Univer- sity of Melbourne, Australia), we used high accuracy mass Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are spectrometry and bioinformatic approaches to determine known to occur in prokaryotic genomes, yet their pheno- the core nuclear proteome of intra-erythrocytic P. falcipa- typic consequences are unclear. The diverse facultative rum parasites. While a large number of detected proteins are pathogen, Neisseria meningitidis, which causes irregular predicted to participate in common nuclear processes, one cycles of meningococcal disease and poses a particularly third carry no functional annotation, including many phy- high burden in the “meningitis belt” of sub-Saharan Af- lum- and genus-specific factors. We identified novel protein rica, displays very high genetic and phenotypic variability domains that may be implicated in regulatory pathways and with over 5000 multilocus sequence types and hundreds

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44 Key Area 1

of variants of potential vaccine candidate antigens identified to date. The Bioinformatics Group assesses epigenetic modifications in the genomes of N. meningitidis isolates that are genetically closely related but phenotypically variable. These activities include developing tools for the computational analysis of novel types of massively parallel sequencing data [847].

Evolution of Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rifampicin-resistant laboratory strains of M. tuberculosis display reduced Darwinian fitness in the absence of the drug compared to fully susceptible strains. In contrast, some clinical strains of M. tuberculosis show no such fitness cost. The Tuberculosis Research Unit has confirmed the hypothesis that compensatory mutations in clinical strains may alleviate the initial fitness defects associated with rifampicin resistance [819]. We identified novel compensatory mutations in the genes that encode RNA polymerase. These mutations are associated with high competitive fitness in vitro and are over-represented in multidrug-resistant (MDR) Features of granulomas in sub-cutaneous tissue of successfully strains in regions exhibiting a high burden of MDR tuber- treated BU patients. (A) Haematoxylin-Eosin stained tissue sec- culosis, suggesting they may contribute to the spread of tion from a BU patient after Streptomycin-Rif ampicin treatment. MDR M. tuberculosis. In collaboration with the Institute for (B) CD68 staining of macrophages/monocytes reveals giant cells Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM, Berne, Switzerland), in the middle of a granuloma surrounded by a cluster of CD-20 positive B-cells (C) and more scattered CD-3 positive T-cells (D).

culosis and leprosy. BU is a chronic necrotising skin disease and children in rural sub-Saharan Africa are affected the worst. The unique pathology of BU is primarily attributed to mycolactone, a plasmid-encoded macrolide toxin that has cytopathic and apoptotic activity. While surgery has tradi- tionally been the only recommended treatment for BU, the WHO published provisional guidelines in 2004 recommend- ing treatment with a combination of rifampicin and streptomycin for eight weeks. We observed vigorous local immune responses and the development of ectopic lymphoid tissue in lesions from BU patients treated with antibiotics, indicating that antibiotic treatment reverses local immunosuppression and that immune defense mechanisms sustain the curative effect. Some patients, however, develop paradoxical Compensatory mutations in the RNA polymerase subunits restore reactions while undergoing chemotherapy, thus our studies the fitness of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis. have focused on investigating the underlying pathomech- anisms. Our results advocate an important role for surgical excision of necrotic tissue to reduce the length of hospital we demonstrated that in different M. tuberculosis strains stays [652]. We also demonstrated that secondary lesions the level of isoniazid resistance conferred by a particular may heal spontaneously, suggesting the development of im- mutation differs depending on the genetic background in mune protection after successful antibiotic treatment [651]. which it is embedded [825]. These findings suggest epistatic interactions between drug resistance-conferring mutations We are currently analysing mycolactone-associated patho- and other strain-specific genomic differences. genesis, immunosuppression, and local immune reconstitution after successful antimycobacterial therapy. In collaboration with Karl Heinz Altman (ETH Zürich, Switzerland), Treatment, Pathogenesis and Immunomodulation we perform structure-activity relation analyses using synthetic mycolactones. With these approaches we aim to anal- of Mycobacterium ulcerans Infections yse triggering pathways and the metabolic consequences of Buruli ulcer (BU) is caused by M. ulcerans and is considered mycolactone action and to assess whether or not toxin-neu- the third most common mycobacterial infection after tuber- tralising antibodies can be elicited.

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Key Area 2 45 Research and Development for Vaccines, Drugs, Diagnostics and Vector Control

For many years, Swiss TPH has been a key player in drug rum as potently and quickly as clinically-used artemisinins screening, drug evaluation and applied research for new dia [699]. Phase I clinical trials in healthy volunteers are cur- gnostics and vaccines. At the same time, we have built up rently underway. Mode of action and microarray studies solid experience conducting and monitoring clinical trials with this compound class indicate that these compounds both for vaccine candidates and for new drugs against var- work differently than artemisinins. ious pathogens, as well as improving their implementation once registered. Over the last two years, a number of new Swiss TPH is a partner in the NGBS consortium, led by NITD research areas were addressed, resulting in major innova- Singapore. The NGBS programme aims to identify effective tions in the field of drug and vaccine development as well as cures for P. vivax infections and to find a one-dose cure for in applied diagnostics research. Vector control tools for na- P. falciparum malaria. The programme has its own pipeline tional and global use complement this Key Area of activity. of projects, ranging from target identification and lead optimisation to clinical studies. A successful lead optimisation programme was initiated after identifying a hit from a Drug Discovery and Development for Protozoan natural product library; a spiroindolone with good oral activity and transmission blocking activity, NITD609 [804]. Parasites This molecule has a favourable pharmacological profile Drug discovery and development for protozoan parasites is and is currently undergoing Phase II clinical trials. Another a well-established activity at Swiss TPH, beginning 20 years advanced project identified and optimised an imidazolopi- ago with participation in the TDR Drug Screeners Network. perazine scaffold with dual activity against both blood and Although the network stopped operations in 2011, making liver stages; a rare but necessary feature for novel antima- way for other initiatives (e.g. MMV and DNDi) that had taken larial drugs, particularly in view of elimination efforts [769]. over this part of drug R&D, Swiss TPH continues to focus on The clinical compound, designated as GNF156, is currently malaria and African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). undergoing Phase I clinical trials, with the hope of further enriching the array of new compounds to fight malaria. Swiss TPH and the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) have been close collaborators since MMV was formed in The Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) started 2000. During this reporting period, the antimalarial com- operations in 2003. Since that time, Swiss TPH’s Parasite pound OZ439 successfully completed Phase I clinical trials Chemotherapy Unit (PCU) has partnered with this PDP for and was demonstrated to be safe [760]. The compound is a drug screening and compound evaluation. Screening ac- fully synthetic peroxide, originally discovered by a consor- tivities focused on novel compounds donated to DNDi by tium that included Swiss TPH scientists [705]. Preliminary various academic and industrial partners, with the goal of results of the Phase IIa study showed that the compound identifying new lead compounds against HAT, Chagas dis- holds promise as a much sought after one-dose cure for ease and leishmaniasis. A few thousand compounds were P. vivax and P. falciparum infection. Three other major col- tested within the Sanofi-Aventis collaboration, leading to laborations with MMV were initiated between 2010 and the identification of new chemical scaffolds that show selec- 2012, involving the University of Cape Town (South Africa), tive activity against one of the parasitic diseases. In a sub- IRBM (Italy) and Sanofi (France). sequent phase, derivatives of the hits will be investigated to select new lead compounds for medicinal chemistry pro- Collaboration with Actelion Pharmaceuticals is another ex- grammes. A breakthrough was reached with fexinidazole ample of a fruitful joint venture between academia and in- [741, 800], which has reached Phase II/III clinical trials for dustry. Together, we identified a new pharmacophore that HAT, a nitroimidazole selected out of 700 nitro-molecules kills all asexual stages of the malaria parasite P. falcipa- that passed our in vitro and in vivo flowchart.

Clinical Clinical Clinical Phase IV Discovery Preclinical Phase I Phase II Phase III Implement.

>15 projects, MMV390048 GNF 156 OZ 439 new compound Aminopyridine Imidazolpip. Synth. peroxide ACCESS classes UCT/ MMV NGBS/ MMV MMV

ACT 451840 NITD 609 Piperazine Spiroindolone ALIVE ACTELION NGBS/ MMV Drug development and implementation projects Many projects, DB868/829 SCYX 7158 Fexinidazole with Swiss TPH contributions new compound Diamidines Oxaborole Nitroimidazole MATIAS classes CPDD DNDi/Scynexis DNDi/Sanofi for malaria (red) and for African sleeping sickness (green).

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46 Key Area 2

With the Consortium for Parasitic Drug Development a cascade of in vitro assays and finally into a mouse model (CPDD), PCU conducted drug discovery research on novel to further test our idea. diamidines and other chemical scaffolds for activity against trypanosomes and leishmanias. Prodrugs of diamidines were synthesised to improve oral bioavailability and blood Drug Discovery and Development for Helminths brain barrier permeability of these charged molecules. This approach was successful and resulted in one prodrug that Drug discovery and development for helminths is also a cured the first-stage of a monkey model of African sleeping well-established activity at Swiss TPH, where we maintain sickness at the Trypanosomiasis Research Centre in Kenya 11 different nematode and trematode models. No other in- [799]. Together, we identified two other diamidines (non- stitution worldwide has such a broad spectrum of helminth prodrugs) that were able to cure second-stage infections in models. Projects in collaboration with MMV, DNDi and Me- mice by a parenteral route and a short five-day treatment rial have recently started, with the goal of elucidating the course. One of these two diamidines has been tested already anthelminthic properties of test compounds. To meet these in the monkey model. It was well tolerated and cured sec- demands and to improve the current in vitro drug screen- ond-stage infections at a low daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg given ing assays, which mainly rely on parasite motility, different for five days. novel techniques have been explored and established such as the xCELLigence System, isothermal microcalorimetry The Drugs for Nagana project, funded by GALVmed, aims (see Key Area 1: Basic Research in Infection Biology) and a to find new drugs against the animal pathogenic parasites, range of viability markers. Potential new treatments for hu- Trypanosoma congolense and T. vivax, that cause the cat- man soil-transmitted helminthiases, originating from veter- tle disease, Nagana, throughout sub-Saharan Africa. This inary medicine, such as the cyclooctadepsipeptide PF1022A, collaboration focuses on the in vitro and in vivo activity of monepantel and oxantel pamoate, the Chinese anthelmin- dicationic diamidine compounds against these two para- thic tribendimidine or the antiprotozoal drug nitazoxanide sites. Compounds were screened using an in vitro incorpo- were studied in vitro and in vivo as monotherapy and in com- ration assay and then examined within mouse models of bination with standard treatments. For example, we dem- infection for T. congolense and T. vivax, respectively. Prom- onstrated the synergistic effects of the combination oxantel ising diamidines that showed good efficacy were further pamoate-mebendazole in the Trichuris muris-mouse model evaluated within a goat model of infection, conducted on and of the combination tribendimidine-levamisole in Ancy- the Canary Islands, Spain. Additional scientific expertise lostoma ceylanicum-infected hamsters [616]. For infections was provided for clinical testing in cattle models in South with Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola hepatica, the an- Africa and for in vitro cultivation. timalarial drug mefloquine, mefloquine-related arylmethanols and synthetic peroxides were investigated for their A new project funded by the BMGF’s Grand Challenges Ex- trematocidal activity. This included studies on the poten- plorations programme follows a brand new approach to tial mechanism of action of the drugs and structure-activity controlling African sleeping sickness. Instead of looking relationship work. Moreover, natural products were studied for molecules that are selectively toxic for the parasites, this in vitro and in vivo in helminth models. For example, in col- project searches for molecules that induce the down-regula- laboration with the Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique tion of the genes coding for glycoproteins on their surface, (CSRS), the anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants used which protect them from lysis by the complement system in in Côte d’Ivoire for treating parasitic diseases was studied the blood. Unprotected in the blood of the host, the trypano- [598]. In collaboration with Prof. Jörg Huwyler of the Depart- somes are immediately lysed. Key is a genetically modified ment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, liq- trypanosome strain with a fluorescent marker that has been uid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods used successfully in a pilot screening. We expect good hits to monitor the pharmacokinetics of anthelminthic drugs in from a high-throughput screening of several hundred thou- plasma were established and validated. For example, an- sand diverse molecules. The hits will then be put through alytical methods for determining praziquantel and triben-

Schistosomula (left) and adult schistosomes (right) used for drug screening assays. Photos: Katrin Ingram

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dimidine in dried blood spots (DBS) are currently being viverrini. However, the best efficacy in this study was ob- developed. In contrast to measuring drug concentrations served with a tribendimidine single dose of 200 or 400 mg in plasma, the DBS technique has the advantage of making depending on age [610]. Therefore, tribendimidine will be blood sampling easier under field conditions, being less in- studied in greater detail against liver fluke infections and vasive, and requiring only small amounts of blood. Further include dose-finding and pharmacokinetic studies, as well more, transport and storage of the DBS is straightforward, as testing against Clonorchis sinensis, a related liver fluke. In since samples are more stable and do not need to be early 2011, nitazoxanide and a combination nitazoxanide- frozen. albendazole in school-aged children infected with Trichu- ris trichiura was investigated in a randomised controlled trial on Pemba, Tanzania. Nitazoxanide revealed only very low efficacy [611]. Another clinical trial will commence on Pemba shortly: given the promising trichuricidal activity of oxantel pamoate in in vitro and in vivo studies, this drug, as well as a combination of oxantel pamoate-albendazole, will be tested in school-aged children infected with soil-transmitted helminths.

Administering the combination therapy, nifurtimox-eflornithine (NECT), for African sleeping sickness in DR Congo. Photo: D. Kalemwa

Clinical Trials on Antiparasitic Drug Candidates and Phase IV Implementation Studies The department of Medicines Research (MedRes) supports a number of drug development programmes in low resource settings. Currently, in collaboration with DNDi, a pivotal Phase II–III trial with fexinidazole against second stage sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is underway. The trial is carried out in four rural treatment centres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and one in the Central African Republic. It will enrol up to 510 patients following an adaptive design and, if successful, will lead to the registration of the first oral drug against this disease.

Investigator driven trials by the Helminth Drug Develop- School girl in Pemba participating in a trial to assess the ment Unit (MPI) are being carried out in close collaboration safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide, albendazole and with the Ecosystem Health Sciences Unit (EPH) and other nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection. long-term collaborators in endemic countries. For example, Photo: Benjamin Speich we conducted a Phase II clinical trial on artemether activity in Egyptian patients infected with Fasciola spp. Arte- mether revealed low activity against infections with Fas- The real world implementation of new interventions ciola spp [589]. Another randomised exploratory Phase II (Phase IV) is a very high priority for Swiss TPH. Accordingly, trial investigated the efficacy and safety of mefloquine com- there are several related activities in this field, mostly car- bined with praziquantel and mefloquine/artesunate com- ried out in close collaboration with MedRes and the Health bined with praziquantel compared to standard praziqu- Interventions Unit (EPH). The study for injectable artesu- antel treatment against Schistosoma haematobium in Côte nate in severe malaria in DR Congo (MATIAS), on behalf of d’Ivoire. No significant difference in efficacy was observed MMV, is one example. The study will build on the capacity between the three treatment groups [587]. In a further study developed within the ARCEAU-RDC project carried out dur- in Lao PDR, the antimalarial drugs mefloquine, artesunate ing the past four years. This project led to the creation of two and the combination mefloquine-artesunate were evaluated research centres in Kinshasa, which are now available for against infections with the Asian liver fluke Opisthorchis future clinical research projects. In addition, MedRes mon-

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itors an observational study on fixed dose combinations of munogenic in the natural context. Therefore, we are using artesunate-amodiaquine in Côte d’Ivoire for Sanofi and a synthetic peptidomimetics with native-like folds that in- Phase IV field trial on nifurtimox-eflornithine combination duce broadly cross-reactive parasite-inhibitory immune re- treatment (NECT) on behalf of DNDi. sponses. In cooperation with Pevion Biotech AG and Prof. J. Robinson (University of Zürich), we established meth- Long-standing work within the ACCESS project in Tanzania ods to deliver optimised peptidomimetics on the surface of aims to understand and improve access to quality health immuno-potentiating reconstituted influenza virosomes care based on a set of integrated interventions. Interven- (IRIVs), which function as carrier and adjuvant system. Op- tions include strengthening the quality of case manage- timised peptidomimetics were derived from the P. falcipa- ment in public health facilities (e-TIQH) and strengthen- rum sporozoite antigen CSP and the blood stage antigens ing the commercial drug retail sector. Most parameters of AMA-1, MSP-1, MSP-3 and SERA-5. A recently completed access to effective malaria treatment improved during the Phase Ib vaccine trial at the Bagamoyo Research and Train- project period and the quality-of-care work is now being ing Centre in Tanzania confirmed safety and immunogenic- up scaled at national level. Its sister project, ALIVE, docu- ity of a bivalent (AMA-1/CSP) virosomal malaria vaccine for- mented the decrease of malaria and child mortality follow- mulation in malaria exposed individuals [842]. ing the introduction of artemether-lumefantrine as a new first-line treatment. To identify new malaria vaccine candidate antigens, we used a reverse vaccinology approach to develop a new strat- Within the framework of clinical trials, we support the de- egy for generating monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against velopment of new treatment regimens against Buruli ulcer. predicted proteins selected in silico from the P. falciparum A pilot study, in collaboration with B. Ji (Université Pierre genome. This research has led us to identify the conserved et Marie Curie, Paris), has provided encouraging results Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA) located at the supporting the development of a fully oral antibiotic ther- apex of merozoites [635]. CyRPA-specific mAbs substantially apy with rifampicin and clarythromycin. Since M. ulcerans inhibited parasite growth in vitro as well as in a P. falcipa- grows best at 30–33°C and not above 37°C, thermotherapy rum model in immunodeficient mice engrafted with human is a treatment option for Buruli ulcer. After a successful pilot erythrocytes (collaboration with S. Wittlin, PCU). study, a larger heat treatment trial with heat pads based on phase-change material that are easy to apply and recharge- able in hot water, is currently being finalised in collaboration with T. Junghanss (University Hospital Heidelberg) and A. UmBoock (Aide aux Lépreux Emmaus-Suisse, Cameroon). Transmission studies focus on the Bankim Health District of Cameroon. In a longitudinal study, we are investigating the interplay of environment, exposure and disease. Newly developed tools for seroepidemiology (see KAA3) and genetic fingerprinting of M. ulcerans (see KAA1) are instrumental to these analyses.

In the area of tuberculosis (TB) drug development, Swiss TPH was involved in several clinical studies. These included the evaluation of high dose rifampicin and other rifamycins in TB treatment (PanACEA consortium); a Phase II trial on the safety and tolerability of the combination moxifloxacin plus PA-824 plus pyrazinamide; and a Phase II multi- CyRPA specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) inhibit Plasmo- ple-arm, multiple-stage trial to evaluate four treatment reg- dium falciparum growth in a mouse malaria model. P. falciparum- imens, including two doses of SQ109, an increased dose of infected NOD-scid IL2Rγnull mice received 0.5, 2.5 or 5 mg of rifampicin, and moxifloxacin. purified anti-CyRPA mAbs (red symbols) or 2.5 mg isotype-matched control mAbs (blue symbols) by i.v. injection. Control mice received PBS (black symbol). Anti-CyRPA mAbs showed a dose- dependent inhibition of parasite growth. Development and Evaluation of New Technolo- gies for the Design of Candidate Vaccines Streptococcus pneumoniae infection: using synthetic The Molecular Immunology Unit develops and evaluates virus-like particles as delivery systems new technologies for the design and immunological testing of candidate vaccines. Existing capsule polysaccharide-based vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae confer only serotype-specific P. falciparum malaria: virosomes as antigen delivery sys- protection and serogroup replacement in populations vaccinated with them. Therefore, in collaboration with Prof. tem and identification of new candidate vaccine antigens J. Robinson (University of Zürich) and Virometix AG, we Our general strategy for malaria subunit vaccine develop- explored the potential to develop second-generation pro- ment is to focus on vaccine-induced immune responses tein-based pneumococcal vaccines using Synthetic Virus- on conserved protein loops, which may not be highly im- like Particles (SVLP) as an antigen delivery platform [638].

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Synthetic peptidomimetics of pneumococcal antigens were brane and relocated in Maurer’s clefts. A Phase I clinical coupled to the C-terminus of the SVLPs’ lipopeptide build- study is scheduled for 2012/2013. ing blocks. While a first candidate antigen has already been shown to confer protection in a mouse model of infection, ongoing work aims to develop a multivalent vaccine that Clinical Trials for Malaria Vaccines confers protection against a broad range of pneumococci. Swiss TPH, together with external collaborators, has devel- Buruli ulcer: using virus replicons as delivery systems and oped virosome formulated malaria peptidomimetics derived from P. falciparum AMA-1 and CSP. After a successful Phase Ia selecting candidate vaccine antigens safety and immunogenicity trial with this multi-stage ma- Within the framework of the EU FP7 funded collabora- laria vaccine in non-immune subjects in Switzerland, a sim- tive project “BuruliVac”, we are working on developing a ilar trial was conducted to evaluate its safety and immuno- subunit vaccine against Mycobacterium ulcerans disease genicity in malaria semi-immune adults and children in (Buruli ulcer). Based on a multi-dimensional selection pro- Bagamoyo, Tanzania. This prospective randomised, dou- cess, we chose four target antigens. In collaboration with ble-blind, controlled trial showed that the vaccine was very G. Zimmer (Institut für Viruskrankheiten und Immunpro- safe and immunogenic when compared to the virosomal in- phylaxe, Mittelhäusern), we also developed Virus Replicon fluenza vaccine Inflexal®V. Further investigation revealed Particle- (VRP-) based vaccine formulations of the candi- that this vaccine led to a 50% reduction of clinical malaria date antigens. With this approach, high levels of intracellu- episodes in vaccinated children, compared to the controls. lar antigen expression can be reached in the infected cells These findings provide a strong basis for further develop- of immunised hosts, stimulating both humoral and cellu- ing multivalent virosomal malaria peptide vaccines [842]. lar immune responses. M. ulcerans challenge studies with immunised mice are on the way to compare protective effi- Controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) has become a cacy of adjuvanted recombinant target antigens and the vi- key tool for assessing the efficacy of novel malaria vaccines rus replicon system. and drugs. Since CHMI is carried out under controlled conditions, detailed evaluation of parasite growth and immunological responses are feasible. Until now, CHMI has been performed in malaria naïve subjects from malaria non-endemic countries. Conducting CHMI studies in malaria endemic populations will allow for early understanding of responses to new vaccines and drugs in the major target population for malaria vaccines and drugs. Sanaria Inc., the Ifakara Health Institute and Swiss TPH have performed a CHMI trial in the newly built Phase I clinical research facility in Kingani, Tanzania. This was the first time that P. falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ) were administered intra- dermally to African adults from a malaria endemic region. The primary objective of the trial was to demonstrate that intradermal administration of PfSPZ was safe. Induced P. falciparum parasitemia in all recipients was subsequently cured with chloroquine. During the reporting period, another Phase I malaria challenge trial in Switzerland was supported by MedRes through monitoring and other quality assurance measures, on behalf of Vac-4-all. Structure of Synthetic Virus-Like Particles (SVLP) used as antigen delivery system.

Trophozoite exported protein 1, a novel malaria vaccine candidate The trophozoite-exported protein 1 (Tex1) has emerged as one of the most promising candidates from a genome-wide search for structurally defined malaria vaccine molecules. When chemically synthesised, the selected peptides, consisting of a coiled coil motif, can fold into their native structure in an aqueous environment thereby mimicking structurally native epitopes. Following extensive immunological evaluation, we embarked on cell biological characterisation of Tex1. Antibodies against several Tex1 regions were used to investigate cytological localisation, solubility and expression profile [623]. Co-localisation experiments revealed that Vaccinating a child in the course of a malaria trial in Ba gamoyo, Tex1 is exported across the parasitophorous vacuole mem- Tanzania. Photo: Sonja Bernhard

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RTS,S is the most clinically advanced malaria vaccine can- The following GCP-compliant TB trials are currently under- didate worldwide. This subunit vaccine is a mixture of RTS, way in Bagamoyo and Mwananyamala: a chimeric recombinant protein containing parts of CSP and the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg), and S, 1. Evaluating new and emerging diagnostics for childhood the recombinant HBsAg alone. RTS,S has been shown to tuberculosis in high burden countries (TB CHILD). be safe and to induce significant protection against P. falci- TB is particularly difficult to diagnose in children because parum infection and/or clinical malaria in naïve and semi- they usually do not produce sputum, which is generally immune adults and semi-immune children and infants. A used for standard microscopy-based diagnosis of TB in large-scale Phase III multi-centre efficacy trial in both in- adults. The aim of this project is to evaluate a series of novel fants and young children was launched in May 2009. A first diagnostic approaches, including various PCR-based meth- interim analysis published in 2012 demonstrated a vaccine ods, and to test whether or not they may be useful for diag- efficacy of 55.8% and 47.3% against clinical and severe ma- nosing pediatric TB. This study is being conducted within laria, respectively [374]. the framework of an EDCTP funded consortium in Tanzania and Uganda, and is being monitored by MedRes. We want to address key gaps in the knowledge of RTS,S’ mode of action by analysing well-characterised plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples collected during the Phase III trial. In collaboration with the Ifakara Health Institute, samples from 400 children were collected over a period of 32 months in Bagamoyo by the Clinical Im- munology Unit. An experimental plan, developed by all participating clinical trial sites, aims to describe in detail the quality of the developed malaria-specific cellular and humoral immunity.

For immune response monitoring, high throughput functional assays using small amounts of body fluids are needed, especially in paediatric vaccine trials. Nano-me- chanical cantilever sensors allow rapid, quantitative and qualitative detection of non-labelled bio-molecules. The Clinical Immunology Unit in collaboration with Martin Heg- ner, Dublin, is developing novel cantilever arrays to study Handling materials for a TB vaccine trial in Kisumu, Kenya. the interaction between circumsporozoite derived peptides Photo: Sonja Bernhard and antibodies.

Swiss TPH vaccine research also considers who should be 2. Phase II double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled vaccinated and the likely public health impact of vacci- study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of H1/IC31®, nation programmes. Simulation modelling to analyse the an adjuvanted TB subunit vaccine, in HIV-infected adults likely impact is a crucial part of vaccine clinical develop- with CD4+ lymphocyte counts greater than 350 cells/mm3. ment. It needs to take into account the effects of control- The Staten Serum Institute has cloned and screened hun- ling an infection on unvaccinated people (herd immunity) dreds of antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis and se- and also the ways in which partial natural immunity affects lected a small number for further evaluation as subunit population-level vaccine impact. Our main work in this area vaccine candidates. Among these are an early secretory an- has been in modelling malaria vaccines, with a focus on the tigenic target (ESAT-6) and antigen 85 (Ag85B), both highly RTS,S vaccine nearing licensure [429, 430] (see Key Area 12: recognised T-cell antigens. A vaccine incorporating these Statistical and Mathematical Modelling). New projects in- antigens in IC31 adjuvant (H1 TB vaccine) has proven to clude modelling typhoid vaccination. be highly efficacious and safe in multiple animal models and also safe and immunogenic in healthy, human volunteers in Phase I clinical studies. The primary objective of Clinical Trials for TB Vaccines this Phase II trial, conducted in South Africa and Tanza- nia in collaboration with the Ifakara Health Institute and TB Clinical Trials at the Ifakara Health Institute the Aurum Institute and monitored by Swiss TPH MedRes, is to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the H1 TB Swiss TPH has been conducting TB trials, with substan- vaccine product in HIV-infected individuals. The second- tial contributions from the Tuberculosis Research Unit and ary objective is to describe the effect of the H1 TB vaccine the Clinical Immunology Unit, at the Bagamoyo Research on CD4+ lymphocyte counts and HIV viral loads. The mag- and Training Centre since 2010, and at the Mwananyamala nitude and phenotype of vaccine-induced cellular immune Hospital, Dar es Salaam since 2011. Our main activities in- responses using polychromatic flow cytometry analysis is clude clinical trials on new TB vaccines and TB treatment currently being analysed in Bagamoyo. regimens; evaluating new TB diagnostics, in particular for children; TB molecular epidemiology; and TB immunol- MedRes also monitored one centre in Kenya participating ogy (in collaboration with the Clinical Immunology Unit). in a multi-centre Phase II trial for Aeras that evaluated the

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safety and efficacy of the compound AERAS-402 in BCG- collaboration with Prof. P. Seeberger’s (ETH Zürich) group, vaccinated, HIV-uninfected infants without evidence of we generated sets of monoclonal antibodies against a tetra- tuberculosis. saccharide located on the surface of B. anthracis endo- spores. With these mAbs, in collaboration with N. Schürch (Labor Spiez), we developed a highly sensitive and specific Development and Implementation of Luminex-based antigen capture assay [656] that was con- vertible into a lateral flow assay kit. New Diagnostic Tools Buruli ulcer point-of care diagnostics Diagnosis of helminths No simple and highly sensitive point-of-care diagnostic To improve the diagnosis of human echinococcosis, stron- method is currently available to reconfirm clinical diagno- gyloidosis and Fasciola hepatica infections, three state-of- sis of BU. Our serological studies indicate that exposure to the-art approaches were investigated; namely a proteomic M. ulcerans leads to clinical disease only in a minority of strategy of antigen discovery using mass spectrometry, ge- exposed individuals. Serological assays turned out to be nome wide identification of structurally defined epitopes useful for monitoring exposure to M. ulcerans but not for and separation of complex antigen mixtures by fast pro- diagnosing BU [663]. Therefore, we are working within the tein liquid chromatography followed by immunoblotting. framework of the Stop Buruli Consortium, funded by the The aim was to replace both native and recombinant an- UBS Optimus Foundation, to develop antigen capture as- tigens with chemically synthesised peptides. This should says with selected abundant proteins of M. ulcerans. Im- provide synthetic peptides that are easily replicable and munological agents yielding promising results in ELISA versatile and that can be used in multiplex assays in vari- detection of the target antigen in swabs from Buruli ulcer ous platforms. lesions are being evaluated in other test formats, such as lateral flow assays. New diagnostic strategies for feverish children

TB diagnosis Following a large programme (IMALDIA) of research on implementing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria in Dar Swiss TPH and IHI collaborated in an innovative approach es Salaam (Tanzania), new work was initiated on revised assessing the potential of pouched rats in detecting myco- treatment guidelines for feverish children (PeDiAtrick proj- bacteria in human sputum [832]. ect), including improved diagnostic strategies. A new decision chart for childhood illnesses (ALMANACH algorithm), Detection of Anthrax spores largely inspired by the old IMCI, was developed. A cluster randomised controlled study conducted in rural and urban The similarity of endospore surface antigens between bacte- settings showed that the new algorithm was safe and led to ria of the Bacillus cereus group has made it difficult to create a drastic reduction of antibiotic prescription in the health selective antibody-based detection systems for anthrax. In facilities where the intervention was conducted. Inputs from

Approaches to downselecting diagnostic peptides for Echinococcus sp.

Schematic representation of three approaches of the Molecular Diagnostics Unit for downselecting synthetic peptides for diagnosis of helminths. Example given depicts pathway followed for Echino- coccus granulosus (E.g.) and E. multilocularis (E.m.) peptide discovery. CC: bioinformatic protein structure prediction for coiled coil domains; IUR: bioinformatic prediction of intrinsically unstructured regions within proteins; MS/ MS: tandem mass spectrometry, EST: expressed (tran- scribed) sequence tags; ORF: open reading frame; Uni- Prot: repository of protein sequences.

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Dose-response assay to screen plant extracts for repellency. Experimental hut in Tiassalé, Côte d’Ivoire. Photo: B. Koudou, Photo: P. Müller CSRS

this work were also instrumental in revising the WHO ma- Net consortium; http://www.avecnet.eu) and the UBS Op- laria diagnostic and treatment guidelines. timus Foundation to develop new tools against African malaria vectors. The unit has facilities to rear a range of vector species and to undertake behavioural bioassays under Vector Control controlled conditions. In collaboration with the Ecosys- tem Health Sciences Unit at EPH [258] and with the Centre The Vector Control Unit develops and validates new and im- Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire (CSRS), proved tools for controlling mosquito vectors. During the the unit is engaging in experimental hut trials to evaluate reporting period, activities included testing, contracted by new products under semi-field conditions and is mentoring industrial partners for registration purposes of pesticides; vector entomologists through training and teaching in and research funded by the European Commission (Avec- experimental design and statistics for R&D.

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Key Area 3 53 Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology

Molecular and genetic epidemiology has become an important tool for fighting diseases. It elucidates the patho- physiological mechanisms of both communicable and non- communicable diseases to develop novel therapeutics, diagnostics or screening tools. Swiss TPH has assumed a leading role in establishing the use of molecular parameters as outcome measures in intervention trials. Genotyp- ing pathogens or hosts in field studies all over the world has provided important molecular data sets for disease modelling. Finally, the integration of “–omics” technologies into epidemiologic studies helps to identify causal exposure- disease relationships. Thus, in this Key Area, we investigate diversity, dynamics and evolution of pathogens and host populations to understand communicable and non- communicable diseases, as a tool for surveillance and to monitor interventions. Visit to a PNG Health Centre. Photo: Sonja Schöpflin To date, we have mostly focused our research on major pathogens such as Plasmodium and Mycobacterium. How- ever, we also used genomic analyses to investigate changes in exposure in understanding the epidemiology of clini- in epigenetic modifications after exposure to extremely cal malaria. low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF) and used the large SAPALDIA cohort to investigate genetic risk factors for vari- This has significant implications in the context of inten- ous diseases by Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). sified efforts to eliminate malaria. Surveillance and monitoring of the effects of interventions will become a major task in the future and molFOI offers a precise and informa- Force of Infection: The Key to Understanding the tive approach to assessing the effectiveness of malaria control. molFOI is sensitive to exposure at individual level and Epidemiology of P. falciparum Malaria should be considered as an endpoint in efficacy trials of in- Malaria transmission intensity is often described by ento- terventions aimed at reducing transmission, e.g. field tri- mological inoculation rates (EIR). Accurately measuring als of vector control tools, pre-erythrocytic or transmission EIRs is labour intensive, particularly in low transmission blocking vaccines. settings. EIR can only be estimated at population level, not at individual level, making it a poor tool for studying within population variations of exposure. Recently intensi- Imperfect Detection of Plasmodium Strains fied efforts towards malaria control calls for additional approaches to quantify transmission. We investigated if hu- Detecting the individual parasite clones that have co-in- man parasitological parameters can also provide measures fected a single host is crucial for molecular-epidemiologi- of transmission intensity. cal studies but is hampered by parasite densities fluctuat- ing around the detection limit and, in case of P. falciparum, In collaboration with the Papua New Guinea (PNG) Insti- by sequestration. Imperfect detectability in P. falciparum tute of Medical Research (IMR), the Walter and Eliza Hall clones is common knowledge, but detectability in P. vivax Institute, Australia and the Biostatistics Unit of Swiss TPH, has not yet been addressed. We estimated the detectability we validated a new molecular parameter, “molecular force of clones of both species in the same cohort of children. This of infection” (molFOI), as a suitable marker for P. falciparum permits assessment of the combined effects of parasite se- transmission. molFOI is defined as the number of distinct questration, synchronicity and low parasitaemia, and elu- parasite clones acquired over time and can be determined cidates differences among Plasmodium species. within cohort studies using highly precise genotyping techniques to track individual parasite clones over time, thereby We determined the detectability of clones of both species determining the rate of new clones. by repeated sampling of the same individuals [622]. Detect- ability was 79% for P. falciparum and 61–73% for P. vivax molFOI was determined in a cohort study in PNG and was (depending on the marker used). Collecting two consecu- found to be strongly associated with risk of P. falciparum tive samples 24 hours apart had a moderate effect on par- clinical malaria [625]. The observed difference in molFOI asite positivity (9% infections were missed with a single could completely explain confounding variables, such as sampling). Increasing multiplicity lead to decreasing de- bed net use, age or place of residence on clinical episodes. tectability in both species. It could also explain seasonal variation. Thus, molFOI is a highly sensitive measure of exposure that highlights the These findings highlight that single bleeds do not reflect the central role of individual and spatio-temporal differences full multiplicity of parasite clones in a host. The true multi-

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plicity is underestimated to a greater degree in P. vivax than cines for Malaria Venture, Novartis Pharma AG, Mepha and in P. falciparum. Glaxo Smith-Kline Pharma.

In major molecular epidemiological studies, we also anal- The Dynamics of P. falciparum Infections ysed markers of drug resistance against all available antimalarials [671], except for resistance against artemisinine Immunity to P. falciparum has been widely studied, but its derivatives for which no confirmed molecular marker ex- effect on parasite dynamics is poorly understood. Acquisi- ists yet. In collaboration with IHI; Institute Pasteur Phnom tion and clearance rates of untreated infections are key el- Penh, Cambodia; University Hospital, Lausanne; and Swiss ements of the dynamics of malaria, but estimating these TPH’s Health Intervention Unit, we investigated the contri- parameters is challenging because of super-infection and bution of human cytochrome B genes to treatment failure imperfect detectability of parasites. by determining the cytochrome B haplotypes. Parallel to these pharmacogenetic investigations, we determined the In collaboration with the Navrongo Health Research Centre, population pharmacokinetics of antimalaria drugs at field Ghana and the Biostatistics Unit of Swiss TPH, we investi- sites in Cambodia and Tanzania. gated the infection dynamics of P. falciparum in a unique dataset from a cohort study in Northern Ghana of 347 individuals of all ages. Genotyping was applied to identify par- Multiplicity and Diversity of P. vivax Infections in asite clones and to monitor their persistence in a host. Sta- tistical methods were developed to determine the duration Papua New Guinea of infection despite imperfect detection of clones [620]. In- P. vivax is the second most frequent cause of malaria in hu- dividual parasite clones persisted in a host for an average of mans. In PNG, P. vivax and P. falciparum are sympatric, each 10.5 months. Being one of the few studies covering the whole with a prevalence of around 50%. Samples from a cohort of age range and including adults, our results revealed only children were genotyped at high resolution. Very high ge- small age variation for both duration and force of infection. netic diversity was observed in 1,162 positive P. vivax samples. This was the first dataset of a large number of P. vivax clones from a highly endemic area [621]. Genetic Diversity in P. falciparum Genotyping Multiplicity of infection (MOI) per carrier was nearly twice Markers as high for P. vivax as for P. falciparum, despite similar Genotyping of malaria parasites has become an integral part prevalences. P. vivax multiplicity increased with age, with of malaria field studies. Genotyping is imperative for clini- the strongest increase occurring in young children under cal trials of antimalarial drugs performed in endemic coun- 1.5 years. This is likely a consequence of fast acquisition of tries to distinguish treatment failures from new infections. immunity against P. vivax malaria. The extent to which high In collaboration with the Ifakara Health Institute (IHI), MOI and fast acquisition of immunity can be attributed to we investigated the genetic diversity of standard markers, P. vivax clones relapsing from the liver, remains to be shown P. falciparum msp1, msp2 and glurp in selected sub-Saharan and will be addressed in upcoming studies. African countries with varying levels of endemicity, namely Malawi, Tanzania, Uganda, Burkina Faso and São Tomé. Major collaborators in P. vivax research were PNG IMR, the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute and Swiss TPH’s Biostatis- High-resolution typing techniques were applied to numer- tics Unit. ous clinical drug efficacy trials of antimalarial drugs, in collaboration with the World Health Organization, the Medi- Diversity of Expressed var Genes as Markers for Disease Severity in P. falciparum There is an increasing amount of evidence indicating that the expression of var genes encoding the P. falciparum- derived virulence factor, PfEMP1, determines the severity of the disease. In collaboration with the PNG IMR, Hoffman La Roche AG and the Bioinformatics group at Swiss TPH, we studied the expression of var genes in children from PNG longitudinally and showed that diversity is virtually unlimited and that children experiencing a clinical episode have a decreased expression of group C var genes, whilst group A and B var gene expression is significantly increased. To- gether with IHI, we also conducted a case control study in Tanzania comparing var gene expression in children with severe malaria with asymptomatic malaria. Results showed a similar trend as in PNG. We were also able to show that in phylogenetic trees, the var genes expressed in clinical Analysis of msp2, msp 1 and glurp genotypes. cases cluster together. In collaboration with the University

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Phylogenetic tree of expressed var genes in severe (blue) and asymptomatic children (red). A clustering of genes expressed in severe malaria can be seen in the A and B and B/A group.

of Tübingen, Germany, we also determined the expression allowed unequivocal assembly of var genes from P. falcipa- of var genes in Gabon, confirming previous findings. Com- rum cultures [669]. This technology can now be employed parison of expressed var gene diversity, using published to analyse entire var genes from field samples. data and our data from PNG and Tanzania, showed that the vastness of the var gene repertoire in a worldwide population appears to be unlimited. Mycobacteria Research: Exploring the Global Due to the semi-conserved sequence of the var gene 5’ end, Diversity of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) most studies concentrate on these domains. Whole genome The Tuberculosis Research Unit (TBRU) has previously sequencing, however, faces problems with the modular and shown that the global diversity of Mtb exhibits a phylogeo- repetitive structure of this gene family. We therefore devised graphic population structure, with different Mtb lineages a new strategy, in collaboration with Nottingham Univer- associated with different geographic regions and human sity, to clone entire var genes into bacterial artificial clones. populations. However, much of the global map of Mtb di- Subsequent new generation sequencing and clone tagging versity remains unexplored. TBRU initiated several collab-

The global diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Different lineages are depicted as different coloured circles.

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56 Key Area 3

orative projects in an attempt to fill in the “gaps” on this worm infection on HIV-, Mtb- and malaria-specific immune map. Particular focus has been on sub-Saharan Africa and responses is little understood. Swiss TPH’s Clinical Immu- Asia, which are regions of the world that have been insuffi- nology Unit, Ecosystem Health Sciences Unit and Malaria ciently studied. Specifically, TBRU is exploring Mtb strain Vaccines Group, and IHI, are trying to shed light on this diversity in Ghana [841], the Democratic Republic of Congo, topic by participating in the African-European Research Ethiopia, Tanzania, South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya. In col- Initiative IDEA. In about 1000 Tanzanian children, we laboration with the Molecular Parasitology-Epidemiology found helminth prevalence of 19% in infants (<2 years), 27% Unit, TBRU is studying Mtb diversity in PNG and in Nepal. in children up to 5 years, and 37% in school children (6–9 years), respectively. The main helminth species observed were Enterobius vermicularis (41%), hookworm Developing New Genotyping Tools for Mtb (34%) and Strongyloides stercoralis (20%). Approximately 40% of children also suffered from P. falciparum infection. We have previously shown that the current genotyping tools The impact of helminth co-infections on clinical disease for Mtb based on mobile or repetitive DNA are prone to ho- and malaria treatment parameters and the innate immune moplasy (i.e. identical patterns emerging though convergent responses stratified according to helminth species, is cur- evolution in unrelated strains), making phylogenetic infer- rently being analysed. ence unreliable. Hence, TBRU used its collection of whole genome sequences, representative of the global diversity of Mtb, to select phylogenetically informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and designed two novel SNP- based assays to define the main phylgenetic lineages [839]. The assays are based either on TaqMan real time PCR or on the Luminex platform using fluorescent-labelled beads. The latter method allows for the screening of 96 strains for all main Mtb lineages in a single assay in less than six hours.

Granulomatous lesions from a camel: enlarged mesenteric lymph node (left) and cross section of a caseous granulomatous lesion in Drug Resistance Monitoring of Mtb Strains the lung (right). The mycobacterium isolated from this lesion was in PNG characterized as M. tuberculosis, with permission from Springer. Since drug resistance monitoring is one of the most impor- Photo: E. Meles tant tasks for TB control in countries with a functioning TB control programme, we wanted to support PNG’s health service, in collaboration with PNG IMR and the Mycobacteri- ology Reference Laboratory in Brisbane, Australia, by using Zoonotic Mycobacteria molecular techniques to rapidly test isolated strains for the drug resistance related genogram. We sequenced all rele- The Human and Animal Health Unit has investigated vant genes involved in drug resistance against first- and sec- zoonotic transmission of M. bovis in southeast Ethiopia ond-line drugs collected in the Madang area of PNG. For the and identified three human M. bovis cases, of which one first time, we showed that the MDR rate in this area is nearly matched with the spacer oligotype of the main circulating 5%, which is twice as high as previously estimated [666]. strain in cattle. Cattle are the main host of M. bovis, but the zoonotic risk seems limited [500]. However, one M. tuberculosis strain was detected in a camel. Similar studies are underway on brucellosis in Kyrgyzstan. The first isolates of Brucella melitensis have been typed for the variable number of tandem repeats and indicate sheep as the main reservoir, but B. melitensis was also detected in two cattle. We expect to find B. abortus in isolates from Togolese cattle, given the low (<1%) sero-prevalence in people and absence in sheep and goats.

Ziehl-Neelsen staining of Mycobcteria tuberculosis (left panel). LED fluorescence microscopy has been established in PNG and can increase sensitivity of detection of Mtb (right panel). New Genotyping Approaches for Research on M. ulcerans Transmission Buruli ulcer (BU) often occurs in localised areas close to stagnant or slow-moving water. The mode of transmission is Immunological Interplay Between Helminth not fully understood, partly because no genetic fingerprinting methods are available. M. ulcerans isolates from Africa Infections and Malaria are genetically largely monomorphic and conventional ge- A large proportion of helminth-infected individuals are co- netic fingerprinting methods have insufficient resolution for infected with HIV, Mtb or malaria. However, the impact of micro-epidemiological studies. Using comparative genomic

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analyses, we developed an SNP-based typing method. Our lowing EMF exposure. These activities include developing micro-epidemiological studies using this method showed tools for computational analysis. that M. ulcerans haplotypes constitute focal transmission clusters, excluding certain modes of transmission, like infection of wounds via biofilms in the rivers or infection Genetic Epidemiology of Non-Communicable by insects that move over large distances [650]. We further showed that isolates from different West African BU-en- Diseases demic areas have diversified into local clonal complexes, The Genetic Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases which also show a remarkable geographical fixation [649]. Group maintained the SAPALDIA biobank and coordinated the 20-year follow-up examination of participants. In collaboration with the Biostatistics Unit, the group is currently Comparative Genomics to Study Immune developing a relational database across SAPALDIA survey and analytical biomarker data. In collaboration with Evasion and Virulence of Meningococci and Swiss TPH’s technical services, the group established a Pneumococci large state-of-the-art biobanking facility. Since 1998, in collaboration with the Navrongo Health Re- search Centre (NHRC), we have been conducting a long- The group contributed to several international genome- term study of the dynamics of Neisseria meningitidis car- wide association meta-analyses for chronic kidney disease, riage and disease in northern Ghana. We have shown that lung function [88], atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis. clonal waves of colonisation and disease are characteristic Data from the SAPALDIA study was used to i) perform the of the African meningitis belt. In the case of serogroup A, first GWAS on longitudinal lung function in asthmatics and Meningococci clones associated with the sequence types non-asthmatics; ii) apply pathways analysis to assess the (STs) 5, 7 and 2859 have been responsible for the outbreaks interaction of variation in oxidative stress genes with both in the last two decades. In collaboration with the Wellcome ambient air pollution and active smoking on lung function Trust Sanger Institute, we have started comparative ge- [71]; iii) determine ranges of serum alpha1-antitrypsin ac- nomic analyses with the unique collections of epidemiolog- cording to the main deficient SERPINA1 genotype variants ically well-defined meningococcal and pneumococcal iso- in the general population; and iv) study the impact of ge- lates that were generated. Colonisation and disease waves netically caused alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency on the longi- with STs 5, 7 or 2859 clones each lasted for 3–4 years. Sub- tudinal course of respiratory health in a population-based sequent disappearance of the genoclouds was most likely sample. associated with the development of protein-antigen focused herd immunity. Comparative genomic data indicate that The group participates with the SAPALDIA blood bank in an complex changes of the allelic profile of surface associated NIH-funded project searching for novel COPD blood mark- proteins, connected to multiple recombination events, are ers and in a newly funded EU 7th framework programme required for a new clone to colonise a population that has project identifying novel short- and long-term “–omics” developed such herd immunity. These findings show that markers of air pollution exposure. intra- and inter-species (with commensal Neisseria species) recombination events are the major driving force in the mi- croevolution and immune evasion of N. meningitidis.

Epigenetic Mechanisms Possibly Involved as Response to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (EMF) Recent technological advances in the methods used to determine nucleotide sequences also allow us to assess epigenetic modifications at a genome-wide scale. Such modifications include post-translationally added labels to histones in chromatin and represent a long-term, dynamic pattern superimposing the nucleotide sequence of genomes. Epi- genetic marks specify, for instance, cellular differentia- tion and shape the genomic potential of an individual cell. Therefore, chromatin modifications may provide a read-out of a basal level of a genomic status, common to a population of cells exposed to EMFs. Epidemiologic studies consistently observed an association between EMF and childhood leukemia. Therefore, in collaboration with the Physical Hazards and Health Unit and an international team from the EU project, ARIMMORA, the Bioinformatic group is comparing epigenetic maps of exposed versus sham-treated cells, which might reveal hallmarks of long-term cellular reactions fol-

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58 Key Area 4 Chronic Diseases and Environmental Epidemiology

Each individual continuously interacts with the environ- and allergy to renal function. The first pathway analyses on ment, which affects health in either a positive or negative oxidative stress gene variants and their interaction with air way. In the Key Area, Chronic Diseases and Environmen- pollution on lung function decline was published, suggest- tal Epidemiology, we seek to acquire a deeper understanding that different genes may mediate the effect of air poling of the interaction between the human body and the en- lutants and tobacco smoke [71]. Furthermore, we found a vironment, with respect to chronic disease development. variant in the antioxidative gene GSTP1 that modifies the association between atopy and passive smoke exposure. Swiss TPH studies address a wide variety of environmental, Beyond genetics, SAPALDIA data resulted in demonstrated occupational and lifestyle exposures, such as ambient and associations between household spray use and COPD, as household air pollution, including passive smoking; noise; well as decreased heart rate variability – an independent electromagnetic fields (EMF); ionizing radiation; physical predictor of mortality – and associations between traffic re- activity; nutrition; social stress; and the microbial environ- lated particulate matter and decreased heart rate variabil- ment. The internal environment is an important link be- ity [54, 110, 111]. tween external environmental exposures and chronic disease. External stimuli may change the environment within the body, which in turn may lead to the development of a chronic disease. The impact of environment and lifestyle Air Pollution on disease susceptibility is modified by genetic and epigenetic factors. Apart from SAPALDIA, in which air pollution is a key as- pect, Swiss TPH is actively involved in a number of air pol- Well characterised long-term cohorts and biobanks are the lution projects. The EU 7th Framework Projects, ESCAPE backbone of chronic disease epidemiology. They allow us (www.escapeproject.eu) and TRANSPHORM, make use of to study the long-term impact of environmental and life- the health and biological data collected in SAPALDIA and style factors and genetic susceptibility on the internal en- from more than 30 other European cohorts in European- vironment as assessed through biomarkers, and on preclin- wide analyses on the association of chronic exposure to ical and clinical health outcomes. In the population-based traffic-related air pollution with cardio-respiratory health, SAPALDIA cohort and biobank, directed by the institute’s inflammation, cancer and mortality. Swiss TPH research- Chronic Disease Epidemiology Unit, a wealth of personal, ers led the ESCAPE air pollution measurement and mod- health and environmental information as well as biospeci- elling activities for Switzerland, Northern Italy, Vorarlberg mens were collected from over 6000 participants over a pe- (Austria) and Heidelberg (Germany). They also lead the in- riod of 20 years. SAPALDIA conducted and contributed to vestigations of air quality effects on lung function, COPD, several large genome-wide association studies on various asthma, respiratory symptoms and markers of atheroscle- health outcomes ranging from lung function [88], asthma rosis with results expected by early 2013.

SAPALDIA Cohort and Biobank: Understanding chronic disease mechanisms.

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Our studies on air pollution and atherosclerosis, initiated tory health status of non-smoking hospitality workers was in collaboration with Barcelona, Spain (REGICOR) and the measured in a longitudinal study before the new law was University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles, ob- implemented and at 6 and 12 months after. We found that served associations between traffic-related pollution and after the smoking ban, heart rate variability significantly im- atherosclerosis in adults. The Californian study points to- proved in workers who were no longer exposed to environ- ward a link between pre-natal exposure to ozone and the mental tobacco smoke (ETS). The changes observed were re- development of the artery wall during adolescence. In new lated to the extent of ETS exposure. The same improvement initiatives, we are characterising air quality in low-income was not found in study participants whose exposure had regions in Africa and Asia. The first results from Mauretania not changed in spring 2010, because they either remained indicate occurrence of unexpectedly high levels of particle exposed to ETS or had never have been exposed to it in the numbers; further spatio-temporal evaluations are needed. first place. Swiss TPH is also active in promoting national policies to protect the work force from passive smoke expo- In the MfM-U (Monitoring flankierende Massnahmen – Um- sure, including the hospitality sector where Swiss laws are welt) study we assessed the impact of traffic related air pol- not yet comprehensive. lution from the Swiss highway A2 on respiratory health in people living near the highway. Adults living within 200m of the highway reported chronic cough and wheezing more Physical Activity often than did adults living farther away. The study also showed increased inflammation in the upper and lower Based on a recent WHO report, physical inactivity is the lungs with prior day elevated traffic related air pollution (EC fourth leading cause of death worldwide. Physical activity and NO2). Source attribution analyses in Erstfeld showed has become a cornerstone of prevention and is not only ef- traffic as the major source of PM10, of which about half origi- fective at reducing mortality, but hinders chronic disease nated from primary exhaust emissions. In TAPAS (Transpor- and maintains cognitive abilities and independency in old tation, Air pollution and Physical Activities), a multi-centric age. Additionally, it is a key determinant of energy expen- European study, exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) during diture and is therefore fundamental to energy balance and commute was assessed in Basel. UFP exposures were high- weight control. It has become a vital element for primary est for cyclists and walkers, compared to those who used [95], secondary [86], and tertiary prevention. The most effec- buses and trams. Commuting to work by bike contributed tive strategy seems to be primary prevention during child- substantially to daily UFP exposures and avoiding main hood [95]. Physical activity assessments in SAPALDIA have roads actually reduced the commute exposures by half. shown that heart rate variability improved with physical activity and even offset the negative effects of obesity. KISS (sport study in children) and BALLABEINA are examples of Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) effective physical activity interventions in children that received international recognition [136]. In the context of an Still, relatively little knowledge is available about the re- international database of objectively measured physical ac- versibility of health damages due to chronic airborne par- tivity in children (ICAD) and an EU project (ENERGY) where ticles exposure. In Switzerland, a smoking ban for public energy expenditure-related behaviour was assessed, Swiss places was introduced in 2010. This offers a prime opportu- children are among the most active worldwide. Within Swit- nity to investigate how the cardio-respiratory health of hos- zerland, Swiss children show marked socio-cultural differ- pitality workers benefits from air quality improvements in ences that even outrange gender and age-related effects. the workplace. In COSIBAR (Cohort Study on Smoke-free As an internationally recognised travel medicine centre, we Interventions in Bars and Restaurants), the cardio-respira- also study tolerance to high altitude as a special but common way to be physically active under extreme conditions.

Microbial Environment The role of the microbial environment in the development of childhood asthma and allergies is increasingly recognised. We are part of the European cross-sectional study GABRIEL, a multidisciplinary study to identify the genetic and environmental causes of asthma in the European Community, which found the diversity of microbial exposure measured in the dust of children’s mattresses was crucial for protection from asthma [280]. In addition to and independent of the microbial environment, consumption of raw farm milk contributed to the protective “farm effect”. Analysis of the different compounds in milk samples revealed that whey Frequency of cough and wheeze is most frequent in Swiss adults living close to the highway. The spatial distribution of symptoms protein levels, and not the total microbial load, was asso- follows the spatial distribution of near-road traffic related ciated with a lower asthma risk [302]. The ongoing Euro- pollutants such as ultrafine particles, diesel soot, CO and other pean birth cohort study PASTURE/EFRAIM, conducted in primary pollutants. Model adjusted for other risk factors [136]. rural areas of Switzerland, Germany, Austria, France and

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60 Key Area 4

Finland and including 1133 children, allows us to prospec- study, adolescents’ exposure to non-ionizing radiation will tively assess the role of environmental and genetic factors be calculated based on their phone records over the course in the development of allergic disease. Maternal contact of one year. We will evaluate whether or not radiation expo- with farm animals and cats during pregnancy was shown sure affects cognitive functions, learning capacity, behav- to protect against the development of atopic dermatitis in iours or symptoms of the study participants. A specific aim early life, which was associated with a lower expression of of the study will be to differentiate between possible effects innate immune receptors at birth. Farm-related exposures, mediated by the radiation or by excessive mobile phone use such as raw milk consumption during the first year of life, independent of the radiation emission. were associated with increased expression of innate immunity receptors in early life, suggesting an important role of Epidemiologic studies consistently observed an association innate immunity in atopic disease development [304]. In between extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) addition, we could show that consumption of yogurt and and childhood leukaemia. However, a biological mecha- the diversity of food introduced in the first year of life pro- nism for such a link has not been identified. In the EU proj- tected against atopic dermatitis, which calls into question ect, ARIMMORA, possible mechanisms are being investi- many of the current recommendations given to mother of gated by an interdisciplinary project team. Swiss TPH is infants [315]. The rich database of this unique cohort study involved in epigenetic analyses and is collecting personal offers the opportunity to deepen our understanding of the ELF-MF measurements from children to obtain a better factors relevant to the development of childhood asthma understanding of the exposure situation in the everyday and allergy and might eventually contribute to prevention. environment.

Electromagnetic Fields Ionizing Radiation Electromagnetic fields are ubiquitously distributed in In Switzerland, residential radon is the most important con- our environment, either from use of electricity (causing tributor to ionizing radiation exposure. The effect of indoor extremely low frequency EMF) or from use of wireless radon exposure on childhood cancers is unknown. In a pro- communication devices (causing radiofrequency EMF). The spective census-based cohort, we investigate the potential potential health effects for both types of EMF are of concern association between radon exposure and childhood cancer and Swiss TPH maintains a scientific literature database, risk. We developed a nationwide radon prediction model. in which all recent human and epidemiological studies Preliminary results do not indicate associations between dealing with EMF are summarized and evaluated (see www. residential radon and all childhood cancer outcomes, child- elmar.swisstph.ch). We recently carried out a systematic hood leukaemia, or childhood brain tumour. review of electromagnetic hypersensitivity on behalf of the Swiss Government. Noise In QUALIFEX (the Cohort Study on Quality of Life and Ex- posure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields), the ef- Exposure to traffic noise is very common in urban environ- fects of EMF in the everyday environment was investigated ments and of increasing concern. In the SAPALDIA study, in a cohort of about 1,400 individuals. We considered envi- an association between night time railroad noise exposure ronmental exposures from broadcast transmitters and mo- and blood pressure was observed and is being further eval- bile phone base stations, as well as from sources that oper- uated in Girona, Spain, within the REGICOR collaboration ate close to the body, such as mobile and cordless phones. [529]. In the QUALIFEX study, impairment of subjective In a measurement study, we demonstrated that the lat- and objective sleep quality measures was related to mod- ter sources produce considerably higher exposure for the elled road traffic noise exposure. Most interestingly, these body. However, for both types of exposure conditions we associations were also observed in study participants who did not find evidence that they cause symptoms such as claimed not to be annoyed by traffic noise. In the REGICOR sleep disturbances or headache within one year of expo- collaboration, we advanced our understanding of the as- sure [284, 306]. sociation between the possibly competing risks of noise and air pollution [80]. In TRITABS – a tri-national study on CEFALO was an international case-control study examining traffic related air pollution, noise and health – correlations the association between mobile phone use and the risk of between ultrafine particles and traffic noise were assessed brain tumours in children and adolescents (7 to 19 years). and yielded rather moderate associations, which are fur- This study was the first worldwide to address this research ther modified by urban spatial patterns. question. It was conducted in Switzerland, Denmark, Nor- way and Sweden, and did not provide evidence for a causal association between mobile phone use among children or adolescents and brain tumour risk [265]. However, use of mobile phones in children and adolescents is increasing and additional investigations are warranted to reduce uncertainties about possible effects in children and adolescents. Recently, we started a cohort study on the health effects of mobile phone use in adolescents (HERMES). In this

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Key Area 5 61 Travel and Tropical Medicine

The travel activities of the Swiss population are among tious diseases (e.g. leishmaniasis, malaria) and identifying the highest of all industrialised countries. Health risks for emerging pathogens by sampling returning international short- and long-term travellers and expatriates are sub- travellers, immigrants, and foreign visitors. ject to continuous change with regard to communicable and non-communicable diseases in tropical and other re- The network is lead by a steering committee and a network gions of the world. In collaboration with national and in- coordinator, elected by all site managers for a period of two ternational partners, and through travel and tropical med- years. Network partners include major travel clinics with icine services, teaching and research, Swiss TPH updates broad experience collaborating in scientific studies, as well recommendations for managing travel-related disorders on as inpatient and outpatient sites serving international mi- an on-going basis. grants, asylum seekers, professional travellers and tourists.

As the National Reference Centre for Imported Parasitic Dis- eases, the institute constantly revises and develops its portfolio of diagnostic tools. Developing and Evaluating the Diagnostic Port- folio for Imported Parasitic Diseases and Other Pathogens Pre- and Post-travel Advice and Care at National and International Level During the reporting period, a strategy for selecting and validating diagnostic peptides for parasitic diseases was de- The Expert Committee for Travel Medicine (ECTM) is an in- fined. The constant search for innovative refinement and de- dependent collaborative network of major University Travel velopment has resulted in several projects being initiated Clinics and Departments of Infectious Diseases in Switzer- in our diagnostic parasite serology laboratory, involving land (Basel, Bern, Genève, Lausanne, St. Gallen, Zürich), Post-Doc, Doctoral and Master students. The primary goal Tropical and Travel Medicine and General Practitioners’ of these projects is to replace the diagnostic use of crude an- societies and a representative from Swiss International tigens with a selection of defined diagnostic peptides. Sev- Airlines AG. The group provides regularly updated travel- related recommendations for Switzerland, which are then published by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health. ECTM members have established internet-based information sources for travel medicine recommendations (Tropimed, coordinated by the University of Zürich and Safetravel.ch, coordinated by the University of Geneva). During the chair- manship of the committee, this national group of experts was expanded to include international representatives of Germany, Austria, France, Holland, Italy and the United Kingdom. Close collaboration resulted in consensual recommendations for malaria protection in all three German- speaking countries (Switzerland, Germany and Austria).

The Swiss Society of Specialists in Tropical and Travel Med- icine (FMH) has a long-standing link to Swiss TPH, resulting in the institute’s continuous membership on its board.

TropNet As an affiliate of TropMedEurop, a European network dealing with imported infectious disease, TropNet was created in 1999 and has been coordinated by Swiss TPH since 2010. Now the largest network of its kind in Europe, TropNet focuses on preventive, diagnostic and clinical issues pertaining to imported infectious diseases and serves as a platform for service provision, teaching and research for 61 centres throughout Europe. TropNet objectives include sentinel surveillance of specific imported infectious diseases in Eu- rope (e.g. dengue fever cases), achieving an international consensus for preventive and clinical recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for imported infec- Tobias Suter collecting Aedes mosquitoes. Photo: Swiss TPH

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eral promising candidates for diagnosing echinococcosis, Risk Assessment of Mosquito-Borne Diseases strongyloidiasis, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis and some rare parasitic diseases are currently being validated. Dengue fever is the most important viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes worldwide. Invasive mosquito species play a key role in the exponential increase of dengue fever Population and Individual Protection Against in Europe, where the first autochthonous cases were reported in 2010. In collaboration with researchers from the Vectors Aggeu Magalhães Research Centre/FIOCRUZ in Brazil, the Experiences from Swiss TPH research and development Cantonal Institute of Microbiology in Bellinzona, Switzer- activities, together with our expertise in vector biology, land and Mabritec SA, the study aims to assess the poten- provide the basis for up-to-date consultations for short- tial risk for dengue virus transmission by studying vector and long-term travellers and clinicians alike. Members competence, seasonal abundance, host preference and in- of the Vector Control Unit are actively involved in teach- secticide susceptibility in Aedes mosquitoes to improve vec- ing and training in the field of tropical medicine and in- tor surveillance and control. form the wider public through media on vector-borne diseases and prevention. The Vector Control Unit continuously In collaboration with the Institute of Parasitology at the Uni- tests and reviews products that are already on the market versity of Zürich, members of the Vector Control Unit also for their protection efficacy and awards the “Getestet vom investigate the national mosquito fauna in space and time Schweizerischen Tropeninstitut” label to products with at several locations throughout Switzerland. The collected long-lasting protection, thereby ensuring the quality of data will provide a baseline for assessing risk of human and recommended repellent formulations. animal vector-borne disease in Switzerland.

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Key Area 6 63 Health in Social-Ecological Systems

Faced with unprecedented patterns of global change (e.g. impact assessment (HIA) helps to identify negative health rapid urbanisation, natural resource depletion and climate consequences and provides an initial evidence base for pre- change), the complex interconnections between humans, venting and mitigating diseases, injuries and risk factors, animals and the environment become evident and require thereby promoting positive health effects. Over the past sev- integrated approaches to health in social-ecological sys- eral years, Swiss TPH has been involved in HIA of more than tems. Swiss TPH studies the interactions between humans, 20 projects in developing countries. These include mine de- animals and the environment in different social-ecological velopments (e.g. gold, iron and zinc mining projects), wa- contexts, which in turn helps to identify determinants of ter resource developments (e.g. large hydroelectric dam health and wellbeing and deepens our understanding of constructions), infrastructure developments (e.g. deep wa- disease dynamics and health systems [249, 516]. Our insti- ter ports, railways and pipelines) and bioenergy projects. tute has conducted a wide variety of integrated risk and im- A broad set of tools and methods for HIA has been devel- pact assessments of infrastructure development projects in oped and validated in different social-ecological contexts. the tropics; air pollution policies in Switzerland and else- This resulted in a systematic approach to project scoping where in Europe; and neglected tropical diseases, zoono- that aims to organise diverse, often fragmentary, evidence ses control and elimination programmes in Africa and Asia. and to identify potential project-related health impacts and This section features some of the highlights of the report- underlying data gaps. In settings where demographic and ing period. health data are scarce, a diverse toolkit of data collection strategies becomes relevant for the mainly small area impacts of interest. We published a modular baseline health Assessing Health Impacts of Large Projects in survey approach, which can be used for HIA in various settings [256]. The modular nature of the toolkit, combined the Tropics with a broad set of key performance indicators, readily al- Large infrastructure development projects in the extrac- lows for adaptation to a given project setting. The risk as- tive industry and natural resources sectors in the tropics sessment and impact mitigation phases are initiated once are often controversial and associated with long-term ad- the required evidence base for the HIA has been completed. verse health consequences for local communities. Health This is supported by the use of a novel risk analysis matrix,

Key performance indicators that can be obtained with a modular approach as part of a baseline health survey in the framework of HIA of large infrastructure development projects in the tropics, (KAP, knowledge, attitude, practice; NGO non-govermental organisation).

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which facilitates the ranking of potential health impacts for high proportion (i.e. up to 56%) of people living within subsequent prioritisation of mitigation strategies. Such a 75 m of busy roads. Our HIA made major contributions to systematic approach to HIA not only improves the predic- policy relevant decisions and comparisons across compet- tive validity of the assessment per se but also establishes a ing risks. Together with the City of Basel and six other cities benchmark for long-term surveillance and for monitoring in Europe and China, we are quantifying the public health health, equity and wellbeing. impact of climate change policies in the framework of the EU FP7 project URGENCHE. Our involvement in HIA reflects Swiss TPH’s strategy of contributing to the translation of re- Environmental Epidemiology Research: search into action and policies, which are still much needed Influencing Policy and debated in the field of air pollution. A key factor in designing effective actions to improve the health and wellbeing of populations is the ability to trans- Health in Social-Ecological Systems in the Face late research findings, from the field of environmental epi- of Climate Change demiology, for example, into information that can respond to stakeholders’ needs and also bring awareness of emerg- Climate variability and change alter the transmission of ing issues to them. HIA is an important tool for this trans- water-, food- and vector-borne diseases. As a first step to- lation and for policy-making. HIA implies a strong collab- wards adapting to climate variability and change, vulner- orative and multidisciplinary approach, and capacity for abilities must be determined. In the town of Kaédi, located developing new or improving existing methods and tools along the Senegal River in southern Mauritania, Swiss TPH as scientific evidence becomes available. Two important – in collaboration with health sector partners – undertook aspects have emerged in recent air pollution epidemiolog- a baseline risk and vulnerability assessment at both com- ical research. First, numerous studies indicate that air pol- munity and household levels. This included a time series lution can contribute to the development of chronic pathologies, thereby affecting the incidence and prevalence of chronic diseases. Second, the evidence of health effects due to near-road concentrations of traffic-related pollution – in particular the ultrafine fraction – is growing fast. Swiss TPH has been at the forefront of developing methods that resulted in new public HIA of ambient air pollution on chronic morbidities, in particular childhood asthma. In collaboration with the University of Southern California and other U.S. partners, we have shown that traffic-related pollution contributes to a much larger burden of asthma morbidity if we integrate new evidence showing that children living in close proximity to main roads are more likely to develop asthma. Annual asthma related costs amounted to USD 18 million among a population of 210,000 children in two communities of Los Angeles [59]. The European APHEKOM study applied these novel methods and found that among 10 European cities, some 14% of asthma cases were attrib- Annual rainfall patterns in the town of Kaédi, Mauritania utable to traffic-related pollution, largely due to the very between 1919 and 2010.

analysis of precipitation data covering the period 1919 to 2010, and a cross-sectional household survey done in the dry season of 2011. Monthly rainfall trends in the last decade (2001–2010) show that the duration of the rainy season has decreased significantly, while the amount of rain in the wet season has increased. Hence, the data suggest a shortening of the duration of the rainy season, with higher peaks in a narrow time frame during which the city may experience relatively large amounts of rainfall. These changing patterns put Kaédi at an elevated risk of flooding. Our cross-sectional survey revealed that most households have access to tap water (79%), while one quarter of the households get their drinking water from wells (>100 located in streets and yards). Many households have latrines in their yards, some in close proximity to these wells. Since flooding of streets and yards commonly occurs during the rainy Conceptual approach to deriving the attributable impact of air season (reported by 61% of the households), these social- pollution taking into account traffic exposure as a cause for ecological contexts might increase the risk of water contam- chronic disease onset. The example here is for childhood asthma. ination and diarrhoea. Indeed, using a recall period of two

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weeks, one third of the interviewed mothers reported that their young children suffered from diarrhoea. Promoting an “EcoHealth” approach might help local communities to set up setting-specific adaptation plans [174].

Prevention and Control of Zoonoses Swiss TPH investigated the impact of a Rift Valley fever (RVF) outbreak in East Africa on human and animal health, livestock production, household incomes and trade. A broad stakeholder consultation revealed that both livestock and public health sectors are deeply engaged with resource management projects and communities. According to the Kenyan data on human RVF cases in the outbreak year of 2006/07, we estimated a burden of 340 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 people, which corresponds Focus group discussion in Garissa region of Kenya to assess live- to one fifth of the local burden due to tuberculosis. How- stock demographic parameters in normal and drought year, with ever, based on health field data obtained after the outbreak, and without RVF outbreak. Photo: Samuel Fuhrimann RVF was significantly underreported. Indeed, an individual- based transmission model revealed that slaughtered and sold small ruminants (rather than cattle or camels) were trol a priority. In a nationwide representative sero-survey, mainly responsible for the disease spread by trade, with the annual incidence of human brucellosis exposure was infected sheep being an important risk for human RVF in- more than 10-times higher than reported clinical brucel- fection. Cost-benefit analysis and identification of the most losis cases. Human sero-prevalence was associated with effective prevention and control scenarios were derived small ruminant sero-positivity. Given the history of brucel- with outputs from the model, using reported livestock de- losis control, with mass cattle vaccinations in the 1970s, we mographics in normal and outbreak years. Two consecu- hypothesised that the prevalent circulating strain would tive livestock vaccination campaigns prior to an outbreak be Brucella melitensis, of which small ruminants are the in high-risk RVF-infection areas were highly profitable, as main reservoir. Indeed, we could isolate and characterise was an integrated control package (i.e. vaccination com- B. melitensis from sheep and cattle. Mass vaccination of bined with sanitary measures, surveillance, vector control small ruminants is now ongoing, but the role of cattle in and awareness campaigns). The role of wildlife as a poten- the transmission cycle should be better understood for fu- tial reservoir of infection and inter-epidemic cases is being ture vaccination recommendations. Similar “One Health” investigated by a postdoctoral fellow from the AfriqueOne research and intervention studies are being implemented, consortium. In the past, poorly coordinated actions of dif- for example for rabies, and an integrated epidemiological ferent sectors were ineffective. Our results underscore the and economic framework for estimating the full economic pressing need for intersectoral contingency planning, in- costs of zoonoses has been developed and is currently cluding a cost-sharing scheme between different sectors. being validated with case studies like the cost of bovine tuberculosis to Ethiopia [487]. Kyrgyzstan reports high and increasing annual human brucellosis incidences (78 cases per 100,000 people in 2007). Several studies on zoonoses and demographic and health Indeed, Kyrgyz authorities have made brucellosis con- indicators among African and Asian mobile pastoralists

Where there was once open processing of suspected brucellosis infected material before the project (A), there is now a biosafety bench in the Oblast veterinary laboratory of Naryn, Kyrgyzstan (B). Photo A: Esther Schelling; Photo B: Julien Casaubon

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66 Key Area 6

are also underway. Mobility within regions and countries identified age, Lao Loum ethnic group, educational attain- is the dominant migration pattern. Vietnamese seasonal ment, occupation (i.e. rice farmer, fisherman and animal migrants more often have mental ill-health compared breeder) and unsafe drinking water source as key risk fac- to non-migrants. A priority health problem is reproduc- tors for O. viverrini infection. History of praziquantel treat- tive tract infections among young female migrants, given ment, access to sanitation and distance to freshwater bod- their infrequent visits to health centres and lack of suit- ies were found to be protective factors. Spatial patterns of able health promotion programmes [475]. In Côte d’Ivoire, O. viverrini were mainly governed by environmental factors, migrants to cash crop field areas are at higher risk of being with predictive modelling identifying two different risk pro- infected with sleeping sickness and do not receive diagnosis files: low risk of O. viverrini in the mountains and high risk in their homeland, where the disease is absent. in the Mekong corridor. Our risk map is important for predicting the burden of opisthorchiasis at a small spatial scale and for targeting control interventions [182]. Risk Profiling for Opisthorchiasis in Lao PDR An estimated 10 million people are infected with Opist- Sanitation Reduces Soil-Transmitted Helminth horchis viverrini in Lao PDR and Thailand, a food-borne Infection by Half trematode that is transmitted through the consumption of raw fish. Chronic infection eventually causes cholan- More than a billion people are infected with soil-transmit- giocarcinoma, a fatal bile duct cancer. We conducted a ted helminths, causing a global burden of 39 million DALYs. cross-sectional epidemiological and questionnaire survey in The current strategy to control soil-transmitted helminthi- 51 villages in Champasack province, southern Lao PDR. asis is regular administration of anthelminthic drugs to We collected data on O. viverrini infection, demography, at-risk populations. While this strategy reduces morbidity, socio-economic status and access to clean water and sanit fails to prevent rapid re-infection and hence, preva- itation, and behavioural data from more than 3,000 indi- lence rates usually return to pre-intervention levels within viduals. The data were combined with remotely sensed en- 1–2 years. A large body of historic evidence suggests that vironmental data and fed into a geographical information sanitation has the potential to prevent re-infection by inter system. Using advanced Bayesian geostatistical models, we rupting the life cycle of soil-transmitted helminth infections.

Map of the predicted prevalence (median) of O. viverrini infection in Champasack province, southern Lao PDR.

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Meta-analysis examining the association of sanitation with infection with soil-transmitted helminths. Data are presented separately for availability and use of sanitation. Rectangles indicate odds ratios (ORs), and sizes of the rectangles represent the weight given to each study in the meta-analysis; open diamonds and vertical dashed lines indicate combined ORs; and horizontal lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. Data are presented separately for (a) only adults and (b) only children.

Swiss TPH systematically reviewed the literature to quantify the effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infections. Thirty-six publications, consisting of 39 datasets, met pre-defined inclusion criteria. We conducted a meta-analysis and found that individuals who have access to simple sanitation facilities are at significantly lower risk of soil- transmitted helminth infections than their counterparts with no sanitation (odds ratio = 0.51; 95% confidence interval = 0.43–0.61) [263]. Our results demonstrate that sanitation is a crucial intervention for reducing the burden of soil-transmitted helminthiaisis, and hence deworming activities should be accompanied by improving sanitation, clean water and hygiene.

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68 Key Area 7 Society, Culture and Health

Society and Culture Matter This Key Area puts people at the centre, and provides a platform for research and action on the profound and influential role of society and culture for health. The common concern that drives work in this Key Area builds on the main argu- ment of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health: Inequities in health, that is, avoidable health inequalities, arise because of the circumstances in which people grow, live, work and age, and the systems put in place to deal with illness. The conditions in which people live and die are, in turn, shaped by political, social, economic and – we would add – cultural forces.

Assembling members of a women’s group in Kilombero Valley. Photo: J. Pelikan

Many of our research activities have contributed to the development of initiatives to improve social and cultural sensitivity of health systems. In the framework of the ACCESS programme, insights into local understandings of malaria- related fever have informed social marketing campaigns on prompt and appropriate treatment with Artemisinin- based combination therapy. Other examples are community health oriented projects in Romania; a community mobilisation project in Moldova on access to care for vulnerable Bongo Fleva local HipHop artists influence youth culture, Dar es pregnant women; and socially and culturally adapted TB Salaam, Tanzania. Photo: Matthis Kleeb and vaccination services in mobile pastoralist communities and other hard to reach populations, such as internally dis- placed people, in Africa and Asia. Experience of and Response to Illness An important field of research in this Key Area is the differential experience of and response to illness. In collaboration with epidemiologists, public health specialists and clinicians, we have conducted numerous studies on cultural determinants of health by examining illness experiences, meanings and behaviours pertinent to a wide range of communicable and non-communicable diseases and disease control measures. How and to what extent people’s experience and understandings of health problems influence their health seeking behaviour has been clarified with regards to malaria, tuberculosis, HIV and AIDS, cholera, Buruli ulcer, suicide, mental health, maternal health, worm diseases, vaccination of children and mothers and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Social and cultural de- Education as a means to fight against inequity. Young people on terminants of access to malaria treatment have been in- the way to school. Photo: T. Schuppisser vestigated in the ACCESS programme. Working with WHO and African partners, we have designed studies in Zanzi- Gender as a Key Determinant bar [554], Kenya and DR Congo to clarify the level and determinants of acceptance and demand for vaccines to pre- Gender is a key determinant of health, health behaviour vent cholera, and conducted a similar study in Pune, India, and access to health care. It is a concept referring to cul- for influenza vaccines. The multi-centred study Access to ture-bound conventions, normative meanings, perceptions, Medicines in Africa and South Asia (AMASA) examines the beliefs, roles, behaviours and social relations premised on production, supply and use of selected drugs for tuberculo- culture, power and resources. We investigate the impact of sis, malaria, depression, reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. gender on health behaviour at the individual level, through

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ies. Our research activities have paid particular attention to health-related stigma, social exclusion and support, for instance with regard to leprosy, HIV and AIDS, TB, and mental health problems. Many studies have examined the relationships between livelihood, vulnerability, resilience and health among young and elderly population groups in rural and urban areas of Tanzania, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Peru and India. New projects include examining the vulnerability of regional migrant populations to exclusion from health services on different continents. Conflict- ing policies were reviewed in both a past and an ongoing study. One project investigates how the interplay of patent regimes, pharmaceutical regulation and availability of drug production facilities, health care infrastructure, service provision and engagement by foreign donors influences appropriate, affordable access to medicines in India and South Africa. Various ongoing studies pay particular attention to how agency, responsibility and/or accountability can improve gender, generational and socio-economic equality and equity in health in Africa. A project in Zambia investigated gendered social and intra-family dynamics affecting HIV-related decision making. Two studies in Tanzania explore the changing social arrangements and conditions shaping elderly persons’ health and care. By coordinating the accountability component, we contribute to Evidence for Action (E4A), a five-year programme that aims to improve maternal and newborn survival in six sub-Saharan countries. Funded by the UK Department for International Female workers on a construction site in Mahabalipuram, Development, E4A focuses on using better information and Tamil Nadu state. Photo: Eveline Hürlimann improved advocacy and accountability to save lives in Ethi- opia, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Tanzania. interactive processes within health care, or through organisational and societal mechanisms that determine access to health. One study showed how perceived normative masculinities impact men’s health behaviour, while another project clarified how institutional frameworks affect breastfeeding rates. We also focus on the sex/gender-related pathways that contribute to different symptom and chronic disease manifestations, disease frequency and different care needs in women and men. Our studies have examined how to work with adolescent women to support them in smoking cessation, how reproductive histories have to be taken into account in guidelines regarding cardiovascular risk assessment (SAPALDIA) and which sex/gender-related factors play a role in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Sex and gender are not distinct realities, but connected: we are confronted with biological expressions of gender as well as with gendered expressions of biology. Thus, by taking gender and sex/gender-related factors into account, health care Traditional external kitchen in a rural village in Tamil Nadu state. and health systems are more likely to be appropriate and Photo: Eveline Hürlimann of better quality. These, and other topics, were discussed at the Swiss TPH Autumn Symposium 2011 on “Gender in medicine: It is about improving quality”. Any initiatives to reduce inequalities and inequities must integrate health, economic and social development. Vari- ous media have been used for public awareness and pol- Social Inequality and Inequity icy dialogue, for instance in efforts to build resilience of adolescents to teenage pregnancy and in projects on men- More broadly, our research on society, culture and health tal health, vaccination and cardiovascular disease. New focuses on the social structures, processes and relations ways of improving access to health care for mobile popula- that create inequality and inequity in health status, in actions have been explored and tested. Technical assistance cess to health care or in the distribution of health determi- has been provided to develop and implement community nants between different groups within and across societ- health funds. Much attention was given to household and

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livelihood assets people can mobilise, particularly in vulnerability contexts. A recent study on malaria interventions, emphasising prevention and treatment in Tanzania, suggests that the systematic and culturally sensitive integration of local and biomedical concepts in communication and social marketing campaigns over an extended time period can lead to improved acceptability of insecticide treated mosquito nets and of Artemisinin-based combination therapy. Mobilising and supporting women groups in livelihood and health promotion activities have enhanced improvements in acceptability.

To move beyond existing concepts of livelihood, vulnerability and risk, a framework for studying multi-layered social resilience has been developed [548] and is currently being Kids in Stone Town, Zanzibar. Photo: Matthis Kleeb applied and validated in a project focusing on resilience of adolescents to teenage pregnancy in urban and rural areas community-based services, as well as to advocacy for dis- in Tanzania and Ghana. Findings from this project highlight advantaged groups and inclusion-oriented approaches. the importance of cultural capital for resilience building. Ongoing initiatives in the framework of the Health Promo- Youth that have access to media, such as youth magazines, tion and Systems Strengthening Project in Dodoma, Tanza- radio and TV, that inform of the risks related to teenage nia implement and measure the success of various commu- pregnancy have a significantly higher resilience in dealing nity actions for health, with an emphasis on social inclusion with teenage pregnancy than their peers. Social resilience and context. In search of innovative, non-kin-based forms thinking offers new opportunities for researchers, practi- of building the resilience of elderly people to health and tioners, and policy makers by emphasising the importance care risks, potential connections with diverse group initia- of strengthening capabilities of different layers of society. tives are being examined. New community mobilisation and participation models have been created to improve access and adherence to health New Frameworks and Approaches services and to promote demand for healthcare. In Mol- Activities in the field of Cultural epidemiology acknowledge the importance of local concepts of health, illness and culture, and consider their distribution and influence on outcomes of public health significance. The research methods that we have developed for public health consider cultural concepts and relevant features of illness explanatory models. Our research is concerned with identifying illness-related experiences, meanings and behaviours in communities, and clarifying their relationship to risk, health seeking, course of illness and outcomes. Gender, stigma and mental health remain focal interests. Current topics of study include vaccine acceptance; consumer awareness, preference, access and use of essential medicines; risk-related behaviour associated with chronic diseases, such as hypertension; and control of neglected tropical diseases, such as Buruli ulcer, cholera and leprosy. Crosscutting interests in cultural determinants of influenza vaccine acceptance highlight common interests in diverse settings across the economic spectrum of development.

The Health Access Livelihood Framework, linking health seeking studies with health service research and livelihood approaches, has been validated and applied in various studies on malaria, zoonosis, water and sanitation, and health systems. The central idea is that five dimensions of access influence the course of the health-seeking process: availability, accessibility, affordability, adequacy and acceptability. The degree of access reached through the five dimensions depends on the interplay between (a) the health care services and the broader policies, institutions, organ- Young mother changing house in the Kilombero Valley, isations and processes that govern the services and (b) the South-Eastern Tanzania. Photo: Karin Gross

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dova, Tanzania, Ghana and in the Great Lakes region, these models are being applied at the community level to promote health by involving community leaders, targeting vulnerable sub-population groups, developing tailored health insurance schemes, including communities in advo cacy campaigns and fostering their greater inclusion in co-managing health infrastructure and equipment. We provide strong technical support, while placing national and local actors in the driving seat, leading to local ownership and empowerment.

Special Areas of Expertise We consider quality of care as a multidimensional inter vention strategy. Outdated guidelines and management practices, as well as the fragmentation and low quality of services are important barriers to adequate service deliv ery and access. Quality improvement is a necessary strategy to optimise the use of available resources as well as improve health outcomes; the process however requires taking into account the health system in its entirety, through improved leadership, (i.e. effective managerial processes), developing adequate professional regulations and standards (i.e. supportive supervision, clinical practice guidelines), engaging patients and populations to demand quality care, making information for planning and evaluation available and accessible, as well as strengthening and disseminating models of care. At the facility level, continuous quality improvement (CQI) strategies involve identi- Elderly woman with grandson, Kilombero Valley, South-Eastern fying and managing stakeholder expectations across dis- Tanzania. Photo: Karin Gross ciplines to create high quality services that are accessible and user friendly. served by the synergy that results from bridging these focal interests of different areas of the health social sciences. Innovative research at Swiss TPH that integrates the empirical and ethnographic methods of respective disciplines shows how to proceed with this interdisciplinary approach. Studies clarifying both social and cultural determinants of timely treatment for disease control, vaccine acceptance for prevention and cultural features of behaviour that increase or mitigate risk demonstrate the value of our scientific products. By examining what generates health inequalities and inequities in specific societies, with particular emphasis on gender and generation, we contribute evidence for health policy and action that reaches beyond the health sector.

Interview in rural Pune district, Maharashtra, India. Credits: Maharashtra Association of Anthroplogical Sciences (MAAS). Photo: N. Sundaram

The relevance of social and cultural determinants of health has been widely acknowledged, but attending to their interplay has been as challenging as it is promising. Social epidemiology emphasises social and societal determinants, while medical anthropology is concerned with the trans formative power of culture and the ways in which health and health care are culturally mediated in a particular social, political and economic context. Public health is well

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72 Key Area 8 Sexual and Reproductive Health and Gender

The Key Area, Sexual and Reproductive Health and Gender aspects of sexual and gender rights, stakeholder needs and (SRH&G), was created in 2008 to foster exchange and col- best practices in the field. In Switzerland, we contribute laboration across Swiss TPH’s research and service depart- to the development of the National HIV/AIDS and STI Pre- ments working in the field of SRH&G. Within this Key Area, vention Programme 2011–2017. Evidence-based policy ad- we generate evidence on SRH&G, translate it into practice vice and technical support in the field of SRH&G, includ- and inform research agendas with application experience. ing HIV/AIDS, was provided to governments, NGOs and This is consistent with Swiss TPH’s framework of “Innova- other stakeholders (e.g. multilaterals, foundations) on the tion – Validation – Application”. Work in this area contrib- basis of evidence generated through literature review, re- utes to a shared understanding of key SRH&G issues and de- search activities, validation in the field and through long- velops SRH&G concepts and approaches for specific social, term support for implementing national health sector de- cultural and systems contexts. The goals of our research velopment strategies. Through the backstopping mandate in this area are to provide evidence-based policy advice; with SDC, Swiss TPH provided expertise for project plan- capacity building through teaching and training at both ning, monitoring and evaluation in the areas of maternal national and international levels; and project implemen- and newborn health. tation and evaluation services, with a focus on improving the quality of SRH services. Swiss TPH contributed to national and international conferences and advised at high-level meetings, such as the Commission on Population and Development (CPD). High Research and Project Activities profile evaluations of multinational programmes in the field of SRH&G were conducted for the UN-System (HRP Policy advice and technical support in the field of SRH&G of WHO, UNAIDS, WFP and others), but also for international development organisations, such as GIZ’s SRH pro- Based on our broad experiences generating evidence and gramme. scaling-up approaches, we design, implement, monitor and evaluate SRH&G projects. In the new member states Regionalised health system strengthening interventions of the EU, Swiss TPH monitors SRH-related activities of the Swiss contributions to the EU cohesion funds for the Regionalised health system strengthening in the area of Financial Mechanism Office (FMO) of the European Free SRH is a major focus in transition economies in the East- Trade Association (EFTA), and the Swiss Agency for De- ern European region. Modernising perinatal health care velopment and Cooperation (SDC). At the global level, delivery services in Moldova, Romania and Ukraine have we provide technical SRH&G support for policy, research improved access to high quality care and contributed to and practice. We support the translation of international reduced perinatal morbidity and mortality. Swiss TPH fa- evidence into clinical practice guidelines and local ser- cilitates the exchange of practices with international col- vice protocols and promote the development of continu- leagues, introduces new ways of capacity building and ous quality improvement processes. A study on access to strengthens regional and international professional net- medicines in six countries of Africa and South Asia, sup- working. Today, the three central and Eastern European ported by the EU FP7 programme, investigates the regu- countries actively exchange expertise and collaborate in the latory policies, as well as the production, supply and (in- field of perinatal health, supported by Swiss TPH. dicated and non-indicated) use of selected medicines for reproductive health and HIV/AIDS, for example. Support is also given to SRH-related reform processes by integrating Maternal and child health (MCH) Within its long-term projects in sub-Saharan Africa, Swiss TPH builds capacity for maternal and child health (MCH) by strengthening physical infrastructure; building the capacity of district health care systems in MCH care and management; supporting health promotion at community, national and international levels; engaging in adolescent sexual and reproductive health, using a rights based approach; and looking at evidence of using health interventions to improve SRH at community level [533]. In Switzerland, evaluation within the framework of “Baby Friendly Hospitals” provides feedback on breastfeeding performance.

Reproductive resilience framework

Needs assessment among fathers for FamilyStart. The reproductive resilience framework supported and fur- Photo: © stockfoto.com ther developed by Swiss TPH, was used to strengthen the

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HIV/AIDS resilience of school children in Tanzania (PASHA tive histories are being investigated for the occurrence of re- project) and through school-based peer education and the- spiratory and cardiovascular conditions [545]. atre groups in Burundi.

SRH&G Working Group HIV and AIDS The SRH&G working group shares its knowledge internally Recommendations for better adaptation of VCT and ART through regular group meetings. This platform enables a programmes to the Southern African context, based on comprehensive understanding of SRH issues and supports large-scale case studies, were formulated. A regionalised strategy development for new interventions and the shar- social marketing approach, linking SRH and HIV/AIDS, was ing of best practices within the institute. The group shares developed for the Central African region. Socio-cultural its findings with the wider professional community through and contextual aspects were the focus of a project in Jor- publication of research and through regular symposia, such dan aiming to prevent and control HIV/AIDS, and of a study as the International Symposium on Gender and Medicine influencing patient attrition from antiretroviral therapy in in December 2011, which included several lectures and ses- Zambia [547]. A review of the legal and policy environment sions on SRH&G. In the last two years, several key topics around partner notification for sexually transmitted infec- were on the agenda: the resilience framework and its imple- tions, including HIV in Europe, was conducted on behalf of mentation; masculinities and men’s health, including gay the European Commission Diseases Control (ECDC). men’s health [569]; and quality of care for SRH&G.

Community care and quality of services Teaching Activities for Internal and External Improving service quality based on client and stakeholder Capacity Building in SRH&G needs strengthens demand for and reduces access barriers Evidence and best practices generated by our research and to SRH services. Swiss TPH supports the translation of in- project activities are shared through teaching and training ternational evidence into clinical practice guidelines and lo- endeavours within Swiss TPH, through capacity building cal service protocols, whilst promoting a continuous quality activities within donor funded projects, and through sci- improvement process. It supports reform processes related entific meetings with the international expert community. to SRH by integrating aspects of sexual and gender rights, An SRH week in the annual Health Care and Management stakeholder needs and best practices in the field. To facili- in Tropical Countries course (HCMTC) provides up to date tate the family-building process in its earliest phases, a new knowledge in the field of sexual and reproductive health to model of coordinated care for the postpartum phase was es- students from various countries. The institute also contrib- tablished in Basel and Zürich, including evaluation design utes to international and national Master’s degree courses (FamilyStart) [543]. A study on the impact of various work- as well as to undergraduate training for medical students. ing approaches in gynecological care on women’s health and health behaviour has been initiated across six gyneco- Swiss TPH also uses new capacity building activities (like logical care settings in the Basel region. decentralised skills-based training, introduction of simulation labs and international coaching) and networking with Swiss and other international perinatal health experts, to facilitate health sector development in the area of SRH. Quality of care, skills development for the implementation of clinical practice guidelines, as well as integration of stakeholder values have only recently entered training curricula, particularly in the Eastern European projects. With the development of ICT in health, the institute contributes to developing eHealth instruments for SRH (eLearning instruments, knowledge platforms, patient data bases) and field-tests them in its long-term projects. In the context of SDC’s backstopping mandate, Swiss TPH builds the capacity of SDC staff and its partners in the area of SRH and HIV/ AIDS through mainstreaming workshops, contributing to SDC’s thematic meetings and moderating SDC’s HIV/AIDS Community of Practice. Improving mothers’ and children’s health by building women’s self-help groups in Ouagadougou. Photo: P. Schwärzler

SRH&G and chronic diseases As a focus within the SAPALDIA and the ECRHS cohort studies, the role of reproductive pathologies and reproduc-

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74 Key Area 9 Strengthening Health Systems and Policy Analysis

Weak and poorly designed health systems retard access to, what can be added to the arsenal of methods to allow these and constrain the performance of the best innovations that sites to become sentinel district health system observatories we make in terms of health policies and health services. The (http://www.indepth-network.org). One result of this col- health sector has been late to recognise the value of sys- laboration is the development of methods to document the tems science in designing and managing health systems. efficacy decay that occurs when highly efficacious health Swiss TPH has already shown global leadership in bringing interventions are introduced by way of policy in real world health systems thinking onto centre stage for health system health systems. The approach provides simple methods strengthening. All Swiss TPH research and development to quantify comparatively where the losses occur due to projects focused on health systems adopt this “system-wide” sub-optimal access, diagnostic targeting, provider compli- view of the health system. This entails deliberately taking ance and patient adherence (http://www.ihi.or.tz/projects/ consideration of the interactions and relationships among indepth). health system governance, financing, human resources, informatics, medicines and technologies, service delivery At Swiss TPH, we recognise that the ICT revolution and ex- and people, rather than focusing narrowly on the individual pansion in low-income countries constitutes a potential parts of the system. We continue to widen these concepts tipping point for health informatics and for health system across our teaching, research and development portfolios strengthening, hence we put a special emphasis on eHealth and to develop system-thinking tools for researchers and (see Key Area 11: eHealth). Examples include: dev eloping and for the stewards of health systems. Creating global leader- integrating mHealth (mobile phone reporting) approaches ship in integrated health systems research, strengthening for supply chains, such as SMS for Life (http://www.rollback and training is now a core goal of the institute. malaria.org/psm/smsWhatIsIt.html); developing the Open Household Demographic Surveillance System software and methods for surveillance systems (http://openhds.rcg.usm. Governance of Health Systems maine.edu/); and developing mHealth innovations for monitoring vital events (births, deaths, causes of deaths) in Health system governance has emerged as a critical con- civil registration systems. straint to the effectiveness of health systems and to the benefits that flow to the public. We take a practical view of the problem. Understanding what health system governance Understanding Global Health Initiatives and means, how to measure it, and how to improve it are core Global Health Financing challenges for health system researchers. Within the SNSF programme on Governance of Health Systems and in col- Global health leadership, architecture and financing are laboration with the Basel Institute on Governance (BIG), currently in an extraordinary state of flux and unpredict- we have developed a practical framework for assessing ability. Swiss TPH works on this problem from a number health governance that is now being tested in the field [413]. of fronts. We have taken on the challenge of studying medicines procurement and supply chains to track governance and We have collaborated with the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, system design elements from global to local levels that re- Tuberculosis and Malaria to assess the nature and balance sult in point-of-delivery stock-outs. Stock-outs of life sav- of their health system strengthening investments across the ing commodities significantly erode the quality of health building blocks of the health system. This has led us into services and the confidence of both providers and users of the wider scene of funding for health. Development Assis- these services. As such, stock-outs become an interesting tance for Health (DAH) in resource-constrained countries is litmus test of governance and performance of the overall at a crossroads and on the verge of crisis. This situation has system. Our studies show that stock outs of life saving com- emerged after a decade of increasing complexity in global modities are far more widespread, systemic and damaging health architecture and the arrival of new actors, partic- than is generally acknowledged, despite the availability of ularly from the private sector, philanthropic groups and sufficient funding to provide these commodities. BRICS countries. At the same time, there has been a decline in influence of traditional global health leadership from the United Nations System. Global monitoring of financial flows Health System Observatories and Informatics for DAH as part of Official Development Assistance (ODA) continues to focus only on conventional OECD sources and In low-income countries, health indicators are changing fails to include these pivotal new actors, their programmes more rapidly than at any other time in human history. This and their influence. In 2011, for the first time in 15 years, ODA is driven by socio-economic and lifestyle dynamics, as well declined in real terms. Private financial flows for health now as by substantially increased access to highly efficacious greatly exceed official development assistance for health. health interventions (e.g. for malaria). However, conven- Swiss TPH is currently working with a Swiss academic con- tional health information systems are ill equipped to mon- sortium and the Swiss Network for International Studies in itor crucial indicators in the health system. We work with selected countries, to map private development assistance the INDEPTH Network of Health and Demographic sites for health. This project seeks to inform the development of in Africa and Asia and the Health Metrics Network, to see the post-MDG Sustainable Development Goals.

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Also under the banner of global health financing, we are and running a modular course for key Ministry on Health applying and extending novel methods and models to eco- staff members on issues relating to human resource man- nomic investment cases for global eradication of selected agement, such as ways to estimate staffing needs, skills or neglected tropical diseases (onchoceriasis, lymphatic fila- career development and migration. riasis and human African Trypanosomiasis). The decision to commit to eliminating or even eradicating a disease, in contrast to remaining in control mode to reduce disease Outcomes and Highlights burden, needs to be based on solid evidence regarding the benefits, risks and costs of eradication compared to dis- As with all key activities of the institute, our activities in ease control initiatives and/or the respective level of con- support of health systems and policy analysis fall on the trol that can/should be achieved. An Eradication Investment continuum from innovation through validation to applica- Case (EIC), adopting an analytic-deliberative process, con- tion. This generates new concepts, frameworks, tools, meth- stitutes an innovative tool to support decisions and strate- ods and teaching curricula. gies on whether or not to launch elimination and eradication initiatives.

Finally, we provide policy advice for global health through our participation in a wide array of global health committees (see separate list).

Capacity Development Over the last several years, most development and research emphasis, in relation to an adequate and well-performing health workforce, has been on increasing staff numbers. There has been serious neglect of initiatives to address the complex area of workforce performance. For this reason, through an EU FP 7 funded programme (PERFORM) and together with other European and African partners, we identify ways of strengthening decentralised management to address health workforce inadequacies by improving health workforce performance. With our main partner, the School of Public Health of the University of Ghana, we support health managers in three districts to carry out a situation analysis of the health workforce and develop and test context-specific management strengthening processes, fo- Governance inputs and processes in a health systems framework. cused on improving workforce performance. In neighbour- Mikkelsen-Lopez, Wyss and de Savigny (2011) BMC Internationa l. ing Togo, these activities are complemented by designing Health and Human Rights 11:13

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Concepts and Frameworks Tools and methods We continue to develop the concepts of systems thinking Extending systems thinking concepts to health systems for health systems that we established in the last bien- strengthening requires a tool kit of practical methodologies nium. This has entailed taking individual sub-systems and appropriate for health system researchers and practitioners. extending and deepening the approach to the next lowest We are currently assembling, adapting and testing such a level. The first of these has been the health governance sub- tool kit for publication in 2013. This adds to other tools for system in which we have conceptualised a new view and health systems analysis and strengthening such as the Eco- a framework for thinking through the issues around health nomic Investment Case methodologies for eradication in- governance in a practical way. The concept and framework vestment decisions, the District Health Accounts Tool that allows for a better understanding of governance inputs and maps local health budgets and expenditures against prior- governance processes. ities, and the District Health Profile templates that describe the functioning of the health system. For health systems effectiveness, we have further developed the “efficacy to effectiveness” decay analysis. The updated analysis illuminates, with much greater precision, both the Teaching Curricula extent and the contributing determinants of lost effectiveness for key life saving interventions. Based on our experiences in this field so far, we have devel oped methods for teaching systems-thinking as a core com- Given the increasing awareness of the crucial role of health petence in all of our diploma and degree courses. We are systems in delivering effective interventions and of the need extending these methods to Africa with adapted African to inform health systems policy decisions with the best case materials for teaching, in collaboration with the EU available evidence, Swiss TPH has developed a framework, FP7 funded programme (CHEPSAA), the Consortium for approaches and methods to produce health systems guid- Health Policy and Systems Analysis in Africa (http://www. ance. Health systems guidance retrieves and integrates ev- hpsa-africa.or g/). The Health Resource Allocation Model idence on health systems problems, effects of interventions (HRAM) has been modernised and made available for use and implementation issues into a single body of knowledge online, with a much friendlier user interface. HRAM is a dis- that guidance developers can use to propose balanced op- trict scale simulation model that allows students to measure tions for policy makers. These processes pose several chal- the health impact (DALY reduction) and equity of any ser- lenges, including the lack of an explanatory health systems vice delivery and resource allocation scenario that they can framework, the timeliness of guidance in relation to the pol- plan within a fixed budget. HRAM forms the basis of a one- icy decisions, the “translation” of the research paradigm week course in health infrastructure and human resource into the services or programmes paradigms, or the scarcity planning. (http://www.geospatialhealth.unina.it/vHealth/ of evidence on contextual and equity issues. The outputs of gh-v6i2-maire/gh-v6i2-maire-01.htm). Our work in health this work so far were the Handbook for supporting the deve- systems guidance has been included in the HCMTC course lopment of health system guidance [859] and three articles and in the Swiss Public Health master course. in PLoS Medicine [861, 863, 866].

Overall district level systems effectiveness of only 18% for prompt antimalarial treatment with a highly efficacious drug in a rural African health system (unpublished).

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Supporting the development of health systems guidance.

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78 Key Area 10 Translating Evidence on Health Systems to Policy and Practice and Measuring Post Policy Implementation

Strengthening Health System Cornerstones: A Systemic Perspective

Health care financing and economic analysis for better services Health systems require viable funding to develop and provide quality health services and should simultaneously strive to make health services accessible to the public. Swiss TPH addresses health care financing and economic analysis through a number of activities, including external evaluations of community-based health insurance schemes (CBHI). On behalf of the German Gesellschaft für Inter- nationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), we reviewed the performance of 12 public and private CBHI schemes in Nepal, to inform the design of the health financing strategy of the Nepal Government. For the Swiss Agency for Development Family Medicine Centre in Varzob, Tajikistan. and Cooperation (SDC), we evaluated and assessed the po- Photo: T. Schuppisser tential for further scaling up mutual health organisations (“mutuelles de santé”) in the southern region of Chad. In Tanzania, we analysed the innovative features of the GIZ- funded rural “Community Health Fund” to inform policy Human resources development for better quality services makers. Furthermore, within the Health Promotion and Sys- tem Strengthening Project funded by the SDC, a complete While funding constraints for health services in low- re-design of community health funds in Dodoma (Tanzania) and middle-income countries are increasingly addressed is underway that includes re-designing governance struc- through international initiatives, the single largest bar- tures and establishing a modern health insurance man- rier to scaling-up the health services needed to address the agement system with integrated mobile phone technology. three health-related Millennium Development Goals is the lack of an adequate and well performing health workforce. In close collaboration with the World Health Organization For funding to be effective, Swiss TPH supports a number (WHO), we trained national decision makers from Burkina of initiatives designed to increase the availability and skill Faso, Moldova and Sudan in the use of “One Health” soft- level of health professionals. In an SDC funded project in ware and the “Integrated Healthcare Technology Package” Tajikistan, medical student training has improved by as- (iHTP). Both packages place strong emphasis on costing and sisting the Tajik State Medical University in its reform of resource allocation, to foster effective planning for health the medical curriculum. The teaching skills of academic service delivery at district, national and institutional levels. staff was fostered through revisiting pedagogical teaching In Lao PDR, we introduced iHTP to support the costing of approaches. These activities were complemented by en- maternal health interventions at the national mother and hancing post-university specialty training, especially for child health hospital in Vientiane, and reviewed iHTP use family doctors, and by setting-up continuous education pro- in El Salvador. On behalf of GIZ, we established the use and cedures, namely peer review groups for family doctors and marketing of a cost-benefit tool for planning and analysing nurses. So far, the results of these efforts are very encourag- workplace health programmes in Ghana. The tool quanti- ing and have had a positive influence on the quality of care fied and prioritised the most pertinent causes of productiv- provided to patients. In Tajikistan, Romania and Moldov a, ity loss due to morbidity and mortality (chronic diseases, the SDC funded the set-up of clinical skills laboratories to followed by malaria) in Ghana’s private sector, enabling improve the diagnostic skills of students. Swiss TPH pro- interventions such as the distribution of impregnated nets cured the equipment and led the set-up of these labs. among company employees to alleviate such losses. For a project financed by the French Cooperation (AFD), we For Novartis, we conducted an economic evaluation of their trained key personnel of the Togolese Ministry of Health immunisation programme, introducing the Hib Pentava- (MoH) through modular workshops in integral aspects of lent vaccine in Egypt – one of the last countries in the East human resource management, such as health workforce Mediterranean region that had not introduced this vaccine planning and staff retention strategies. Through the Euro in their national immunisation programme. The study pro- pean Union funded programme, Supporting Decentralised vided estimates of the cost to the public health sector of in- Management to Improve Health Workforce Performance troducing the vaccine, treatment costs averted and mod- (PERFORM), approaches to address inadequacies are cur- elled health gains. rently being evaluated in Ghana, Uganda and Tanzania [867].

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Deciding factors in attrition and migration are being crucial technology support, we implement interventions explored through an action research initiative involving to introduce electronic inventory and maintenance service district management teams. This is being accompanied by monitoring systems, establish maintenance service depart- dialog on the research process, findings and conclusions, to ments and elaborate technology management standards raise awareness and change attitudes among sub-national, and policies. national and international stakeholders.

Innovative approaches to strengthen medicines Optimising health technology management for health management systems Another cornerstone of health systems strengthening is Health technologies are increasingly becoming enablers medicine management, including procurement and sup- and facilitators of health interventions. Technology holds ply chain systems. In Tanzania’s Dodoma region, under the huge potential for improving the diagnostics of disease and Health Promotion and System Strengthening Project, a com- care for critical health conditions. Moreover, well-equipped prehensive baseline survey on determinants of access to work places are an important asset for staff productivity medicines revealed an availability of essential medicines of and motivation. Though substantial investments are made 53% with a corresponding stock-out rate of 47%. Medicine in clinical equipment, health devices and informatics in- supply was managed by non-pharmaceutical staff in 94% frastructure in high- and low-income countries, the wrong of health facilities. The situation analysis revealed a com- investment decisions are often made, endangering the up- plex and systemic failure at all levels of the supply chain, keep of costly equipment. The problem is chiefly due to including financing, human resources, health information improper equipment specification, poor procurement pro- systems, governance and accountability, supply and record cedures and lack of adequate maintenance strategies and keeping, bureaucratic procedures and service delivery. A professional staff in the area of biomedical engineering. new strategy based on a public-private partnership with a Furthermore, information systems in health technology primary vendor to complement the Medical Stores Depart- management are increasingly important, as efficient investment supply was subsequently adopted. Funds from insur- ment management today is hardly possible without profes- ance schemes and basket funds should finance the miss- sional software applications. ing essential medicines provided by the private sector. A comprehensive training for the current supply system was also conducted, for which a peer support training system was established to increase the sustainability and impact of the short course.

The GIZ funded eLearning course, “Management of Medi- cines in International Health”, a project proposal developed by the Tanzanian Registrar and supported by Swiss TPH, has successfully evolved into an accredited new curriculum for the cadre of pharmaceutical dispensers. This one-year modular curriculum, which targets rural areas, will alleviate the acute shortage of pharmaceutical staff in the public sector and offer new career opportunities.

Elham Mohamed, a radiographer in Egypt processing digital x-ray images on the computer. Photo: C. Zaugg

In Kyrgyzstan, we cultivate the capacity of the MoH to address a wide range of health equipment-related issues. This includes establishing a monitoring system for procurement and clinical equipment maintenance and elaborating guidelines for health technology procurement. Further, Swiss TPH supports the sustainable operation of Medical Engi- neering Maintenance Centres. In Tanzania, an information system is being established to assess and monitor the functional state of health facilities and their installations. In Egypt, the focus is on improving the management of imaging technology and assuring the availability of essential radiology services throughout the country. To strong- Social marketing comic for medicine management awareness hold suitable strategies and capacities for the provision of in Sudan. Graphic: Dr. A. M. S. Ahmed

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80 Key Area 10

Supporting implementation of essential health Local Fund Agent activities interventions As a Local Fund Agent (LFA) for The Global Fund to Fight Supporting the implementation of essential health inter- AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) since 2004, ventions was a defining feature of Swiss TPH for many we take part in, and lead major evaluations and consultan- years, especially for parasitic diseases including malaria. cies in 19 countries and the REDCA region (HIV and AIDS re- Since 2002, Swiss TPH has supported the national ITN pro- gional programme in Central America). The SCIH currently gramme in Tanzania (NETCELL project), with strategic and has 15 LFA offices overseas with approximately 52 experts in financial support from SDC. This has allowed for the suc- financing, programme management, public health, moni- cessful implementation of two massive distribution cam- toring and evaluation, procurement and supply chain man- paigns of insecticide treated nets between 2009 and 2011, agement. These experts are backed up by a team of 16 se- with a total of 27 million nets given out for free. As a result, nior technical experts at Swiss TPH headquarters, ensuring the child mortality rate has fallen by 50% and more than the quality of the deliverables submitted to the Global Fund. 200,000 children’s deaths have been averted. Swiss TPH support has now been extended to case management ac- Our mandate is to assess the capacity of principal and some- tivities, including providing essential drugs and improving times sub-recipients in regard to institutional and organ- fever treatment guidelines on the basis of the existing In- isational capacities, financial management systems, pro- tegrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI). While curement and supply management, and monitoring and focusing on one disease, a broad contribution is made to evaluation. Recipients may also include governmental en- improving sick children’s access to quality treatment and tities such as national disease control programmes, non- hence, to reaching the MDG 4 target of reducing childhood mortality by two-thirds by 2015.

Evaluating and Monitoring Health Sector Programmes Performance assessment and monitoring provides an important basis for analysing the outcomes and impacts of various programmes and projects on health systems and, more generally, on public health outcomes. Through improving the performance quality and functioning of health services and programmes, we contribute to the development of accessible, equitable and efficient health systems. We carry out research and project implementation, supporting the development of sustainable health systems to alleviate pov- Statistician at Nouna Centre Recherche, Burkina Faso. erty and reduce health inequities. This involves rethinking Photo: T. Schuppisser solutions for pharmaceutical as well as financial management, performance assessment and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. governmental organisations, or United Nations organisations – all are subject to assessment. More specifically, we review budgets, work plans and performance frameworks and support the Global Fund in grant negotiations and grant closures. During the grant implementation phase, we perform data quality monitoring (e.g. on-site data verification and Rapid Service Quality Assessments) using the standard tools available from the Global Fund, review quar- terly or semesterly progress reports with disbursement requests and review external audits reports. We oversee programme performance and accountability of use of funds for 87 grants in 19 countries, including ad hoc assignments such as investigations relating to suspected misuse of funds. Expenditures are verified through spot checks, focusing on significant amounts, conspicuous book entries and posting texts. In doing so, the SCIH follows the principles of performance-based funding in making financing decisions and for participating in risk mitigation approaches, including fraud detection as outlined by Global Fund principles. The Medicine distribution at a Burkina Faso clinic, Ouaga, Kossodo. aim is to ensure that investments are made only where grant Photo: T. Schuppisser funding is effectively managed and spent on programmes

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that have an impact in the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria International Development (DFID) and the UK Medical Re- and tuberculosis. search Council (MCR), in light of its effectiveness and value for money as a means of supporting the generation of high quality scientific knowledge relevant to the needs of devel- Cohesion funds for Eastern Europe oping countries. In Kyrgyzstan, in the context of the joint sector review of donor support to the health sector, we as- Both the European Economic Area (EEA) states – Iceland, sessed the progress of the Sector Wide Approach. Liechtenstein and Norway – and Switzerland assist in building cohesion within the European Union and provide substantial funding to countries such as Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Por- New Approaches for Health Systems to-Scale tugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. Swiss contributions to Romania and Bulgaria are provided under a Re-designing health insurance special agreement through Swiss Intermediate Bodies (SIB), which manages funds within specific technical fields. More The HPSS project in Tanzania aims to improve access to, than EUR 1 billion is currently made available by Switzer- quality and utilisation of health resources and services. The land and other EEA EFTA states, over a four-year period project was designed with an integrated health systems de- for selected priority areas, for investments in academic re- velopment approach, integrating various working areas, search, cultural heritage, sustainable development and such as community-based health promotion, health financ- health sector development. ing, social health insurance, public financial management, medicine supply management and physical resource man- Swiss TPH acts as an appraisal and monitoring agent, re- agement. This was accompanied by operational research viewing proposals submitted to SDC or the Financial Mech- and mainstreaming of gender, HIV/AIDS and social inclu- anism Office (FMO), which administers the EEA EFTA funds. sion across project activities. The mandate focuses on verifying, examining and assessing technical and financial proposals from applicants, as well Efficient health financing is a crucial driver of systemic im- as monitoring individual projects during the implementa- provement, while reducing financial barriers to health ser- tion phase to verify that projects are developing according vices is a fundamental element of improving health out- to the grant agreement and respective payment claims. Be- comes. In 1996, Community Health Funds (CHF) were set up tween 2010 and 2012, more than 20 projects in the field of in response to insufficient government funding, donor con- health and health sector development with an applied-for- tributions and existing social health insurance. Until now, funding of more than EUR 100 million, were appraised and however, the performance of these voluntary community- monitored in numerous countries, mainly in Eastern Eu- based financing schemes has not lived up to original expec- rope. These projects target health prevention and promo- tations. As a consequence, and after consultation with all tion (e.g. drug abuse, obesity), country-relevant communi- national stakeholders, the HPSS project supports district cable (e.g. HIV/AIDS, TB) and non-communicable diseases authorities to completely re-design CHFs. (e.g. cancers, mental health), and related infrastructure development (e.g. modernisation of equipment, facilities Ultimately, we anticipate that CHF membership will grow and buildings). considerably, distributing risk over a larger pool, building insurance reserves and improving quality of health services. In Romania, in collaboration with its local partner (CRED), Additional mobilisation and better integration of matching Swiss TPH acts as a Swiss Intermediate Body to manage funds and pro-poor funding from central and local govern- Swiss contributions to paediatric and emergency care, as ment authorities and development partners is expected to well as to community health. We identify national and in- enable greater financial protection for the poor. ternational Executing Agencies (EA) to implement projects in priority areas as defined by the Romanian and Swiss Gov- ernments to increase technical capacity, strengthen community health networks and international collaboration.

Programme evaluations To optimise fund allocation and the operations of health sector development programmes, we conduct evaluations covering a broad range of thematic areas. For UNITAID, we developed a capacity assessment tool for evaluating existing and new partners implementing UNITAD funded projects. Further, we assessed and made recommendations for the future of six large UNITAID funded programmes, introducing diagnostic tools for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, or providing drugs to beneficiary countries. We reviewed the joint research Concordat between the UK Department for Health care providers, Burkina Faso. Photo: T. Schuppisser

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Strengthening district and family medicine services capacity building (e.g., decentralised skills-based training, introduction of simulation labs and international coach- In a number of settings and principally through funding ing) and international networking with Swiss and other made available by SDC, Swiss TPH supports efforts of na- international perinatal health experts have created entry tional governments to decentralise the management of points into western European professional networks. Med- health services, including family medicine. Activities in ical procedures and institutional quality controls, through Burundi and Tajikistan have strengthened health service the development and implementation of locally adapted quality by investing in infrastructure and essential equip- clinical practice guidelines and new management models ment for primary health care services, setting up district based on continuous quality improvement principles, intro- coordination teams and building capacity among health duced a new awareness of quality of care and stronger pa- workers and district managers. In Burundi, outcomes are tient focus. Today, the three Central and Eastern European encouraging and indicate a significant increase in births countries actively exchange expertise and collaborate in attended by skilled health workers, improved access to es- the field of perinatal health. This collaboration is strongly sential drugs, a strong reduction in under-5 mortality and supported through Swiss TPH-led projects and Swiss peri- increased management capacity of district health teams natal health experts. and others. In Tajikistan, community groups coached by family medicine practitioners were empowered through increased knowledge and ownership of health topics [856, Optimising service delivery models through 868]. More than 150 family doctors and 200 family nurses performance-based funding were retrained and enrolled in peer review groups as a means of continuous education. This resulted in enhanc- Performance-based funding (PBF) of health interventions ing the status of family medicine, as illustrated by an in- and systems was introduced in Rwanda and Burundi to creased utilisation rate over the last few years. However, improve their chronically under-funded health systems in both settings, high staff turnover and governance issues through targeted and standardised interventions. The SDC- are putting these achievements at risk. Improved account- funded health sector support projects in Rwanda (Karongi) ability, human resources management and continuous ed- and Burundi (Ngozi) have developed and supported PBF ucation measures at regional and national levels will help systems for many years, whilst further developing them and resolve these issues. improving the quality of performance monitoring. Although some of the obvious advantages of the system have, in re- ality, created ineffective procedures, PBF has led to a vari- Optimising service delivery models and quality assurance ety of positive effects such as: (i) Increasing the funding base of health facilities that cov- In Moldova, Romania and Ukraine, standardising and up- ers maintenance and operation costs; dating service delivery models in perinatal health have (ii) Introducing an incentive system for staff that encour- improved access to high quality care and have contrib- ages staff retention; uted to the reduction of perinatal morbidity and mortal- (iii) Introducing standardised approaches to interventions ity, particularly at lower level facilities. This has been pos- through the development of performance indicators and sible through the development of regionalised care and monitoring systems; and level-specific service packages, including referral schemes (iiii) Targeting interventions that are underdeveloped and/ in the perinatal health systems. Substantial joint invest- or underutilised (e.g., assisted deliveries, referral systems ments by local partners and SDC funded projects on improv- and post-natal visits). ing health services quality (health infrastructure, medical In the future, Swiss TPH will continue to contribute to study- equipment, modernising the regulatory environment) have ing and gathering evidence of performance-based remuner- significantly modernised health care delivery. New ways of ation schemes.

Improving essential diagnostic services Diagnostic imaging guides health professionals in identifying the course of medical follow up. Yet, in many low- income countries this important clinical field is neglected and frequently reduced to taking plain x-rays in overlooked corners of hospitals. In a large scale Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs project in Egypt, the Egyptian-Swiss Radiology Project (ESRP), Swiss TPH is systematically re- forming medical imaging. In addition to procuring multi purpose radiographic machines with the latest technologies to reduce radiation doses, new facility standards have been developed and introduced to provide an appropriate and safe service environment. As technology maintenance Training programme for Neonatologists in Romania. is crucial, we have introduced a monitoring concept that Photo: Swiss TPH includes software monitoring. Radiation safety is a sepa-

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often much lower, as conventional films no longer need to be purchased. In practice, the new digital systems present numerous challenges stemming from image storage systems, the need for a stable electricity supply and computer literacy and high costs of maintaining the machines and related informatics systems. With the Egyptian MoH, we undertook a pilot project to test and evaluate different types of digital imaging solutions in the context of specific Egyp- tian hospital environments. An outcome of the project was to enable scaling-up of a tailored digital imaging technology approach in Egypt. One of the advantages of digital systems over conventional ones is the potential of connec- tivity with other systems. This feature is best exploited by implementing hospital networks, making images and clinical data available at the point of follow up and treatment Egyptian and Swiss officials at Om Al Masreen Hospital in Cairo and by initiating teleradiology consultations across hospi- for the inauguration of one of 111 newly renovated radiology tal and regional borders. departments, equipped with Swiss x-ray technology through the ESRP project. Photo: Cadeau Studio

Continuum from Data to Information and Health Systems Policies rate field of action, where new facility standards and behavioural interventions have led to lower radiation risks Despite global trends of population health improvements for staff and patients. The goal is to ensure that all essen- over the past decades, many of the poorest countries in the tial radiology services are of high quality and available to world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, will not meet Mil- the Egyptian population. With approximately 180 hospitals lennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5 (under-five and benefiting from this project, 50% of hospitals will be cov- maternal mortality, respectively). Even in countries that are ered in a country with a population of 80 million people. on track, there remain striking inequities among countries and among socioeconomic groups, despite the existence of Technological innovation has seen plain x-ray imaging give effective interventions. way to digital x-ray imaging. The speed of this transition, however, is much slower in low-and middle-income coun- The previous sections and other parts of this report, provide tries, as the implications for operating computerised sys- extensive examples of interventions at the innovation and tems are complex and costly. In theory, operating costs are validation stages, which proved to be effective at the ap-

Continuum from data to information to policy. Graphic: X. Bosch-Capblanch

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plication stage, addressing priority health problems of dis- system. More recently, the Global Fund commissioned Swiss advantaged populations. However, weak health systems, TPH to conceptualise and design a tool to assess HMIS in further weakened by conflicting donor-driven demands or many countries, to gain a wider view of HMIS performance. single-disease programmes, hinder the full deployment of Swiss TPH has reviewed existing tools and is producing a these interventions. In response, the international health practical checklist structured around the main issues of community, including governments and international agen- generating, translating, packaging and using information. cies, have recognised the urgent need to place health systems issues and evidence at the top of the research and de- We have also conceptualised, designed, programmed and velopment agenda; for example, at the Global Symposiums implemented information management systems for vari- of Health Systems Research in Montreux, 2010 and in Bei- ous purposes in various settings, ranging from risk detec- jing, 2012, to which Swiss TPH contributed by sharing its tion applications (in perinatology) and technology invest- work on Systems Thinking and Health Systems Guidance ment information systems, to clinical information systems and the underlying frameworks [856]. (see Key Area 11: eHealth, for more details).

Sound health system policies have to be informed by the In response to the needs expressed by policy-makers, Swiss best available evidence. However, evidence is not usable TPH has led research for the purpose of producing new evi- by policy makers unless it is appropriately generated, syn- dence. For example, a national household survey was con- thesised, translated and packaged. The Swiss TPH has, in ducted in Tajikistan, on behalf of UNICEF, describe the nutri consequence, done significant work in the continuum of tional status of more than 2,000 children under five years of these areas. age. Results indicated that the situation remains of concern but has improved over the last few years. Furthermore, in response to the Strategy Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE- Generating evidence WHO) on immunisation, Swiss TPH analysed 240 Demo- graphic and Health Surveys and Multi-Indicator Cluster Evidence for policy-making comes from two main sources: Surveys (UNICEF) in almost 100 countries. This is the most data generated within countries’ health management infor- comprehensive analyses to date of unvaccinated children, mation systems (HMIS) and from research. Swiss TPH has and included socio-economic and gender aspects [862]. conducted Data Quality Audits (DQA) for the Global Fund in more than 10 countries on indicators related to malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. A DQA consists of a two-week Translating evidence on health systems field exercise where existing HMIS data is verified at health facility level, as well as at intermediate and central levels The best available evidence is synthesised in systematic re- and assessed through questionnaires. The verification of views. Swiss TPH has published two Cochrane systematic data leads to an estimated quality score based on data ac- reviews (one on Lay Health Workers and one on Supervi- curacy and quality of the HMIS at each level of the health sion) and a scoping review of coaching and mentoring the

Health Systems Guidance Handbook themes. Graphic: X. Bosch-Capblanch

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health workforce, commissioned by the WHO. We are cur- In the field of Health Technology Assessments (HTA), we rently conducting a review of the epidemiology of condi- advise governments and international agencies on which tions affecting the elderly, to inform WHO policy decisions health technology to adopt in specific circumstances, based on vaccination for elderly populations. on systematic reviews and HTA reports produced by Swiss TPH or publicly available. The Handbook for Supporting the Development of Health System Guidance [859], commissioned by WHO and written Recognising that evidence is valuable not only to policy- by Swiss TPH experts, in collaboration with a task force of makers but to communities, we take part in the COMMVAC 20 members from around the globe, is the first handbook to project, a collaborative initiative with teams from four con- systematically address the steps and challenges to translat- tinents, that looks at interventions to communicate vacci- ing global evidence on health systems into options and rec- nation evidence to parents, caregivers and vaccination us- ommendations (available on the Swiss TPH website). The ers. Finally, the Handbook for Supporting the Development handbook was officially launched during the 2012 Global of Health Systems Guidance (chapter 8) also offers a com- Symposium on Health Systems Research in Beijing and has plete description of the issues involved in disseminating resulted in three articles published in the Public Library of and implementing guidance materials among final users Science (PLoS) Medicine [861, 863, 866]. such as policymakers.

In the area of health technology, we have extensive experience translating evidence of what works and in which health systems settings. It has been observed, for example, that many programmes allocate more than 60% of available funds to infrastructure, clinical equipment and related installations. By providing advice and using proven planning and management tools to determine optimal infrastructure and equipment set-ups, we are contributing to improved and affordable technology solutions for adequate health services delivery.

Packaging evidence Even with the best available evidence generated, synthesised and translated, evidence needs to be packaged in a way that is usable for policy-makers. Several initiatives have taken place in this area. The GAVI Knowledge Bank is a web-based platform for disseminating health systems guidance in the form of options and recommendations for health systems interventions (www.harvestingevidence. org). It is a multi-level platform with key messages for each health system topic, supported by findings and primary research data from systematic reviews. This material is completed by a table of interventions and outcomes across all systematic reviews, a glossary and interactive user tools.

Ukrainian and Swiss representatives review the achievements and outcomes of the Maternal and Child Health Programme, Kiev, Ukraine. Photo: M. Raab

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86 Key Area 11 eHealth

Health services and health systems management are infor- systems. The objective is to provide Tanzanian training in- mation intensive areas of work. For this reason, the use of stitutions with efficient teaching and learning tools for the information and communication technology (ICT) plays an education of their health staff, namely clinical officers and increasingly important role, in both high-income and low- assistant medical officers. income settings. In virtually all domains of the health sector – from service provision and research, to health service The Ukraine Swiss Mother and Child Health Programme has planning and health education – ICT is implemented in a developed DVDs with interactive learning modules for self- variety of ways. The types and numbers of ICT tools avail- directed learning based on locally defined clinical practice able increase almost daily. This trend of harnessing infor- guidelines in perinatology and disseminated it to health matics and communication technologies in health is fre- personnel for in-service training. quently referred to as “eHealth”. Swiss TPH structures its eHealth programme according to four main areas: Telemed- IMPACtt (Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Child- icine, Health Information Systems, eLearning and Research birth training tool) is an eLearning application that sup- Informatics (see graph). ports the implementation of the WHO strategy on Integrated Management of Pregnancy and Childbirth (IMPAC). Based on the ICATT Builder & Manager software, a DVD/web interface provides a series of courses on Essential Newborn Care, which will be followed by further modules on Focused Antenatal Care, Labour and Childbirth and Antenatal Care at a later stage – all courses are based on WHO guidelines and materials.

Swiss TPH eHealth Services

Testing IMPACtt, a collaborative effort of Swiss TPH, WHO and the Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development in the field of eLearning. Photo: S. Matter

Learning, Teaching and Training Skills Adapting workforce know-how and skills to changing environments and increasing expectations is a key concern in today’s world. Science is progressing at an increasingly Health Information Systems rapid pace, putting pressure on organisations and individuals to re-adjust through continuous education measures. Information on various aspects of health service provi- Increasingly, informatics and communication technolo- sion and population health is vital for decision makers. As gies are used to manage content, to disseminate know-how health systems grow continuously more complex, the need and to provide new modalities for learning and teaching. for well-designed and properly implemented information An example of this is the East African Telemedicine and systems has become crucial. We offer countries advice and eLearning Project, where capacities are built up to elaborate implementation support at different levels and for various new learning materials and course formats using computer types of information systems, whilst prioritising an inte- based instructional design tools and learning management grated approach to avoid stand alone applications.

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Registering pregnancies to optimise medical follow up and to reduce health risks. Screen Shot: Swiss TPH

“OpenMedis” open source web application supports health technology management. Screen Shot: Swiss TPH

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In the Republic of Moldova, we focus on the nationwide im- vices (SMS) into the community-based notification system plementation of an internet-based information system on (pre-registration) could substantially accelerate vital event clinical equipment [874] and the assessment of an electronic registration and increase data coverage. health records system. In the Ukraine, a perinatal registry has been developed that records pregnancies through a cen- In this era of rapid scale-up of interventions in health sys- tral database to detect complications at an early stage and tems, weak procurement and supply chains are slowing ef- to allow timely referrals of women to the most appropriate forts to achieve universal health coverage and are thus ma- level of healthcare follow up [872]. After a first successful jor impediments to quality services. mHealth innovations evaluation of the application in a Ukrainian region, a na- have the potential to provide real time tracking of lifesaving tional roll out is planned in the coming years. commodities to avoid stock-outs within health facilities. We work with partners in Tanzania and Ghana to assess how In the Dodoma Region of Tanzania, the community health such innovations can transform system-level interventions insurance fund has been restructured and modernised that support the health system to reach higher levels of per- through the introduction of an informatics system. In formance at low cost – and thus avoid becoming just an- Switzerland, an informatics project to manage drug substi- other unintegrated information silo. tution therapy has been launched with a hospital in Lucern.

An emerging specialty in eHealth is mHealth, which con- cerns the use of mobile devices to support electronic health Telemedicine information systems. One of the weakest data sources in low-income countries is data on the trends and patterns of Telemedicine has been conceptualised and implemented cause of death, usually derived from civil registration and in Modernising the Moldovan Perinatal System (MMPS), vital statistic systems. These systems suffer from low and the project which aims to improve clinical care by enabling patchy coverage, resulting in biased and misleading es- the sharing of critical cases between second level and third timates for strategic planning efforts. In this respect, we level mother and child research institutes through a common are working with collaborators in Tanzania to determine internet based platform, iPath [873]. MMPS has made func- whether or not introducing automated short message ser- tioning telemedicine working stations available to pilot hos-

iPath open source Web-based collaborative platform for exchange of medical knowledge, distance consultations, group discussions and distance teaching in medicine. Screen Shot: Swiss TPH

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The Health Resource Allocation Model (HRAM) is used in teaching resource allocation planning [411]. Screen Shot: Swiss TPH

pitals to facilitate participation on the iPath platform. The health professionals in national referral centres, as well as working stations enable health facilities to communicate provincial and district health facilities. Consultancy ser- and exchange information and expertise between various vices are provided by a team of experts in the domains of levels of care. They also increase the availability of med- neonatology, obstetrics and gynaecology and various other ical expertise, thereby supporting health service delivery specialities depending on need. In addition to consultancy through enhancing safety, quality and efficiency of care. services to promote second opinions for practitioners, the The telemedicine component of the project contributed to network also pools clinical case presentations for continu- reduced newborn mortality and morbidity, especially for ous medical education purposes, which is highly appreci- very low birth weight newborns, by promoting long dis- ated by health staff working in remote areas. tance communication among experts to discuss difficult cases. It also supported the establishment of a functioning referral system based on informed decision making. This way, patients’ expenditures are reduced as costs of travel Research Informatics to referral hospitals and emergency services decrease, thanks to the availability of better health services closer to Research projects increasingly rely on ICT to support data home. The project was scaled up to include all second level collection, processing, analysis and sharing. Network-based hospitals following the excellent results observed during data platforms enable the central storage of data collect ed the pilot phase. in the field or in multi-centre studies, which reducesdirect labour needs and facilitates improved quality control A similar telemedicine project in the field of Mother Child through near real-time monitoring of the data pipeline. The Health has been implemented in the Ukraine Swiss Mother rapid development and commoditisation of smart phones and Child Health Programme, with a network covering and tablet computers over the last few years has made it possible to use mobile devices for data collection, affordable even for small research projects. We have provided data collection infrastructure for a number of projects in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ghana, Liberia and Tanzania. This approach promises great benefits for health and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) due to the substantial operational challenges of running such systems. For instance, on Rusinga Island, Kenya, we are pioneering the use of tablets for data collection and processing a HDSS.

Dialogue, Collaboration and Services Teaching: In addition to conceptualising, implementing and validating eHealth applications in the field, we belong to international networks that promote the exchange of Mobile device for data collection. Photo: J. Pelikan information and experiences. We also provide lectures in

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postgraduate training programmes at the University of ics and communication solutions for improved health sys- Applied Science in Bern and through Swiss TPH public tems performance and ultimately better health outcomes. health diploma courses in Basel. While eHealth applications have been used in varying degrees for the past 20 years, a formal eHealth initiative was Conferences: In May 2012, the HTTU organised an interna- launched in 2008 to systematically harness the potential of tional symposium on eHealth with a focus on “What Works ICT within the institute. Our eHealth strategy has guided in Practice”, covering subjects ranging from the challenge the development, roll out, and evaluation of ICT solutions of evaluation of eHealth programmes and the utilisation of across the different departments and units. Leading units openSource solutions, to mobile ICT applications. For fur- are: Health Technology and Telemedicine, Health Systems ther information and to view presentations, please consult and Policies, and Public Health Computing. our website: http://www.swisstph.ch/events/spring-symposium-2012.html.

Web resources: Swiss TPH is expanding its expertise in a range of proven ICT applications of value to projects in resource constrained settings and that actively promote and contribute to the development of relevant open source applications. Our website describes applications with proven utility. Several applications are available for download. http://www.swisstph.ch/services/ehealth/ehealth-toolbox. html.

Swiss TPH eHealth Network The institute covers a wide range of professional specialities and Key Areas. The interdisciplinarity within Swiss TPH, along with the hundreds of active ICT working sites across Successful open source applications for various health systems the world, provide fertile ground for integrating informat- areas available on the Swiss TPH website. Screen Shot: Swiss TPH

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Key Area 12 91 Statistical and Mathematical Modelling

Statistical and mathematical modelling lie at the heart of To assemble the databases, we are often faced with conve- public health research at Swiss TPH and range from sim- nience samples of survey data, which need advanced sta- ulation modelling of the likely impact of malaria vaccines tistical techniques for their analysis. Bayesian geostatistical [410, 429], (closely linked to the current Phase III trial of the approaches are used to analyse the geographical distri- RTS,S vaccine), to statistical modelling of DNA sequence butions of NTDs, including the geography of multi-para- data [577], spatio-temporal dynamics of disease [9, 36] and sitism [36, 37]. Various statistical issues need addressing, exposures to air pollution in Europe [301]. including geographical variation in the intensity of sampling, differences in age grouping between different sur- A wide variety of statistical challenges arise in our analy- veys and differences in the accuracy and precision of the ses of population- [70] and patient-based cohorts and ge- data. The statistical analysis of diagnostic uncertainty and netic epidemiology studies [88], requiring methods for ad- the evaluation of diagnostic tests is one area of research dressing participation bias, loss to follow-up, incomplete that attempts to address some of these issues. compliance and multiple comparisons. Information on geographical patterns of disease is a precondition for much Recently, many African countries have carried out national epidemiological research. In Switzerland, this information level Malaria Indicator Surveys that provide estimates of is often available from official sources (though the extreme infection status collected in a standardised way. We have decentralisation of the Swiss health system can make this carried out a number of geostatistical analyses of such sur- challenging), and with support from SNF, we are develop- vey data, to produce updated national level malaria maps ing statistical methods for analysing geographical dispar- for several different countries [9], making use of auxiliary ities, trends and projections in gender-related cancers in environmental and population data from publicly accessi- Switzerland. ble sources.

In low-income countries, data on geographical patterns of As well as modelling health outcomes, we apply innovative disease often need to be compiled from disparate sources. statistical approaches to modelling exposure to potential Swiss TPH was active in the first initiative to assemble a health hazards in space and time. The exposures assessed comprehensive collection of survey data on malaria prev- include exposure to malaria infected mosquitoes in Health alence from across Africa (Mapping Malaria Risk in Africa and Demographic Surveillance Sites in Africa (the MTIMBA [MARA]), resulting in the release of an open access data- project) and exposure to air pollution, in particular traffic- base at http://www.mara-database.org. Following on from specific air pollution in Swiss cities – largely as part of the this, Swiss TPH is now engaged in assembling databases exposure assessments for the SAPALDIA study [301] and as of prevalence of neglected tropical diseases for the Global one of the leading modelling partners of the ESCAPE proj- Neglected Tropical Diseases Database (http://www.gntd. ect, responsible for spatial modelling of particulate matter org) [12]. and nitrogen oxide in Switzerland, Northern Italy, Austria and Germany. Other projects model exposure to noise and both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation [288].

We have addressed a number of statistical problems in exposure modelling; in particular the challenges that arise

Map of modelled domestic exposure to radon gas in Switzerland, Example of national level map of malaria prevalence (Senegal), constructed using field measurements of radon levels, geological constructed by geostatistical modelling of data from an MIS survey. information and data about housing.

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when exposure is measured in a different time or a differ- Statistical modelling describes the patterns in field data ent place from the health effect or when there are very many and tests hypotheses about the relationships in those data. locations from which data may be available. Standard geo- Mathematical modelling and simulations are used to com- statistical modelling approaches (both frequentist and plement this function, to extend understanding of health Bayesian) often require inversion of very large matrices, and disease system dynamics, and to exploit knowledge which can be impractical. When the data are very sparse, of biological, physical and social systems to predict health additional methodological developments are needed. We status or exposure in unobservable times and places. (For have developed new methods that take into account that instance, our studies on the health effects of radiation make the best spatial model is often different for different parts use of mathematical models of radiation-emitting devices of a map. as well as statistical fitting [288]).

Relating health outcomes to exposure estimates leads to Mathematical modelling in Swiss TPH mainly focuses on further statistical issues. Time lags between exposure and analysing the dynamics of infectious diseases and pro- health effects may need to be modelled with complicated jecting the likely health impacts and economics of future functional relationships, as in studies of short-term effects interventions. Our main programme of work in this area has of air pollution. In the MTIMBA project, analyses of rela- been the development and application of OpenMalaria, a tionships between mortality and high-resolution estimates microsimulation platform written in C++ for analysing the (in space and time) of human exposure to malaria also need likely impacts of interventions against Plasmodium falci- to consider the uncertainty in the exposure measures. These parum malaria (http://code.google.com/p/OpenMalaria/ analyses provide us with the most robust estimates to date wiki/). The platform was initially developed to simulate of how the burden of malaria deaths varies with exposure the impacts of malaria vaccination and can be used to and of how malaria control reduces mortality. help inform target product profiles for novel tools as well as for planning the deployment of existing interventions. We have extended the functionality of OpenMalaria to the analysis of a wide range of interventions, including intermittent preventive treatment (IPT), mass screen and treat (MSAT), scale-up of case management and various vector control interventions [392]. This work is closely linked to health systems research so that considerations of feasibility and integration within health systems are not forgotten. We also participate in meetings of GFATM (Monitor- ing and Evaluation), WHO-MALVAC, WHO-JTEG-QUIVER, RBM and WHOPES, among others, to ensure that the implications of our results are translated into practical policy recommendations. We have run simulations to address questions posed by a range of product development partnerships and implementation agencies, including PATH- MVI, PATH-MACEPA, Malaria Transmission Consortium, Presidents Malaria Initiative and NetWorks/JHUCCP/USAID. A focus within this work is the analyses of where and how malaria vaccines should be deployed [429], and the main uncertainties associated with these decisions [410]. With the RTS,S vaccine currently in Phase III trials, such analyses are increasingly topical.

We continue to develop alternative and additional model components within the OpenMalaria platform for simulating specific interventions, deployment options and strategies, with a special focus on the entomological compo- Model predictions of numbers of clinical episodes averted by a nents of the models. To avoid over-dependence on one set malaria vaccination programme. of model assumptions we have developed an ensemble of (A) EIR = 2 infectious bites per annum (ibpa), vaccination via the models for predicting intervention impacts and for conduct- Expanded Programme on Immunisation (EPI). (B) Entomologi- ing economic analyses [429] and surveillance schemes, con- cal Inoculation Rate (EIR)= 20 ibpa, EPI vaccination. (C) EIR = 2 sidering low transmission settings, in particular and sim- ibpa, EPI and school vaccination, high coverage. (D) EIR = ulating reintroductions in elimination programmes. These 20 ibpa, EPI and school vaccination, high coverage. (E) EIR = 2 ibpa, analyses have provided important policy-relevant results. mass vaccination, high coverage. (F) EIR = 20 ibpa, mass vaccina- For instance, the pre-intervention transmission level ap- tion, high coverage. The lines correspond to the median values of pears to be a very important determinant of how frequently the five simulations for each model within the ensemble of the episodes averted per capita, computed from values averaged within mass-distributions of long-lasting insecticide treated nets each simulation over the full year; the grey areas are the enve- (LLINs) need to be repeated. By simulating a range of dif- lopes delimited by the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles of the simulations. ferent transmission settings and by linking the results to Figure reproduced from PLOS Medicine. geo-statistical models of malaria endemicity, we are able to

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available prevalence and clinical incidence data. We also collaborate with the Ifakara Health Institute on entomological modelling. In parallel with this, we have also developed new models of mosquito dispersal and of mosquito population dynamics to investigate the development and spread of insecticide resistance and to determine the effectiveness of control interventions that target juvenile mosquitoes.

Mathematical modelling at Swiss TPH increasingly extends beyond malaria to the modelling of other pathogens, in particular vector-borne and zoonotic diseases. The devel- QR code for QR code for opment of investment cases for the eradication of onco- malariacontrol.net OpenMalaria website cerciasis, filariasis and Human African Trypanosomiasis includes evaluation of mathematical models of these diseases. Other modelling projects analyse rabies elimination in African cities [514] and develop deterministic models to map the results and to provide guidance to national level understand livestock population dynamics and brucello- programmes. sis transmission in Mongolia. Also underway are projects to analyse the control of Opisthorchis viverrini in Laos, the It does not, however, make sense for all malaria modelling elimination of avian malaria in the Galapagos Islands, the to be incorporated into a relatively complicated microsim- dynamics of Salmonella var typhi and the dynamics of ulation. General features of the dynamics of malaria trans- typhoid vaccination (in the context of a new conjugate mission and control are sometimes best illustrated with vaccine being developed by our partners in the Novartis very simple conceptual models, and for many practical pur- Vaccines Institute for Global Health, Siena). New projects poses, simple algorithms may be required. One example is aim to determine the effectiveness of integrating vector an algorithm we have developed in collaboration with Tu- control against malaria and lymphatic filariasis, and to lane University to estimate the force of infection for low understand the role of vertical transmission in the spread transmission settings, based on a combination of widely of Rift Valley fever.

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94 Key Area 13 Transferring Research and Service Experiences into Teaching, Training and Learning

Strategic Orientation Swiss TPH seeks to transfer the experiences gained through research and service provision into teaching, training and learning. Our aim is to become a nationally and internationally recognised institution for teaching, training, learning and knowledge management in the fields of public health, epidemiology and infection biology, at local, national and international levels.

The institute draws upon the knowledge base created by the research and the service departments and develops teaching activities in collaboration with national and international partners. As an associated institute of the Uni- versity of Basel, Swiss TPH is responsible for teaching activities in medical parasitology and infection biology, in public health and epidemiology, and in medical anthro- Christian Lengeler at “Science of Eradication: Malaria” pology at the Faculty of Science, the Faculty of Medicine course. Photo: Harvard Business School, Boston and the Faculty of Arts and Humanities. It has contributed substantially to PhD programme development, both in the framework of the Swiss School of Public Health+ (SSPH+) Recent Developments and at the University of Basel. Most notably, Swiss TPH has a long-standing record of professional postgraduate teach- Over the past two years, a number of important new devel- ing that ranges from courses and trainings for health pro- opments have taken place. These include: fessionals, to Master of Advanced Studies programmes in Public and International Health and Insurance Medicine • Establishing new Swiss TPH-run MSc programmes at the (see description in Teaching and Training Unit). Faculty of Science, University of Basel • Contributing to the further development of existing PhD To optimise interactions with and between students, a stu- programmes dent platform has been implemented and new teaching and • Supporting development of the Master of Insurance Med- training approaches, such as distant learning and eLearn- icine programme ing tools, are now in use. New curricula will be developed • Establishing new teaching activities in the field of malaria over the next years. research and practice

New specialised Master programmmes

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• Renewing and intensifying teaching collaborations with Australia • Participating in two FP7 funded projects that focus on capacity building in African Universities

New Swiss TPH-led MSc Programmes at the Faculty of Science, University of Basel During the reporting period, the Master of Science in Infec- tion Biology and Epidemiology programme was replaced with two new specialised Master programmes: the MSc in Infection Biology and the MSc in Epidemiology. Both programmes started in 2011 and are now well positioned as Bo- logna-compatible courses in the Swiss academic landscape. Taught in English, the programmes are attractive to an international audience, which is reflected by the large proportion of registered foreign students. The thesis work, which Marcel Tanner at “Science of Eradication: Malaria” course. takes place over the course of one year, is usually embed- Photo: Harvard Business School, Boston ded in a Swiss TPH research project either within the De- partment of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology or or anthropology, thus the programme is also open to stu- in the Department of Epidemiology and Public Health (see dents holding a BSc in a different field. Their applications also report of the T&T Unit). are assessed individually.

The MSc in Infection Biology translates scientific evidence into teaching and training and covers host-pathogen inter- PhD Programmes actions, pathogenic mechanisms of disease and prevention and treatment of infectious diseases based on the most cur- The Bologna process has successfully established the Bach- rent information. At present, this new master programme elor and Master cycles as a tool for developing a knowl- largely relies on existing courses, but will be further devel- edge-based society. Currently, emphasis is being put on de- oped over the next few years through the addition of more veloping the third cycle of the Bologna process – the PhD advanced courses based on ongoing research at Swiss TPH. programmes – providing advanced learning through orig- The basic courses are also taken by students participating inal research conducted within a structured framework. in the MSc in Infectious Diseases, Vaccinology and Drug Swiss TPH has been active in contributing to, develop- Discovery, organised jointly by the University of Basel, the ing and coordinating the SSPH+ PhD Programme in Public National University of Singapore and the Novartis Institute Health and takes part in the international discussion of the for Tropical Diseases. Organisation of PhD Education in Biomedicine and Health Sciences in the European System (ORPHEUS). ORPHEUS in- The MSc programme in Infection Biology takes place over dicates that a PhD programme needs “to provide students three semesters and requires a Bachelor of Science degree in with competences that enable them to become qualified the natural sciences, medicine or veterinary medicine with researchers who are able to conduct independent research a minimum average of 5.0 or, alternatively, a GRE test score and to formally train students in basic research skills, ad- in Quantitative Reasoning in the top 35%. The MSc thesis vanced methods skills and transferable skills”. The SSPH+ work is typically a laboratory-based project in Switzerland. programme has developed guidelines and minimal standards in line with the ORPHEUS recommendations and The MSc in Epidemiology is the first Master programme of offers training courses at different Swiss universities. An its kind in Switzerland that is taught entirely in English. electronic database facilitates tracking of students and im- The integration of the former Basel Institute of Social and plementation of the SSPH+ standards. Preventive Medicine into Swiss TPH has largely expanded the teaching capacity and the spectrum of research in pub- Based on the experiences gained with the SSPH+ PhD pro- lic health, epidemiology and biostatistics. Many of the new gramme, Swiss TPH has established its own guidelines for courses developed cover a broad range of topics in public PhD studies at the institute as well as an electronic track- and international health as well as basic epidemiological ing system. research methods, population-based clinical or interventions research and analysis. The MSc thesis work is typi- Furthermore, Swiss TPH has actively contributed to estab- cally a field-based project in Switzerland or abroad. The lishing the University of Basel PhD Programme in Health MSc in Epidemiology requires a Bachelor of Science de- Sciences. This PhD programme assembles the Faculty of gree in natural sciences, medicine or veterinary medicine Medicine’s PhDs in Nursing Science and Sport Sciences with a minimum average of 5.0 or, alternatively, a GRE test and the interfaculty PhD in Epidemiology, which are part score in Quantitative Reasoning in the top 35%. Epidemi- of the life sciences focus of the university. Given the large ologists also come from a wide variety of other educational variability in students’ methodological and statistical com- backgrounds such as geography, demography, psychology petencies when entering the PhD in Health Sciences pro-

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gramme, there is a need for a range of basic to advanced courses so that all students can acquire skills in a way that takes their entry level into consideration. The courses offered by Swiss TPH in the framework of the MSc in Epide- miology fulfil this need.

Swiss TPH also leads an interuniversity PhD Programme in Infection Biology for the University of Basel and ETH Photo: Harvard Business Zürich. School, Boston

Postgraduate Master in Insurance Medicine lia, with two jointly organised courses: one on One-Health and one on Health Planning and Management. These two The growing importance of insurance medicine has in- courses are consistent with Swiss TPH’s strategy of capital- creased the demand for physicians, lawyers, economists ising on the experiences and expertise from research and and other professionals to deepen their knowledge and services from both institutions to develop much needed skills in this field. Building on a previously offered Univer- teaching programmes. sity Professional in Insurance Medicine, the Master curriculum was jointly developed by the Academy of Swiss Insur- ance Medicine at the University of Basel and Swiss TPH. The New FP7-funded Projects programme was implemented in 2011 and is the first curriculum of its kind in the German-speaking part of Europe. It Swiss TPH is part of two FP7-funded projects, which focus is run in cooperation with the Eberhard Karls University in on capacity building in African universities and research Tübingen and the Medical University in Vienna. institutions.

In APARET (African Programme for Advanced Research Ep- Malaria Teaching idemiology Training), members of the Teaching and Train- ing Unit are mainly responsible for training African students Malaria has been a long-standing focus of Swiss TPH re- from eight research institutions in research proposal writ- search and services, including all departments and covering. Swiss TPH collaborators also take on the role of men- ing a wide range of expertise, as shown by the large num- tors for these students and support them in the process of ber of articles published in peer-reviewed journals and the setting up a research project and applying for a grant. many related Master and PhD dissertations produced. Over the past two years, this expertise has been transferred into CHEPSAA (Consortium for Health Policy and Systems Anal- new training activities that take into account the disease’s ysis in Africa) aims to increase, in a sustainable way, Afri- global impact and the need for health systems thinking in can capacity to produce and use high quality health pol- order to respond effectively to the challenges posed by ma- icy and systems analysis (HPSA). To achieve this objective, laria, especially in Sub-Saharan countries. CHEPSAA pursues the consolidation and strengthening of relevant African research and educational programmes, as With support from various private companies and in collab- well as the development of stronger engagement between oration with the Tanzanian Training Centre for International the policy and research communities. Collaborators from Health (TTCIH), a five-week capacity building course took the Swiss TPH’s EPH Department and the Teaching and place in April 2012, focusing on eLearning and targeting (fu- Training Unit are mostly involved in course development ture) project leaders involved in malaria research or malaria and curriculum review. control (clinicians, biologists, public health specialists).

In June 2012, Swiss TPH, the Harvard School of Public Health and the Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, jointly developed and implemented a course on the science of disease eradication with a focus on malaria. Students of this course have been trained to develop and manage malaria control, elimination and eradication programmes. The 2012 course took place at the Harvard School and subsequent courses will be held in Barcelona and Basel.

Teaching Collaboration with Australia During the reporting period, we renewed our long-standing collaboration in research and training with the Australian Centre for International Tropical Health (ACITH), School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Austra-

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Publications 97 Epidemiology and Public Health 24 Musenge E, Freeman Chirwa T, Kahn K & Vounatsou P (2012) Bayesian analysis of zero inflated spatiotemporal HIV/TB child mortality data through the INLA and SPDE approaches: applied to data observed between 1992 and 2010 in rural north east South Africa. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf (in press). BIOSTATISTICS 25 Noveanu M, Pargger H, Breidthardt T, Reichlin T, Schindler C, Heise A, Schoenenberger R, Manndorff P, Siegemund M, Mebazaa A, Marsch S & Mueller C (2011) Use of B-type natriuretic peptide in the management of 1 Amek N, Bayoh N, Hamel M, Lindblade KA, Gimnig J, Laserson KF, hypoxaemic respiratory failure. Eur J Heart Fail 13, 154–162. Slutsker L, Smith T & Vounatsou P (2011) Spatio-temporal modeling 26 Raso G, Schur N, Utzinger J, Koudou BG, Tchicaya ES, Rohner F, N’Goran EK, of sparse geostatistical malaria sporozoite rate data using a zero inflated Silué KD, Matthys B, Assi S, Tanner M & Vounatsou P (2012) Mapping binomial model. Spat Spattemporal Epidemiol 2, 283–290. malaria risk among children in Côte d’Ivoire using Bayesian geo -statistical 2 Amek N, Bayoh N, Hamel M, Lindblade KA, Gimnig J, Odhiambo F, models. Malar J 11, 160. Laserson KF, Slutsker L, Smith T & Vounatsou P (2012) Spatial and 27 Reichlin T, Schindler C, Drexler B, Twerenbold R, Reiter M, Zellweger C, temporal dynamics of malaria transmission in rural western Kenya. Moehring B, Ziller R, Hoeller R, Rubini Gimenez M, Haaf P, Potocki M, Parasit Vectors 5, 86. Wildi K, Balmelli C, Freese M, Stelzig C, Freidank H, Osswald S & Mueller C 3 Arenja N, Breidthardt T, Socrates T, Schindler C, Heinisch C, Tschung C, (2012) One-hour rule-out and rule-in of acute myocardial infarction using Potocki M, Gualandro D & Mueller C (2011) Risk stratification for 1-year high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T. Arch Intern Med 172, 1211–1218. mortality in acute heart failure: classification and regression tree 28 Rohner A, Brinkert M, Kawel N, Buechel RR, Leibundgut G, Grize L, analysis. Swiss Med Wkly 141, w13259. Kühne M, Bremerich J, Kaufmann BA, Zellweger MJ, Buser P, Osswald S & 4 Balanescu S, Kopp P, Gaskill MB, Morgenthaler NG, Schindler C & Handke M (2011) Functional assessment of the left atrium by real-time three- Rutishauser J (2011) Correlation of plasma copeptin and vasopressin dimensional echocardiography using a novel dedicated analysis tool: initial concentrations in hypo-, iso-, and hyperosmolar states. J Clin Endocrinol validation studies in comparison with computed tomography. Eur J Echo- Metab 96, 1046–1052. cardiogr 12, 497–505. 5 Broz P, Harr T, Hecking C, Grize L, Scherer K, Jaeger KA & Bircher AJ 29 Rudin D, Grize L, Schindler C, Marsch S, Rüegg S & Sutter R (2011) High (2012) Nonirritant intradermal skin test concentrations of ciprofloxacin, prevalence of nonconvulsive and subtle status epilepticus in an ICU of clarithromycin, and rifampicin. Allergy 67, 647–652. a tertiary care center: a three-year observational cohort study. Epilepsy 6 Ferrarotti I, Thun GA, Zorzetto M, Ottaviani S, Imboden M, Schindler C, Res 96, 140–150. Von Eckardstein A, Rohrer L, Rochat T, Russi EW, Probst-Hensch NM & 30 Sartorius B, Kahn K, Collinson MA, Vounatsou P & Tollman SM (2011) Luisetti M (2012) Serum levels and genotype distribution of alpha1- Survived infancy but still vulnerable: spatial-temporal trends and risk antitrypsin in the general population. Thorax 67, 669–674. factors for child mortality in the Agincourt rural sub-district, South Africa, 7 Gensicke H, Datta AN, Dill P, Schindler C & Fischer D (2012) Increased 1992–2007. Geospat Health 5, 285–295. incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after surgery. Eur J Neurol 19, 31 Scherer K, Schindler C, Arnold A, Bach S & Bircher AJ (2012) Analysis of 1239–1244. an unusual cluster of systemic reactions to subcutaneous specific immu- 8 Giardina F, Guglielmi A, Quintana FA & Ruggeri F (2011) Bayesian first notherapy with respiratory allergens in one allergy center. Int Arch Allergy order auto-regressive latent variable models for multiple binary se- Immunol 157, 318–320. quences. Stat Modelling 11, 471–488. 32 Schlaeger R, D’Souza M, Schindler C, Grize L, Dellas S, Radue E, Kappos L & 9 Giardina F, Gosoniu L, Konate L, Diouf MB, Perry R, Gaye O, Faye O & Fuhr P (2012) Prediction of long-term disability in multiple sclerosis. Mult Vounatsou P (2012) Estimating the burden of malaria in Senegal: Scler 18, 31–38. Bayesian zero-inflated binomial geostatistical modeling of the MIS 2008 33 Schlaeger R, D’Souza M, Schindler C, Grize L, Kappos L & Fuhr P (2012) data. PLoS One 7, e32625. Combined evoked potentials as markers and predictors of disability in early 10 Gosoniu L & Vounatsou P (2011) Non-stationary partition modeling of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 123, 406–410. geostatistical data for malaria risk mapping. J Appl Stat 38, 3–13. 34 Scholte RG, Freitas CC, Dutra LV, Guimaraes RJ, Drummond SC, Oliveira G & 11 Gosoniu L, Msengwa A, Lengeler C & Vounatsou P (2012) Spatially Carvalho OS (2012) Utilizing environmental, socioeconomic data and GIS explicit burden estimates of malaria in Tanzania: Bayesian ge ostatistical techniques to estimate the risk for ascariasis and trichuriasis in Minas modeling of the malaria indicator survey data. PLoS One 7, e23966. Gerais, Brazil. Acta Trop 121, 112–117. 12 Hürlimann E, Schur N, Boutsika K, Stensgaard AS, Laserna de 35 Scholte RGC, Carvalho OS, Malone JB, Utzinger J & Vounatsou P (2012) Himpsl M, Ziegelbauer K, Laizer N, Camenzind L, Di Pasquale A, Ekpo UF, Spatial distribution of Biomphalaria spp., the intermediate host snails of Simoonga C, Mushinge G, Saarnak CF, Utzinger J, Kristensen TK & Schistosoma mansoni in Brazil. Geospat Health 6, 95–101. Vounatsou P (2011) Toward an open-access global database for mapping, 36 Schur N, Gosoniu L, Raso G, Utzinger J & Vounatsou P (2011) Modelling control, and surveillance of neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop the geographical distribution of co-infection risk from single-disease Dis 5, e1404. surveys. Stat Med 30, 1761–1767. 13 Imhof A, Brunner P, Marincek N, Briel M, Schindler C, Rasch H, Macke 37 Schur N, Hürlimann E, Garba A, Traoré MS, Ndir O, Ratard RC, Tchuem HR, Rochlitz C, Muller-Brand J & Walter MA (2011) Response, survival, Tchuenté LA, Kristensen TK, Utzinger J & Vounatsou P (2011) Geostatistical and long-term toxicity after therapy with the radiolabeled somatosta- model-based estimates of schistosomiasis prevalence among individuals tin analogue [90Y-DOTA]-TOC in metastasized neuroendocrine cancers. aged

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98 Publications

63 Brunekreef B, Annesi-Maesano I, Ayres JG, Forastiere F, Forsberg B, 48 Tegethoff M, Greene N, Olsen J, Schaffner E & Meinlschmidt G (2012) Künzli N, Pekkanen J & Sigsgaard T (2012) Ten principles for clean air Reply [Correspondence]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185, 1327–1328. [Editorial]. Eur Respir J 39, 525–528. 49 Tegethoff M, Greene N, Olsen J, Schaffner E & Meinlschmidt G (2012) 64 Butsch R, Lukas Waelti S, Schaerer S, Braun J, Korol D, Probst-Hensch N, Inhaled glucocorticoids during pregnancy and offspring pediatric dis- Moch H & Kurrer M (2011) Intratumoral plasmacytoid dendritic cells asso- eases: a national cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185, 557–563. ciate with increased survival in patients with follicular lymphoma. Leuk 50 Thoma DS, Jones AA, Dard M, Grize L, Obrecht M & Cochran DL (2011) Lymphoma 52, 1230–1238. Tissue integration of a new titanium-zirconium dental implant: a com- 65 Bürgi F, Meyer U, Niederer I, Ebenegger V, Marques-Vidal P, Granacher U, parative histologic and radiographic study in the canine. J Periodontol 82, Kriemler S & Puder JJ (2010) Socio-cultural determinants of adiposity and 1453–1461. physical activity in preschool children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public 51 Van Sighem A, Vidondo B, Glass TR, Bucher HC, Vernazza P, Gebhardt M, Health 10, 733. De Wolf F, Derendinger S, Jeannin A, Bezemer D, Fraser C & Low N (2012) 66 Bürgi F, Meyer U, Granacher U, Schindler C, Marques-Vidal P, Kriemler S & Resurgence of HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Puder JJ (2011) Relationship of physical activity with motor skills, aerobic fit- Switzerland: mathematical modelling study. PLoS One 7, e44819. ness and body fat in preschool children: a cross-sectional and longitudinal 52 Villard L, Romer A, Marincek N, Brunner P, Koller MT, Schindler C, Ng QK, study (Ballabeina). Int J Obes (Lond) 35, 937–944. Macke HR, Muller-Brand J, Rochlitz C, Briel M & Walter MA (2012) Cohort study 67 Bürgi F, Niederer I, Schindler C, Bodenmann P, Marques-Vidal P, Kriemler S & of somatostatin-based radiopeptide therapy with [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC versus Puder JJ (2012) Effect of a lifestyle intervention on adiposity and fitness in [(90)Y-DOTA]-TOC plus [(177)Lu-DOTA]-TOC in neuroendocrine cancers. socially disadvantaged subgroups of preschoolers: a cluster-randomized J Clin Oncol 30, 1100–1106. trial (Ballabeina). Prev Med 54, 335–340. 53 Yang GJ, Gao Q, Zhou SS, Malone JB, McCarroll JC, Tanner M, 68 Chasman DI, Fuchsberger C, Pattaro C, Teumer A, Boger CA, Endlich K, Vounatsou P, Bergquist R, Utzinger J & Zhou XN (2010) Mapping and Olden M, Chen MH, Tin A, Taliun D, Li M, Gao X, Gorski M, Yang Q, Hundert predicting malaria transmission in the People’s Republic of China, using mark C, Foster MC, O’Seaghdha CM, Glazer N, Isaacs A, Liu CT, Smith AV, integrated biology-driven and statistical models. Geospat Health 5, 11–22. O’Connell JR, Struchalin M, Tanaka T, Li G, Johnson AD, Gierman J, Feitosa MF, Hwang SJ, Atkinson EJ, Lohman K, Cornelis MC, Johansson A, Tonjes A, Dehghan A, Lambert JC, Holliday EG, Sorice R, Kutalik Z, Lehtimaki T, Esko T, Deshmukh H, Ulivi S, Chu AY, Murgia F, Trompet S, Imboden M, Coassin S, Pistis G, Harris TB, Launer LJ, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Mitchell BD, Boer CHRONIC DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY winkle E, Schmidt H, Cavalieri M, Rao M, Hu F, Demirkan A, Oostra BA, de AM, Turner ST, Ding J, Andrews JS, Freedman BI, Giulianini F, Koenig W, Illig T, 54 Adam M, Felber Dietrich D, Schaffner E, Carballo D, Barthélémy JC, Meisinger C, Gieger C, Zgaga L, Zemunik T, Boban M, Minelli C, Wheeler HE, Gaspoz JM, Tsai MY, Rapp R, Phuleria HC, Schindler C, Schwartz J, Igl W, Zaboli G, Wild SH, Wright AF, Campbell H, Ellinghaus D, Nothlings U, Künzli N & Probst-Hensch NM (2012) Long-term exposure to traffic- Jacobs G, Biffar R, Ernst F, Homuth G, Kroemer HK, Nauck M, Stracke S, related PM(10) and decreased heart rate variability: is the association Volker U, Volzke H, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Magi R, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, restricted to subjects taking ACE inhibitors? Environ Int 48, 9–16. Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Polasek O, Hastie N, Vitart V, Helmer C, Wang JJ, 55 Andersen LB, Riddoch C, Kriemler S & Hills A (2011) Physical activity Stengel B, Ruggiero D, Bergmann S, Kahonen M, Viikari J, Nikopensius T, and cardiovascular risk factors in children. Br J Sports Med 45, 871–876. Province M, Ketkar S, Colhoun H, Doney A, Robino A, Kramer BK, Portas L, 56 Artigas MS, Loth DW, Wain LV, Gharib SA, Obeidat M, Tang W, Zhai G, Ford I, Buckley BM, Adam M, Thun GA, Paulweber B, Haun M, Sala C, Mitchell P, Zhao JH, Smith AV, Huffman JE, Albrecht E, Jackson CM, Evans DM, Ciullo M, Kim SK, Vollenweider P, Raitakari O, Metspalu A, Palmer C, Cadby G, Fornage M, Manichaikul A, Lopez LM, Johnson T, Aldrich MC, Gasparini P, Pirastu M, Jukema JW, Probst-Hensch NM, Kronenberg F, Aspelund T, Barroso I, Campbell H, Cassano PA, Couper DJ, Eiriksdottir G, Toniolo D, Gudnason V, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Schmidt R, Ferrucci L, Franceschini N, Garcia M, Gieger C, Gislason GK, Grkovic I, Hammond CJ, Siscovick DS, van Duijn CM, Borecki IB, Kardia SL, Liu Y, Curhan GC, Hancock DB, Harris TB, Ramasamy A, Heckbert SR, Heliovaara M, Homuth G, Rudan I, Gyllensten U, Wilson JF, Franke A, Pramstaller PP, Rettig R, Hysi PG, James AL, Jankovic S, Joubert BR, Karrasch S, Klopp N, Koch B, Prokopenko I, Witteman J, Hayward C, Ridker PM, Parsa A, Bochud M, Kritchevsky SB, Launer LJ, Liu Y, Loehr LR, Lohman K, Loos RJ, Lumley T, Heid IM, Kao WL, Fox CS & Kottgen A (2012) Inte gration of genome-wide Al Balushi KA, Ang WQ, Barr RG, Beilby J, Blakey JD, Boban M, association studies with biological knowledge identifies six novel genes Boraska V, Brisman J, Britton JR, Brusselle GG, Cooper C, Curjuric I, related to kidney function. Hum Mol Genet (in press). Dahgam S, Deary IJ, Ebrahim S, Eijgelsheim M, Francks C, Gaysina D, 69 Conen D, Adam M, Roche F, Barthelemy JC, Felber Dietrich D, Imboden M, Granell R, Gu X, Hankinson JL, Hardy R, Harris SE, Henderson J, Künzli N, Von Eckardstein A, Regenass S, Hornemann T, Rochat T, Gaspoz JM, Henry A, Hingorani AD, Hofman A, Holt PG, Hui J, Hunter ML, Imboden M, Probst-Hensch N & Carballo D (2012) Premature atrial contractions in the Jameson KA, Kerr SM, Kolcic I, Kronenberg F, Liu JZ, Marchini J, general population: frequency and risk factors. Circulation (in press). McKeever T, Morris AD, Olin AC, Porteous DJ, Postma DS, Rich SS, Ring SM, 70 Curjuric I, Zemp Stutz E, Dratva J, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Bridevaux PO, Rivadeneira F, Rochat T, Sayer AA, Sayers I, Sly PD, Smith GD, Sood A, Bettschart RW, Brutsche M, Frey M, Gerbase MW, Knöpfli B, Künzli N, Starr JM, Uitterlinden AG, Vonk JM, Wannamethee SG, Whincup PH, Pons M, Schwartz J, Schindler C & Rochat T (2011) Determinants of change Wijmenga C, Williams OD, Wong A, Mangino M, Marciant e KD, in airway reacti vity over 11 years in a population study (SAPALDIA). Eur McArdle WL, Meibohm B, Morrison AC, North KE, Omenaas E, Palmer LJ, Respir J 37, 492–500. Pietilainen KH, Pin I, Pola Sbreve EO, Pouta A, Psaty BM, Hartikainen AL, 71 Curjuric I, Imboden M, Nadif R, Kumar A, Schindler C, Haun M, Kronenberg F, Rantanen T, Ripatti S, Rotter JI, Rudan I, Rudnicka AR, Schulz H, Shin SY, Künzli N, Phuleria H, Postma DS, Russi EW, Rochat T, Demenais F & Spector TD, Surakka I, Vitart V, Volzke H, Wareham NJ, Warrington NM, Probst-Hensch NM (2012) Different genes interact with particulate matter Wichmann HE, Wild SH, Wilk JB, Wjst M, Wright AF, Zgaga L, Zemunik T, and tobacco smoke exposure in affecting lung function decline in the Pennell CE, Nyberg F, Kuh D, Holloway JW, Boezen HM, Lawlor DA, general population. PLoS One 7, e40175. Morris RW, Probst-Hensch N, Kaprio J, Wilson JF, Hayward C, Kahonen M, 72 de Marco R, Accordini S, Marcon A, Cerveri I, Antó JM, Gislason T, Hein- Heinrich J, Musk AW, Jarvis DL, Glaser S, Jarvelin MR, Ch Stricker BH, rich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Künzli N, Leynaert B, Sunyer J, Svanes C, Wjst M & Elliott P, O’Connor GT, Strachan DP, London SJ, Hall IP, Gudnason V & Burney P (2011) Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Tobin MD (2011) Genome-wide association and large-scale follow up a European cohort of young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 183, 891–897. identifies 16 new loci influencing lung function. Nat Genet 43, 1082–1090. 73 Ebenegger V, Marques-Vidal PM, Nydegger A, Laimbacher J, Niederer I, 57 Basagana X, Rivera M, Aguilera I, Agis D, Bouso L, Elosua R, Foraster M, Burgi F, Giusti V, Bodenmann P, Kriemler S & Puder JJ (2011) Independent de Nazelle A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Vila J & Künzli N (2012) Effect of the contribution of parental migrant status and educational level to adiposity number of measurement sites on land use regression models in estimat- and eating habits in preschool children. Eur J Clin Nutr 65, 210–218. ing local air pollution. Atmos Environ 54, 634–642. 74 Ebenegger V, Marques-Vidal PM, Munsch S, Quartier V, Nydegger A, Barral J, 58 Bonvin A, Barral J, Kakebeeke TH, Kriemler S, Longchamp A, Marques- Hartmann T, Dubnov-Raz G, Kriemler S & Puder JJ (2012) Relationship Vidal P & Puder JJ (2012) Weight status and gender-related differences of hyperactivity/inattention with adiposity and lifestyle characteristics in in motor skills and in child care-based physical activity in young chil- preschool children. J Child Neurol 27, 852–858. dren. BMC Pediatr 12, 23. 75 Ebenegger V, Marques-Vidal P, Kriemler S, Nydegger A, Zahner L, Niederer I, 59 Brandt SJ, Perez L, Künzli N, Lurmann F & McConnell R (2012) Costs of Bürgi F & Puder JJ (2012) Differences in aerobic fitness and lifestyle char- childhood asthma due to traffic-related pollution in two California com- acteristics in preschoolers according to their weight status and sports club munities. Eur Respir J 40, 363–370. participation. Obes Facts 5, 23–33. 60 Breton CV, Wang X, Mack WJ, Berhane K, Lopez M, Islam TS, Feng M, 76 Ekelund U, Luan J, Sherar LB, Esliger DW, Griew P, Cooper A & International Hodis HN, Künzli N & Avol E (2011) Carotid artery intima-media thick- Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators (2012) Moderate ness in college students: race/ethnicity matters. Atherosclerosis 217, to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk 441–446. factors in children and adolescents. JAMA 307, 704–712. 61 Breton CV, Wang X, Mack WJ, Berhane K, Lopez M, Islam TS, Feng M, 77 Ess S, Joerger M, Frick H, Probst-Hensch N, Vlastos G, Rageth C, Lutolf U, Lurmann F, McConnell R, Hodis HN, Künzli N & Avol E (2012) Child- Savidan A & Thurlimann B (2011) Predictors of state-of-the-art management hood air pollutant exposure and carotid artery intima-media thickness of early breast cancer in Switzerland. Ann Oncol 22, 618–624. in young adults. Circulation 126, 1614–1620. 78 Fang SC, Mehta AJ, Alexeeff SE, Gryparis A, Coull B, Vokonas P, Christiani DC & 62 Bridevaux PO, Probst-Hensch NM, Schindler C, Curjuric I, Felber Schwartz J (2012) Residential black carbon exposure and circulating markers Dietrich D, Braendli O, Brutsche M, Burdet L, Frey M, Gerbase MW, of systemic inflammation in elderly males: the normative aging study. En- Ackermann-Liebrich U, Pons M, Tschopp JM, Rochat T & Russi EW viron Health Perspect 120, 674–680. (2010) Prevalence of airflow obstruction in smokers and never smokers 79 Feller M, Adam M, Zwahlen M, Brazzola P, Niggli F & Kuehni C (2010) Famil y in Switzerland. Eur Respir J 36, 1259–1269. characteristics as risk factors for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a population-based case-control study. PLoS One 5, e13156.

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100 Künzli N, Perez L, von Klot S, Baldassarre D, Bauer M, Basagana X, Breton C, 80 Foraster M, Deltell A, Basagana X, Medina-Ramon M, Aguilera I, Bouso L, Dratva J, Elosua R, de Faire U, Fuks K, de Groot E, Marrugat J, Penell J, Grau M, Phuleria HC, Rivera M, Slama R, Sunyer J, Targa J & Künzli N Seissler J, Peters A & Hoffmann B (2011) Investigating air pollution and (2011) Local determinants of road traffic noise levels versus determinants atherosclerosis in humans: concepts and outlook. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 53, of air pollution levels in a Mediterranean city. Environ Res 111, 177–183. 334–343. 81 Gerbase MW, Keidel D, Imboden M, Gemperli A, Bircher A, Schmid- 101 Künzli N (2011) Commentary: Abating climate change and lung cancer! Int Grendelmeier P, Bridevaux PO, Berger W, Schindler C, Rochat T & J Epidemiol 40, 729–730. Probst-Hensch N (2011) Effect modification of immunoglobulin 102 Künzli N & Villalbi J (2012) Will Switzerland follow Spain? Maybe, if you E-mediated atopy and rhinitis by glutathione S-transferase genotypes raise your voice! [Editorial]. Swiss Med Wkly 142, w13678. in passive smokers. Clin Exp Allergy 41, 1579–1586. 103 Künzli N (2012) Is air pollution of the 20th century a cause of current asthma 82 Giles LV, Künzli N, Romieu I, Mittleman MA, van Eeden S, Allen R, hospitalisations? Thorax 67, 2–3. Carlsten C, Stieb D, Noonan C, Smargiassi A, Kaufman JD, Hajat S, 104 Künzli N, Kohlmann T & Geckova AM (2012) Continuity and change at an Kosatsky T & Brauer M (2011) From good intentions to proven interven- international Journal [Editorial]. Int J Public Health 57, 1. tions: effectiveness of actions to reduce the health impacts of air pollu- 105 Künzli N (2012) Scientific evidence compels clinicians to be vocal clean air tion. Environ Health Perspect 119, 29–36. advocates [Editorial]. J Intern Med 272, 240–242. 83 Granacher U, Goesele A, Roggo K, Wischer T, Fischer S, Zürny C, 106 Leynaert B, Sunyer J, Garcia-Esteban R, Svanes C, Jarvis D, Cerveri I, Gollhofer A & Kriemler S (2011) Effects and mechanisms of strength Dratva J, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Künzli N, de Marco R, Omenaas E, training in children. Int J Sports Med 32, 357–364. Raherison C, Gómez Real F, Wjst M, Zemp E, Zureik M, Burney PG, Anto JM & 84 Grau M, Subirana I, Agis D, Ramos R, Basagana X, Marti R, de Groot E, Neukirch F (2012) Gender differences in prevalence, diagnosis and incidence Arnold RJ, Marrugat J, Künzli N & Elosua R (2012) Grosor íntima-media of allergic and non-allergic asthma: a population-based cohort. Thorax 67, carotídeo en población española: valores de referencia y asociación con 625–631. los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Rev Esp Cardiol (in press). 107 Lutz JM, Lorez M, Pury P, Quinto C, Heusser R & Probst-Hensch N (2011) 85 Hancock DB, Soler Artigas M, Gharib SA, Henry A, Manichaikul A, Epidemiologie und Monitoring. In: Nationales Krebsprogramm für die Ramasamy A, Loth DW, Imboden M, Koch B, McArdle W, Smith AV, Schweiz 2011–2015. Bern: Oncosuisse, 6–25. Smolonska J, Sood A, Tang W, Wilk JB, Zhai G, Zhao JH, Aschard H, 108 Mägi R, Kumar A & Morris AP (2011) Assessing the impact of missing geno Burkart KM, Curjuric I, Eijgelsheim M, Elliott P, Gu X, Harris TB, Janson C, type data in rare variant association analysis. BMC Proc 5, 107–112. Homuth G, Hysi P, Liu JZ, Loehr LR, Lohman K, Loos R, Manning AK, 109 Mehta AJ, Schindler C, Perez L, Probst-Hensch N, Schwartz J, Brändli O, Marciante KD, Obeidat M, Postma D, Aldrich M, Brusselle GG, Chen TH, Karrer W, Tschopp JM, Rochat T, Künzli N & SAPALDIA TEAM (2012) Acute Eiriksdottir G, Franceschini N, Heinrich J, Rotter JI, Wijmen ga C, respiratory health effects of urban air pollutants in adults with different Williams OD, Bentley AR, Hofman A, Laurie C, Lumley T, Morrison AC, patterns of underlying respiratory disease. Swiss Med Wkly 142, w13681. Joubert BR, Rivadeneira F, Couper DJ, Kritchevsky SB, Liu Y, Wjst M, 110 Mehta AJ, Adam M, Schaffner E, Barthelemy JC, Carballo D, Gaspoz JM, Wain LV, Vonk JM, Uitterlinden A, Rochat T, Rich SS, Psaty BM, Rochat T, Schindler C, Schwartz J, Zock JP, Künzli N, Probst-Hensch N & O’Connor GT, North KE, Mirel DB, Meibohm B, Launer LJ, Khaw KT, Sapaldia Team (2012) Heart rate variability in association with frequent use Hartikainen AL, Hammond CJ, Gläser S, Marchini J, Kraft P, Wareham NJ, of household sprays and scented products in SAPALDIA. Environ Health Völzke H, Stricker BHC, Spector TD, Probst-Hensch NM, Jarvis D, Perspect 120, 958–964. Jarvelin MR, Heckbert SR, Gudnason V, Boezen HM, Barr RG, Cassano PA, 111 Mehta AJ, Miedinger D, Keidel D, Bettschart R, Bircher A, Bridevaux PO, Strachan DP, Fornage M, Hall IP, Dupuis J, Tobin MD & London SJ (2012) Curjuric I, Kromhout H, Rochat T, Rothe T, Russi EW, Schikowski T, Genome-wide joint meta-analysis of SNP and SNP-by-smoking inter Schindler C, Schwartz J, Turk A, Vermeulen R, Probst-Hensch N & Künzli N action identifies novel loci for pulmonary function. PLoS Genet (in press). (2012) Occupational exposure to dusts, gases and fumes and incidence of 86 Hebestreit H, Kieser S, Junge S, Ballmann M, Hebestreit A, Schindler C, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Schenk T, Posselt HG & Kriemler S (2010) Long-term effects of a partiall y Pollution and Lung and Heart Diseases in Adults. Am J Respir Crit Care supervised conditioning programme in cystic fibrosis. Eur Respir J 35, Med 185, 1292–1300. 578–583. 112 Mélen E, Granell R, Kogevinas M, Strachan D, Gonzalez JR, Wjst M, Jarvis D, 87 Hoffmann B & Künzli N (2011) Inhaled particulate matter and athero- Ege M, Braun-Fahrländer C, Genuneit J, Horak E, Bouzigon E, Demenais F, sclerosis in humans. In: Cardiovascular effects of inhaled ultrafine and Kauffmann F, Siroux V, Michel S, von Berg A, Heinzmann A, Kabesch M, nano-sized particles. Eds. Cassey F, Mills N & Newby DE. Hoboken, New Probst-Hensch NM, Curjuric I, Imboden M, Rochat T, Henderson J, Jersey: Wiley, 295–316. Sterne JAC, McArdle WL, Hui J, James AL, Musk AW, Palmer LJ, Becker A, 88 Imboden M, Bouzigon E, Curjuric I, Ramasamy A, Kumar A, Hancock DB, Kozyrskyj AL, Chan-Young M, Park JE, Leung A, Daley D, Freidin MB, Wilk JB, Vonk JM, Thun GA, Siroux V, Nadif R, Monier F, Gonzalez JR, Wjst M, Heinrich J, Loehr LR, Franceschini N, North KE, Altmüller J, Deev IA, Ogorodova LM, Puzyrev VP, Celedón JC, Brehm JM, Cloutier MM, Koppelman GH, Guerra S, Kronenberg F, Lathrop M, Moffatt MF, Canino G, Acosta-Pérez E, Soto-Quiros M, Avila L, Bergström A, Magnusson J, O’Connor GT, Strachan DP, Postma DS, London SJ, Schindler C, Söderhäll C, Kull I, Scholtens S, Boezen HM, Koppelman GH, Wijga AH, Kogevinas M, Kauffmann F, Jarvis DL, Demenais F & Probst-Hensch NM Marenholz I, Esparza-Gordillo J, Lau S, Lee YA, Standl M, Tiesler CMT, (2012) Genome-wide association study of lung function decline in adults Flexeder C, Heinrich J, Myers RA, Ober C, Nicolae DL, Farrall M, Kumar A, with and without asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129, 1218–1228. Moffatt MF, Cookson WOCM & Lasky-Su J (2012) Genome-wide association study of body mass index in 23,000 individuals with and without asthma. 89 International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies (2011) Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pres- Clin Exp Allergy (in press). sure and cardiovascular disease risk. Nature 478, 103–109. 113 Meyer U, Romann M, Zahner L, Schindler C, Puder JJ, Kraenzlin M, 90 Jacquemin B, Schikowski T, Carsin AE, Hansell A, Krämer U, Sunyer J, Rizzoli R & Kriemler S (2011) Effect of a general school-based physical Probst-Hensch N, Kauffmann F & Künzli N (2012) The role of air pol- activity intervention on bone mineral content and density: a cluster- lution in adult-onset asthma: a review of the current evidence. Semin randomized controlled trial. Bone 48, 792–797. Respir Crit Care Med (in press). 114 Meyer U, Roth R, Zahner L, Gerber M, Puder JJ, Hebestreit H & Kriemler S 91 Jacquemin B, Kauffmann F, Pin I, Le MN, Bousquet J, Gormand F, Just J, (2012) Contribution of physical education to overall physical activity. Scand Nadif R, Pison C, Vervloet D, Künzli N & Siroux V (2012) Air pollution J Med Sci Sports (in press). and asthma control in the epidemiological study on the genetics and 115 Mountjoy M, Andersen LB, Armstrong N, Biddle S, Boreham C, Bedenbeck HP, environment of asthma. J Epidemiol Community Health 66, 796–802. Ekelund U, Engebretsen L, Hardman K, Hills A, Kahlmeier S, Kriemler S, 92 Joerger M, Thürlimann B, Savidan A, Frick H, Rageth C, Lütolf U, Lambert E, Ljungqvist A, Matsudo V, McKay H, Micheli L, Pate R, Riddoch C, Vlastos G, Bouchardy C, Konzelmann I, Bordoni A, Probst-Hensch N, Schamasch P, Sundberg CJ, Tomkinson G, van Sluijs EM & van Mechelen W Jundt G & Ess S (2012) Treatment of breast cancer in the elderly: a (2011) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on the health prospective, population-based Swiss study. J Geriatr Oncol (in press). and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport. Br J Sports 93 Joerger M, Thürlimann B, Savidan A, Frick H, Bouchardy C, Konzelmann I, Med 45, 839–848. Probst-Hensch N & Ess S (2012) A population-based study on the im- 116 Nawrot TS, Perez L, Künzli N & Nemery B (2011) Triggers of myocardial plementation of treatment recommendations for chemotherapy in early infarction – Authors’ reply. Lancet 377, 2175–2176. breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 12, 102–109. 117 Nawrot TS, Perez L, Künzli N, Munters E & Nemery B (2011) Public health 94 Kriemler S, Puder J, Zahner L, Roth R, Meyer U & Bedogni G (2010) importance of triggers of myocardial infarction: a comparative risk assess- Estimation of percentage body fat in 6- to 13-year-old children by skinfold ment. Lancet 377, 732–740. thickness, body mass index and waist circumference. Br J Nutr 104, 118 Niederer I, Kriemler S, Gut J, Hartmann T, Schindler C, Barral J & Puder JJ 1565–1572. (2011) Relationship of aerobic fitness and motor skills with memory and 95 Kriemler S, Meyer U, Martin E, van Sluijs EM, Andersen LB & Martin BW attention in preschoolers (Ballabeina): a cross-sectional and longitudinal (2011) Effect of school-based interventions on physical activity and fit- study. BMC Pediatr 11, 34. ness in children and adolescents: a review of reviews and systematic 119 Niederer I, Kriemler S, Zahner L, Bürgi F, Ebenegger V, Marques P & Puder JJ update. Br J Sports Med 45, 923–930. (2012) BMI group-related differences in physical fitness and physical activity 96 Kriemler S & Puder J (2012) Bewegung und Adipositas. Ther Umsch 69, in preschool-age children: a cross-sectional analysis. Res Q Exerc Sport 83, 483–490. 12–19. 97 Künzli N, Perez L & Rapp R (2010) Air quality and health. Lausanne: 120 Norbäck D, Zock JP, Plana E, Heinrich J, Svanes C, Sunyer J, Künzli N, European Respiratory Society. Villani S, Olivieri M, Soon A & Jarvis D (2011) Lung function decline in 98 Künzli N (2011) From bench to policies: ready for a nanoparticle air qual- relation to mould and dampness in the home: the longitudinal European ity standard? Eur Heart J 32, 2613–2615. Community Respiratory Health Survey ECRHS II. Thorax 66, 396–401. 99 Künzli N (2011) Smoking ban in the Alps – any wonder? Swiss Med 121 Obeidat M, Wain LV, Shrine N, Soler Artigas M, Repapi E, Burton PR, Wkly 141, w13219. Johnson T, Ramasamy A, Zhao JH, Zhai G, Huffman JE, Vitart V, Albrecht E, Igl W, Hartikainen AL, Pouta A, Cadby G, Hui J, Palmer LJ, Hadley D, McArdle WL,

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132 Probst-Hensch N, Tanner M, Kessler C, Burri C & Künzli N (2011) Preven- Rudnicka AR, Barroso I, Loos RJF, Wareham NJ, Mangino M, Soranzo N, tion: a cost-effective way to fight the non-communicable disease epidemic. Spector TD, Gläser S, Homuth G, Völzke H, Deloukas P, Granell R, Swiss Med Wkly 141, w13266. Henderson J, Grkovic I, Jankovic S, Zgaga L, Polasek O, Rudan I, Wright AF, 133 Probst-Hensch N & Künzli N (2012) Preventing noncommunicable diseases- Campbell H, Wild SH, Wilson JF, Heinrich J, Imboden M, Probst- beyond lifestyle [Commentary]. Epidemiology 23, 181–183. Hensch NM, Gyllensten U, Johansson A, Zaboli G, Mustelin L, 134 Probst-Hensch NM, Curjuric I, Pierre-Olivier B, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Rantanen T, Surakka I, Kaprio J, Jarvelin MR, Hayward C, Evans DM, Bettschart RW, Brändli O, Brutsche M, Burdet L, Gerbase MW, Knöpfli B, Koch B, Musk AW, Elliott P, Strachan DP, Tobin MD, Sayers I, Hall IP & Künzli N, Pons MG, Schindler C, Tschopp JM, Rochat T & Russi EW (2010) SpiroMeta Consortium (2011) A comprehensive evaluation of potential Longitudinal change of prebronchodilator spirometric obstruction and lung function associated genes in the SpiroMeta general population health outcomes: results from the SAPALDIA cohort. Thorax 65, 150–156. sample. PLoS One 6, e19382. 135 Probst-Hensch NM, Curjuric I, Bridevaux PO, Künzli N, Schindler C & 122 Olivieri M, Zock JP, Accordini S, Heinrich J, Jarvis D, Künzli N, Anto JM, Rochat T (2012) Authors’ response. Thorax (in press). Norback D, Svanes C & Verlato G (2012) Risk factors for new-onset cat 136 Puder JJ, Marques-Vidal P, Schindler C, Zahner L, Niederer I, Bürgi F, sensitization among adults: a population-based international cohort Ebenegger V, Nydegger A & Kriemler S (2011) Effect of multidimensional study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 129, 420–425. lifestyle intervention on fitness and adiposity in predominantly migrant pre- 123 Orru H, Kimmel V, Kikas U, Soon A, Künzli N, Schins RP, Borm PJ & Forsberg B (2010) Elemental composition and oxidative properties of school children (Ballabeina): cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 343, PM(2.5) in Estonia in relation to origin of air masses – results from the d6195. ECRHS II in Tartu. Sci Total En viron 408, 1515–1522. 137 Puder JJ, Schindler C, Zahner L & Kriemler S (2011) Adiposity, fitness and 124 Paternoster L, Standl M, Chen CM, Ramasamy A, Bonnelykke K, Duijts L, metabolic risk in children: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Int J Ferreira MA, Alves AC, Thyssen JP, Albrecht E, Baurecht H, Feenstra B, Pediatr Obes 6, e297–e306. Sleiman PM, Hysi P, Warrington NM, Curjuric I, Myhre R, Curtin JA, 138 Puder JJ, Marques-Vidal P, Schindler C, Zahner L, Niederer I, Bürgi F, Groen-Blokhuis MM, Kerkhof M, Saaf A, Franke A, Ellinghaus D, Folster- Ebenegger V, Nydegger A & Kriemler S (2012) Authors’ reply to Metcalf and Holst R, Dermitzakis E, Montgomery SB, Prokisch H, Heim K, Hartikainen AL, Wilkin: lifestyle and childhood obesity. BMJ 344, e717. Pouta A, Pekkanen J, Blakemore AI, Buxton JL, Kaakinen M, Duffy DL, 139 Quinto C & Probst-Hensch N (2012) Evidence-based screening – was macht Madden PA, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Thompson PJ, Matheson MC, Sinn? Leadings Opinions 1, 71–75. Le SP, Pourcain BS, Smith GD, Henderson J, Kemp JP, Timpson NJ, 140 Radtke T, Khattab K, Eser P, Kriemler S, Saner H & Wilhelm M (2012) Deloukas P, Ring SM, Wichmann HE, Muller-Nurasyid M, Novak N, Puberty and microvascular function in healthy children and adolescents. Klopp N, Rodriguez E, McArdle W, Linneberg A, Menne T, Nohr EA, J Pediatr (in press). Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Rivadeneira F, de Jongste JC, 141 Ramasamy A, Curjuric I, Coin LJ, Kumar A, McArdle WL, Imboden M, van der Valk RJ, Wjst M, Jogi R, Geller F, Boyd HA, Murray JC, Kim C, Leynaert B, Kogevinas M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Pekkanen J, Wjst M, Mentch F, March M, Mangino M, Spector TD, Bataille V, Pennell CE, Bircher AJ, Sovio U, Rochat T, Hartikainen AL, Balding DJ, Jarvelin MR, Probst- Holt PG, Sly P, Tiesler CM, Thiering E, Illig T, Imboden M, Nystad W, Hensch N, Strachan DP & Jarvis DL (2011) A genome-wide meta-analy sis Simpson A, Hott enga JJ, Postma D, Koppelman GH, Smit HA, Soderhall C, of genetic variants associated with allergic rhinitis and grass sensitization Chawes B, Kreiner-Moller E, Bisgaard H, Melen E, Boomsma DI, Custovic A, and their interaction with birth order. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128, 996–1005. Jacobsson B, Probst-Hensch NM, Palmer LJ, Glass D, Hakonarson H, 142 Rava M, Varraso R, Decoster B, Huyvaert H, Le MN, Jacquemin B, Künzli N, Melbye M, Jarvis DL, Jaddoe VW, Gieger C, Strachan DP, Martin NG, Kauffmann F, Zerimech F, Matran R & Nadif R (2012) Plasma and exhaled Jarvelin MR, Heinrich J, Evans DM & Weidinger S (2012) Meta-anal ysis breath condensate nitrite-nitrate level in relation to environmental expo- of genome-wide association studies identifies three new risk loci for sures in adults in the EGEA study. Nitric Oxide 27, 169–175. atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 44, 187–192. 143 Rivera M, Zechmeister H, Medina-Ramón M, Basagaña X, Foraster M, Bouso L, 125 Pattaro C, Kottgen A, Teumer A, Garnaas M, Boger CA, Fuchsberger C, Moreno T, Solanas P, Ramos R, Köllensperger G, Deltell A, Vizcaya D & Olden M, Chen MH, Tin A, Taliun D, Li M, Gao X, Gorski M, Yang Q, Künzli N (2011) Monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in home outdoor Hundertmark C, Fost er MC, O’Seaghdha CM, Glazer N, Isaacs A, Liu CT, air using moss bags. Environ Pollut 159, 954–962. Smith AV, O’Connell JR, Struchalin M, Tanaka T, Li G, Johnson AD, 144 Rivera M, Basagana X, Aguilera I, Agis D, Bouso L, Foraster M, Medina- Gierman HJ, Feitosa M, Hwang SJ, Atkinson EJ, Lohman K, Cornelis MC, Ramon M, Pey J, Künzli N & Hoek G (2012) Spatial distribution of ultrafine Johansson A, Tonjes A, Dehghan A, Chouraki V, Holliday EG, Sorice R, particles in urban settings: a land use regression model. Atmos Environ 54, Kutalik Z, Lehtimaki T, Esko T, Deshmukh H, Ulivi S, Chu AY, Murgia F, 657–666. Trompet S, Imboden M, Kollerits B, Pistis G, Harris TB, Launer LJ, 145 Ruf KC, Fehn S, Bachmann M, Moeller A, Roth K, Kriemler S & Hebestreit H Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Mitchell BD, Boerwinkle E, Schmidt H, (2012) Validation of activity questionnaires in patients with cystic fibrosis Cavalieri M, Rao M, Hu FB, Demirkan A, Oostra BA, de AM, Turner ST, by accelerometry and cycle ergometry. BMC Med Res Methodol 12, 43. Ding J, Andrews JS, Freedman BI, Koenig W, Illig T, Doring A, Wichmann HE, 146 Schikowski T, Ranft U, Sugiri D, Vierkötter A, Bruning T, Harth V & Krämer U Kolcic I, Zemunik T, Boban M, Minelli C, Wheeler HE, Igl W, Zaboli G, (2010) Decline in air pollution and change in prevalence in respiratory Wild SH, Wright AF, Campbell H, Ellinghaus D, Nothlings U, Jacobs G, symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in elderly women. Biffar R, Endlich K, Ernst F, Homuth G, Kroemer HK, Nauck M, Stracke S, Respir Res 11, 113. Volker U, Volzke H, Kovacs P, Stumvoll M, Magi R, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, 147 Stoller O, Waser M, Stammler L & Schuster C (2012) Evaluation of robot- Rivadeneira F, Aulchenko YS, Polasek O, Hastie N, Vitart V, Helmer C, assisted gait training using integrated biofeedback in neurologic disorders. Wang JJ, Ruggiero D, Bergmann S, Kahonen M, Viikari J, Nikopensius T, Gait Posture 35, 595–600. Province M, Ketkar S, Colhoun H, Doney A, Robino A, Giulianini F, 148 Syurina EV, Brankovic I, Probst-Hensch N & Brand A (2011) Genome-based Kramer BK, Portas L, Ford I, Buckley BM, Adam M, Thun GA, health literacy: a new challenge for public health genomics. Public Health Paulweber B, Haun M, Sala C, Metzger M, Mitchell P, Ciullo M, Kim SK, Genomics 14, 201–210. Vollenweider P, Raitakari O, Metspalu A, Palmer C, Gasparini P, 149 Teynor A, Caviezel S, Dratva J, Künzli N & Schmidt-Trucksass A (2012) An Pirastu M, Jukema JW, Probst-Hensch NM, Kronenberg F, Toniolo D, automated, interactive analysis system for ultrasound sequences of the com- Gudnason V, Shuldiner AR, Coresh J, Schmidt R, Ferruc ci L, Siscovick DS, mon carotid artery. Ultrasound Med Biol 38, 1440–1450. van Duijn CM, Borecki I, Kardia SL, Liu Y, Curhan GC, Rudan I, Gyllensten U, 150 Thun GA, Ferrarotti I, Imboden M, Rochat T, Gerbase M, Kronenberg F, Wilson JF, Franke A, Pramstaller PP, Rettig R, Prokopenko I, Witteman JC, Bridevaux PO, Zemp E, Zorzetto M, Ottaviani S, Russi EW, Luisetti M & Hayward C, Ridker P, Parsa A, Bochud M, Heid IM, Goessling W, Probst-Hensch NM (2012) SERPINA1 PiZ and PiS heterozygotes and lung Chasman DI, Kao WH & Fox CS (2012) Genome-wide association and function decline in the SAPALDIA cohort. PLoS One 7, e42728. functional follow-up reveals new loci for kidney function. PLoS Genet 8, 151 Tobias A, Perez L, Diaz J, Linares C, Pey J, Alastruey A & Querol X (2011) e1002584. Short-term effects of particulate matter on total mortality during Saharan 126 Perez L, Rapp R & Künzli N (2010) The year of the lung: outdoor air dust outbreaks: a case-crossover analysis in Madrid (Spain). Sci Total En- pollution and lung health. Swiss Med Wkly 140, w13129. viron 412–413, 386–389. 127 Perez L & Künzli N (2011) Saharan dust: no reason to exempt from 152 van Sluijs EM, Kriemler S & McMinn AM (2011) The effect of community science or policy. Occup Environ Med 68, 389–390. and family interventions on young people’s physical activity levels: a re view 128 Perez L, Lurmann F, Wilson J, Pastor M, Brandt SJ, Künzli N & Mc of reviews and updated systematic review. Br J Sports Med 45, 914–922. Connell R (2012) Near-roadway pollution and childhood asthma: impli- 153 Verloigne M, Van Lippevelde W, Maes L, Yildirim M, Chinapaw M, Manios Y, cations for developing “win-win” compact urban development and clean Androutsos O, Kovacs E, Bringolf-Isler B, Brug J & De Bourdeaudhuij I vehicle strategies. Environ Health Perspect (in press). (2012) Levels of physical activity and sedentary time among 10- to 12-year- 129 Perez L, Tobias A, Pey J, Perez N, Alastuey A, Sunyer J & Querol X (2012) Effects of local and Saharan particles on cardiovascular disease mortality old boys and girls across 5 European countries using accelerometers: an ob- [Letter to the editor]. Epidemiology 23, 768–769. servational study within the ENERGY-project. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 9, 34. 154 130 Perez L, Tobias A, Querol X, Pey J, Alastuey A, Diaz J & Sunyer J (2012) Verloigne M, Lippevelde WV, Maes L, Yildirim M, Chinapaw M, Manios Y, Saharan dust, particulate matter and cuase-specific mortality: a case- Androutsos O, Kovacs E, Bringolf-Isler B, Brug J & De Bourdeaudhuij I crossover study in Barcelona (Spain). Environ Int 48, 150–155. (2012) Self-reported TV and computer time do not represent accelerometer- 131 Prendergast B, Cooper LT, Crijns H, Falkenstein E, Fölsch U, Halvorsen S, derived total sedentary time in 10 to 12-year-olds. Eur J Public Health (in press). Janssens S, Jokinen E, Kroemer HK, Lücke A, Murer H, Nagel E, Neyses L, 155 Vierkötter A, Schikowski T, Ranft U, Sugiri D, Matsui M, Krämer U & Krut- Perk J, Probst-Hensch N, Rietschel ET, Rütten H, Steingen C, Tedgui A, mann J (2010) Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging. J Invest van Gilst W, Eschenhagel T & Kristensen SD (2012) The German Centre for Dermatol 130, 2719–2726. Cardiovascular Research: a new model of collaborative science to improve 156 Villiger B, Hintermann M, Goerre S, Kriemler S & Schmied C (2011) The a nation’s research. Eur Heart J 33, 1033–1036a. sudden cardiac death of a young athlete: recommendations for a sensible and effective preventive exam. Schweiz Zt Sportmed Sportraum 59, 108–109.

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Accuracy of urine circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test for Schistosoma 157 Wanner M, Martin BW, Meier F, Probst-Hensch N & Kriemler S (2012) mansoni diagnosis in different settings of Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, Effects of filter choice in GT3X accelerometer assessments of free-living e1384. activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc (in press). 176 Coulibaly JT, Fürst T, Silué KD, Knopp S, Hauri D, Ouattara M, Utzinger J & 158 Wilk JB, Shrine NR, Loehr LR, Zhao JH, Manichaikul A, Lopez LM, Smith AV, N’Goran EK (2012) Intestinal parasitic infections in schoolchildren in Heckbert SR, Smolonska J, Tang W, Loth DW, Curjuric I, Hui J, Cho MH, different settings of Côte d’Ivoire: effect of diagnostic approach and impli- Latourelle JC, Henry AP, Aldrich M, Bakke P, Beaty TH, Bentley AR, cations for control. Parasit Vectors 5, 135. Borecki IB, Brusselle GG, Burkart KM, Chen TH, Couper D, Crapo JD, 177 Coulibaly JT, N’Gbesso YK, Knopp S, Keiser J, N’Goran EK & Utzinger J Davies G, Dupuis J, Franceschini N, Gulsvik A, Hancock DB, Harris TB, (2012) Efficacy and safety of praziquantel in preschool-aged children in an Hofman A, Imboden M, James AL, Khaw KT, Lahousse L, Launer LJ, area co-endemic for Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in south Côte Litonjua A, Liu Y, Lohman KK, Lomas DA, Lumley T, Marciante KD, d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1917. McArdle WL, Meibohm B, Morrison AC, Musk AW, Myers RH, North KE, 178 Cringoli G, Rinaldi L, Maurelli MP, Morgoglione ME, Musella V & Utzinger J Postma DS, Psaty BM, Rich SS, Rivadeneira F, Rochat T, Rotter JI, (2011) Ancylostoma caninum: calibration and comparison of diagnostic Soler AM, Starr JM, Uitterlinden AG, Wareham NJ, Wijmenga C, accuracy of flotation in tube, McMaster and FLOTAC in faecal samples of Zanen P, Province MA, Silverman EK, Deary IJ, Palmer LJ, Cassano PA, dogs. Exp Parasitol 128, 32–37. Gudnason V, Barr RG, Loos RJ, Strachan DP, London SJ, Boezen HM, 179 Déglise C, Suggs LS & Odermatt P (2012) SMS for disease control in develop- Probst-Hensch N, Gharib SA, Hall IP, O’Connor GT, Tobin MD & ing countries: a systematic review of mobile health applications. J Telemed Stricker BH (2012) Genome wide association studies identify CHRNA5/3 Telecare 18, 273–281. and HTR4 in the development of airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit 180 Déglise C, Suggs LS & Odermatt P (2012) Short Message Service (SMS) ap- Care Med 186, 622–632. plications for disease prevention in developing countries. J Med Internet 159 Yildirim M, Verloigne M, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Androutsos O, Manios Y, Res 14, e3. Felso R, Kovacs E, Doessegger A, Bringolf-Isler B, Te Velde S, Brug J & 181 Dongo K, Tiembré I, Koné BA, Zurbrügg C, Odermatt P, Tanner M, Chinapaw MJM (2011) Study protocol of physical activity and sedentary Zinsstag J & Cissé G (2012) Exposure to toxic waste containing high con- behaviour measurement among schoolchildren by accelerometry – cross- centrations of hydrogen sulphide illegally dumped in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. sectional survey as part of the ENERGY-project. BMC Public Health 11, 182. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 19, 3192–3199. 182 Forrer A, Sayasone S, Vounatsou P, Vonghachack Y, Bouakhasith D, Vogt S, Glaser R, Utzinger J, Akkhavong K & Odermatt P (2012) Spa- tial distribution of, and risk factors for, Opisthorchis viverrini infection in southern Lao PDR. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1481. ECOSYSTEM HEALTH SCIENCES 183 Fürst T, Müller I, Coulibaly JT, Yao AK, Utzinger J & N’Goran EK (2011) Questionnaire-based approach to assess schoolchildren’s physical fitness 160 Acka CA, Raso G, N’Goran EK, Tschannen AB, Bogoch II, Seraphin E, and its potential role in exploring the putative impact of helminth and Tanner M, Obrist B & Utzinger J (2010) Parasitic worms: knowledge, Plasmodium spp. infections in Côte d’Ivoire. Parasit Vectors 4, 116. attitudes, and practices in western Côte d’Ivoire with implications for 184 Fürst T, Silué KD, Ouattara M, N’Goran DN, Adiossan L, N’Guessan Y, integrated control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4, e910. Zouzou F, Koné S, N’Goran EK & Utzinger J (2012) Schistosomiasis, soil- 161 Adiko FA, Matthys B, Cissé G, Bonfoh B, Tanner M & Utzinger J (2010) transmitted helminthiasis, and sociodemographic factors influence quality Relation entre le capital humain des maraîchers urbains et leurs com- of life of adults in Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1855. portements de prévention des risques sanitaires sur les sites de culture 185 Fürst T, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, Keiser J & Utzinger J (2012) Manifes- à Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). VertigO 10, 1–9. tation, diagnosis, and management of foodborne trematodiasis. BMJ 344, 162 Alencar CH, Ramos Jr AN, Sena Neto SA, Murto C, Alencar MJF, Barbosa JC & e4093. Heukelbach J (2012) Diagnóstico da hanseníase fora do município de 186 Fürst T, Keiser J & Utzinger J (2012) Global burden of human food-borne residência: uma abordagem espacial, 2001 a 2009. Cad Saúde Pública 28, trematodiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 12, 1685–1698. 210–221. 163 Aung NC, Rechel B & Odermatt P (2010) Access to and utilisation of GP 187 Garba A, Lamine MS, Barkiré N, Djibo A, Sofo B, Gouvras AN, Labbo R, services among Burmese migrants in London: a cross-sectional descrip- Sebangou H, Webster JP, Fenwick A & Utzinger J (2012) Efficacy and safety tive study. BMC Health Serv Res 10, 285. of two closely spaced doses of praziquantel against Schistosoma haemato- 164 Ayemou A, Tschannen A, Koné I, Allou D, Akpatou B & Cissé G (2011) bium and S. mansoni and re-infection patterns in school-aged children in Innovations in Cassava production for food security and forest con- Niger. Acta Trop (in press). servation in western Côte d’Ivoire. In: Innovations as key to the green 188 Harhay MO, Horton J, Olliaro PL & Utzinger J (2011) Diagnostics are cen- revolution in Africa: exploring the scientific acts,f Vol. 1. Eds. Bationo A, tral for a truly holistic approach against intestinal parasitic diseases. Int J Waswa B, Okeyo JM, Maina F & Kihara JM. Dordrecht: Springer, 373–379. Infect Dis 15, e76–e77. 165 Balen J, Raso G, Li YS, Zhao ZY, Yuan LP, Williams GM, Luo XS, Shi MZ, 189 Harris-Roxas B, Viliani F, Bond A, Cave B, Divall M, Furu P, Harris P, Yu XL, Utzinger J & McManus DP (2011) Risk factors for helminth Soeberg M, Wernham A & Winkler MS (2012) Health impact assessment: infections in a rural and a peri-urban setting of the Dongting Lake area, the state of the art. IAPA 30, 45–55. People’s Republic of China. Int J Parasitol 41, 1165–1173. 190 Hodges M, Koroma MM, Balde MS, Turay H, Fofanah I, Divall MJ, Winkler MS & 166 Barennes H, Keophithoun T, Nguyen TH, Strobel M & Odermatt P (2010) Zhang Y (2011) Current status of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted Survival and health status of DOTS tuberculosis patients in rural Lao helminthiasis in Beyla and Macenta Prefectures, Forest Guinea. Trans R PDR. BMC Infect Dis 10, 265. Soc Trop Med Hyg 105, 672–674. 167 Becker SL, Sieto B, Silué KD, Adjossan L, Koné S, Hatz C, Kern WV, 191 Hong QB, Yang K, Huang YX, Sun LP, Yang GJ, Gao Y, Gao Y, Zhang LH, N’Goran EK & Utzinger J (2011) Diagnosis, clinical features, and self- Zhou M, Steinmann P & Liang YS (2011) Effectiveness of a comprehensive reported morbidity of Strongyloides stercoralis and hookworm infection schistosomiasis japonica control program in Jiangsu province, China, from in a co-endemic setting. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1292. 2005 to 2008. Acta Trop 120, S151–S157. 168 Becker SL, Lohourignon LK, Speich B, Rinaldi L, Knopp S, N’Goran EK, 192 Jeandron A, Rinaldi L, Abdyldaieva G, Usubalieva J, Steinmann P, Cringoli G & Cringoli G & Utzinger J (2011) Comparison of the Flotac-400 dual tech- Utzinger J (2011) Human infections with Dicrocoelium dendriticum in nique and the formalin-ether concentration technique for the diagnosis Kyrgyzstan: the tip of the iceberg? J Parasitol 97, 1170–1172. of human intestinal protozoa infection. J Clin Microbiol 49, 2183–2190. 193 Jia TW, Utzinger J, Deng Y, Yang K, Li YY, Zhu JH, King CH & Zhou XN (2011) 169 Bogoch II, Andrews JR, Dadzie Ephraim RK & Utzinger J (2012) Simple Quantifying quality of life and disability of patients with advanced schisto- questionnaire and urine reagent strips compared to microscopy for the somiasis japonica. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e966. diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium in a community in northern 194 Jia TW, Melville S, Utzinger J, King CH & Zhou XN (2012) Soil-transmitted Ghana. Trop Med Int Health 17, 1217–1221. helminth reinfection after drug treatment: a systematic review and meta- 170 Bonfoh B, Raso G, Koné I, Dao D, Girardin O, Cissé G, Zinsstag J, analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1621. Utzinger J & Tanner M (2011) Research in a war zone. Nature 474, 195 Knopp S, Mohammed KA, Speich B, Hattendorf J, Khamis IS, Khamis AN, 569–571. Stothard JR, Rollinson D, Marti H & Utzinger J (2010) Albendazole and 171 Cai YC, Guo J, Chen SH, Tian LG, Steinmann P, Chen MX, Li H, Ai L & mebendazole administered alone or in combination with Ivermectin Chen JX (2012) Chicken egg yolk antibodies (IgY) for detecting circulating against Trichuris trichiura: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 51, antigens of Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitol Int 61, 385–390. 1420–1428. 172 Cao HJ, Liu ZL, Steinmann P, Mu YJ, Luo H & Liu JP (2012) Chinese 196 Knopp S, Speich B, Hattendorf J, Rinaldi L, Mohammed KA, Khamis IS, herbal medicines for treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease: a sys- Mohammed AS, Albonico M, Rollinson D, Marti H, Cringoli G & Utzinger J tematic review of randomized clinical trials. Eur J Integr Med 4, e85–e111. (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of Kato-Katz and FLOTAC for assessing anthel- 173 Chen JH, Wang H, Chen JX, Bergquist R, Tanner M, Utzinger J & Zhou XN mintic drug efficacy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1036. (2012) Frontiers of parasitology research in the People’s Republic of China: 197 Knopp S, Stothard JR, Rollinson D, Mohammed KA, Khamis IS, Marti H & infection, diagnosis, protection and surveillance. Parasit Vectors 5, 221. Utzinger J (2012) From morbidity control to transmission control: time to 174 Cissé G, Koné B, Bâ H, Mbaye I, Koba K, Utzinger J & Tanner M (2011) change tactics against helminths on Unguja Island, Zanzibar. Acta Trop Ecohealth and climate change: adaptation to flooding events in river- (in press). side secondary cities, West Africa. In: Resilient cities: cities and adapta- 198 Knopp S, Steinmann P, Keiser J & Utzinger J (2012) Nematode infections: tion to climate change: proceedings of the Global Forum 2010. Ed. Otto- soil-transmitted helminths and Trichinella. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26, 341–358. Zimmermann K. Dordrecht: Springer, 55–67. 199 Knopp S, Steinmann P, Hatz C, Keiser J & Utzinger J (2012) Nematode 175 Coulibaly JT, Knopp S, N’Guessan NA, Silué KD, Fürst T, Lohourignon LK, infections: filariases. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26, 359–381. Brou JK, N’Gbesso YK, Vounatsou P, N’Goran EK & Utzinger J (2011) 200 Koné B, Feagan M, Houenou YA, Brou N, Houenou PV, Fayomi B, Ngni- kam E, Cissé G, Spiegel J & Kouassi E (2011) Facilitating the relationship be-

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224 Ratsimbazafy V, Andrianabelina R, Randrianarisona S, Preux PM & tween researchers and policy-makers: experiences from three ecohealth Odermatt P (2011) Treatment gap for people living with epilepsy in projects in West and Central Africa. EcoHealth 8, 413–417. Madagascar. Trop Doct 41, 38–39. 201 Koné BA, Tiembre I, Dongo K, Tanner M, Zinsstag J & Cissé G (2011) 225 Righetti AA, Glinz D, Adiossan LG, Koua AYG, Niamké S, Hurrell RF, Impact socio-économique du déversement de déchets toxiques à Abidjan Wegmüller R, N’Goran EK & Utzinger J (2012) Interaction and potential en 2006 à l’échelle des ménages. Bull Soc Pathol Exot 104, 14–19. implications of Plasmodium falciparum-hookworm coinfection in different 202 Kotze AC, Steinmann P, Zhou H, Du ZW & Zhou XN (2011) The effect of age groups in south-central Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1889. egg embryonation on field-use of a hookworm benzimidazole-sensitivity 226 Righetti AA, Koua AY, Adiossan LG, Glinz D, Hurrell RF, N’Goran EK, Niamke S, egg hatch assay in Yunnan province, People’s Republic of China. PLoS Wegmüller R & Utzinger J (2012) Etiology of anemia among infants, school-aged Negl Trop Dis 5, e1203. children, and young non-pregnant women in different settings of south-central 203 Koudou BG, Ouattara FA, Edi AVC, Nsanzabana C, Tia E, Tchicaya ES, Côte d’Ivoire. Am J Trop Med Hyg 87, 425–434. Tanner M, Bonfoh B, Dagnogo M & Utzinger J (2010) Transmission du 227 Rollinson D, Knopp S, Levitz S, Stothard JR, Tchuente LA, Garba A, paludisme en zone de haute couverture en moustiquaires imprégnées Mohammed KA, Schur N, Person B, Colley DG & Utzinger J (2012) Time to d’insecticide de longue durée, au centre de la Côte d’Ivoire. Méd Trop set the agenda for schistosomiasis elimination. Acta Trop (in press). (Mars.) 70, 479–484. 228 Sayasone S, Mak TK, Vanmany M, Rasphone O, Vounatsou P, Utzinger J, 204 Koudou BG, Tanner M & Utzinger J (2012) Effects of irrigated rice fields Akkhavong K & Odermatt P (2011) Helminth and intestinal protozoa infec- and seasonality on Plasmodium transmission in West Africa, particularly tions, multiparasitism and risk factors in Champasack Province, Lao People ’s in central Côte d’Ivoire. In: Current topics in tropical medicine. Ed. Democratic Republic. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1037. Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Rijeka: InTech, 155–168. 229 Sayasone S, Rasphone O, Vanmany M, Vounatsou P, Utzinger J, Tanner M, 205 Kounnavong S, Vonglokham M, Houamboun K, Odermatt P & Boupha B Akkhavong K, Hatz C & Odermatt P (2012) Severe morbidity due to Opis- (2011) Soil-transmitted helminth infections and risk factors in preschool thorchis viverrini and Schistosoma mekongi infection in Lao PDR. Clin In- children in southern rural Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Trans R fect Dis 55, e54–e57. Soc Trop Med Hyg 105, 160–166. 230 Silué B, Cissé G, Koné B, Zurbrügg C & Savané I (2012) Equité d’accès à l’eau 206 Krieger GR, Utzinger J, Winkler MS, Divall MJ, Phillips SD, Balge MZ & potable dans un contexte de diversité de modes d’approvisionnement: cas Singer BH (2010) New international consensus on health impact assess- de la ville de Bouaké (Côte d’Ivoire). Eur J Sci Res 72, 298–310. ment [Authors’ reply]. Lancet 376, 1465. 231 Sithithaworn P, Andrews RH, Van De N, Wongsaroj T, Sinuon M, Odermatt P, 207 Krieger GR, Bouchard MA, Marques de Sa I, Paris I, Balge Z, Williams D, Nawa Y, Liang S, Brindley PJ & Sripa B (2012) The current status of opis- Singer BH, Winkler MS & Utzinger J (2012) Enhancing impact: visual- thorchiasis and clonorchiasis in the Mekong Basin. Parasitol Int 61, 10–16. ization of an integrated impact assessment strategy. Geospat Health 6, 232 Slesak G, Inthalad S, Basy P, Keomanivong D, Phoutsavath O, Khampoui S, 303–306. Grosrenaud A, Amstutz V, Barennes H, Buisson Y & Odermatt P (2011) 208 Leslie J, Garba A, Oliva EB, Barkire A, Tinni AA, Djibo A, Mounkaila I & Ziehl-neelsen staining technique can diagnose paragonimiasis. PLoS Negl Fenwick A (2011) Schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth control Trop Dis 5, e1048. in Niger: cost effectiveness of school based and community distributed 233 Soukhathammavong PA, Sayasone S, Phongluxa K, Xayaseng V, mass drug administration. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1326. Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, Hatz C, Akkhavong K, Keiser J & Odermatt P 209 Li JV, Saric J, Wang Y, Keiser J, Utzinger J & Holmes E (2011) Chemomet- (2012) Low efficacy of single-dose albendazole and mebendazole against ric analysis of biofluids from mice experimentally infected with Schisto- hookworm and effect on concomitant helminth infection in Lao PDR. PLoS soma mansoni. Parasit Vectors 4, 179. Negl Trop Dis 6, e1417. 210 Lovis L, Mak TK, Phongluxa K, Soukhathammavong PA, Vonghachack Y, 234 Steinmann P, Utzinger J, Du ZW, Jiang JY, Chen JX, Hattendorf J, Zhou H & Keiser J, Vounatsou P, Tanner M, Hatz C, Utzinger J, Odermatt P & Zhou XN (2011) Efficacy of single-dose and triple-dose albendazole and meben- Akkhavong K (2012) Efficacy of praziquantel against Schistosoma mekongi dazole against soil-transmitted helminths and Taenia spp.: a randomized and Opisthorchis viverrini: a randomized, single-blinded dose-comparison controlled trial. PLoS One 6, e25003. trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1726. 235 Steinmann P, Cringoli G, Bruschi F, Matthys B, Lohourignon LK, Castagna B, Maurelli MP, Morgoglione ME, Utzinger J & Rinaldi L (2012) FLOTAC for the 211 Lv S, Zhang Y, Liu HX, Hu L, Liu W, Liu Q, Li SZ, Hu W, Utzinger J & diagnosis of Hymenolepis spp. infection: proof-of-concept and comparing Zhou XN (2011) Population genetics of Pomacea spp. in mainland of diagnostic accuracy with other methods. Parasitol Res 111, 749–754. China. Chin J Schistosomiasis Cont 23, 178–182. 236 Stensgaard AS, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P, Hürlimann E, Schur N, 212 Lv S, Zhang Y, Steinmann P, Yang GJ, Yang K, Zhou XN & Utzinger J Saarnak CF, Simoonga C, Mubita P, Kabatereine NB, Tchuente LA, Rahbek C & (2011) The emergence of angiostrongyliasis in the People’s Republic of Kristensen TK (2012) Large-scale determinants of intestinal schistosomiasis China: the interplay between invasive snails, climate change and trans- and intermediate host snail distribution across Africa: does climate matter? mission dynamics. Freshw Biol 56, 717–734. Acta Trop (in press). 213 Lv S, Zhang Y, Liu HX, Hu L, Liu Q, Wei FR, Guo YH, Steinmann P, 237 Sy I, Koita M, Traoré D, Keita M, Lo B, Tanner M & Cissé G (2011) Vulnérabilité Hu W, Zhou XN & Utzinger J (2012) Phylogenetic evidence for multiple sanitaire et environnementale dans les quartiers défavorisés de Nouakchott and secondary introductions of invasive snails: Pomacea species in the (Mauritanie): analyse des conditions d’émergence et de développement de People’s Republic of China. Diversity Distrib (in press). maladies en milieu urbain sahélien. VertigO 11, 1–17. 214 Lv S, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Liu Q, Liu HX, Hu L, Wei FR, Steinmann P, Graeff- 238 Syo I, L B, Tanner M & Cissé G (2011) Environnement, conditions d’habitat Teixeira C, Zhou XN & Utzinger J (2012) The complete mitochondrial genome et santé dans les quartiers défavorisés à Rufisque (Sénégal) et à Nouakchott of the rodent intra-arterial nematodes Angiostrongylus cantonensis and (Mauritanie). Int J Adv Stud Res Africa 2, 37–51. Angiostrongylus costaricensis. Parasitol Res 111, 115–123. 239 Sy I, Keita M, Lo B, Tanner M & Cissé G (2012) Prevalence of infantile 215 Matthys B, Koudou BG, N’Goran EK, Vounatsou P, Gosoniu L, Koné M, diarrhea in districts of Nouakchott (Mauritania) in 2008: analysis of local Cissé G & Utzinger J (2010) Spatial dispersion and characterisation hygiene. Med Sante Trop (in press). of mosquito breeding habitats in urban vegetable-production areas of 240 Tian LG, Wang TP, Chen JX, Cai YC, Yin XM, Cheng GJ, Wu WD, Stein- Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 104, 649–666. mann P, Guo J, Tong XM, Li LH, Liu Q, Zhou L, Wang FF, Wang ZL & Zhou XN 216 Mbuba CK, Abubakar A, Hartley S, Odermatt P, Newton CR & Carter JA (2010) Co-infection of HIV and parasites in China: results from an (2012) Development and validation of the Kilifi epilepsy beliefs and epidemiological survey in rural areas of Fuyang city, Anhui province, China. attitude scale. Epilepsy Behav 24, 480–487. Front Med China 4, 192–198. 217 Mbuba CK, Abubakar A, Odermatt P, Newton CR & Carter JA (2012) 241 Tian LG, Chen JX, Steinmann P, Cai YC, Tong XM, Guo J, Li LH, Liu Q & Development and validation of the Kilifi stigma scale for epilepsy in Zhou XN (2011) Co-infection of HIV and parasites in China: Cryptosporidium Kenya. Epilepsy Behav 24, 81–85. prevalence in environmental water in HIV/AIDS high endemic areas. Afr J 218 Mbuba CK, Ngugi AK, Fegan G, Ibinda F, Muchohi SN, Nyundo C, Odhiambo R, Microbiol Res 5, 4682–4686. Edwards T, Odermatt P, Carter JA & Newton CR (2012) Risk factors asso- 242 Tian LG, Chen JX, Wang TP, Cheng GJ, Steinmann P, Wang FF, Cai YC, ciated with the epilepsy treatment gap in Kilifi, Kenya: a cross-sectional Yin XM, Guo J, Zhou L & Zhou XN (2012) Co-infection of HIV and intestinal study. Lancet Neurol 11, 688–696. parasites in rural area of China. Parasit Vectors 5, 36. 219 Murto C, Ariza L, Rodrigues A, Chichava OOA, Alencar CH, Marques 243 Touray S, Bâ H, Bâ O, Koïta M, Ould Ahmed Salem CB, Keïta M, Traoré D, da Silva LF, Tanner M & Heukelbach J (2012) Motives and determinants Sy I, Winkler MS, Utzinger J & Cissé G (2012) Absence of dry season for residence change after leprosy diagnosis, central Brazil. Lepr Rev 83, Plasmodium parasitaemia, but high rates of reported acute respiratory 16–23. infection and diarrhoea in presschool-aged children in Kaédi, southern 220 Müller I, Coulibaly JT, Fürst T, Knopp S, Hattendorf J, Krauth SJ, Mauritania. Parasit Vectors 5, 193. Stete K, Righetti AA, Glinz D, Yao AK, Puhse U, N’Goran EK & Utzinger J 244 Traoré SG, Odermatt P, Bonfoh B, Utzinger J, Aka ND, Adoubryn KD, (2011) Effect of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections Assoumou A, Dreyfuss G & Koussemon M (2011) No Paragonimus in high- on physical fitness of school children in Côte d’Ivoire. PLoS Negl Trop risk groups in Côte d’Ivoire, but considerable prevalence of helminths and Dis 5, e1239. intestinal protozoon infections. Parasit Vectors 4, 96. 221 Odermatt P, Ngoungou E, Preux PM & Doumbo O (2010) Parasitoses, crises 245 Traoré SG, Bonfoh B, Krabi R, Odermatt P, Utzinger J, Rose KN, Tanner M, d’épilepsie et épilepsie dans les pays tropicaux. Epilepsies 22, 99–102. Frey J, Quilici ML & Koussemon M (2012) Risk of vibrio transmission linked 222 Ouattara AF, Raso G, Edi CV, Utzinger J, Tanner M, Dagnogo M & Koudou BG to the consumption of crustaceans in coastal towns of Côte d’Ivoire. J Food (2011) Malaria knowledge and long-lasting insecticidal net use in rural Prot 75, 1004–1011. communities of central Côte d’Ivoire. Malar J 10, 288. 246 Upreti BR, Zimmermann AB, Debele B & Cissé G (2012) Partnerships in 223 Pham Duc P, Nguyen-Viet H, Hattendorf J, Zinsstag J, Dac Cam P & development-oriented research: lessons learnt and challenges ahead. Odermatt P (2011) Risk factors for Entamoeba histolytica infection in an Kathmandu: NCCR North-South. agricultural community in Hanam province, Vietnam. Parasit Vectors 4, 102. 247 Utzinger J, Steinmann P, Keiser J & Bos R (2010) Impacts santaires du dé- veloppement des larges réserves d’eau, barrages et irrigation. In: Ecologie

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national Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group de la santé et biodiversité. Eds. Gauthier-Clerc M & Thomas F. Bruxelles: (2011) Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. Lancet Groupe De Boeck, 116–125. Oncol 12, 624–626. 248 Utzinger J, Raso G, Steinmann P, Zhou XN, Vounatsou P, Brooker S & 271 Braun-Fahrländer C & von Mutius E (11-4-2011) Response by Charlotte N’Goran EK (2011) Schistosomiasis. In: Encyclopedia of Environmen- Braun-Fahrländer and Erika von Mutius [Reply]. Clin Exp Allergy 41, 910. tal Health, vol. 5. Ed. Nriagu JO. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 10–19. 272 Braun-Fahrländer C & von Mutius E (2011) Can farm milk consumption 249 Utzinger J, N’Goran EK, Caffrey CR & Keiser J (2011) From innovation to prevent allergic diseases? Clin Exp Allergy 41, 29–35. application: social-ecological context, diagnostics, drugs and integrated 273 Bringolf-Isler B, Mäder U, Ruch N, Kriemler S, Grize L & Braun- control of schistosomiasis. 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J Water Health 9, 159–168. 275 Cyrys J, Eeftens M, Heinrich J, Ampe C, Armengaud A, Beelen R, Bellander T, Beregszaszai T, Birk M, Cesaroni G, Cirach M, de Hoogh K, de Nazelle A, de Vocht F, 253 Wicki M, Karabulut F, Auckenthaler A, Felleisen R, Tanner M & Baumgartner A (2011) Identification of fecal input sites in spring water Declercq C, Dedele A, Dimakopoulou K, Eriksen K, Galassi C, Grazule viciene R, by selection and genotyping of multiresistant Escherichia coli. Appl En- Grivas G, Gruzieva O, Hagenbjörk Gustafsson A, Hoffmann B, Iakovides M, viron Microbiol 77, 8427–8433. Ineichen A, Krämer U, Lanki T, Lozano P, Madsen C, Meliefste K, Modig L, 254 Wicki M, Auckenthaler A, Felleisen R, Liniger M, Loutre C, Niederhauser I, Mölter A, Mosler G, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Nonnemacher M, Oldenwening M, Tanner M & Baumgartner A (2012) Improved detection of Rhodococcus Peters A, Pontet S, Probst-Hensch N, Quass U, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ranzi A, coprophilus with a new quantitative PCR assay. 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Air Qual Atmos Health 5, 335–351. 259 Yang GJ, Zhou XN, Sun LP, Wu F, Zhong B, Qiu DC, Utzinger J & Bradshaw CJ 278 Eeftens M, Tsai MY, Ampe C, Anwander B, Beelen R, Bellander T, Cesaroni G, (2011) Compensatory density feedback of Oncomelania hupensis pop- Cirach M, Cyrys J, de Hoogh K, de Nazelle A, de Vocht F, Declercq C, Dedele A, ulations in two different environmental settings in China. Parasit Vec- Eriksen K, Galassi C, Grauleviciene R, Grivas G, Heinrich J, Hoffmann B, tors 4, 133. Iakovides M, Ineichen A, Katsouyanni K, Korek M, Krämer U, Kuhlbusch T, 260 Yap P, Du ZW, Chen R, Zhang LP, Wu FW, Wang J, Wang XZ, Zhou H, Lanki T, Madsen C, Meliefste K, Mölter A, Mosler G, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Zhou XN, Utzinger J & Steinmann P (2012) Soil-transmitted helminth Oldenwening M, Pennanen A, Probst-Hensch N, Quass U, Raaschou- infections and physical fitness in school-aged Bulang children in south- Nielsen O, Ranzi A, Stephanou E, Sugiri D, Udvardy O, Vaskövi E, Weinmayr G, west China: results from a cross-sectional survey. Parasit Vectors 5, 50. Brunekreef B & Hoek G (2012) Spatial variation of PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 261 Yap P, Fürst T, Müller I, Kriemler S, Utzinger J & Steinmann P (2012) absorbance and PMc oarse concentrations between and within 20 Euro- Determining soil-transmitted helminth infection status and physical pean study areas and the relationship with NO2 – results of the ESCAPE fitness of school-aged children. J Vis Exp (66), e3966. project. Atmos Environ (in press). 262 Zahouli ZBJ, Tchicaya ES, Nsanzabana C, Donzé J, Utzinger J, N’Goran 279 Eeftens M, Beelen R, de Hoogh K, Bellander T, Cesaroni G, Cirach M, Decler cq C, EK & Koudou BG (2011) Caractéristiques bioécologiques d’Anopheles Dedele A, Dons E, de Nazelle A, Dimakopoulou K, Eriksen KT, Falq G, gambiae s.s. en zones de riziculture irriguée au centre de la Côte d’Ivoire. Fischer P, Galassi C, Grazuleviciene R, Heinrich J, Hoffmann B, Jerr ett M, Méd Trop (Mars.) 71, 575–581. Keidel D, Korek M, Lankki T, Lindsey S, Madsen C, Molter A, Nador G, 263 Ziegelbauer K, Speich B, Mäusezahl D, Bos R, Keiser J & Utzinger J Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Nonnemacher M, Pedeli X, Raaschou Nielsen O, (2012) Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: sys- Patelarou E, Quass U, Ranzi A, Schindler C, Stempfelet M, Stephanou EG, tematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 9, e1001162. Sugiri D, Tsai M, Yli-Tuomi T, Varro MJ, Vienneau D, von Klot S, Wolf K, 264 Zimmermann MB, Chassard C, Rohner F, N’Goran EK, Nindjin C, Dostal A, Brunekreef B & Hoek G (2012) Development of land use regression models for Utzinger J, Ghattas H, Lacroix C & Hurrell RF (2010) The effects of iron PM2.5, PM2.5 absorbance, PM10 and PMcoarse in 20 European study areas ; fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: a randomized results of the ESCAPE project. Environ Sci Technol (in press). controlled trial in Côte d’Ivoire. Am J Clin Nutr 92, 1406–1415. 280 Ege MJ, Mayer M, Normand AC, Genuneit J, Cookson WOCM, Braun- Fahrländer C, Heederik D, Piarroux R, von Mutius E & GABRIELA Trans regio 22 Study Group (2011) Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma. N Engl J Med 364, 701–709. 281 Ege MJ, Strachan DP, Cookson WO, Moffatt MF, Gut I, Lathrop M, Kabesch M, ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE AND HEALTH Genuneit J, Buchele G, Sozanska B, Boznanski A, Cullinan P, Horak E, Bieli C, Braun-Fahrländer C, Heederik D, von Mutius E & GABRIELA Study Group 265 Aydin D, Feychting M, Schuz J, Tynes T, Andersen TV, Schmidt LS, Poulsen AH, (2011) Gene-environment interaction for childhood asthma and exposure to Johansen C, Prochazka M, Lannering B, Klaeboe L, Eggen T, Jenni D, farming in Central Europe. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127, 138–144. Grotzer M, von der Weid N, Kuehni CE & Röösli M (2011) Mobile phone 282 Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M & Schuz J (2011) use and brain tumors in children and adolescents: a multicenter case- Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort control study. J Natl Cancer Inst 103, 1264–1276. study. BMJ 343, d6387. 266 Aydin D, Feychting M, Schuz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, 283 Frei P, Harbo Poulsen A, Mezei G, Pedersen C, Cronberg Salem L, Johan- Klaeboe L, Kuehni CE, Tynes T & Röösli M (2011) Impact of random sen C, Röösli M & Schüz J (2012) Residential distance to high voltage power and systematic recall errors and selection bias in case-control studies lines and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a Danish population-based on mobile phone use and brain tumors in adolescents (CEFALO study). case-control study. Am J Epidemiol (in press). Bioelectromagnetics 32, 396–407. 284 Frei P, Mohler E, Braun-Fahrländer C, Frohlich J, Neubauer G & Röösli M 267 Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, (2012) Cohort study on the effects of everyday life radio frequency electro- Klaeboe L, Kuehni CE, Tynes T & Röösli M (2011) Predictors and overes- magnetic field exposure on non-specific symptoms and tinnitus. Environ timation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Int 38, 29–36. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 107, 356–361. 285 Fuchs O, Genuneit J, Latzin P, Buchele G, Horak E, Loss G, Sozanska B, 268 Aydin D, Feychting M, Schüz J & Röösli M (2012) Response. J Natl Can- Weber J, Boznanski A, Heederik D, Braun-Fahrländer C, Frey U & von cer Inst 104, 3. Mutius E (2012) Farming environments and childhood atopy, wheeze, lung 269 Aydin D, Feychting M, Schuz J & Röösli M (2012) Childhood brain tu- function, and exhaled nitric oxide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130, 382–388.e6. mours and use of mobile phones: comparison of a case-control study 286 Genuneit J, Büchele G, Waser M, Kovacs K, Debinska A, Boznanski A, with incidence data. Environ Health 11, 35. Strunz-Lehner C, Horak E, Cullinan P, Heederik D, Braun-Fahrländer C, 270 Baan R, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, von Mutius E & GABRIELA Study Group (2011) The GABRIEL Advanced Sur- Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Islami F, Galichet L, Straif K & WHO Inter veys: study design, participation and evaluation of bias. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 25, 436–447.

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308 Normand AC, Sudre B, Vacheyrou M, Depner M, Wouters IM, Noss I, 287 Hauri D, Lieb CM, Rajkumar S, Kooijman C, Sommer HL & Röösli M Heederik D, Hyvarinen A, Genuneit J, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E, (2011) Direct health costs of environmental tobacco smoke exposure Piarroux R & the GABRIEL-A Study Group (2011) Airborne cultivable micro and indirect health benefits due to smoking ban introduction. Eur J flora and microbial transfer in farm buildings and rural dwellings. Occup Public Health 21, 316–322. Environ Med 68, 849–855. 288 Hauri DD, Huss A, Zimmermann F, Kuehni CE & Röösli M (2012) A prediction 309 Oanh NT, Bich TL, Tipayarom D, Manadhar BR, Prapat P, Simpson CD & Liu model for assessing residential radon concentration in Switzerland. LJ (2011) Characterization of particulate matter emission from open burn- J Environ Radioact 112, 83–89. ing of rice straw. Atmos Environ 45, 493–502. 289 Hazenkamp-von Arx ME, Schindler C, Ragettli MS, Künzli N, Braun- Fahrländer C & Liu LJS (2011) Impacts of highway traffic exhaust in 310 Pfefferle PI, Buchele G, Blumer N, Roponen M, Ege MJ, Krauss-Etschmann S, alpine valleys on the respiratory health in adults: a cross-sectional study. Genuneit J, Hyvarinen A, Hirvonen MR, Lauener R, Pekkanen J, Riedler J, Environ Health 10, 13. Dalphin JC, Brunekeef B, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E & Renz H 290 Hoek G, Pattenden S, Willers S, Antova T, Fabianova E, Braun-Fahr (2010) Cord blood cytokines are modulated by maternal farming activities länder C, Forastiere F, Gehring U, Luttmann-Gibson H, Grize L, Heinrich J, and consumption of farm dairy products during pregnancy: the PASTURE Houthuijs D, Janssen N, Katsnelson B, Kosheleva A, Moshammer H, Neu- Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125, 108–115. berger M, Privalova L, Rudnai P, Speizer F, Slachtova H, Tomaskova H, 311 Proietti E, Röösli M, Frey U & Latzin P (2012) Air pollution during pregnancy Zlotkowska R & Fletcher T (2012) PM10 and children’s respiratory symp- and neonatal outcome: a review. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv (in press). toms and lung function in the PATY study. Eur Respir J 40, 538–547. 312 Repacholi MH, Lerchl A, Röösli M, Sienkiewicz Z, Auvinen A, Breckenkamp J, 291 Holbreich M, Genuneit J, Weber J, Braun-Fahrländer C, Waser M & von d’Inzeo G, Elliott P, Frei P, Heinrich S, Lagroye I, Lahkola A, McCormick DL, Mutius E (16-4-2012) Amish children living in northern Indiana have a Thomas S & Vecchia P (2012) Systematic review of wireless phone use and very low prevalence of allergic sensitization [Letter to the editor]. J Allergy brain cancer and other head tumors. Bioelectromagnetics 33, 187–206. Clin Immunol 129, 1671–1673. 313 Rochat MK, Ege MJ, Plabst D, Steinle J, Bitter S, Braun-Fahrländer C, 292 Hug K & Röösli M (2011) Therapeutic effects of whole-body devices Dalphin JC, Riedler J, Roponen M, Hirvonen MR, Büchele G, Renz H, applying pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF): a systematic literature Lauener R, Krauss-Etschmann S & von Mutius E (2010) Maternal vitamin D review. Bioelectromagnetics 33, 95–105. intake during pregnancy increases gene expression of ILT3 and ILT4 in cord 293 Huss A, Spoerri A, Egger M & Röösli M (2011) Aircraft noise and myocar- blood. Clin Exp Allergy 40, 786–794. dial infarction mortality [Response]. Epidemiology 22, 284. 314 Roduit C, Wohlgensinger J, Frei R, Bitter S, Bieli C, Loeliger S, Büchele G, 294 Illi S, Depner M, Genuneit J, Horak E, Loss G, Strunz-Lehner C, Buchele G, Riedler J, Dalphin JC, Remes S, Roponen M, Pekkanen J, Kabesch M, Boznanski A, Danielewicz H, Cullinan P, Heederik D, Braun-Fahrländer C & Schaub B, von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrländer C & Lauener R (2011) Prenatal von Mutius E (2012) Protection from childhood asthma and allergy in animal contact and gene expression of innate immunity receptors at birth Alpine farm environments – the GABRIEL Advanced Studies. J Allergy are associated with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127, 179–185. Clin Immunol 129, 1470–1477. 315 Roduit C, Frei R, Loss G, Buchele G, Weber J, Depner M, Loeliger S, Dalphin ML, 295 Ireson RG, Ondov JM, Zielinska B, Weaver CS, Easter MD, Lawson DR, Hesterberg TW, Davey ME & Liu LJ (2011) Measuring in-cabin school bus Roponen M, Hyvarinen A, Riedler J, Dalphin JC, Pekkanen J, von Mutius E, tailpipe and crankcase PM2.5: a new dual tracer method. J Air Waste Braun-Fahrländer C & Lauener R (2012) Development of atopic dermatitis Manag Assoc 61, 494–503. according to age of onset and association with early-life exposures. J Allergy 296 Joseph W, Frei P, Röösli M, Vermeeren G, Bolte J, Thuroczy G, Gajsek P, Clin Immunol 130, 130–136.e5. Trcek T, Mohler E, Juhasz P, Finta V & Martens L (2012) Between-country 316 Roussel S, Sudre B, Reboux G, Waser M, Buchele G, Vacheyrou M, Dalphin JC, comparison of whole-body SAR from personal exposure data in urban Millon L, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E & Piarroux R (2011) Exposure areas. Bioelectromagnetics (in press). to moulds and actinomycetes in Alpine farms: a nested environmental study 297 Karvonen AM, Hyvarinen A, Gehring U, Korppi M, Doekes G, Riedler J, of the PASTURE cohort. Environ Res 111, 744–750. Braun-Fahrländer C, Bitter S, Schmid S, Keski-Nisula L, Roponen M, 317 Röösli M, Mohler E & Frei P (2010) Sense and sensibility in the context of Kaulek V, Dalphin JC, Pfefferle PI, Renz H, Buchele G, von Mutius E & radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure. C R Physique 11, 576–584. Pekkanen J (2012) Exposure to microbial agents in house dust and wheez- 318 Röösli M, Frei P, Mohler E & Hug K (2010) Systematic review on the health ing, atopic dermatitis and atopic sensitization in early childhood: a birth effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from mobile cohort study in rural areas. Clin Exp Allergy 42, 1246–1256. phone base stations. Bull World Health Organ 88, 887–896F. 298 Larson T, Zielinska B, Ireson R & Liu LJS (2011) Source apportionment 319 Röösli M & Hug K (2011) Wireless communication fields and non-specific of PM2.5 inside two diesel school buses using partial lesast squares symptoms of ill health: a literature review. Wien Med Wochenschr 161, 240–250. discriminant analysis with chemical mass balance. Atmos Pollut Re- 320 Röösli M (2011) Non-cancer effects of chemical agents on children’s health. search 2, 144–150. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 107, 315–322. 299 Latzin P, Frey U, Armann J, Kieninger E, Fuchs O, Röösli M & Schaub B (2011) 321 Röösli M & Hug K (2011) Epidemiologische Studien zu Mobiltelefonie und Exposure to moderate air pollution during late pregnancy and cord blood Krebs. In: Krebsforschung in der Schweiz. Bern: Krebsliga Schweiz, 193–196. cytokine secretion in healthy neonates. PLoS One 6, e23130. 322 Röösli M, Jenni D, Kheifets L & Mezei G (2011) Extremely low frequency 300 Lauer O, Neubauer G, Röösli M, Riederer M, Frei P, Mohler E & Fröhlich J magnetic field measurements in buildings with transformer stations in (2012) Measurement setup and protocol for characterizing and testing radio Switzerland. Sci Total Environ 409, 3364–3369. frequency personal exposure meters. Bioelectromagnetics 33, 75–85. 323 Röösli M, Frei P, Bolliger-Salzmann H, Barth J, Hlavica M & Huss A (2011) 301 Liu LJS, Tsai MY, Keidel D, Gemperli A, Ineichen A, Hazenkamp-von Umweltmedizinisches Beratungsnetzwerk von Hausärzten: ein Schweizer Arx M, Bayer-Oglesby L, Rochat T, Künzli N, Ackermann-Liebrich U, Pilotprojekt. Umweltmed Forsch Prax 16, 123–132. Straehl P, Schwartz J & Schindler C (2012) Long-term exposure models for traffic related NO(2) across geographically diverse areas over separate 324 Röösli M (2012) Elektromagnetische Felder und Gesundheitsangst. In: years. Atmos Environ 46, 460–471. Gesundheitsängste. Eds. Hoefert HW & Klotter C. Lengerich: Pabst Science 302 Loss G, Apprich S, Waser M, Kneifel W, Genuneit J, Buchele G, Weber J, Publishers, 98–111. Sozanska B, Danielewicz H, Horak E, van Neerven RJ, Heederik D, 325 Schultz Christensen J, Mortensen LH, Röösli M, Feychting M, Tynes T, Lorenzen PC, von Mutius E & Braun-Fahrländer C (2011) The protec- Andersen TV, Schmidt LS, Poulsen AH, Aydin D, Kuehni CE, Prochazka M, tive effect of farm milk consumption on childhood asthma and atopy: Lannering B, Klaeboe L, Eggen T & Schüz J (2012) Brain tumors in children the GABRIELA study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128, 766–773.e4. and adolescents and exposure to animals and farm life: a multicenter case- 303 Loss G, Apprich S, Kneifel W, von Mutius E, Genuneit J & Braun-Fahr control study (CEFALO). Cancer Causes Control 23, 1463–1473. länder C (2012) Short communication: appropriate and alternative 326 Spycher BD, Feller M, Zwahlen M, Röösli M, von der Weid NX, Hengartner H, methods to determine viable bacterial counts in cow milk samples. Egger M & Kuehni CE (2011) Childhood cancer and nuclear power plants in J Dairy Sci 95, 2916–2918. Switzerland: a census-based cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 40, 1247–1260. 304 Loss G, Bitter S, Wohlgensinger J, Frei R, Roduit C, Genuneit J, Pekkanen J, 327 Stöcklin L, Loss G, von Mutius E, Genuneit J, Horak E & Braun-Fahrländer C Roponen M, Hirvonen MR, Dalphin JC, Dalphin ML, Riedler J, von (2012) Health-related quality of life does not explain the protective effect of Mutius E, Weber J, Kabesch M, Michel S, Braun-Fahrländer C & farming on allergies. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 23, 519–521. Lauener R (2012) Prenatal and early-life exposures alter expression 328 Stöcklin L, Loss G, von Mutius E, Weber J, Genuneit J, Horak E, Sozanska B, of innate immunity genes: the PASTURE cohort study. J Allergy Clin Im- Danielewicz H, Cullinan P, Heederik D, Braun-Fahrländer C & GABRIEL munol 130, 523–530.e9. study group (2012) Health-related quality of life in rural children living in 305 Mercer LD, Szpiro AA, Sheppard L, Lindstrom J, Adar SD, Allen RW, Avol EL, four European countries: the GABRIEL study. Int J Public Health (in press). Oron AP, Larson T, Liu LJ & Kaufman JD (2011) Comparing universal 329 Tekeli-Yesil S, Dedeoglu N, Braun-Fahrländer C & Tanner M (2011) Earth- kriging and land-use regression for predicting concentrations of gaseous quake awareness and perception of risk among the residents of Istanbul. oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Nat Hazards 59, 427–446. and Air Pollution (MESA Air). Atmos Environ 45, 4412–4420. 330 Urbinello D & Röösli M (2012) Impact of own mobile phone in stand-by 306 Mohler E, Frei P, Fröhlich J, Braun-Fahrländer C & Röösli M (2012) mode on personal radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure. J Expo Exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and sleep quality: a Sci Environ Epidemiol (in press). prospective cohort study. PLoS One 7, e37455. 331 van Nierop LE, Röösli M, Egger M & Huss A (2010) Source of funding in 307 Mustonen K, Keski-Nisula L, Vaarala O, Pfefferle PI, Renz H, Riedler J, Dalphin JC, Buechele G, Lauener R, Braun-Fahrländer C, von Mutius E & experimental studies of mobile phone use on health: update of systematic Pekkanen J (2012) Few associations between high-sensitivity C-reactive review. C R Physique 11, 622–627. protein and environmental factors in 4.5-year-old children. 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Safety and efficacy of the RTS,S/AS01(E) candidate malaria vaccine 364 Rossi I, D’Acremont V & Peytremann-Bridevaux I (2010) Prévention du given with expanded-programme-on-immunisation vaccines: 19 month paludisme chez les voyageurs: quel antimalarique? Rev Med Suisse 6, 1840. follow-up of a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 11, 365 Rossi I, D’Acremont V, Prod’Hom G & Genton B (2012) Safety of falciparum 741–749. malaria diagnostic strategy based on rapid diagnostic tests in returning 339 Bonner K, Mwita A, McElroy PD, Omari S, Mzava A, Lengeler C, Kaspar N, travellers and migrants: a retrospective study. Malar J (in press). Nathan R, Ngegba J, Mtung’e R & Brown N (2011) Design, implementa- 366 Rossi IA & Genton B (2012) The reliability of pre-travel history to decide tion and evaluation of a national campaign to distribute nine million on appropriate counseling and vaccinations: a prospective study. J Travel free LLINs to children under five years of age in Tanzania. Malar J 10, 73. Med 19, 284–288. 340 Calleri G, Behrens RH, Schmid ML, Gobbi F, Grobusch MP, Castelli F, 367 Schwartz L, Brown GV, Genton B & Moorthy VS (2012) A review of malaria Gascon J, Bisoffi Z, Jelinek T, Caramello P & TropNetEurop (2011) Malaria vaccine clinical projects based on the WHO rainbow table. Malar J 11, 11. chemoprophylaxis recommendations for immigrants to Europe, visiting 368 Senn N, Fasel E, De Vallière S. & Genton B (2010) Troubles digestifs asso- relatives and friends: a Delphi method study. Malar J 10, 137. ciés aux protozoaires et aux helmintes: prise en charge par le médecin de 341 Carneiro I, Roca-Feltrer A, Griffin JT, Smith L, Tanner M, Schellenberg JA, famille. Rev Méd Suisse 6, 2292, 2294–2296, 2298–2301. Greenwood B & Schellenberg D (2010) Age-patterns of malaria vary with 369 Senn N, Luang-Suarkia D, Manong D, Siba PM & Hannan McBride WJ (2011) severity, transmission intensity and seasonality in sub-Saharan Africa: Contribution of dengue fever to the burden of acute febrile illnesses in Papua a systematic review and pooled analysis. PLoS One 5, e8988. New Guinea: an age-specific prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85, 132–137. 342 D’Acremont V, Greub G & Genton B (2011) Tests diagnostiques rapides 370 Senn N, de VS, Berdoz D & Genton B (2011) Motivational brief intervention (TDR): la panacée pour le praticien? Rev Méd Suisse 7, 984–986, 988–990. for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections in travelers: a random- 343 D’Acremont V, Kahama-Maro J, Swai N, Mtasiwa D, Genton B & Lengeler C ized controlled trial. BMC Infect Dis 11, 300. 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Schofield L, Siba P, Rogerson SJ, Reeder JC & Mueller I (2012) Intermitt ent 346 Dongus S, Mwakalinga V, Kannady K, Tanner M & Killeen G (2011) preventive treatment for malaria in Papua New Guinean infants exposed to Participatory mapping as a component of operational malaria vector Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS control in Tanzania. In: Geospatial analysis of environmental health. Med 9, e1001195. Eds. Maantay JA & McLafferty S. Dordrecht: Springer, 321–336. 373 The maIERA Consultative Group on Vector Control (2011) A research agenda 347 Dormond L, Jaton-Ogay K, de VS, Genton B, Bille J & Greub G (2011) for malaria eradication: vector control. PLoS Med 8, e1000401. Multiplex real-time PCR for the diagnosis of malaria: correlation with 374 The RTS,S Clinical Trials Partnership (2011) First results of phase 3 trial of microscopy. Clin Microbiol Infect 17, 469–475. RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African children. N Engl J Med 365, 1863–1875. 348 Ebell MH, Afonso AM, Gonzales R, Stein J, Genton B & Senn N (2012) 375 Uwanyiligira M, Landry P, Genton B & de Valliere S (2012) Rabies postexpo- Development and validation of a clinical decision rule for the diagnosis sure prophylaxis in routine practice in view of the new Centers for Disease of influenza. J Am Board Fam Med 25, 55–62. Control and Prevention and World Health Organization recommendations. 349 Genton B & D’Acremont V (2011) Malaria: einst vergessen, dereinst zu Clin Infect Dis 55, 201–205. vergessen? Swiss Med Forum 11, 775–781. 376 Willey BA, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, Maokola W, Shirima K, Chemba M, 350 Genton B & Loutan L (2011) Efficacité, adéquation, économicité: la leçon Mshinda H, Alonso P, Tanner M & Schellenberg D (2011) Evaluating the des pays pauvres aux nantis... [Editorial]. Rev Méd Suisse 7, 981–982. effectiveness of IPTi on malaria using routine health information from 351 Genton B & D’Acremont V (2012) Malaria prevention in travelers. Infect sentinel health centres in southern Tanzania. Malar J 10, 41. Dis Clin North Am 26, 637–654. 377 World Health Organization (2011) Universal access to malaria diagnostic testing: 352 Idindili B, Omari M, Rumisha SF, Mugusi F & Tanner M (2011) HIV/ an operational manual. Geneva: World Health Organization. AIDS clinical manifestations and their implication for patient clinical staging in resource limited settings in Tanzania. Open AIDS J 5, 9–16. 353 Kahama-Maro J, D’Acremont V, Mtasiwa D, Genton B & Lengeler C (2011) Low quality of routine microscopy for malaria at different levels HEALTH SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND of the health system in Dar es Salaam. Malar J 10, 332. 354 Kelly GC, Hii J, Batarii W, Donald W, Hale E, Nausien J, Pontifex S, Vallely A, DYNAMICAL MODELLING Tanner M & Clements A (2010) Modern geographical reconnaissance of target populations in malaria elimination zones. Malar J 9, 289. 378 Adam T, Hsu J, de Savigny D, Lavis JN, Rottingen JA & Bennett S (2012) 355 Kelly GC, Seng CM, Donald W, Taleo G, Nausien J, Batarii W, Iata H, Tanner M, Evaluating health systems strengthening interventions in low-income and Vestergaard LS & Clements ACA (2011) A spatial decision support system middle-income countries: are we asking the right questions? Health Policy for guiding focal indoor residual interventions in a malaria elimination Plan 27, iv9–iv19. zone. Geospat Health 6, 21–31. 379 Adam T & de Savigny D (2012) Systems thinking for strengthening health 356 Kelly GC, Tanner M, Vallely A & Clements A (2012) Malaria elimination: systems in LMICs: need for a paradigm shift [Editorial]. Health Policy Plan 27, moving forward with spatial decision support systems. Trends Parasi- iv1–iv3. tol 28, 297–304. 380 Arnold BF, Mäusezahl D, Schmidt WP, Christen A & Colford JM (2012) Com- ment on randomized intervention study of solar disinfection of drinking

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404 Hartinger SM, Commodore AA, Hattendorf J, Lanata CF, Gil AI, Veraste- water in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 gui H, Mäusezahl D & Naeher LP (2012) Household air quality in rural Peru: years. Environ Sci Technol 46, 3031–3032. effectiveness of an improved cooking stove to reduce exposure to incom- 381 Atkinson JA, Vallely A, Fitzgerald L, Whittaker M & Tanner M (2011) The plete biomass fuel combustion. Indoor Air (in press). architecture and effect of participation: a systematic review of commu- 405 Huho BJ, Killeen GF, Ferguson HM, Tami A, Lengeler C, Charlwood JD, nity participation for communicable disease control and elimination. Kihonda A, Kihonda J, Kachur SP, Smith TA & Abdulla SM (2012) Implications for malaria elimination. Malar J 10, 225. Artemisinin-based combination therapy does not measurably reduce hu- 382 Benson J, Okoh M, KrennHrubec K, Mañibo Lazzarino MA & Johnston HB man infectiousness to vectors in a setting of intense malaria transmission. (2012) Public hospital costs of treatment of abortion complications in Ni geria. Malar J 11, 118. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 118, 134–140. 406 Johnston HB, Akhter S & Oliveras E (2012) Quality and efficiency of care 383 Bretscher MT, Maire N, Chitnis N, Felger I, Owusu-Agyei S & Smith T (2011) for complications of unsafe abortion: a case study from Bangladesh. Int J The distribution of Plasmodium falciparum infection durations. Gynaecol Obstet 118, 141–147. Epidemics 3, 109–118. 407 Killeen GF, Chitnis N, Moore SJ & Okumu FO (2011) Target product profile 384 Briët OJT (2012) Solar net fan: a potential tool to enhance bednet usage choices for intra-domiciliary malaria vector control pesticide products: repel in hot climates. MWJ 3, 1–6. or kill? Malar J 10, 207. 385 Briët OJT, Hardy D & Smith TA (2012) Importance of factors determin- 408 Kiware SS, Chitnis N, Devine GJ, Moore SJ, Majambere S & Killeen GF (2012) ing the effective lifetime of a mass, long-lasting, insecticidal net distri- Biologically meaningful coverage indicators for eliminating malaria trans- bution: a sensitivity analysis. Malar J 11, 20. mission. Biol Lett 8, 874–877. 386 Brooks A, Smith TA, de Savigny D & Lengeler C (2012) Implementing 409 Kiware SS, Chitnis N, Moore SJ, Devine GJ, Majambere S, Merrill S & Killeen GF new health interventions in developing countries: why do we lose a de- (2012) Simplified models of vector control impact upon malaria transmission cade or more? BMC Public Health 12, 683. by zoophagic mosquitoes. PLoS One 7, e37661. 387 Brooks A & Ba-Nguz A (2012) Country planning for health interventions 410 Maire N, Shillcutt SD, Walker DG, Tediosi F & Smith TA (2011) Cost-effec- under development: lessons from the malaria vaccine decision-making tiveness of the introduction of a pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine into the framework and implications for other new interventions. Health Policy expanded program on immunization in Sub-Saharan Africa: analysis of un- Plan 27, ii50–ii61. certainties using a stochastic individual-based simulation model of Plasmo- 388 Brooks A, Briët OJ, Hardy D, Steketee R & Smith TA (2012) Simulated dium falciparum malaria. Value Health 14, 1028–1038. impact of RTS,S/AS01 vaccination programs in the context of changing 411 Maire N, Hegnauer M, Nguyen D, Godelmann L, Peterhans B, Hoffmann A, malaria transmission. PLoS One 7, e32587. de Savigny D & Tanner M (2012) The Health Resources Allocation Model 389 Chien YW, Vidal-Graniel JE, Bozio C, Grijalva CG, Edwards KM, Williams JV, (HRAM) for the 21st century. Geospat Health 6, 295–298. Griffin MR, Verastegui H, Hartinger SM, Lanata CF & Klugman KP (2012) 412 Maokola W, Willey BA, Shirima K, Chemba M, Armstrong Schellenberg JR, The nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus Mshinda H, Alonso P, Tanner M & Schellenberg D (2011) Enhancing the influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus among young children living in routine health information system in rural southern Tanzania: successes, the Peruvian Andes: comparison of culture and real-time quantitative challenges and lessons learned. Trop Med Int Health 16, 721–730. polymerase chain reaction. Pediatr Infect Dis J (in press). 413 Mikkelsen-Lopez I, Wyss K & de Savigny D (2011) An approach to ad- 390 Chitnis N, Schapira A, Smith DL, Smith T, Hay SI & Steketee R (2010) dressing governance from a health system framework perspective. BMC Int Mathematical modelling to support malaria control and elimination. Health Hum Rights 11, 13. Geneva: World Health Organization. 414 Missoni E & Tediosi F (2011) Per una sanità universale: responsabilità 391 Chitnis N, Hardy D, Gnaegi G, Boutsika K, Maire N, Steketee R, globale, soluzioni locali. Roma, Il Pensiero Scientifico. Schapira A & Smith T (2010) Modeling the effects of vector control 415 Muela-Ribera J, Hausmann-Muela S, Cevallos M, Hartinger SM, Christen A & interventions in reducing malaria transmission, morbidity and mortality. Mäusezahl D (2012) Cultural perceptions of solar disinfected (SODIS) drink- Malar J 9, 07. ing water in Bolivia and implications for its uptake. PLoS One (in press). 392 Chitnis N, Hardy D & Smith T (2012) A periodically-forced mathematical 416 Müller I, Slutsker L & Tanner M (2011) Estimating the burden of malaria: model for the seasonal dynamics of malaria in mosquitoes. Bull Math the need for improved surveillance. PLoS Med 8, e1001144. Biol 74, 1098–1124. 417 Mwanyika H, Lubinski D, Anderson R, Chester K, Makame M, Steele M & 393 Chitnis N & Smith TA (2012) Mathematical illiteracy impedes progress de Savigny D (2011) Rational systems design for health information sy stems in biology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (in press). in low-income countries: an enterprise architecture approach. Journal of 394 Christen A, Duran Pacheco G, Hattendorf J, Arnold BF, Cevallos M, Enterprise Architecture 7, 60–69. Indergand S, Colford JM & Mäusezahl D (2011) Factors associated with 418 O’Sullivan MJ, Kenilorea G, Yamaguchi Y, Bobogare A, Losi L, Atkinson JA, compliance among users of solar water disinfection in rural Bolivia. Vallely A, Whittaker M, Tanner M & Wijesinghe R (2011) Malaria elimination BMC Public Health 11, 210. in Isabel Province, Solomon Islands: establishing a surveillance-response 395 Crowell V, Hardy D, Briët O, Chitnis N, Maire N & Smith T (2012) Can we depend on case management to prevent re-establishment of P. falciparum system to prevent introduction and reintroduction of malaria. Malar J 10, 235. malaria, after local interruption of transmission? Epidemics 4, 1–8. 419 Ricciuti E & Tediosi F (2011) Mobilità sanitaria europea e diritti dei pazienti: l’impatto della direttiva 2011/24/UE sul SSN. In: Rapporto OASI 2011: 396 de Savigny D, Mäusezahl D & Lo W (2011) Bridging health systems strengthening and innovations for disease control. In: Implementation l’aziendalizzazione della sanità in Italia. Ed. Cantù E. Milano: Egea, 201–222. research for the control of infectious diseases of poverty: strengthening 420 Ross A, Maire N, Sicuri E, Smith T & Conteh L (2011) Determinants of the the evidence base for the access and delivery of new and improved tools, cost-effectiveness of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants strategies and interventions. Ed. Reza JN. Geneva: World Health Orga- and children. PLoS One 6, e18391. nization, 55–62. 421 Ross A, Koepfli C, Li X, Schoepflin S, Siba P, Müller I, Felger I & Smith T 397 de Savigny D, Webster J, Agyepong I, Mwita A, Bart-Plange C, Baffoe- (2012) Estimating the numbers of malaria infections in blood samples using Wilmot A, Koenker H, Kramer K, Brown N & Lengeler C (2012) Intro- high-resolution genotyping data. PLoS One 7, e42496. ducing vouchers for malaria prevention in Ghana and Tanzania: context 422 Sarker M, Conrad P, Schmid G, Tientrebeogo J, Moses A, Kirenga S, Neu hann F & and adoption of innovation in health systems. Health Policy Plan 27, Müller O (2012) Compliance with focused antenatal care services: do health iv32–iv43. workers in rural Burkina Faso, Uganda and Tanzania perform all ANC pro- 398 Durán Pacheco G, Hattendorf J, Colford JM, Mäusezahl D & Smith T cedures? Trop Med Int Health 17, 300–307. (2012) Point and interval estimation of the between-cluster coefficient 423 Schapira A & Boutsika K (2012) Malaria ecotypes and stratification. Adv of variation for overdispersed counts in cluster randomized trials. Stat Parasitol 78, 97–167. Med (in press). 424 Schmutz C, Burki D, Frei R, Mäusezahl-Feuz M & Mäusezahl D (2012) Test- 399 Durán Pacheco G, Christen A, Arnold B, Hattendorf J, Colford JM, ing for Chlamydia trachomatis: time trends in positivity rates in the canton Smith TA & Mäusezahl D (2011) Reporting diarrhoea through a ver- of Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. Epidemiol Infect (in press). nacular term in Quechua-speaking settings of rural Bolivia. J Health 425 Seyoum A, Sikaala CH, Chanda J, Chinula D, Ntamatungiro AJ, Hawela M, Popul Nutr 29, 552–559. Miller JM, Russell TL, Briët OJ & Killeen GF (2012) Human exposure to 400 Ferguson HM, Maire N, Takken W, Lyimo IN, Briët O, Lindsay SW & anopheline mosquitoes occurs primarily indoors, even for users of Smith TA (2012) Selection of mosquito life-histories: a hidden weapon insecticide-treat ed nets in Luangwa Valley, south-east Zambia. Parasit against malaria? Malar J 11, 106. Vectors 5, 101. 401 Gil A, Lanata C, Hartinger S, Mäusezahl D, Padilla B, Ochoa T, Pineda I, 426 Sicuri E, Biao P, Hutton G, Tediosi F, Menendez C, Lell B, Kremsner P, Lozada M & Verástegui H (2012) Faecal contamination of food, water, Conteh L & Grobusch MP (2011) Cost-effectiveness of intermittent preven- hands and kitchen utensils at household level in rural areas of Peru. 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455 Flück WT, Smith-Flueck JM & Mincher BJ (2012) The implication of selenium 431 Speybroeck N, Harper S, de Savigny D & Victora C (2012) Inequalities deficiency for wild herbivore conservation: a review. Eur J Wildl Res 58, of health indicators for policy makers: six hints. Int J Public Health 57, 761–780. 855–858. 456 Flück WT & Smith-Flueck JAM (2012) Huemul heresies: beliefs in search of 432 The maIERA Consultative Group on Diagnoses and Diagnostics (2011) supporting data. 1. Historical and zooarcheological considerations. Anim A research agenda for malaria eradication: diagnoses and diagnostics. Prod Sci 52, 685–693. 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EcoHealth 9, 113–121. 470 Kaindi DWM, Schelling E, Wangoh J, Imungi JK, Farah Z & Meile L (2011) 444 Berg S, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Müller B, Hailu E, Asiimwe B, Kremer K, Microbiological quality of raw camel milk across the Kenyan market chain. Dale J, Boniotti B, Rodriguez S, Hilty M, Rigouts L, Firdessa R, Machado A, Food 5, 79–83. Mucavele C, Ngandolo BN, Bruchfeld J, Boschiroli L, Muller A, 471 Keserue HA, Füchslin HP, Wittwer M, Nguyen-Viet H, Nguyen TT, Sahraoui N, Pacciarini M, Cadmus S, Joloba M, van Soolingen D, Michel AL, Surkinkul N, Koottatep T, Schürch N & Egli T (2012) Comparison of rapid Djonne B, Aranaz A, Zinsstag J, van Helden P, Portaels F, Kazwala R, methods for detection of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (Oo)cysts Källenius G, He winson RG, Aseffa A, Gordon SV & Smith NH (2011) using transportable instrumentation in a field deployment. 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Am J Vet Res 71, 304–313. 446 Bonfoh B, Kasymbekov J, Dürr S, Toktobaev N, Doherr MG, Schueth T, 474 Le ATK, Vu LH, Bonfoh B & Schelling E (2012) Profile of inter-provincial Zinsstag J & Schelling E (2012) Representative seroprevalences of bru- migration in Vietnam: an analysis using census data 2009. Glob Health cellosis in humans and livestock in Kyrgyzstan. EcoHealth 9, 132–138. Action (in press). 447 Dam L, Nguyen-Viet H, Cam PD & Mollby R (2011) The spread and antibiotic 475 Le KA, Pham LT, Vu LH & Schelling E (2012) Health services for reproduc- resistance of Escherichia coli from wastewater in Hanam. Vietnam J Public tive tract infections among female migrant workers in industrial zones in Health 22, 37–45. Ha Noi, Viet Nam: an in-depth assessment. Reprod Health 9, 4. 448 Decristophoris P, Mauri F, Albanese F, Carnelli A, Vanzetti T & Zinsstag J 476 Lejeune B, Schelling E & Meylan M (2012) Gammaglobulin and selenium (2011) Antibiotic treatments of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus status in healthy neonatal dairy calves in Switzerland. Schweiz Arch pseudintermedius infection in a dog: a case presentation. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 154, 389–396. Tierheilkd 153, 405–409. 477 Léchenne MS, Arnemo JM, Bröjer C, Andrén H & Agren EO (2012) Mor 449 Decristophoris P, Fasola A, Benagli C, Tonolla M & Petrini O (2011) Iden- talities due to constipation and dystocia caused by intraperitoneal radio- tification of Staphylococcus intermedius group by MALDI-TOF MS. Syst transmitters in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx). Eur J Wildl Res 58, 503–506. Appl Microbiol 34, 45–51. 478 Meisser A, Schelling E & Zinsstag J (2011) One health in Switzerland: a 450 Do-Thu N, Morel A, Nguyen-Viet H, Pham Duc P, Nishida K & Kootattep T visionary concept at a crossroads? Swiss Med Wkly 141, w13201. (2011) Assessing nutrient fluxes in a Vietnamese rural area despite limited 479 Meyer C, Gilbert D, Gaudry A, Franchi M, Nguyen-Viet H, Fabure J & and highly uncertain data. Resour Conserv Recy 55, 849–856. Bernard N (2010) Relationship of atmospheric pollution characterized by gas 451 Ferrer A, Nguyen-Viet H & Zinsstag J (2012) Quantification of diarrhea (NO2) and particles (PM10) to microbial communities living in bryoph ytes risk related to wastewater contact in Thailand. EcoHealth 9, 49–59. at three differentl y polluted sites (rural, urban, and industrial). Microb 452 Flück WT (26-8-2011) Predators’ effects on ecosystem entropy [Letter]. Ecol 59, 324–334. Science 333, 1092–1093. 480 Minh HV, Thanh NH & Nguyen-Viet H (2011) Economic benefits associated 453 Flück WT & Smith-Flueck JAM (2012) Huemul heresies: beliefs in search with diarrhea cases prevented as a result of improvement in access to clean of supporting data. 2. Biological and ecological considerations. Anim water and hygienic sanitation in Nhat Tan commune, Kim Bang, Ha Nam. Prod Sci 52, 694–706. Vietnam J Public Health 22, 61–65. 454 Flück WT & Smith-Flueck JAM (2012) Diseases of red deer introduced 481 Montangero A, Schaffner M, Surkinkul N, Nguyen Viet H, Koottatep T, to Patagonia and implications for native ungulates. Anim Prod Sci 52, Morel A, Lüthi C & Schertenleib R (2010) Innovative tools for envir onmental 766–773. sanitation planning and river basin management in Southeast Asia. In: Global change and sustainable development: a synthesis of regional

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Afr J Agric Res 6, 6485–6491. duction of a temperate deer, the southern pudu (Pudu puda). Anim Prod 484 Mutua FK, Dewey CE, Arimi SM, Ogara WO, Githigia AM, Levy M & Sci 52, 735–740. Schelling E (2011) Indigenous pig management practices in rural villages 508 Weibel D, Bechir M, Hattendorf J, Bonfoh B, Zinsstag J & Schelling E of western Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development 23, #144. (2011) Random demographic household surveys in highly mobile pastoral 485 Mutua FK, Dewey CE, Arimi SM, Schelling E & Ogara WO (2011) Predic- communities in Chad. Bull World Health Organ 89, 385–389. tion of live body weight using length and girth measurements for pigs 509 Wiesmann U, Ott C, Ifejika Speranza C, Kiteme BP, Müller-Böker U, in rural western Kenya. J Swine Health Prod 19, 26–33. Messerli P & Zinsstag J (2011) A human actor model as a conceptual ori- 486 Mutua FK, Dewey C, Arimi S, Ogara W, Levy M & Schelling E (2012) A descrip- entation in interdisciplinary research for sustainable development. In: tion of local pig feeding systems in village smallholder farms of western Research for sustainable development: foundations, experiences, and per- Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 44, 1157–1162. spectives. Eds. Wiesmann U & Hurni H. Bern: Geographica Bernensia, 487 Narrod C, Zinsstag J & Tiongco M (2012) A one health framework for 231–256. estimating the economic costs of zoonotic diseases on society. Eco- 510 Zinsstag J, Bonfoh B & Schelling E (2010) Cohérence des systèmes de santé Health 9, 150–162. humaine et animale en Afrique: en route pour une santé unique. In: Écolo- 488 Nguyen CK & Nguyen Viet H (2011) Microbial risk assessment for food gie de la santé et biodiversité. Eds. Gauthier-Clerc M & Thomas F. Bruxelles: safety. Hanoi: Medical Publishing House. Groupe De Boeck, 400–406. 489 Nguyen-Viet H & Vu Anh L (2011) One health: concept and action plan 511 Zinsstag J, Tschopp R & Schelling E (2010) L’interface faune sauvage for public health. Vietnam J Public Health 21, 1–8. – élevage – homme de la tuberculose bovine en Afrique. In: Ecologie de la 490 Ould Tableb M, Bonfoh B, Ould Sidi AS, Schelling E & Zinsstag J (2011) santé et biodiversité. Eds. Gauthier-Clerc M & Thomas F. Bruxelles: Gruope Transformations socioéconomiques chez des producteurs de lait dans De Boeck, 259–270. le sud de la Mauritanie: cas des fournisseurs de la laiterie «Tiviski». 512 Zinsstag J, Bonfoh B & Schelling E (2010) Approche «une santé unique» de Maghreb Rev 36, 308–328. la surveillance humaine et animale. In: Ecologie de la santé et biodiversité. 491 Payne RJ, Mitchell EAD, Nguyen-Viet H & Gilbert D (2012) Can pollu- Eds. Gauthier-Clerc M & Thomas F. Bruxelles: Groupe De Boeck, 294–297. tion bias peatland paleoclimate reconstruction? Quat Res 78, 170–173. 513 Zinsstag J, Tanner M, Nguyen-Viet H, Obrist B, Cissé G, Bonfoh B, 492 Sahraoui N, Müller B, Guetarni D, Boulahbal F, Yala D, Ouzrout R & Schertenleib R, Zurbrügg C, Yitaferu B, Bantider A & Hurni H (2011) Zinsstag J (2010) Première caractérisation moléculaire de souches de Interdisciplinary approches in research for sustainable development. In: Re- Mycobacterium bovis et Mycobacterium caprae par spoligotypage en search for sustainable dev elopment: foundations, experiences, and perspec- Algérie. Epidémiol Santé Anim 57, 147–154. tives. Eds. Wiesmann U & Hurni H. Bern: Geographica Bernensia, 207–228. 493 Sahraoui N, Ballif M, Zelleg S, Yousfi N, Ritter C, Friedel U, Amstutz B, 514 Zinsstag J, Dürr S, Penny MA, Mindekem R, Roth F, Menendez Gonzalez S, Yala D, Boulahbal F, Guetarni D, Zinsstag J & Keller PM (2011) Myco- Naissengar S & Hattendorf J (2011) Dynamique de transmission et coût de bacterium algericum sp. nov., a novel rapidly growing species related la lutte contre la rage chez les chiens et les hommes dans une ville africaine. to M. terrae complex and associated with goat lung lesions. Int J Syst Méd Trop (Mars.) 71, 596–604. Evol Microbiol 61, 1870–1874. 515 Zinsstag J, Bonfoh B, Cissé G, Nguyen-Viet H, Silué B, N’Guessan S, 494 Schelling E, Béchir M, Daugla DM, Bonfoh B, Ould Tableb M., Zinsstag J & Weibel D, Schertenleib R, Obrist B & Tanner M (2011) Towards equity effec- Wyss K (2010) Health research among highly mobile pastoralist com- tiveness in health interventions. In: Research for sustainable development: munities of Chad. SBHA 75, 91–113. foundations, experiences, and perspectives. Eds. Wiesmann U & Hurni H. 495 Schelling E & Zinsstag J (2010) One health: is there a need for a global Bern: Geographica Bernensia, 623–639. research agenda? In: Sustainable improvement of animal production and 516 Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Waltner-Toews D & Tanner M (2011) From “one health. Eds. Odongo NE, Garcia M & Viljoen GJ. Rome: Food and Agricul- medicine” to “one health” and systemic approaches to health and well- ture Organization of the United Nations, 345–348. being. Prev Vet Med 101, 148–156. 496 Smieszek T, Balmer M, Hattendorf J, Axhausen KW, Zinsstag J & 517 Zinsstag J (2011) La rage humaine vers une meilleure communication entre Scholz RW (2011) Reconstructing the 2003/2004 H3N2 influenzaepidemic la santé publique et vétérinaire! : courrier du lecteur. Méd Trop (Mars.) 71, 208. in Switzerland with a spatially explicit, individual-based model. BMC 518 Zinsstag J, Schelling E, Solera J, Blasco JM & Moriyón I (2011) Brucellosis. Infect Dis 11, 115. In: Oxford textbook of zoonoses: biology, clinical practice, and public health 497 Smith NH, Berg S, Dale J, Allen A, Rodriguez S, Romero B, Matos F, control, 2nd ed. Eds. Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Togerson PR & Brown DWG. Ghebremichael S, Karoui C, Donati C, Machado AD, Mucavele C, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 54–62. Kazwala RR, Hilty M, Cadmus S, Ngandolo BN, Habtamu M, Oloya J, 519 Zinsstag J, Müller B & Pavlik I (2011) Mycobacterioses. In: Oxford textbook Muller A, Milian-Suazo F, Andrievskaia O, Projahn M, Barandiaran S, of zoonoses: biology, clinical practice, and public health control, 2nd ed. Eds. Macias A, Muller B, Zanini MS, Ikuta CY, Rodriguez CA, Pinheiro SR, Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Togerson PR & Brown DWG. Oxford: Oxford Univer- Figueroa A, Cho SN, Mosavari N, Chuang PC, Jou R, Zinsstag J, van sity Press, 128–135. Soolingen D, Costello E, Aseffa A, Proano-Per ez F, Portaels F, Rigouts L, 520 Zinsstag J, Mackenzie JS, Jeggo M, Heymann DL, Patz JA & Daszak P (2012) Cataldi AA, Collins DM, Boschiroli ML, Hewinson RG, Neto JS, Mainstreaming one health [Editorial]. EcoHealth 9, 107–110. Surujballi O, Tadyon K, Botelho A, Zarraga AM, Buller N, Skuce R, 521 Zinsstag J, Meisser A, Schelling E, Bonfoh B & Tanner M (2012) From “two Michel A, Aranaz A, Kallenius G, Niemann S, Boniotti MB, van medicines” to “One Health” and beyond. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79, 1–5. Helden PD, Harris B, Zumarraga MJ, Kremer K, Gordon SV & Jeon BY (2011) European 1: a globally important clonal complex of Mycobacte- rium bovis. Infect Genet Evol 11, 1340–1351. 498 Thanh NH, Minh HV & Nguyen-Viet H (2011) Relationship between SOCIETY, GENDER AND HEALTH self-reported health status and the condition of water and sanitation in Hoang Tay and Nhat Tan communes, Kim Bang district, Ha Nam prov- 522 Ackumey MM, Kwakye-Maclean C, Ampadu EO, de Savigny D & Weiss MG ince. Vietnam J Public Health 22, 46–52. (2011) Health services for Buruli ulcer control: lessons from a field study in 499 Totton SC, Wandeler AI, Zinsstag J, Bauch CT, Ribble CS, Rosatte RC & Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1187. McEwen SA (2010) Stray dog population demographics in Jodhpur, India 523 Ackumey MM, Gyapong M, Pappoe M & Weiss MG (2011) Help-seeking for following a population control/rabies vaccination program. Prev Vet pre-ulcer and ulcer conditions of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli Med 97, 51–57. ulcer) in Ghana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85, 1106–1113. 500 Tschopp R, Aseffa A, Schelling E, Berg S, Hailu E, Gadisa E, Habtamu M, 524 Ackumey MM, Gyapong M, Pappoe M, Kwakye-Maclean C & Weiss MG Argaw K & Zinsstag J (2010) Bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock- (2012) Illness meanings and experiences for pre-ulcer and ulcer conditions human interface in Hamer Woreda, South Omo, southern Ethiopia. PLoS of Buruli ulcer in the Ga-West and Ga-South municipalities of Ghana. BMC One 5, e12205. Public Health 12, 264. 501 Tschopp R, Aseffa A, Schelling E & Zinsstag J (2010) Farmers’ percep- 525 Ahorlu CK, Koram KA, Seake-Kwawu A & Weiss MG (2011) Two-year evaluation tions of livestock, agriculture, and natural resources in the rural Ethio- of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for Children (IPTc) combined with timely pian highlands. Mt Res Dev 30, 381–390. home treatment for malaria control in Ghana. Malar J 10, 127. 502 Tschopp R, Bobosha K, Aseffa A, Schelling E, Habtamu M, Iwnetu R, 526 Atre S, Kudale A, Morankar S, Gosoniu D & Weiss MG (2011) Gender and Hailu E, Firdessa R, Hussein J, Young D & Zinsstag J (2011) Bovine community views of stigma and tuberculosis in rural Maharashtra, India. tuberculosis at a cattle-small ruminant-human interface in Meskan, Glob Public Health 6, 56–71. Gurage region, central Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis 11, 318. 527 Dillip A, Alba S, Mshana C, Hetzel M, Lengeler C, Mayumana I, Schulze A, 503 Tschopp R, Hattendorf J, Roth F, Choudhoury A, Shaw A, Aseffa A & Mshinda H, Weiss MG & Obrist B (2012) Acceptability – a neglected dimen- Zinsstag J (2012) Cost estimate of bovine tuberculosis to Ethiopia. Curr sion of access to health care: findings from a study on childhood convul- Top Microbiol Immunol (in press). sions in rural Tanzania. BMC Health Serv Res 12, 113. 504 Van Minh H & Nguyen-Viet H (2011) Economic aspects of sanitation in 528 Dratva J (2010) Use of oestrogen only hormone replacement therapy asso- developing countries. Environ Health Insights 5, 63–70. ciated with increased risk of asthma onset in postmenopausal women. Evid Based Med 15, 190–191.

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553 Schaetti C, Khatib AM, Ali SM, Hutubessy R, Chaignat CL & Weiss MG (2010) 529 Dratva J, Phuleria HC, Foraster M, Gaspoz JM, Keidel D, Künzli N, Social and cultural features of cholera and shigellosis in peri-urban and ru- Liu SL, Pons M, Zemp E, Gerbase MW & Schindler C (2012) Transpor- ral communities of Zanzibar. BMC Infect Dis 10, 339. tation noise and blood pressure in a population-based sample of adults. 554 Schaetti C, Chaignat CL, Hutubessy R, Khatib AM, Ali SM, Schindler C & Environ Health Perspect 120, 50–55. Weiss MG (2011) Social and cultural determinants of anticipated acceptance 530 Forrester-Knauss C, Zemp Stutz E, Weiss C & Tschudin S (2011) The of an oral cholera vaccine prior to a mass vaccination campaign in Zanzi- interrelation between premenstrual syndrome and major depression: bar. Hum Vaccin 7, 1299–1308. results from a population-based sample. BMC Public Health 11, 795. 555 Schaetti C, Ali SM, Chaignat CL, Khatib AM, Hutubessy R & Weiss MG 531 Forrester-Knauss C & Zemp Stutz E (2012) Gender differences in disordered (2012) Improving community coverage of oral cholera mass vaccination eating and weight dissatisfaction in Swiss adults: which factors matter? campaigns: lessons learned in Zanzibar. PLoS One 7, e41527. BMC Public Health 12, 809. 556 Schaetti C, Ali SM, Hutubessy R, Khatib AM, Chaignat CL & Weiss MG (2012) 532 Granado S, Manderson L, Obrist B & Tanner M (2011) Appropriating Social and cultural determinants of oral cholera vaccine uptake in Zanzibar . “malaria”: local responses to malaria treatment and prevention in Hum Vaccin Immunother 8, 1223–1229. Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. Med Anthropol 30, 102–121. 557 Schaetti C, Weiss MG, Ali SM, Chaignat CL, Khatib AM, Reyburn R, Duintjer 533 Gross K, Alba S, Schellenberg J, Kessy F, Mayumana I & Obrist B Tebbens RJ & Hutubessy R (2012) Costs of illness due to cholera, costs of (2011) The combined effect of determinants on coverage of intermittent immunization and cost-effectiveness of an oral cholera mass vaccination preventive treatment of malaria during pregnancy in the Kilombero campaign in Zanzibar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1844. Valley, Tanzania. Malar J 10, 140. 558 Stadelmann P, Zemp E, Weiss C, Weiger R, Menghini G & Zitzmann NU (2012) 534 Gross K, Armstrong Schellenberg J, Kessy F, Pfeiffer C & Obrist B (2011) Dental visits, oral hygiene behaviour, and orthodontic treatment in Switzer- Antenatal care in practice: an exploratory study in antenatal care clinics land. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 122, 104–111. in the Kilombero Valley, south-eastern Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Child- 559 Staehelin K, Bertoli S, Probst R, Schindler C, Dratva J & Stutz EZ (2011) birth 11, 36. Gender and hearing aids: patterns of use and determinants of nonregular 535 Gross K, Alba S, Glass TR, Armstrong Schellenberg J & Obrist B (2012) use. Ear Hear 32, e26–e37. Timing of antenatal care for adolescent and adult pregnant women in 560 Staehelin K, Schindler C, Spoerri A & Zemp Stutz E (2012) Marital status, south-eastern Tanzania. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 12, 16. living arrangement and mortality: does the association vary by gender? J 536 Gross K, Pfeiffer C & Obrist B (2012) ”Workhood” – a useful concept for Epidemiol Community Health 66, e22. the analysis of health workers’ resources? An evaluation from Tanzania. 561 Sundaram N, Schaetti C, Chaignat CL, Hutubessy R, Nyambedha EO, BMC Health Serv Res 12, 55. 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Misuse 47, 347–355. 538 Henley R (2010) Resilience enhancing psychosocial programmes for 563 Tekeli-Yesil S, Dedeoglu N, Tanner M, Braun-Fahrländer C & Obrist B youth in different cultural contexts: evaluation and research. Progress (2010) Individual preparedness and mitigation actions for a predicted earth- in Development Studies 10, 295–307. quake in Istanbul. Disasters 34, 910–930. 539 Hollmann D & Hanebuth D (2011) Burnoutprävention bei Managern – 564 Tekeli-Yesil S (2011) Preparation for an earthquake in the megacity Istanbul. Romantik oder Realität in Unternehmen? In: Fehlzeitenreport 2011: In: Coping with global environmental change, disasters and security: threats, Zahlen, Daten, Analysen aus allen Bereichen der Wirtschaft. Eds. Badura B, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks . Eds. Brauch HG, Oswald Spring Ú, Ducki A, Schröder H & Macco K. Berlin: Springer, 81–87. Mesjasz C, Grin J, Kameri-Mbote P, Chourou B, Dunay P & Birkmann J. Berlin: Springer, 647–655. 540 Kurth E, Spichiger E, Zemp Stutz E, Biedermann J, Hösli I & Kennedy HP (2010) Crying babies, tired mothers – challenges of the postnatal hospital 565 Tschudin S, Bertea PC & Zemp Stutz E (2010) Prevalence and predictors of stay: an interpretive phenomenological study. BMC Pregnancy Child- premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a population-based sample. Arch Womens Ment Health 13, 485–494. birth 10, 21. 566 Vlassoff C, Tanner M, Weiss M & Rao S (2010) Putting people first: a pri- 541 Kurth E, Jaeger FN, Zemp E, Tschudin S & Bischoff A (2010) Repro- mary health care success in rural India. Indian J Community Med 35, 326–330. ductive health care for asylum-seeking women – a challenge for health 567 Vlassoff C, Weiss MG & Rao S (2012) A question module for assessing professionals. BMC Public Health 10, 659. community stigma toward HIV in rural India. J Biosoc Sci (in press). 542 Kurth E, Tschudin S & Zemp Stutz E (2010) Dolmetscherinnen im 568 Vlassoff C, Weiss MG, Rao S, Ali F & Prentice T (2012) HIV stigma in rural Spannungsfeld unterschiedlicher Geschlechtervorstellungen. In: Dol- and tribal communities of Maharashtra, India. J Health Popul Nutr (in press). metschen, Vermitteln, Schlichten – Integration der Diversität? Eds. 569 Wang J, Häusermann M, Wydler H, Mohler-Kuo M & Weiss MG (2012) Dahinden J & Bischoff A. Zürich: Seismo Verlag, 225–248. Suicidality and sexual orientation among men in Switzerland: findings from 543 Kurth E, Kennedy HP, Spichiger E, Hosli I & Zemp Stutz E (2011) Crying 3 probability surveys. J Psychiatr Res 46, 980–986. babies, tired mothers: What do we know? A systematic review. Mid- 570 Weiss MG (2010) Madness (Unmãda). In: Brill’s encycloepedia of Hinduism: wifery 27, 187–194. volume II: sacred texts and languages, ritual traditions, arts, concepts. Ed. 544 Kurth E, Spichiger E, Fornaro I, Biedermann J, Hösli I, Kläusler M & Jacobsen KA. Leiden: Brill, 798–805. Zemp Stutz E (2011) Schreiende Babys, müde Mütter: gesundheit 571 Weiss MG, Jadhav S, Raguram R, Vounatsou P & Littlewood R (2012) liche Herausforderung für junge Familien. In: Psychische Erkrankungen Psychiatric stigma across cultures: local validation in Bangalore and in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit. Ed. Riecher-Rössler A. Freiburg i.Br.: London. In: Community mental health in India. Eds. Chavan BS, Gupta N, Karger, 127–135. Priti A, Sidana A & Jadhav S. Delhi: Jaypee, 550–559. 545 Macsali F, Gomez Real F, Plana E, Sunyer J, Anto J, Dratva J, Janson C, 572 Zemp Stutz E (2010) Gender in Public Health und Epidemiologie: führt kein Jarvis D, Omenaas ER, Zemp Stutz E, Wjst M, Leynaert B & Svanes C Weg an Differenzen vorbei? In: Feminisms revisited. Freiburg in Breisgau: (2011) Early age of menarche, lung function and adult asthma. Am J Budrich UniPress Ltd., 179–192. 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Progress in Development Stud- ies 10, 283–293. 549 Paralikar V, Agashe M, Sarmukaddam S, Deshpande S, Goyal V & Weiss MG (2011) Cultural epidemiology of neurasthenia spectrum disorders in four general hospital outpatient clinics of urban Pune, India. Transcult Psychiatry 48, 257–283. Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology 550 Parkar SR, Nagarsekar BB & Weiss MG (2012) Explaining suicide: identifying common themes and diverse perspectives in an urban Mumbai slum. Soc Sci Med 75, 2037–2046. 551 Roth TN, Hanebuth D & Probst R (2011) Prevalence of age-related hear- GENE REGULATION ing loss in Europe: a review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 268, 1101–1107. 552 Sartorius N, Levav I, Wakefield JC & Weiss MG (2012) Introduction: 575 Brancucci NM, Witmer K, Schmid CD, Flueck C & Voss TS (2012) Identi- public health and the classification of mental disorders. In: Public health fication of a cis-acting DNA-protein interaction implicated in singular var aspects of diagnosis and classification of mental and behavioral disor- gene choice in Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol (in press). ders: refining theresear ch agenda for DSM-5 and ICD-11. Eds. Saxena S, 576 Hoeijmakers WA, Flueck C, Françoijs KJ, Smits AH, Wetzel J, Volz JC, Esparza P, Regier DA, Saraceno B & Sartorius N. Adington: American Cowman AF, Voss T, Stunnenberg HG & Bártfai R (2012) Plasmodium Psychiatric Publishing, XIX–XXV. falciparum centromeres display a unique epigenetic makeup and cluster prior to and during schizogony. Cell Microbiol 14, 1391–1401.

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mates of mefloquine on schistosomula and adult worms in vitro and in vivo. 577 Witmer K, Schmid CD, Brancucci NM, Luah YH, Preiser PR, Bozdech Z & Exp Parasitol 127, 260–269. Voss TS (2012) Analysis of subtelomeric virulence gene families in Plas- 602 Manneck T, Braissant O, Haggenmüller Y & Keiser J (2011) Isothermal modium falciparum by comparative transcriptional profiling. Mol Micro- microcalorimetry to study drugs against Schistosoma mansoni. J Clin biol 84, 243–259. Microbiol 49, 1217–1225. 603 Manneck T, Keiser J & Müller J (2012) Mefloquine interferes withgl ycolysis in schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni via inhibition of enolase. Para- sitology 139, 497–505. 604 Marxer M, Ingram K & Keiser J (2012) Development of an in vitro drug HELMINTH DRUG DEVELOPMENT screening assay using Schistosoma haematobium schistosomula. Parasit Vectors 5, 165. 578 Caffrey CR, Utzinger J & Keiser J (2012) Drug discovery for trematodiases: 605 Nwosu U, Vargas M, Harder A & Keiser J (2011) Efficacy of the cycloocta- challenges and progress. In: Parasitic helminths: targets, screens, drugs & depsipeptide PF1022A against Heligmosomoides bakeri in vitro and in vivo. vaccines. Ed. Caffrey CR. Weinheim: Wiley Blackwell, 323–337. Parasitology 138, 1193–1201. 579 Duthaler U, Keiser J & Huwyler J (2011) Development and validation 606 Olliaro P, Seiler J, Kuesel A, Horton J, Clark JN, Don R & Keiser J (2011) of a liquid chromatography and ion spray tandem mass spectrometry Potential drug development candidates for human soil-transmitted method for the quantification of artesunate, artemether and their major helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1138. metabolites dihydroartemisinin and dihydroartemisinin-glucuronide in 607 Patra M, Ingram K, Pierroz V, Ferrari S, Spingler B, Keiser J & Gasser G (2012) sheep plasma. J Mass Spectrom 46, 172–181. Ferrocenyl derivatives of the anthelmintic praziquantel: design, synthesis 580 Duthaler U, Huwyler J, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G & Keiser J (2012) Evaluation and biological evaluation. J Med Chem (in press). of the pharmacokinetic profile of artesunate, artemether and their 608 Saric J, Want EJ, Duthaler U, Lewis M, Keiser J, Schockcor JP, Ross GA, metabolites in sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Nicholson JK, Holmes E & Tavares MF (2012) Systematic evaluation of ex- Parasitol 186, 270–280. traction methods for multi-platform based metabotyping: application to the 581 Ferreira JF, Peaden P & Keiser J (2011) In vitro trematocidal effects of Fasciola hepatica metabolome. Anal Chem 84, 6963–6972. crude alcoholic extracts of Artemisia annua, A. absinthium, Asimina 609 Silbereisen A, Tritten L & Keiser J (2011) Exploration of novel in vitro as- triloba, and Fumaria officinalis: trematocidal plant alcoholic extracts. says to study drugs against Trichuris spp. J Microbiol Methods 87, 169–175. Parasitol Res 109, 1585–1592. 610 Soukhathammavong P, Odermatt P, Sayasone S, Vonghachack Y, 582 Fürst T, Duthaler U, Sripa B, Utzinger J & Keiser J (2012) Trematode Vounatsou P, Hatz C, Akkhavong K & Keiser J (2011) Efficacy and safety infections: liver and lung flukes. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26, 399–419. of mefloquine, artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, tribendimidine, and pra- 583 Ingram K, Schiaffo CE, Sittiwong W, Benner E, Dussault PH & Keiser J ziquantel in patients with Opisthorchis viverrini: a randomised, exploratory, (2012) In vitro and in vivo activity of 3-alkoxy-1,2-dioxolanes against open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 11, 110–118. Schistosoma mansoni. J Antimicrob Chemother 67, 1979–1986. 611 Speich B, Ame SM, Ali SM, Alles R, Hattendorf J, Utzinger J, Albonico M & 584 Ingram K, Ellis W & Keiser J (2012) Antischistosomal activities of Keiser J (2012) Efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide, albendazole, and mefloquine-related arylmethanols. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, nitazoxanide-albendazole against Trichuris trichiura infection: a randomized 3207–3215. controlled trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1685. 585 Ingram K, Yaremenko IA, Krylov I, Hofer L, Terent’ev AO & Keiser J 612 Thomsen H, Reider K, Franke K, Wessjohann LA, Keiser J, Dagne E & (2012) Identification of antischistosomal leads by evaluating perox- Arnold N (2012) Characterization of constituents and anthelmintic proper- ides of β-dicarbonyl compounds and their heteroanalogs: bridged ties of Hagenia abyssinica. Sci Pharm 80, 433–446. 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes and alphaperoxides, and β, δ-triketones: tricyclic 613 Tritten L, Silbereisen A & Keiser J (2011) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of monoperoxides. J Med Chem (in press). Monepantel (AAD 1566) against laboratory models of human intestinal 586 Jones MK, Keiser J & McManus DP (2011) Trematodes. In: Manual of nematode infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1457. clinical microbiology, vol. 2, 10th ed. Ed. Jorgensen JH. Washington: ASM 614 Tritten L, Braissant O & Keiser J (2012) Comparison of novel and existing Press, 2230–2242. tools for studying drug sensitivity against the hookworm Ancylostoma cey- 587 Keiser J, N’Guessan NA, Adoubryn KD, Silué KD, Vounatsou P, Hatz C, lanicum in vitro. Parasitology 139, 348–357. Utzinger J & N’Goran EK (2010) Efficacy and safety of mefloquine, 615 Tritten L, Silbereisen A & Keiser J (2012) Nitazoxanide: in vitro and in vivo artesunate, mefloquine-artesunate, and praziquantel against Schisto- drug effects against Trichuris muris and Ancylostoma ceylanicum, alone or soma haematobium: randomized, exploratory open-label trial. Clin In- in combination. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2, 98–105. fect Dis 50, 1205–1213. 616 Tritten L, Nwosu U, Vargas M & Keiser J (2012) In vitro and in vivo efficacy 588 Keiser J & Utzinger J (2011) Foodborne trematodiasis and schistoso- of tribendimidine and its metabolites alone and in combination against the miasis. In: Rudolph’s Pediatrics, 22nd ed. Eds. Rudolph C, Rudolph A, hookworms Heligmosomoides bakeri and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Acta Lister G, First L & Gershon A. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1200–1203. Trop 122, 101–107. 589 Keiser J, Sayed H, El-Ghanam M, Sabry H, Anani S, El-Wakeel A, Hatz C, 617 Wang X, Zhao Q, Vargas M, Dong Y, Sriraghavan K, Keiser J & Vennerstrom JL Utzinger J, El-Din SS, El-Maadawy W & Botros S (2011) Efficacy and (2011) The activity of dispiro peroxides against Fasciola hepatica. Bioorg safety of artemether in the treatment of chronic fascioliasis in Egypt: Med Chem Lett 21, 5320–5330. exploratory phase-2 trials. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1285. 618 Zumla A & Keiser J (2012) Tropical diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26, 590 Keiser J, Manneck T & Vargas M (2011) Interactions of mefloquine with xv–xvii. praziquantel in the Schistosoma mansoni mouse model and in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 66, 1791–1797. 591 Keiser J, Ingram K & Utzinger J (2011) Antiparasitic drugs for paediat- rics: systematic review, formulations, pharmacokinetics, safety, efficacy and implications for control. Parasitology 138, 1620–1632. MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 592 Keiser J, Adelfio R, Vargas M, Odermatt P & Tesana S (2012) Activity of 619 Barnadas C, Koepfli C, Karunajeewa HA, Siba PM, Davis TM & Müller I (2011) tribendimidine and praziquantel combination therapy against the liver Characterization of treatment failure in efficacy trials of drugs against fluke Opisthorchis viverrini in vitro and in vivo. J Helminthol (in press). Plasmodium vivax by genotyping neutral and drug resistance-associated 593 Keiser J & Utzinger J (2012) Antimalarials in the treatment of markers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55, 4479–4481. schistosomiasis. Curr Pharm Des 18, 3531–3538. 620 Felger I, Maire N, Bretscher M, Falk N, Tiaden A, Sama W, Beck HP, 594 Keiser J, Vargas M & Winter R (2012) Anthelminthic properties of Owusu-Agyei S & Smith TA (2012) The dynamics of natural Plasmodium mangostin and mangostin diacetate. Parasitol Int 61, 369–371. falciparum infections. PLoS One 7, e45542. 595 Keiser J, Ingram K, Vargas M, Chollet J, Wang X, Dong Y & Vennerstrom JL 621 Köpfli C, Ross A, Kiniboro B, Smith TA, Zimmerman PA, Siba P, Müller I & (2012) In vivo activity of aryl ozonides against Schistosoma species. Anti Felger I (2011) Multiplicity and diversity of Plasmodium vivax infections in microb Agents Chemother 56, 1090–1092. a highly endemic region in Papua New Guinea. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1424. 596 Kirchhofer C, Vargas M, Braissant O, Dong Y, Wang X, Vennerstrom JL & Keiser J (2011) Activity of OZ78 analogues against Fasciola hepatica and 622 Köpfli C, Schöpflin S, Bretscher M, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Zimmerman PA, Echinostoma caproni. Acta Trop 118, 56–62. Siba P, Smith TA, Müller I & Felger I (2011) How much remains undetected? Probability of molecular detection of human Plasmodia in the field. PLoS 597 Kirchhofer C, Vargas M, Huwyler J & Keiser J (2012) Pharmac okinetics of the fasciocidal drug candidates MT04 and OZ78 in uninfected rats and One 6, e19010. ino pharmacodynamicvitr studies. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2, 623 Kulangara C, Luedin S, Dietz O, Rusch S, Frank G, Mueller D, Moser M, 121–125. Kajava AV, Corradin G, Beck HP & Felger I (2012) Cell biological charac- 598 Koné WM, Vargas M & Keiser J (2012) Anthelmintic activity of medicinal terization of the malaria vaccine candidate trophozoite exported protein 1. plants used in Côte d’Ivoire for treating parasitic diseases. Parasitol PLoS One 7, e46112. Res 110, 2351–2362. 624 Mayor A, Bardaji A, Felger I, King CL, Cistero P, Dobano C, Stanisic DI, Siba P, 599 Küster T, Stadelmann B, Hermann C, Scholl S, Keiser J & Hemphill A Wahlgren M, Del Portillo H, Mueller I, Menendez C, Ordi J & Rogerson S (2011) In vitro and in vivo efficacy of mefloquine-based treatment against (2012) Placental infection with Plasmodium vivax: a histopathological and alveolar echinococcosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55, 713–721. molecular study. J Infect Dis (in press). 600 Lochmatter C, Schneider CL, Ingram K, Keiser J & Schifferli JA (2012) 625 Müller I, Schöpflin S, Smith TA, Benton KL, Bretscher MT, Lin E, Kiniboro B, Schistosoma mansoni tetraspanning orphan receptor (SmTOR) – a new Zimmerman PA, Speed TP, Siba P & Felger I (2012) Force of infection is key vaccine candidate against Schistosomiasis. Clin Exp Immunol (in press). to understanding the epidemiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 601 Manneck T, Braissant O, Ellis W & Keiser J (2011) Schistosoma mansoni: Papua New Guinean children. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109, 10030–10035. antischistosomal activity of the four optical isomers and the two race- 626 Mwingira F, Nkwengulila G, Schöpflin S, Sumari D, Beck HP, Snounou G, Felger I, Olliaro P & Mugittu K (2011) Plasmodium falciparum msp1, msp2

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648 Röltgen K & Pluschke G (2011) SNP-Typisierung des Buruli-Ulkus-Erregers. and glurp allele frequency and diversity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Malar BIOspektrum 17, 48–51. J 10, 79. 649 Röltgen K, Stinear TP & Pluschke G (2012) The genome, evolution and 627 Olugbile S, Villard V, Bertholet S, Jafarshad A, Kulangara C, Roussilhon C, diversity of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect Genet Evol 12, 522–529. Frank G, Agak GW, Felger I, Nebie I, Konate K, Kajava AV, Schuck P, Druilhe P, 650 Röltgen K, Qi W, Ruf MT, Mensah-Quainoo E, Pidot SJ, Seemann T, Spertini F & Corradin G (2011) Malaria vaccine candidate: design of a Stinear TP, Käser M, Yeboah-Manu D & Pluschke G (2010) Single multivalent subunit alpha-helical coiled coil poly-epitope. Vaccine 29, nucleotide polymorphism typing of Mycobacterium ulcerans reveals focal 7090–7099. transmission of Buruli ulcer in a highly endemic region of Ghana. PLoS 628 Rosanas-Urgell A, Mueller D, Betuela I, Barnadas C, Iga J, Zimmerman PA, Negl Trop Dis 4, e751. del Portillo HA, Siba P, Müller I & Felger I (2010) Comparison of diagnostic 651 Ruf MT, Chauty A, Adeye A, Ardant MF, Koussemou H, Johnson RC & methods for the detection and quantification of the four sympatric Plas- Pluschke G (2011) Secondary Buruli ulcer skin lesions emerging several modium species in field samples from Papua New Guinea. Malar J 9, 361. months after completion of chemotherapy: paradoxical reaction or evidence for immune protection? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1252. 652 Ruf MT, Sopoh GE, Brun LV, Dossou AD, Barogui YT, Johnson RC & Pluschke G (2011) Histopathological changes and clinical responses of Buruli ulcer plaque lesions during chemotherapy: a role for surgical re- MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY moval of necrotic tissue? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1334. 653 Ruf MT, Schütte D, Chauffour A, Jarlier V, Ji B & Pluschke G (2012) Chemo 629 Bauer M, Chicca A, Tamborrini M, Eisen D, Lerner R, Lutz B, Poetz O, therapy associated changes of histopathological features of Mycobacterium Pluschke G & Gertsch J (2012) Identification and qualification of a ulcerans lesions in a Buruli ulcer mouse model. Antimicro b Agents Che- new family of peptide endocannabinoids (Pepcans) showing negative mother 56, 687–696. allosteric modulation at CB1 receptors. J Biol Chem (in press). 654 Scherr N, Röltgen K, Witschel M & Pluschke G (2012) Screening of anti- 630 Berti F, Romano MR, Micoli F, Pinto V, Cappelletti E, Gavini M, Proietti D, fungal azole drugs and agrochemicals with an adapted Alamar Blue-based Pluschke G, MacLennan CA & Costantino P (2012) Relative stability of assay demonstrates antibacterial activity of Croconazole against Mycobac- meningococcal serogroup A and X polysaccharides. Vaccine 30, 6409–6415. terium ulcerans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (in press). 631 Bratschi MW, Njih Tabah E, Bolz M, Stucki D, Borrell S, Gagneux S, 655 Shui G, Bendt AK, Jappar IA, Lim HM, Laneelle M, Herve M, Via LE, Chua GH, Noumen-Djeunga B, Junghanss T, Um Boock A & Pluschke G (2012) A Bratschi MW, Rahim SZ, Michelle AL, Hwang SH, Lee JS, Eum SY, Kwak HK, case of cutaneous tuberculosis in a Buruli ulcer-endemic area. PLoS Daffe M, Dartois V, Michel G, Barry CEI & Wenk MR (2012) Mycolic acids Negl Trop Dis 6, e1751. as diagnostic markers for tuberculosis case detection in humans and drug 632 Chauty A, Ardant MF, Marsollier L, Pluschke G, Landier J, Adeye A, efficacy in mice. EMBO Mol Med 4, 27–37. Goundoté A, Cottin J, Ladikpo T, Ruf T & Ji B (2011) Oral treatment for 656 Tamborrini M, Holzer M, Seeberger PH, Schürch N & Pluschke G (2010) Mycobacterium ulcerans infection: results from a pilot study in Benin. Anthrax spore detection by a Luminex assay based on monoclonal anti- Clin Infect Dis 52, 94–96. bodies recognizing anthrose-containing oligosaccharides. Clin Vaccine Im- 633 Doig KD, Holt KE, Fyfe JA, Lavender CJ, Eddyani M, Portaels F, Yeboah- munol 17, 1446–1451. Manu D, Pluschke G, Seemann T & Stinear TP (2012) On the origin of 657 Tamborrini M, Bauer M, Bolz M, Maho A, Oberli MA, Werz DB, Schelling E, Mycobacterium ulcerans, the causative agent of Buruli ulcer. BMC Ge- Zinsstag J, Seeberger PH, Frey J & Pluschke G (2011) Identification of an nomics 13, 258. African Bacillus anthracis lineage that lacks expression of the spore surface 634 Dreyer AM, Beauchamp J, Matile H & Pluschke G (2010) An efficient system associated anthrose containing oligosaccharide. J Bacteriol 193, 3506–3511. to generate monoclonal antibodies against membrane-associated proteins 658 Tamborrini M, Stoffel SA, Westerfeld N, Amacker M, Theisen M, by immunisation with antigen-expressing mammalian cells. BMC Bio- Zurbriggen R & Pluschke G (2011) Immunogenicity of a virosomally- technol 10, 87. formulated Plasmodium falciparum GLURP-MSP3 chimeric protein-based 635 Dreyer AM, Matile H, Papastogiannidis P, Kamber J, Favuzza P, Voss TS, malaria vaccine candidate in comparison to adjuvanted formulations. Wittlin S & Pluschke G (2012) Passive immunoprotection of Plasmo- Malar J 10, 359. dium falciparum-infected mice designates the CyRPA as candidate ma- 659 Wenk MR (2010) Lipidomics: new tools and applications. Cell 143, 888–895. laria vaccine antigen. J Immunol 188, 6225–6237. 660 Wymann MP & Wenk MR (2011) Neutral not a loss: phosphoinositides 636 Dujardin JC, Herrera S, do R, V, Arevalo J, Boelaert M, Carrasco HJ, beyond the head group. Nat Methods 8, 219–220. Correa-Oliveira R, Garcia L, Gotuzzo E, Gyorkos TW, Kalergis AM, Kouri G, 661 Yeboah-Manu D, Asante-Poku A, Asan-Ampah K, Ampadu ED & Pluschke G Larraga V, Lutumba P, Macias Garcia MA, Manrique-Saide PC, Modabber F, (2011) Combining PCR with microscopy to reduce costs of laboratory Nieto A, Pluschke G, Robello C, Rojas de AA, Rumbo M, Santos diagnosis of Buruli ulcer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85, 900–904. Preciado JI, Sundar S, Torres J, Torrico F, Van der Stuyft P, Victoir K & 662 Yeboah-Manu D, Danso E, Ampah K, Asante-Poku A, Nakobu Z & Pluschke G Olesen OF (2010) Research priorities for neglected infectious diseases (2011) Isolation of Mycobacterium ulcerans from Swab and Fine-Needle- in Latin America and the Caribbean region. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 4, e780. Aspiration Specimens. J Clin Microbiol 49, 1997–1999. 637 Gersbach P, Jantsch A, Feyen F, Scherr N, Dangy JP, Pluschke G & 663 Yeboah-Manu D, Röltgen K, Opare W, Asan-Ampah K, Quenin-Fosu K, Altmann KH (2011) A ring-closing metathesis (RCM)-based approach to Asante-Poku A, Ampadu E, Fyfe J, Koram K, Ahorlu C & Pluschke G (2012) mycolactones A/B. Chemistry 17, 13017–13031. Sero-epidemiology as a tool to screen populations for exposure to Myco 638 Ghasparian A, Riedel T, Koomullil J, Moehle K, Gorba C, Svergun DI, bacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1460. Perriman AW, Mann S, Tamborrini M, Pluschke G & Robinson JA 664 Young BP, Shin JJ, Orij R, Chao JT, Li SC, Guan XL, Khong A, Jan E, Wenk MR, (2011) Engineered synthetic virus-like particles and their use in vaccine Prinz WA, Smits GJ & Loewen CJ (2010) Phosphatidic acid is a pH biosensor delivery. Chembiochem 12, 100–109. that links membrane biogenesis to metabolism. Science 329, 1085–1088. 639 Guan XL & Wenk MR (2012) Targeted and non-targeted analysis of membrane lipids using mass spectrometry. Methods Cell Biol 108, 147–172. 640 Huber CA, McOdimba F, Pflüger V, Daubenberger CA & Revathi G (2011) Characterisation of invasive and colonizing isolates of Strepto- MOLECULAR PARASITOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY coccus agalactiae in East African adults. J Clin Microbiol 49, 3652–3655. 641 Huber CA, Pflüger V, Hamid AWM, Forgor AA, Hodgson A, Sié A, Jung- 665 Ballif M, Hii J, Marfurt J, Crameri A, Fafale A, Felger I, Beck HP & Genton B hanss T & Pluschke G (2012) Lack of antigenic diversification of major (2010) Monitoring of malaria parasite resistance to chloroquine and outer membrane proteins during clonal waves of Neisseria meningitidis sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in the Solomon Islands by DNA microarray serogroup A colonization and disease. Pathog Dis (in press). technology. Malar J 9, 270. 642 Käser M, Hauser J & Pluschke G (2012) PCR typing of Mycobacterium 666 Ballif M, Harino P, Ley S, Carter R, Coulter C, Niemann S, Borrell S, ulcerans lineages based on large sequence polymorphisms. Medical Fenner L, Siba P, Phuanukoonnon S, Gagneux S & Beck HP (2012) Genetic Microbiol Diagnosis (in press). diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Madang, Papua New Guinea. Int 643 Kenu E & Käser M (2012) Tuberkulose/HIV/AIDS – Prävention und Thera- J Tuberc Lung Dis 16, 1100–1107. pie in Ghana: Koinfektion als Herausforderung des Gesundheitssystems. 667 Ballif M, Harino P, Ley S, Coscolla M, Niemann S, Carter R, Coulter C, Borrell S, Pharm Unserer Zeit 41, 58–62. Siba P, Phuanukoonnon S, Gagneux S & Beck HP (2012) Drug resistance- 644 Lim L, Jackson-Lewis V, Wong LC, Shui GH, Goh AX, Kesavapany S, conferring mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Madang, Papua Jenner AM, Fivaz M, Przedborski S & Wenk MR (2012) Lanosterol induces New Guinea. BMC Microbiol 12, 191. mitochondrial uncoupling and protects dopaminergic neurons from cell 668 Ding XC, Beck HP & Raso G (2011) Plasmodium sensitivity to artemisinins: death in a model for Parkinson’s disease. Cell Death Differ 19, 416–427. magic bullets hit elusive targets. Trends Parasitol 27, 73–81. 645 Pidot SJ, Porter JL, Marsollier L, Chauty A, Migot-Nabias F, Badaut C, 669 Gaida A, Becker MM, Schmid CD, Buhlmann T, Louis EJ & Beck HP (2011) Benard A, Ruf MT, Seemann T, Johnson PD, Davies JK, Jenkin GA, Cloning of the repertoire of individual Plasmodium falciparum var genes Pluschke G & Stinear TP (2010) Serological evaluation of Mycobacte- using Transformation Associated Recombination (TAR). PLoS One 6, e17782. rium ulcerans antigens identified by comparative genomics. PLoS Negl 670 Makanga M, Bassat Q, Falade CO, Premji ZG, Krudsood S, Hunt P, Trop Dis 4, e872. Walter V, Beck HP, Marrast AC, Cousin M & Rosenthal PJ (2011) Efficacy and 646 Pluschke G & Tamborrini M (2012) Development of a virosomal malaria safety of artemether-lumefantrine in the treatment of acute, uncomplicated vaccine candidate: from synthetic peptide design to clinical concept Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a pooled analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85, validation. Future Virol 7, 779–790. 793–804. 647 Röltgen K, Assan-Ampah K, Danso E, Yeboah-Manu D & Pluschke G (2012) 671 Marfurt J, Smith TA, Hastings IM, Müller I, Sie A, Oa O, Baisor M, Reeder JC, Development of a temperature-switch PCR-based SNP typing method for Beck HP & Genton B (2010) Plasmodium falciparum resistance to anti- Mycobacterium ulcerans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis (in press). malarial drugs in Papua New Guinea: evaluation of a community-based approach for the molecular monitoring of resistance. Malar J 9, 8.

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693 Bringmann G, Hertlein-Amslinger B, Kajahn I, Dreyer M, Brun R, Moll H, 672 Mugasa J, Qi W, Rusch S, Rottmann M & Beck HP (2012) Genetic diversity Stich A, Ioset KN, Schmitz W & Ngoc LH (2011) Phenolic analogs of of expressed Plasmodium falciparum var genes from Tanzanian children the N,C-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid ancistrocladinium A, from with severe malaria. Malar J 11, 230. Ancistrocladus cochinchinensis (Ancistrocladaceae), with improved anti 673 Pachlatko E, Rusch S, Müller A, Hemphill A, Tilley L, Hanssen E & protozoal activities. Phytochemistry 72, 89–93. Beck HP (2010) MAHRP2, an exported protein of Plasmodium falci- 694 Bringmann G, Zhang G, Ölschläger T, Stich A, Wu J, Chatterjee M & Brun R parum, is an essential component of Maurer’s cleft tethers. Mol Micro- (2012) Highly selective antiplasmodial naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from biol 77, 1136–1152. Ancistrocladus tectorius. Phytochemistry (in press). 695 Broniatowska B, Allmendinger A, Kaiser M, Montamat-Sicotte D, Hingley-Wilson S, Lalvani A, Guiry M, Blunden G & Tasdemir D (2011) Anti- protozoal, antitubercular and cytotoxic potential of cyanobacterial (blue- green algal) extracts from Ireland. Nat Prod Commun 6, 689–694. PARASITE CHEMOTHERAPY 696 Brun R & Stich A (2010) Afrikanische Trypanosomiasis oder Schlafkrankheit. In: Tropenmedizin in Klinik und Praxis: mit Reise- und Migrationsmedizin, 674 Abiodun OO, Gbotosho GO, Ajaiyeoba EO, Brun R & Oduola AM (2012) 4. Aufl. Stuttgart: Thieme, 617–629. Antitrypanosomal activity of some medicinal plants from Nigerian 697 Brun R, Don R, Jacobs RT, Wang MZ & Barrett MP (2011) Development ethnomedicine. Parasitol Res 110, 521–526. of novel drugs for human African trypanosomiasis. Future Microbiol 6, 675 Adams M, Gschwind S, Zimmermann S, Kaiser M & Hamburger M 677–691. (2011) Renaissance remedies: antiplasmodial protostane triterpenoids 698 Brun R & Blum J (2012) Human African trypanosomiasis. Infect Dis Clin from Alisma plantago-aquatica L. (Alismataceae). J Ethnopharmacol 135, North Am 26, 261–273. 43–47. 699 Brunner R, Aissaoui H, Boss C, Bozdech Z, Brun R, Corminboeuf O, 676 Ahmad S, Weis R, Faist J, Wolkinger V, Saf R, Belaj F, Brun R, Kaiser M & Delahaye S, Fischli C, Heidmann B, Kaiser M, Kamber J, Meyer S, Seebacher W (2012) Diarylcyclcohexanones: synthons for new bicyclic Papastogiannidis P, Siegrist R, Voss T, Welford R, Wittlin S & Binkert C compounds. Monatsh Chem 143, 145–152. (2012) Identification of a new chemical class of antimalarials. J Infect Dis 206, 677 Arafa RK, Wenzler T, Brun R, Chai Y & Wilson D (2011) Molecular modeling 735–743. study and synthesis of novel dicationic flexible triaryl guanidines and 700 Carballeira NM, Cartagena M, Sanabria D, Kaiser M, Tasdemir D, Prada CF, imidamides as antiprotozoal agents. Eur J Med Chem 46, 5852–5860. Reguera RM & Balana-Fouce R (2012) 2-alkynoic fatty acids inhibit topoisom- 678 Arán VJ, Kaiser M & Dardonville C (2012) Discovery of nitroheterocycles erase IB from Leishmania donovani. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22, 6185–6189. active against African trypanosomes: in vitro screening and preliminary 701 Carvalho SA, Feitosa LO, Soares M, Costa TE, Henriques MG, Salomao K, SAR studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22, 4506–4516. de Castro SL, Kaiser M, Brun R, Wardell JL, Wardell SM, Trossini GH, 679 Athri P, Wenzler T, Tidwell R, Bakunova SM & Wilson WD (2010) Phar- Andricopulo AD, da Silva EF & Fraga CA (2012) Design and synthesis of macophore model for pentamidine analogs active against Plasmodium new (E)-cinnamic N-acylhydrazones as potent antitrypanosomal agents. falciparum. Eur J Med Chem 45, 6147–6151. Eur J Med Chem 54, 512–521. 680 Attioua B, Lagnika L, Yeo D, Antheaume C, Kaiser M, Weniger B, Lobstein A & 702 Chadwick J, Amewu RK, Marti F, Bousejra-El Garah F, Sharma R, Berry NG, Vonthron-Sénécheau C (2011) In vitro antiplasmodial and antileish- Stocks PA, Burrell-Saward H, Wittlin S, Rottmann M, Brun R, Taramelli D, manial activities of flavonoids form Anogeissus leiocarpus (Combreta- Parapini S, Ward SA & O’Neill PM (2011) Antimalarial mannoxanes: hybrid ceae). IJPSRR 11, 1–6. antimalarial drugs with outstanding oral activity profiles and a potential 681 Attioua B, Yeo D, Lagnika L, Harisolo R, Antheaume C, Weniger B, Kaiser M, dual mechanism of action. ChemMedChem 6, 1357–1361. Lobstein A & Vonthron-Sénécheau C (2012) In vitro antileishmanial, 703 Chan ST, Pearce AN, Page MJ, Kaiser M & Copp BR (2011) Antimalarial antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of a new ventiloquinone and β-carbolines from the New Zealand ascidian Pseudodistoma opacum. J Nat five known triterpenes from Parinari excelsa. Pharm Biol 50, 801–806. Prod 74, 1972–1979. 682 Balmer O & Tanner M (2011) Prevalence and implications of multiple- 704 Chan ST, Pearce AN, Januario AH, Page MJ, Kaiser M, McLaughlin RJ, strain infections. Lancet Infect Dis 11, 868–878. Harper JL, Webb VL, Barker D & Copp BR (2011) Anti-inflammatory and anti 683 Balmer O, Beadell JS, Gibson W & Caccone A (2011) Phylogeography and malarial meroterpenoids from the New Zealand ascidian Aplidium scabel- taxonomy of Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e961. lum. J Org Chem 76, 9151–9160. 684 Banerjee M, Farahat AA, Kumar A, Wenzler T, Brun R, Munde MM, 705 Charman SA, Arbe-Barnes S, Bathurst IC, Brun R, Campbell M, Charman WN, Wilson WD, Zhu X, Werbovetz KA & Boykin DW (2012) Synthesis, DNA Chiu FC, Chollet J, Craft JC, Creek DJ, Dong Y, Matile H, Maurer M, binding and antileishmanial activity of low molecular weight bis-ary- Morizzi J, Nguyen T, Papastogiannidis P, Scheurer C, Shackleford DM, limidamides. Eur J Med Chem 55, 449–454. Sriraghavan K, Stingelin L, Tang Y, Urwyler H, Wang X, White KL, Wittlin S, 685 Baragana B, McCarthy O, Sanchez P, Bosch-Navarrete C, Kaiser M, Brun R, Zhou L & Vennerstrom JL (2011) Synthetic ozonide drug candidate OZ439 Whittingham JL, Roberts SM, Zhou XX, Wilson KS, Johansson NG, offers new hope for a single-dose cure of uncomplicated malaria. Proc Natl Gonzalez-Pacanowska D & Gilbert IH (2011) β-Branched acyclic nucleo- Acad Sci USA 108, 4400–4405. side analogues as inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum dUTPase. Bioorg 706 Chianese G, Fattorusso E, Scala F, Teta R, Calcinai B, Bavestrello G, Dien HA, Med Chem 19, 2378–2391. Kaiser M, Tasdemir D & Taglialatela-Scafati O (2012) Manadoperoxides, a 686 Barker RHJr, Urgaonkar S, Mazitschek R, Celatka C, Skerlj R, Cortese JF, new class of potent antitrypanosomal agents of marine origin. Org Biomol Tyndall E, Liu H, Cromwell M, Sidhu AB, Guerrero-Bravo JE, Crespo- Chem 10, 7197–7207. Llado KN, Serrano AE, Lin JW, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Duraisingh M, 707 Dastan D, Salehi P, Reza Gohari A, Zimmermann S, Kaiser M, Hamburger M, Coleman BI, Angulo-Barturen I, Jimenez-Diaz MB, Magan N, Gomez V, Reza Khavasi H & Nejad Ebrahimi S (2012) Disesquiterpene and sesqui- Ferrer S, Martinez MS, Wittlin S, Papastogiannidis P, O’Shea T, terpene coumarins from Ferula pseudalliacea, and determination of their Klinger JD, Bree M, Lee E, Levine M, Wiegand RC, Munoz B, Wirth DF, absolute configurations. Phytochemistry 78, 170–178. Clardy J, Bathurst I & Sybertz E (2011) Aminoindoles, a novel scaffold 708 Delves M, Plouffe D, Scheurer C, Meister S, Wittlin S, Winzeler EA, Sinden RE & with potent activity against Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Leroy D (2012) The activities of current antimalarial drugs on the life cycle Chemother 55, 2612–2622. stages of Plasmodium: a comparative study with human and rodent para- 687 Baschong W, Wittlin S, Inglis KA, Fairlamb AH, Croft SL, Kumar TRS, sites. PLoS Med 9, e1001169. Fidock DA & Brun R (2011) Triclosan is minimally effective in rodent 709 Dong Y, McCullough KJ, Wittlin S, Chollet J & Vennerstrom JL (2010) The malaria models. Nat Med 17, 33–34. structure and antimalarial activity of dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derived 688 Belz E, Kölliker M & Balmer O (2012) Olfactory attractiveness of flower- from (+)-dihydrocarvone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20, 6359–6361. ing plants to the parasitoid Microplitis mediator: potential implications 710 Dua VK, Verma G, Agarwal DD, Kaiser M & Brun R (2011) Antiprotozoal for biological control. Biocontrol (in press). activities of traditional medicinal plants from the Garhwal region of North 689 Booker ML, Bastos CM, Kramer ML, Barker RH, Skerlj R, Sidhu AB, West Himalaya, India. J Ethnopharmacol 136, 123–128. Deng X, Celatka C, Cortese JF, Guerrero Bravo JE, Crespo Llado KN, 711 Dürüst Y, Karakus H, Kaiser M & Tasdemir D (2012) Synthesis and Serrano AE, Angulo-Barturen I, Jimenez-Diaz MB, Viera S, Garuti H, Wittlin S, Papastogiannidis P, Lin JW, Janse CJ, Khan SM, Duraisingh M, anti-protozoal activity of novel dihydropyrrolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazoles. Eur J Coleman B, Goldsmith EJ, Phillips MA, Munoz B, Wirth DF, Klinger JD, Med Chem 48, 296–304. Wiegand R & Sy bertz E (2010) Novel inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum 712 Eberle C, Lauber BS, Fankhauser D, Kaiser M, Brun R, Krauth-Siegel RL & dihydroorotate dehydrogenase with anti-malarial activity in the mouse Diederich F (2011) Improved inhibitors of trypanothione reductase by com- model. J Biol Chem 285, 33054–33064. bination of motifs: synthesis, inhibitory potency, binding mode, and anti- 690 Bouchikhi F, Anizon F, Brun R & Moreau P (2011) Biological evaluation protozoal activities. ChemMedChem 6, 292–301. of glycosyl-isoindigo derivatives against the pathogenic agents of trop- 713 Edlin CD, Morgans G, Winks S, Duffy S, Avery VM, Wittlin S, Waterson D, ical diseases (malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and human Afri- Burrows J & Bryans J (2012) Identification and in-vitro ADME assessment can trypanosomiasis). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 21, 6319–6321. of a series of novel anti-malarial agents suitable for hit-to-lead chemistry. 691 Bourdin Trunz B, Jedrysiak R, Tweats D, Brun R, Kaiser M, Suwinski J & ACS Med Chem Lett 3, 570–573. Torreele E (2011) 1-aryl-4-nitro-1H-imidazoles, a new promising series for 714 Ehmke V, Heindl C, Rottmann M, Freymond C, Schweizer WB, Brun R, the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Eur J Med Chem 46, Stich A, Schirmeister T & Diederich F (2011) Potent and selective inhibition 1524–1535. of cysteine proteases from Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei. 692 Bringmann G, Bischof SK, Müller S, Gulder T, Winter C, Stich A, Moll H, ChemMedChem 6, 273–278. Kaiser M, Brun R, Dreher J & Baumann K (2010) QSAR guided synthe- 715 Ehmke V, Quinsaat JE, Rivera-Fuentes P, Heindl C, Freymond C, Rottmann M, sis of simplified antiplasmodial analogs of naphthylisoquinoline alka- Brun R, Schirmeister T & Diederich F (2012) Tuning and predicting biological loids. Eur J Med Chem 45, 5370–5383. affinity: aryl nitriles as cysteine protease inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 10, 5764–5768.

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739 Jacobs RT, Naré B, Wring SA, Orr MD, Chen D, Sligar JM, Jenks MX, Noe RA, 716 Eltschinger S, Greganova E, Heller M, Bütikofer P & Altmann M (2012) Bowling TS, Mercer LT, Rewerts C, Gaukel E, Owens J, Parham R, Randolph R, Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) domain I from S. Beaudet B, Bacchi CJ, Yarlett N, Plattner JJ, Freund Y, Ding C, Akama T, cerevisiae is required but not sufficient for inter-species complementa- Zhang YK, Brun R, Kaiser M, Scandale I & Don R (2011) SCYX-7158, an tion. PLoS One 7, e42338. orally-active benzoxaborole for the treatment of stage 2 human African try- 717 Faist J, Seebacher W, Saf R, Brun R, Kaiser M & Weis R (2012) New N- panosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1151. methylpiperazinyl derivatives of bicyclic antiprotozoal compounds. Eur 740 Julianti T, Hata Y, Zimmermann S, Kaiser M, Hamburger M & Adams M J Med Chem 47, 510–519. (2011) Antitrypanosomal sesquiterpene lactones from Saussurea costus. 718 Farahat AA, Paliakov E, Kumar A, Barghash AE, Goda FE, Eisa HM, Fitoterapia 82, 955–959. Wenzler T, Brun R, Liu Y, Wilson WD & Boykin DW (2011) Exploration of 741 Kaiser M, Bray MA, Cal M, Trunz BB, Torreele E & Brun R (2011) Anti- larger central ring linkers in furamidine analogues: synthesis and eval- trypanosomal activity of Fexinidazole: a new oral nitroimidazole drug candi uation of their DNA binding, antiparasitic and fluorescence properties. date for the treatment of sleeping sickness. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55, Bioorg Med Chem 19, 2156–2167. 5602–5608. 719 Farimani MM, Taheri S, Ebrahimi SN, Bahadori MB, Khavasi HR, 742 Kaya GI, Sarikaya B, Onur MA, Somer NU, Viladomat F, Codina C, Bastida J, Zimmermann S, Brun R & Hamburger M (2012) Hydrangenone, a new Lauinger IL, Kaiser M & Tasdemir D (2011) Antiprotozoal alkaloids from isoprenoid with an unprecedented skeleton from Salvia hydrangea. Org Galanthus trojanus. Phytochem Lett 4, 301–305. Lett 14, 166–169. 743 Kirmizibekmez H, Atay I, Kaiser M, Yesilada E & Tasdemir D (2011) In vitro 720 Finlayson R, Pearce AN, Page MJ, Kaiser M, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, antiprotozoal activity of extracts of five Turkish Lamiaceae species. Nat Prod Harper JL, Webb VL & Copp BR (2011) Didemnidines A and B, indole Commun 6, 1697–1700. spermidine alkaloids from the New Zealand ascidian Didemnum sp. 744 Kirmizibekmez H, Atay I, Kaiser M, Brun R, Cartagena MM, Carballeira NM, J Nat Prod 74, 888–892. Yesilada E & Tasdemir D (2011) Antiprotozoal activity of Melampyrum ar- 721 Gachet MS, Kunert O, Kaiser M, Brun R, Zehl M, Keller W, Munoz RA, vense and its metabolites. Phytother Res 25, 142–146. Bauer R & Schuehly W (2011) Antiparasitic compounds from Cupania 745 Kuhn-Nentwig L, Willems J, Seebeck T, Shalaby T, Kaiser M & Nentwig W cinerea with activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma (2011) Cupiennin 1a exhibits a remarkably broad, non-stereospecific cytolytic brucei rhodesiense. J Nat Prod 74, 559–566. activity on bacteria, protozoan parasites, insects, and human cancer cells. 722 Ge JF, Arai C, Yang M, Bakar MA, Lu J, Ismail NSM, Wittlin S, Kaiser M, Amino Acids 40, 69–76. Brun R, Charman SA, Nguyen T, Morizzi J, Itoh I & Ihara M (2010) 746 Lamprea-Burgunder E, Ludin P & Mäser P (2011) Species-specific typing of Discovery of novel benzo[a]phenoxazine SSJ-183 as a drug candidate DNA based on palindrome frequency patterns. DNA Res 18, 117–124. for malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 1, 360–364. 747 Li JV, Saric J, Wang Y, Utzinger J, Holmes E & Balmer O (2011) Metabonomic 723 Ge JF, Zhang QQ, Lu JM, Kaiser M, Brun R & Ihara M (2012) Synthesis investigation of single and multiple strain Trypanosoma brucei brucei infec- of cyanine dyes and investigation of their in vitro antiprotozoal activi- tions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84, 91–98. ties. Med Chem Commun (in press). 748 Li Y, Hao HD, Wittlin S & Wu Y (2012) Simple analogues of Qinghaosu 724 Gemma S, Camodeca C, Sanna Coccone S, Joshi BP, Bernetti M, Moretti V, (Artemisinin). Chem Asian J 7, 1881–1886. Brogi S, Bonache MC, Savini L, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Parapini S, Rott- 749 Liu L, Bruhn T, Guo L, Gotz DC, Brun R, Stich A, Che Y & Bringmann G (2011) mann M, Brun R, Lamponi S, Caccia S, Guiso G, Summer R, Martin R, Chloropupukeanolides C-E: cytotoxic pupukeanane chlorides with a spiro- Saponara S, Gorelli B, Novellino E, Campiani G & Butini S (2012) Opti- ketal skeleton from Pestalotiopsis fici. Chemistry 17, 2604–2613. mization of 4-aminoquinoline/clotrimazole-based hybrid antimalarials: 750 Lu YT, Arai C, Ge JF, Ren WS, Kaiser M, Wittlin S, Brun R, Lu JM & Ihara M further structure-activity relationships, in vivo studies, and preliminary (2011) Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of water-soluble, in toxicity profiling. J Med Chem 55, 6948–6967. expensive phenothiazinium chlorides. Dyes Pigment 89, 44–48. 725 Géneau CE, Wäckers FL, Luka H, Daniel C & Balmer O (2012) Selective 751 Ludin P, Nilsson D & Mäser P (2011) Genome-wide identification of flowers to enhance biological control of cabbage pests by parasitoids. molecular mimicry candidates in parasites. PLoS One 6, e17546. Basic Appl Ecol 13, 85–93. 752 Ludin P, Woodcroft B, Ralph SA & Mäser P (2012) In silicio prediction of 726 Gigante F, Kaiser M, Brun R & Gilbert IH (2010) Design and prepara- antimalarial drug target candidates. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2, tion of sterol mimetics as potential antiparasitics. Bioorg Med Chem 18, 191–199. 7291–7301. 753 Maas M, Hensel A, Batista da Costa F, Brun R, Kaiser M & Schmidt TJ (2011) 727 Gillingwater K, Gutierrez C, Bridges A, Wu H, Deborggraeve S, Ali An unusual dimeric guaianolide with antiprotozoal activity and further Ekangu R, Kumar A, Ismail M, Boykin D & Brun R (2011) Efficacy study sesquiterpene lactones from Eupatorium perfoliatum. Phytochemistry 72, of novel diamidine compounds in a Trypanosoma evansi goat model. 635–644. PLoS One 6, e20836. 754 Mallari JP, Zhu F, Lemoff A, Kaiser M, Lu M, Brun R & Guy RK (2010) Opti- 728 Godel C, Kumar S, Koutsovoulos G, Ludin P, Nilsson D, Comandatore F, Wrobel N, Thompson M, Schmid CD, Goto S, Bringaud F, Wolstenholme A, mization of purine-nitrile TbcatB inhibitors for use in vivo and evaluation Bandi C, Epe C, Kaminsky R, Blaxter M & Mäser P (2012) The genome of of efficacy in murine models. Bioorg Med Chem 18, 8302–8309. the heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis, reveals drug and vaccine targets. 755 Marfurt J, Chalfein F, Prayoga P, Wabiser F, Wirjanata G, Sebayang B, Piera KA, FASEB J (in press). Wittlin S, Haynes RK, Mohrle JJ, Anstey NM, Kenangalem E & Price RN (2012) Comparative ex vivo activity of novel endoperoxides in multidrug-resistant 729 Gonzalez-Salgado A, Steinmann ME, Greganova E, Rauch M, Mäser P, Sigel E & Bütikofer P (2012) myo-inositol uptake is essential for bulk ino- Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, sitol phospholipid but not glycosylphosphatidylinositol synthesis in Try- 5258–5263. panosoma brucei. J Biol Chem 287, 13313–13323. 756 Mayence A, Vanden Eynde JJ, Kaiser M, Brun R, Yarlett N & Huang TL (2011) 730 González Cabrera D, Douelle F, Feng TS, Nchinda AT, Younis Y, White KL, Bis(oxyphenylene)benzimidazoles: a novel class of anti-Plasmodium falci- Wu Q, Ryan E, Burrows JN, Waterson D, Witty MJ, Wittlin S, Charman SA & parum agents. Bioorg Med Chem 19, 7493–7500. Chibale K (2011) Novel orally active antimalarial thiazoles. J Med Chem 54, 757 Mäser P, Wittlin S, Rottmann M, Wenzler T, Kaiser M & Brun R (2012) 7713–7719. Antiparasitic agents: new drugs on the horizon. Curr Opin Pharmacol (in 731 Gökbulut A, Kaiser M, Brun R, Sarer E & Schmidt TJ (2012) press). 9β-hydroxyparthenolide esters from Inula montbretiana and their 758 McCracken ST, Kaiser M, Boshoff HI, Boyd PD & Copp BR (2012) Synthesis antiprotozoal activity. Planta Med 78, 225–229. and antimalarial and antituberculosis activities of a series of natural and 732 Greganova E, Altmann M & Bütikofer P (2011) Unique modifications of unnatural 4-methoxy-6-styryl-pyran-2-ones, dihydro analogues and photo- translation elongation factors. FEBS J 278, 2613–2624. dimers. Bioorg Med Chem 20, 1482–1493. 733 Greganova E & Butikofer P (2012) Ethanolamine phosphoglycerol 759 Meister S, Plouffe DM, Kuhen KL, Bonamy GM, Wu T, Barnes SW, Bopp SE, attachment to eEF1A is not essential for normal growth of Trypano- Borboa R, Bright AT, Che J, Cohen S, Dharia NV, Gagaring K, Getta yacamin M, soma brucei. Sci Rep 2, 254. Gordon P, Groessl T, Kato N, Lee MC, McNamara CW, Fidock DA, Nagle A, Nam TG, 734 Hampton SE, Baragana B, Schipani A, Bosch-Navarrete C, Richmond W, Roland J, Rottmann M, Zhou B, Froissard P, Glynne RJ, Musso-Buendia JA, Recio E, Kaiser M, Whittingham JL, Roberts SM, Mazier D, Sattabongkot J, Schultz PG, Tuntland T, Walker JR, Zhou Y, Shevtsov M, Brannigan JA, Kahnberg P, Brun R, Wilson KS, Gonzalez- Chatterjee A, Diag ana TT & Winzeler EA (2011) Imaging of Plasmodium Pacanowska D, Johansson NG & Gilbert IH (2011) Design, synthesis, and liver stages to drive next-generation antimalarial drug discovery. Science 334, evaluation of 5’-diphenyl nucleoside analogues as inhibitors of the Plas- 1372–1377. modium falciparum dUTPase. ChemMedChem 6, 1816–1831. 760 Moehrle JJ, Duparc S, Siethoff C, van Giersbergen PL, Craft JC, Arbe-Barnes S, 735 Harel D, Khalid SA, Kaiser M, Brun R, Wunsch B & Schmidt TJ (2011) Charman SA, Gutierrez M, Wittlin S & Vennerstrom JL (2012) First-in-man Encecalol angelate, an unstable chromene from Ageratum conyzoides safety and pharmacokinetics of synthetic ozonide OZ439 demonstrates an L.: total synthesis and investigation of its antiprotozoal activity. J Eth- improved exposure profile relative to other peroxide antimalarials. Br J Clin nopharmacol 137, 620–650. Pharmacol (in press). 736 Hata Y, Zimmermann S, Quitschau M, Kaiser M, Hamburger M & 761 Mokoka TA, Zimmermann S, Julianti T, Hata Y, Moodley N, Cal M, Adams M, Adams M (2011) Antiplasmodial and antitrypanosomal activity of pyre- Kaiser M, Brun R, Koorbanally N & Hamburger M (2011) In vitro screening thrins and pyrethroids. J Agric Food Chem 59, 9172–9176. of traditional South African malaria remedies against Trypanosoma brucei 737 Hobbie SN, Kaiser M, Schmidt S, Shcherbakov D, Janusic T, Brun R & rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, and Plasmodium fal- Böttger EC (2011) Genetic reconstruction of protozoan rRNA decoding ciparum. Planta Med 77, 1663–1667. sites provides a rationale for paromomycin activity against Leishmania 762 Mombelli P, Witschel MC, van Zijl AW, Geist JG, Rottmann M, Freymond C, and Trypanosoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1161. Röhl F, Kaiser M, Illarionova V, Fischer M, Siepe I, Schweizer WB, Brun R & 738 Ismail MA, Bialy SA, Brun R, Wenzler T, Nanjunda R, Wilson WD & Diederich F (2012) Identification of 1,3-diiminoisoindoline carbohydrazides Boykin DW (2011) Dicationic phenyl-2,2’-bichalcophenes and analogues as potential antimalarial candidates. ChemMedChem 7, 151–158. as antiprotozoal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 19, 978–984. 763 Moradi-Afrapoli F, Ebrahimi SN, Smiesko M, Raith M, Zimmermann S, Nadjafi F, Brun R & Hamburger M (2012) Bisabololoxide derivatives from

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786 Schmidt TJ, Khalid SA, Romanha AJ, Alves TM, Biavatti MW, Brun R, Da Artemisia persica, and determination of their absolute configurations Costa FB, de Castro SL, Ferreira VF, de Lacerda MV, Lago JH, Leon LL, by ECD. Phytochemistry (in press). Lopes NP, das Neves Amorim RC, Niehues M, Ogungbe IV, Pohlit AM, 764 Moradi-Afrapoli F, Yassa N, Zimmermann S, Saeidnia S, Hadjiakhoondia A, Scotti MT, Setzer WN, de Soeiro MNC, Steindel M & Tempone AG Ebrahimi SN & Hamburger M (2012) Cinnamoylphenethyl amides from (2012) The potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads Poly gonum hyrcanicum possess anti-trypanosomal activity. Nat Prod against protozoan neglected diseases – part I. Curr Med Chem 19, 2128–2175. Commun 7, 753–755. 787 Schmidt TJ, Khalid SA, Romanha AJ, Alves TM, Biavatti MW, Brun R, Da 765 Morand S, Kunz Renggli C, Roditi I & Vassella E (2012) MAP kinase kinase 1 Costa FB, de Castro SL, Ferreira VF, de Lacerda MV, Lago JH, Leon LL, (MKK1) is essential for transmission of Trypanosoma brucei by Glossina Lopes NP, das Neves Amorim RC, Niehues M, Ogungbe IV, Pohlit AM, morsitans. Mol Biochem Parasitol (in press). Scotti MT, Setzer WN, de Soeiro MNC, Steindel M & Tempone AG (2012) The 766 Moridi Farimani M, Bahadori MB, Taheri S, Ebrahimi SN, Zimmer- potential of secondary metabolites from plants as drugs or leads against mann S, Brun R, Amin G & Hamburger M (2011) Triterpenoids with protozoan neglected diseases – part II. Curr Med Chem 19, 2176–2228. rare carbon skelet ons from Salvia hydrangea: antiprotozoal activity and 788 Schmidt TJ, Rzeppa S, Kaiser M & Brun R (2012) Larrea tridentata – abso- absolute configurations. J Nat Prod 74, 2200–2205. lute configuration of its epoxylignans and investigations on its antiproto- 767 Moridi Farimani M, Taheri S, Ebrahimi SN, Babak Bahadori M, Khavasi HR, zoal activity. Phytochem Lett 5, 632–637. Zimmermann S, Brun R & Hamburger M (2012) Hydrangenone, a new iso- 789 Shi XL, Ge JF, Liu BQ, Kaiser M, Wittlin S, Brun R & Ihara M (2011) Synthesis prenoid with an unprecedented skeleton from Salvia hydrangea. Org Lett 14, and in vitro antiprotozoal activities of 5-phenyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazine 166–169. derivatives. 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Phytother Res 24, 1724–1729. (2011) Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles. J Med Chem 54, 4581– 793 Stec J, Huang Q, Pieroni M, Kaiser M, Fomovska A, Mui E, Witola WH, 4589. Bettis S, McLeod R, Brun R & Kozikowski AP (2012) Synthesis, biological 771 Nehrbass-Stuedli A, Boykin D, Tidwell RR & Brun R (2011) Novel diami- evaluation and structure-activity relationships of N-benzoyl-2-hydroxyben- dines with activity against Babesia divergens in vitro and Babesia microti zamides as agents active against P. falciparum (K1 strain), Trypanosomes, in vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55, 3439–3445. and Leishmania. J Med Chem 55, 3088–3100. 772 Nieto L, Mascaraque A, Miller F, Glacial F, Rios Martinez C, Kaiser M, 794 Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (2011) A forgotten epidemic: study Brun R & Dardonville C (2011) Synthesis and antiprotozoal ac- and prevention of African sleeping sickness at the Swiss TPH. Basel: Swiss tivity of N-alkoxy analogues of the trypanocidal lead compound Tropical and Public Health Institute. 4,4’-bis(imidazolinylamino)diphenylamine with improved human 795 Symula RE, Beadell JS, Sistrom M, Agbebakun K, Balmer O, Gibson W, Aksoy S & blood-brain barrier permeability. J Med Chem 54, 485–494. Caccone A (2012) Trypanosoma brucei gambiense group 1 is disting uished 773 Nollmann FI, Dowling A, Kaiser M, Deckmann K, Grosch S, Ffrench- by a unique amino acid substitution in the HpHb receptor implicated in Constant R & Bode HB (2012) Synthesis of szentiamide, a depsipeptide human serum resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1728. from entomopathogenic Xenorhabdus szentirmaii with activity against 796 Taladriz A, Healy A, Flores Perez EJ, Herrero Garcia V, Rios Martinez C, Plasmodium falciparum. Beilstein J Org Chem 8, 528–533. Alkhaldi AA, Eze AA, Kaiser M, de Koning HP, Chana A & Dardonville C 774 Page RM, Scheidler S, Polat E, Svoboda P & Huggenberger P (2012) Faecal (2012) Synthesis and structure-activity analysis of new phosphonium indicator bacteria: groundwater dynamics and transport following pre- salts with potent activity against African trypanosomes. J Med Chem 55, cipitation and river water infiltration. Water Air Soil Pollut 223, 2771–2782. 2606–2622. 775 Paine MF, Wang MZ, Generaux CN, Boykin DW, Wilson WD, de Koning HP, 797 Tasdemir D, Sanabria D, Lauinger IL, Tarun A, Herman R, Perozzo R, Zloh M, Olson CA, Pohlig G, Burri C, Brun R, Murilla GA, Thuita JK, Barrett MP & Tidwell RR (2010) Diamidines for human African trypanosomiasis. Curr Kappe SH, Brun R & Carballeira NM (2010) 2-Hexadecynoic acid inhibits Opin Investig Drugs 11, 876–883. plasmodial FAS-II enzymes and arrests erythrocytic and liver stage Plasmo- dium infections. Bioorg Med Chem 18, 7475–7485. 776 Papadopoulou MV, Bourdin B, Bloomer WD, McKenzie C, Wilkinson SR, Prasittichai C, Brun R, Kaiser M & Torreele E (2011) Novel 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4- 798 Teka IA, Kazibwe AJN, El-Sabbagh N, Al-Salabi MI, Ward CP, Eze AA, triazole-based aliphatic and aromatic amines as anti-chagasic agents. Munday JC, Mäser P, Matovu E, Barrett MP & de Koning HP (2011) The J Med Chem 54, 8214–8223. diamidine diminazene aceturate is a substrate for the high-affinity pentamidine transporter: implications for the development of high resistance 777 Pyana PP, Ngay Lukusa I, Mumba Ngoyi D, Van Reet N, Kaiser M, Karhemere Bin Shamamba S & Buscher P (2011) Isolation of Trypano- levels in trypanosomes. Mol Pharmacol 80, 110–116. soma brucei gambiense from cured and relapsed sleeping sickness 799 Thuita JK, Wang MZ, Kagira JM, Denton CL, Paine MF, Mdachi RE, patients and adaptation to laboratory mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1025. 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Buendia A, Sund C, Zhou XX, Kaiser M, Ruiz-Perez LM, Brun R, 803 Trunz BB, Jedrysiak R, Tweats D, Brun R, Kaiser M, Suwinski J & Torreele E Kulikowski T, Johansson NG, Gonzalez-Pacanowska D & Gilbert IH (2011) (2011) 1-Aryl-4-nitro-1H-imidazoles, a new promising series for the treat- Modified 5’-trityl nucleosides as inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum ment of human African trypanosomiasis. Eur J Med Chem 46, 1524–1535. dUTPase. ChemMedChem 6, 309–320. 804 Van Pelt-Koops JC, Pett HE, Graumans W, Vegte-Bolmer Mvd, van Gemert GJ, 782 Rufener L, Baur R, Kaminsky R, Mäser P & Sigel E (2010) Monepantel Rottmann M, Yeung BK, Diagana TT & Sauerwein RW (2012) The spiroin- allosterically activates DEG-3/DES-2 channels of the gastrointestinal dolone drug candidate NITD609 potently inhibits gametocytogenesis and nematode Haemonchus contortus. Mol Pharmacol 78, 895–902. blocks Plasmodium falciparum transmission to Anopheles mosquito vector. 783 Sarfraz A, Weis R, Faist J, Wolkinger V, Saf R, Belaj F, Brun R, Kaiser M & Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56, 3544–3548. Seebacher W (2011) Diarylcyclohexanones: synthons for new bicyclic 805 Vargas S, Ndjoko Ioset K, Hay AE, Ioset JR, Wittlin S & Hostettmann K compounds. Monatsh Chem 143, 145–152. (2011) Screening medicinal plants for the detection of novel antimalarial 784 Schiaffo CE, Rottmann M, Wittlin S & Dussault PH (2011) 3-alkoxy-1,2- products applying the inhibition of β-hematin formation. J Pharm Biomed dioxolanes: synthesis and evaluation as potential antimalarial agents. Anal 56, 880–886. ACS Med Chem Lett 2, 316–319. 806 Vonthron-Sénécheau C, Kaiser M, Devambez I, Vastel A, Mussio I & Rusig AM 785 Schmidt TJ, Kaiser M & Brun R (2011) Complete structural assignment (2011) Antiprotozoal activities of organic extracts from French marine of serratol, a cembrane-type diterpene from Boswellia serrata, and eval- seaweeds. Mar Drugs 9, 922–933. uation of its antiprotozoal activity. Planta Med 77, 849–850. 807 Wenzler T, Steinhuber A, Wittlin S, Scheurer C, Brun R & Trampuz A (2012) Isothermal microcalorimetry, a new tool to monitor drug action

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Bhamidipati R, Zabiulla KM, Joseph JT, Bashyam S, Waterson D, Witty MJ, 832 Mahoney A, Weetjens BJ, Cox C, Beyene N, Reither K, Makingi G, Jubitana M, Hardick D, Wittlin S, Avery V, Charman SA & Chibale K (2012) 3,5-Diaryl- Kazwala R, Mfinanga SG, Kahwa A, Durgin A & Poling A (2012) Pouched rats’ 2-aminopyridines as a novel class of orally active antimalarials demon- detection of tuberculosis in human sputum: comparison to culturing and strating single dose cure in mice and clinical candidate potential. J Med polymerase chain reaction. Tuberc Res Treat 2012, 716989. Chem 55, 3479–3487. 833 McEvoy CR, Cloete R, Müller B, Schurch AC, van Helden PD, Gagneux S, 811 Zimmermann S, Thomi S, Kaiser M, Hamburger M & Adams M (2012) Warren RM & Gey van Pittius NC (2012) Comparative analysis of Mycobacte- Screening and HPLC-based activity profiling for new antiprotozoal leads rium tuberculosis pe and ppe genes reveals high sequence variation and an from European plants. Sci Pharm 80, 205–213. apparent absence of selective constraints. PLoS One 7, e30593. 812 Zimmermann S, Kaiser M, Brun R, Hamburger M & Adams M (2012) 834 Ntinginya EN, Squire SB, Millington KA, Mtafya B, Saathoff E, Heinrich N, Cynaropicrin: the first plant natural product within vivo activity against Rojas-Ponce G, Kowuor D, Maboko L, Reither K, Clowes P, Hoelscher M & Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Med 78, 553–556. Rachow A (2012) Performance of the Xpert® MTB/RIF assay in an active case- finding strategy: a pilot study from Tanzania [Short communication]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis (in press). 835 Portevin D, Gagneux S, Comas I & Young D (2011) Human macrophage responses to clinical isolates from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex TUBERCULOSIS RESEARCH discriminate between ancient and modern lineages. PLoS Pathog 7, e1001307. 836 Rachow A, Zumla A, Heinrich N, Rojas-Ponce G, Mtafya B, Reither K, 813 Behr M & Gagneux S (2011) The rise and fall of Mycobacterium tuber- Ntinginya EN, O’Grady J, Huggett J, Dheda K, Boehme C, Perkins M, culosis complex. In: Genomics and evolution of infectious diseases. Ed. Saathoff E & Hoelscher M (2011) Rapid and accurate detection of Mycobac- Tibayrenc M. Amsterdam: Elsevier Press, 651–667. terium tuberculosis in sputum samples by Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF assay – 814 Bentley SD, Comas I, Bryant JM, Walker D, Smith NH, Harris SR, a clinical validation study. PLoS One 6, e20458. Thurston S, Gagneux S, Wood J, Antonio M, Quail MA, Gehre F, 837 Rachow A, Clowes P, Saathoff E, Mtafya B, Michael E, Ntinginya EN, Kow our D, Adegbola RA, Parkhill J & de Jong BC (2012) The genome of Mycobac- Rojas-Ponce G, Kroidl A, Maboko L, Heinrich N, Reither K & Hoelscher M terium africanum west African 2 reveals a lineage-specific locus and (2012) Increased and expedited case detection by Xpert MTB/RIF assay genome erosion common to the M. tuberculosis complex. PLoS Negl in childhood tuberculosis: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 54, Trop Dis 6, e1552. 1388–1396. 815 Beyene N, Mahoney A, Cox C, Weetjens B, Makingi G, Mgode G, Durgin A, 838 Sherman DR & Gagneux S (2011) Estimating the mutation rate of Mycobacte- Kuipers D, Jubitana M, Egwaga S, Kamara D, Lwilla F, Mfinanga SG, rium tuberculosis during infection [News and Views]. Nat Genet 43, 400–401. Kahwa A, Machang’u R, Kazwala R, Reither K, Kaufmann SHE & 839 Stucki D, Malla B, Hostettler S, Huna T, Feldmann J, Yeboah-Manu D, Borr ell S, Poling A (2012) APOPO’s tuberculosis research agenda: achievements, Fenner L, Comas I, Coscolla M & Gagneux S (2012) Two new rapid SNP- challenges and prospects. Tanzan J Health Res 14, 1–13. typing methods for classifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex into 816 Borrell S & Gagneux S (2011) Strain diversity, epistasis and the evolu- the main phylogenetic lineages. PLoS One 7, e41253. tion of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Microbiol In- 840 Weiner B, Gomez J, Victor TC, Warren RM, Sloutsky A, Plikaytis BB, Posey JE, fect 17, 815–820. van Helden PD, Gey van Pittius NC, Koehrsen M, Sisk P, Stolte C, White J, 817 Brites D & Gagneux S (2012) Old and new selective pressures on Myco- Gagneux S, Birren B, Hung D, Murray M & Galagan J (2012) Independent bacterium tuberculosis. Infect Genet Evol 12, 678–685. large scale duplications in multiple M. tuberculosis lineages overlapping 818 Comas I & Gagneux S (2011) A role for systems epidemiology in tuber- the same genomic region. PLoS One 7, e26038. culosis research. Trends Microbiol 19, 492–500. 841 Yeboah-Manu D, Asante-Poku A, Bodmer T, Stucki D, Koram K, Bonsu F, 819 Comas I, Borrell S, Roetzer A, Rose G, Malla B, Kato-Maeda M, Galagan J, Pluschke G & Gagneux S (2011) Genotypic diversity and drug suscepti- Niemann S & Gagneux S (2012) Whole-genome sequencing of rifampicin- bility patterns among M. tuberculosis complex isolates from south-western resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains identifies compensatory Ghana. PLoS One 6, e21906. mutations in RNA polymerase genes. Nat Genet 44, 106–110. 820 Coscolla M & Gagneux S (2010) Does M. tuberculosis genomic diversity explain disease diversity? Drug Discov Today Dis Mech 7, e43–e59. 821 Coscolla M, Comas I & Gonzalez-Candelas F (2011) Quantifying non- vertical inheritance in the evolution of Legionella pneumophila. Mol CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY Biol Evol 28, 985–1001. 822 Fenner L, Malla B, Ninet B, Dubuis O, Stucki D, Borrell S, Huna T, 842 Cech PG, Aebi T, Abdallah MS, Mpina M, Machunda EB, Westerfeld N, Bodmer T, Egger M & Gagneux S (2011) “Pseudo-Beijing”: evidence Stoffel SA, Zurbriggen R, Pluschke G, Tanner M, Daubenberger C, for convergent evolution in the direct repeat region of Mycobacterium Genton B & Abd ulla S (2011) Virosome-formulated Plasmodium falciparum tuberculosis. PLoS One 6, e24737. AMA-1 & CSP derived peptides as malaria vaccine: randomized phase 1b trial 823 Fenner L, Gagneux S, Janssens JP, Fehr J, Cavassini M, Hoffmann M, in semi-immune adults & children. PLoS One 6, e22273. 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866 Lewin S, Bosch-Capblanch X, Oliver S, Akl EA, Vist GE, Lavis JN, Ghersi D, Swiss Centre for International Health Rottingen JA, Steinmann P, Gulmezoglu M, Tugwell P, El-Jardali F & Haines A (2012) Guidance for evidence-informed policies about health systems: assessing how much confidence to place in the research evidence. SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH PLoS Med 9, e1001187. 867 Manzi F, Schellenberg JA, Hutton G, Wyss K, Mbuya C, Shirima K, Mshinda H, Tanner M & Schellenberg D (2012) Human resources for health care delivery 848 Hull T, Martin Hilber A, Chersich MF, Bagnol B, Prohmmo A, Smit JA, in Tanzania: a multifaceted problem. Hum Resour Health 10, 3. Widyantoro N, Utomo ID, Francois I, Tumwesigye NM, Temmerman M & 868 Matthys B, Bobieva M, Karimova G, Mengliboeva Z, Jean-Richard V, on behalf of the WHO GSVP Study Group (2011) Prevalence, motivations, Hoimnazarova M, Kurbonova M, Lohourignon LK, Utzinger J & Wyss K and adverse effects of vaginal practices in Africa and Asia: findings (2011) Prevalence and risk factors of helminths and intestinal protozoa in- from a multicountry household survey. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 20, fections among children from primary schools in western Tajikistan. Par- 1097–1109. asit Vectors 4, 195. 849 Karvande S, Apte H & Tanner M (2010) Understanding couple commu- 869 Prytherch H & Wyss K (2010) Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among nication in reproductive health by using a Visually Assisted Interview professionals working with migrants in Switzerland. Int J Migr Health Soc Guide (VAIG). Visual Communication 9, 463–483. Care 6, 31–39. 850 Low N, Chersich MF, Schmidlin K, Egger M, Francis SC, van de Wijgert HHM, 870 Sicuri E, Davy C, Marinelli M, Oa O, Ome M, Siba P, Conteh L & Müller I Hayes RJ, Baeten JM, Brown J, Delany-Moretlwe S, Kaul R, McGrath N, (2012) The economic cost to households of childhood malaria in Papua New Morrison C, Myer L, Temmerman M, van der Straten A, Watson-Jones D, Guinea: a focus on intra-country variation. Health Policy Plan 27, 339–347. Zwahlen M & Martin Hilber A (2011) Intravaginal practices, bacterial 871 Sy I, Piermay J-L, Wyss K, Handschumacher P, Tanner M & Cissé G (2011) vaginosis, and HIV infection in women: individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 8, e1000416. Gestion de l’espace urbain et morbidité des pathologies liées à l’assainissement à Rufisque (Sénégal). L’Espace Géographique 40, 47–61. 851 Marchant T, Jaribu J, Penfold S, Tanner M & Armstrong SJ (2010) Measur- ing newborn foot length to identify small babies in need of extra care: a cross sectional hospital based study with community follow-up in Tan- zania. BMC Public Health 10, 624. 852 Martin Hilber A, Kenter E, Redmond S, Merten S, Bagnol B, Low N & HEALTH TECHNOLOGY AND TELEMEDICINE Garside R (2012) Vaginal practices as women’s agency in sub-Saharan Africa: a synthesis of meaning and motivation through meta-ethnogra- 872 Shchaviy I, Blunier M & Zaugg C (2011) Electronic perinatal registry in phy. Soc Sci Med 74, 1311–1323. Volyn, Ukraine: concept and implementation strategy. Ukr J Telemed Med 853 Penfold S, Hill Z, Mrisho M, Manzi F, Tanner M, Mshinda H, Schellen- Telematics 9, 11–16. berg D & Armstrong Schellenberg JR (2010) A large cross-sectional com- 873 Stratulat P, Caraus T & Blunier M (2011) Use of telemedicine in pilot centr es munity-based study of newborn care practices in southern Tanzania. within the perinatal system. Chisinau: Technical University of Moldova. PLoS One 5, e15593. 874 Zaugg C (2011) Better information, better decisions, better care – Introduc- 854 Smit J, Chersich MF, Beksinska M, Kunene B, Manzini N, Martin Hilber A & ing a web-based inventory system for medical devices in Moldova. In: In- Scorgie F (2011) Prevalence and self-reported health consequences of ternational Conference on Nanotechnologies and Biomedical Engineering, vaginal practices in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: findings from a house- Chisinau, Moldova, July 7-8, 2011: proceedings. Eds. Tiginyanu I & Sontea V. hold survey. Trop Med Int Health 16, 245–256. Chisinau: Technical University of Moldova, 427–430.

SYSTEMS SUPPORT

855 Ayé R, Wyss K, Abdualimova H & Saidaliev S (2010) Illness costs to MEDICINES RESEARCH households are a key barrier to access diagnostic and treatment services 875 Burri C (2010) Chemotherapy against human African trypanosomiasis: is for tuberculosis in Tajikistan. BMC Res Notes 3, 340. there a road to success? Parasitology 137, 1987–1994. 856 Ayé R, Wyss K, Abdualimova H & Saidaliev S (2011) Factors determin- 876 Burri C (2012) An alternative form of melarsoprol in sleeping sickness: is an ing household expenditure for tuberculosis and coping strategies in Ta- old drug always the best basis for a new one? [Letter]. Trends Parasitol 28, jikistan. Trop Med Int Health 16, 307–317. 354–355. 857 Bosch-Capblanch X, Kelly M & Garner P (2011) Do existing research 877 Kümmerle A, Dodoo ANO, Olsson S, Van Erps J, Burri C & Lalvani PS (2011) summaries on health systems match immunisation managers’ needs Assessment of global reporting of adverse drug reactions for anti-malarials, in middle- and low-income countries? Analysis of GAVI health systems including artemisinin-based combination therapy, to the WHO Programme strengthening support. BMC Public Health 11, 449. for International Drug Monitoring. Malar J 10, 57. 858 Bosch-Capblanch X, Liaqat S & Garner P (2011) Managerial supervi- 878 Küpfer I, Hhary EP, Allan M, Edielu A, Burri C & Blum JA (2011) Clinical sion to improve primary health care in low- and middle-income coun- presentation of T.b. rhodesiense sleeping sickness in second stage patients tries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9, CD006413. from Tanzania and Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e968. 859 Bosch-Capblanch X (2011) Handbook for supporting the development 879 Küpfer I, Schmid C, Allan M, Edielu A, Haary EP, Kakembo A, Kibona S, of health system guidance: supporting informed judgements for health Blum J & Burri C (2012) Safety and efficacy of the 10-day melarsoprol system policies. Basel: Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute. schedule for the treatment of second stage rhodesiense sleeping sickness. 860 Bosch-Capblanch X (2011) Harmonisation of variables names prior to PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6, e1695. conducting statistical analyses with multiple datasets: an automated approach. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 11, 33. 861 Bosch-Capblanch X, Lavis JN, Lewin S, Atun R, Rottingen JA, Dröschel D, Beck L, Abalos E, El-Jardali F, Gilson L, Oliver S, Wyss K, Tugwell P, Kulier R, Pang T & Haines A (2012) Guidance for evidence-informed policies about health systems: rationale for and challenges of guidance development. PLoS Med 9, e1001185. 862 Bosch-Capblanch X, Banerjee K & Burton A (2012) Unvaccinated children in years of increasing coverage: how many and who are they? MEDICAL SERVICES AND DIAGNOSTICS Evidence from 96 low- and middle-income countries. Trop Med Int Health 17, 697–710. 880 Ayres C, Müller P, Dyer N, Wilding C, Rigden D & Donnelly M (2011) 863 Lavis JN, Rottingen JA, Bosch-Capblanch X, Atun R, El-Jardali F, Gilson L, Comparative genomics of the anopheline glutathione s-transferase epsilon Lewin S, Oliver S, Ongolo-Zogo P & Haines A (2012) Guidance for cluster. PLoS One 6, e29237. evidence-informed policies about health systems: linking guidance de- 881 Behrens RH, Carroll B, Hellgren U, Visser LG, Siikamaki H, Vestergaard LS, velopment to policy development. PLoS Med 9, e1001186. Calleri G, Janisch T, Myrvang B, Gascon J & Hatz C (2010) The incidence 864 Lewin S, Munabi-Babigumira S, Glenton C, Daniels K, Bosch-Capblanch X, of malaria in travellers to South-East Asia: is local malaria transmission a van Wyk BE, Odgaard-Jensen J, Johansen M, Aja GN, Zwarenstein M & useful risk indicator? Malar J 9, 266. Scheel IB (2010) Lay health workers in primary and community health 882 Blum J, Lockwood DNJ, Visser L, Harms G, Bailey MS, Caumes E, Clerinx J, care for maternal and child health and the management of infectious van Thiel PPAM, Morizot G, Hatz C & Buffet P (2012) Local or systematic diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3), CD004015. treatment for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis? Re-evaluating the evi- 865 Lewin S, Hill S, Abdullahi LH, Bensaude de Castro Freire S, Bosch- dence for the risk of mucosal leishmaniasis. Int Health 4, 153–163. Capblanch X, Glenton C, Hussey GD, Jones CM, Kaufman J, Lin V, 883 Blum JA, Neumayr AL & Hatz CF (2012) Human African trypanosomia- Mahomed H, Rhoda L, Ro binson P, Waggie Z, Willis N & Wiysonge C sis in endemic populations and travellers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 31, (2011) “Communicate to vaccinate” (COMMVAC). Building evidence for 905–912. improving communication about childhood vaccinations in low- and 884 Daborn PJ, Lumb C, Harrop TW, Blasetti A, Pasricha S, Morin S, Mitchell SN, middle-income countries: protocol for a programme of research. Im- Donnelly MJ, Müller P & Batterham P (2012) Using Drosophila melanogas- plement Sci 6, 125. ter to validate metabolism-based insecticide resistance from insect pests. Insect Biochem Mol Biol (in press).

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metabolizes pyrethroids: sequential metabolism of deltamethrin revealed. 885 Frey SG, Chelo D, Kinkela MN, Djoukoue F, Tietche F, Hatz C & Weber P Insect Biochem Mol Biol 41, 492–502. (2010) Artesunate-mefloquine combination therapy in acute Plasmodium 911 Urech K, Neumayr A & Blum J (2011) Sleeping sickness in travelers – do falciparum malaria in young children: a field study regarding neurolog- they really sleep? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1358. ical and neuropsychiatric safety. Malar J 9, 291. 912 Wilder-Smith A, Renhorn KE, Tissera H, Abu Bakar S, Alphey L, 886 Hatz C, Beck B, Steffen R, Genton B, D’Acremont V, Loutan L, Hart- Kittayapong P, Lindsay S, Logan J, Hatz C, Reiter P, Rocklov J, Byass P, Louis mann K & Herzog C (2011) Real-life versus package insert: a post-mar- VR, Tozan Y, Massad E, Tenorio A, Lagneau C, L’Ambert G, Brooks D, Weg- keting study on adverse-event rates of the virosomal hepatitis A vaccine erdt J & Gubler D (2012) DengueTools: innovative tools and strategies for the ® Epaxal in healthy travellers. Vaccine 29, 5000–5006. surveillance and control of dengue. Glob Health Action 5, 17273. 887 Hatz C, van der Ploeg R, Beck BR, Frosner G, Hunt M & Herzog C (2011) 913 Zimmermann R, Hattendorf J, Blum J, Nüesch R & Hatz C (2012) Risk per- Successful memory response following an up to 11 years delayed booster ception of travelers to tropical and subtropical countries visiting a Swiss ® dose with a virosome -formulated hepatitis a vaccine (Epaxal ). Clin travel health center. J Travel Med (in press). Vaccine Immunol 18, 885–887. 888 Hatz C, Cramer JP, Vertruyen A, Schwarz TF, von Sonnenburg F, Borkowski A, Lattanzi M, Hilbert AK, Cioppa GD & Leroux-Roels G (2012) A randomised, single-blind, dose-range study to assess the immunogenicity and safety of a cell-culture-derived A/H1N1 influenza vaccine in adult and elderly populations. Vaccine 30, 4820–4827. 889 Hatz C, von Sonnenburg F, Casula D, Lattanzi M & Leroux-Roels G (2012) A randomized clinical trial to identify the optimal antigen and MF59® adjuvant dose of a monovalent A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine in TEACHING AND TRAINING healthy adult and elderly subjects. Vaccine 30, 3470–3477. 890 Hatz C (2012) Boosting Japanese encephalitis vaccine [Editorial com- 914 Labhardt ND, Balo JR, Ndam M, Grimm JJ & Manga E (2010) Task shifting mentary]. Clin Infect Dis 55, 835–836. to non-physician clinicians for integrated management of hypertension and 891 Hatz CF, Kuenzli E & Funk M (2012) Rabies: relevance, prevention, and diabetes in rural Cameroon: a programme assessment at two years. BMC management in travel medicine. Infect Dis Clin North Am 26, 739–753. Health Serv Res 10, 339. 892 Herzog C (2012) Surveying adverse event rates: lessons from a virosomal 915 Labhardt ND, Balo JR, Ndam M, Manga E & Stoll B (2011) Improved retention hepatitis A vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 11, 383–385. rates with low-cost interventions in hypertension and diabetes management 893 Idindili B, Jullu B, Mugusi F & Tanner M (2011) Management of HIV and in a rural African environment of nurse-led care: a cluster-randomised trial. AIDS at lower primary health care facility in Chalinze, eastern Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 16, 1276–1284. Tanzan J Health Res 13, 252–263. 916 Minja H, Nsanzabana C, Maure C, Hoffmann A, Rumisha S, Ogundahunsi O, 894 Kocher C, Segerer S, Schleich A, Caduff R, Wyler LG, Müller V, Beck B, Zicker F, Tanner M & Launois P (2011) Impact of health research capacity Blum J, Kamarachev J & Mueller NJ (2012) Skin lesions, malaise, and strengthening in low- and middle-income countries: the case of WHO/TDR heart failure in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 14, 391–397. programmes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1351. 895 Kramme S, Marti H, Genton B & Hatz C (2011) Comment la sérologie peut-elle aider à l’établissement du diagnostic des parasites? Rev Méd Suisse 7, 995–999. 896 Kramme S, Nissen N, Soblik H, Erttmann K, Tannich E, Fleischer B, Panning M & Brattig N (2011) Novel real-time PCR for the universal detection of Strongyloides spp. J Med Microbiol 60, 454–458. 897 Martins-Melo FR, Ramos Jr AN, Alencar CH & Heukelbach J (2012) Mor- tality related to chagas disease and HIV/AIDS coinfection in Brazil. J Trop Med 2012, 1–4. 898 Matteelli A, Stauffer WM, Barnett ED, MacPherson DW, Loutan L, Hatz C & Behrens RH (2010) Is a new definition required for travelers who visit friends and relatives? J Travel Med 17, 430–431. 899 Mitchell SN, Stevenson BJ, Müller P, Wilding CS, Egyir-Yawson A, Field SG, Hemingway J, Paine MJ, Ranson H & Donnelly MJ (2012) Identification and validation of a gene causing cross-resistance between insecticide classes in Anopheles gambiae from Ghana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109, 6147–6152. 900 Mossdorf E, Stöckle M, Mwaigomole EG, Chiweka E, Kibatala PL, Geubbels E, Urassa H, Abdulla S, Elzi L, Tanner M, Furrer H, Hatz C & Battegay M (2011) Improved antiretroviral treatment outcome in a rural African setting is associated with cART initiation at higher CD4 cell counts and better general health condition. BMC Infect Dis 11, 98. 901 Mysore K, Flister S, Müller P, Rodrigues V & Reichert H (2011) Brain development in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti: a comparative immunocytochemical analysis using cross-reacting antibodies from Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Genes Evol 221, 281–296. 902 Neumayr A, Funk M, Werlein J, Blum J & Hatz C (2010) Impfungen bei Auslandreisen 2010: neu überarbeitete Richtlinien. Schweiz Med Fo- rum 10, 753–756. 903 Neumayr A, Troia G, De Bernardis C, Tamarozzi F, Goblirsch S, Piccoli L, Hatz C, Filice C & Brunetti E (2011) Justified concern or exaggerated fear: the risk of anaphylaxis in percutaneous treatment of cystic echinococcosis – a systematic literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5, e1154. 904 Neumayr A, Gabriel M, Fritz J, Gunther S, Hatz C, Schmidt-Chanasit J & Blum J (2012) Mayaro virus infection in traveler returning from Amazon basin, northern Peru [Letter]. Emerg Infect Dis 18, 695–696. 905 Neumayr AL, Walter C, Stoeckle M, Braendle N, Glatz K & Blum JA (2012) Successful treatment of imported mucosal Leishmania infantum leishmaniasis with miltefosine after severe hypokalemia under meglu- mine antimoniate treatment. J Travel Med 19, 124–126. 906 Neumayr AL, Tschirky B, Warren A, Hatz CF & Blum JA (2012) Acute febrile respiratory reaction after praziquantel treatment during asymptomatic late form of acute schistosomiasis. J Travel Med 19, 264–267. 907 Niemann T, Marti HP, Duhnsen SH & Bongartz G (2010) Pulmonary schistosomiasis – imaging features. J Radiol Case Rep 4, 37–43. 908 Nothdurft HD & Hatz C (2010) Malariaprophylaxe. In: Tropenmedizin in Klinik und Praxis: mit Reise- und Migrationsmedizin, 4. Aufl. Stuttgart: Thieme, 937–946. 909 Reynales H, Astudillo P, De Vallière S., Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P, Rath B, Velentgas P, Fariña A, Sales-Carmona V & Groth N (2012) A prospective observational safety study on MF59® adjuvanted cell culture-derived vaccine, Celtura® during the A/H1N1 (2009) influenza pandemic. Vac- cine 30, 6436–6443. 910 Stevenson BJ, Bibby J, Pignatelli P, Muangnoicharoen S, O’Neill PM, Lian LY, Müller P, Nikou D, Steven A, Hemingway J, Sutcliffe MJ & Paine MJI (2011) Cytochrome P450 6M2 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

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Directorate Monika Breton Biostatistics Nicole Hänggi Director Christian Schindler, PD, PhD, Head of Unit Isabelle Meyer-Bolliger Penelope Vounatsou, PD, PhD, Deputy Head Marcel Tanner, Professor, PhD, MPH, Monika Neuhold of Unit Director Nils Ryser (since 15.08.2012) Christine Walliser, Senior Administrative Sabrina Schmutz (since 01.12.2010) Scientists Assistant Beatrice Wäckerlin Denis Aydin, PhD (since 01.05.2012) Ronaldo Carvalho Scholte, PhD Deputy Directors Informatics (until 29.02.2012) Nino Künzli, Professor, MD, PhD, MPH, Marco Clementi, Head of Informatics Tracy Glass, PhD (since 01.02.2011) Deputy Director of Research and Fesha Abebe Jimma Maria Laura Gosoniu, PhD (until 30.09.2011) Teaching Beatrice Bucher Leticia Grize, PhD Nicolaus Lorenz, MD, MPH, Executive MBA, Lukas Camenzind (until 30.06.2011) Dirk Keidel, MSc Deputy Director of Services Javier De Garay (until 30.06.2011) Emmanuel Schaffner, MSc Dominique Forster Nadine Schur, PhD (12.05.2011–10.02.2012) Board of Directors Eliane Knaus (since 15.11.2011) Research Assistant Marcel Tanner, Professor, PhD, MPH, Steven Paul Director Kristina Pelikan (since 02.09.2010) Erika Priscilla Lisboa Müller Langer, MSc Nino Künzli, Professor, MD, PhD, MPH, Philipp Petermann (since 01.03.2011) (since 16.05.2011) Head of Epidemiology and Public Health Simon Schlumpf (until 31.01.2011) PhD Students Nicolaus Lorenz, MD, MPH, Executive MBA, Mike Schur Abbas Bolaji Adigun (since 01.09.2011) Head of Swiss Centre for International Marco Waser, PhD Health Nyaguara Ombek Amek Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, Professor, MD, Infrastructure ( 01.01.2011–12.03.2012) Frédérique Chammartin (since 01.01.2011) Chair Study Board, Senior Investigator Paul Haas, Head of Technical Service Eric Diboulo (since 01.02.2011) Christian Burri, Professor, PhD, MPharm, Antoine Bruchlen Federica Giardina Head of Medicine Research Fabien Haas Gabriel Dominic Gosoniu (until 30.09.2011) Christoph Hatz, Professor, MD, DTM&H, Dirk Stoll Christian Herrmann (since 01.08.2011) Head of Medical Services and Diagnostic Kurt Walliser Stefan Mörgeli, BSc, MAS, Administrative Verena Jürgens Director Dimitrios Alexios Karagiannis Voules Gerd Pluschke, Professor, PhD, Head of (since 01.08.2011) Medical Parasitology and Infection Department of Epidemiology and Simon Kasasa Biology Yingsi Lai (since 01.04.2012) Public Health Christine Murto (10.2009–9.2012) – Group Staff Based in Other Institutions Nino Künzli, Professor, MD, PhD, MPH, Penelope Peter Sasse, Ifakara Health Institute, Facility Head of Department Susan Rumisha (until 30.01.2012) Associate Nicole Probst-Hensch, Professor, PhD, MPH, Nadine Schur (until 12.05.2012) Deputy Head of Department Peter Balzer, Ifakara Health Institute, Trainee Advisor to IHI Directorate, Project Leader Jakob Zinsstag, Professor, PhD, DVM, Deputy Head of Department Nicole Dohrmann ( 07.02.2011–22.07.2011) Administrative Staff Chronic Disease Epidemiology Administration/Controlling Dagmar Batra-Seufert (since 01.10.2011) Nicole Probst-Hensch, Professor, PhD Nora Bauer Ott (Pharmacy and Epidemiology), MPH, Stefan Mörgeli, BSc, MAS, Margrith Slaoui Head of Unit Administrative Director Maya Zwygart Susi Kriemler, PD, MD, Group Leader Ulrich Wasser Scientist Nino Künzli, Professor, MD, PhD, MPH, Mathias Kronig Group Leader Stephan Schwarz, MA, Mdev (since 01.06.2012) Marie Ballif (01.03.2011–31.08.2012) Scientists Research Assistants Finances Martin Adam, PhD Tobias Heckelmann (since 01.09.2011) Dominique Bourgau, Head of Finance Eva Boes, PhD (until 31.01.2011) Alain Jost (since 17.10.2011) André Barbe Bettina Bringolf, MD, PhD Prisca Senn (01.08.2011–31.12.2011) Christiane Birrey Flavia Bürgi, MD (since 01.03.2012) Alex Wieg (01.09.2010–31.12.2010) Deniz Gör (since 01.01.2011) Ivan Curjuric, MD, PhD Dorothea Sormani PhD Students Angelika Hensel, Data manager Nicole Stöcklin Fuqiang Cui (until 31.07.2012) (since 15.09.2011) Daniel Thommen (since 01.09.2011) Anna Erat (until 20.10.2011) Medea Imboden, PhD Christian Wirz (until 31.12.2011) Caroline Roduit Meltem Kutlar Joss, MSc, MPH Melanie Wicki (until 05.10.2010) (since 01.03.2012) Human Resources/Main Secretariat Amar Mehta, ScD, MPH (since 01.06.2012) Silvan Bärtschi, Head of Human Resources Trainee Flurina Meier, MSc (until 31.03.2012) Bonislava Anic (14.09.2011–31.07.2012) Sirin Knecht (01.04.2011–30.06.2011) Laura Perez, PhD

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Carlos Quinto, MD, MPH Brama Koné, PhD, Scientist Scientists Regula Rapp, MD Virak Khieu, PhD Student Sandra Alba, PhD (since 01.01.2011) Tamara Schikowski, PhD, MPH Phonepasong Soukhathammavong, PhD, Konstantina Boutsika Muckenschnabel, PhD Stephan Trüeb, MSc (since 09.01.2012) Scientist (until 20.12.2011) (since 01.04.2012) PhD Students Environmental Exposure and Health Valérie D’Acremont, MD, PhD Kangaji Kasongo, MSc Dominique Ernst (since 01.05.2011) Martin Röösli, Assistant Professor, PhD, (01.03.2012–31.03.2012) Maria Faraster, CREAL, Barcelona, Spain Head of Unit Nicolas Senn, MD, PhD Ursina Meyer ( 01.04.2011–31.07.2012) L.-J. Sally Liu, Professor, PhD, former Head Marcela Rivera, CREAL, Barcelona, Spain of Unit, deceased († 06.06.2011) Research Assistants Gian Andri Thun Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, Professor, MD, Philipp Bless (since 16.04.2012) Katrin Uehli Group Leader Sabine Renggli (01.07.2012–31.08.2012) Harish Phuleria, PhD, Group Leader Student Helpers PhD Students Tabea Henseler (until 31.12.2011) Scientists Jérôme Ateudjieu (since 01.09.2011) Marc Hofer ( 01.11.2010–31.12.2011) Sondhja Bitter, MD (until 31.12.2010) Giovanfrancesco Ferrari Luca Hüsler ( 01.03.2011–31.12.2011) Patrizia Frei, PhD (15.10.2011–30.04.2012) Jennie Jaribu (since 01.02.2012) Rahel Zenklusen (until 31.10.2011) Kerstin Hug, MD, MPH Judith Kahama Maro Staff Based Abroad Georg Loss, PhD (since 01.08.2012) Hannah Koenker (since 01.02.2012) Benjamin Struchen, MSc (since 01.12.2011) Ashish Kumar, BSc, MSc, Scientist Nahya Salim Masoud (since 01.02.2012) Ming Tsai, MSE, PhD Dominic Mosha (since 01.09.2011) Ecosystem Health Sciences Tina Wunderlin ( 01.09.2010–31.07.2011) Abdunoor Mulokozi Kabanywanyi Jürg Utzinger, Professor, PhD, Head of Unit Research Assistants (until 19.11.2010) Nazmun Nahar (since 01.08.2011) Guéladio Cissé, Professor, PhD, Group Céline Bürgi (01.04.2011–31.12.2011) Cara Smith Gueye (since 01.02.2012) – Leader Alex Ineichen, BSc Unit Ch. Lengeler Peter Odermatt, Assistant Professor, PhD, Vicki Schweigler, RN (until 30.04.2011) MPH, Group Leader Henry Maggi Ntuku Tabala (since PhD Students 01.08.2012) Scientists Denis Aydin (until 31.04.2012) Amani Shao (since 01.09.2011) Armelle Forrer (since 01.11.2010) Regina Ducret-Stich Maria Victoria Valero Bernal Astrid Knoblauch ( 01.05.2011–30.10.2011) Dimitri Hauri Staff Based Abroad Stefanie Knopp, PhD Georg Loss, PhD (until 31.07.2012) Nick Brown, Scientist (until 31.12.2011) Peter Steinmann, PhD (since 01.01.2011) Evelyn Mohler (02.10.2010–31.05.2011) Catharina Kramer, MA, Team Leader (since Mirko Winkler, PhD, DTM&H (since 01.06.2012) Martina Ragettli 01.11.2011), based in Dar es Salaam Sarah Rajkumar PhD Students Ally Mnzava, Manager, based in Dar es Mathias Ritter, PhD Student Sören Leif Becker (since 01.02.2012) Salaam Mascha Rochat Jean T. Coulibaly (until 30.06.2012) Clotilde Rambaud Althaus, PhD Student, Katharina Roser (since 01.01.2012) Samuel Fuhrimann (since 01.08.2012) based in Dar es Salaam Anna Schöni (since 01.01.2012) Thomas Fürst Damiano Urbinello Amadou Garba (until 23.09.2011) Health Systems Research and Dynamical Eveline Hürlimann Trainees Modelling Jonathan King Evelyn Fischer (since 21.05.2012) Don de Savigny, Professor, PhD, Head of Stefanie Jennifer Krauth (since 01.04.2011) Siventher Jeyachchandren Unit Jia Li ( 06.06.2011–07.06.2011) (01.11.2011–20.02.2012) Thomas Smith, Professor, PhD, Deputy Head Shan Lv (until 22.06.2011) of Unit Adminstrative Assistants Allassane Ouattara (since 01.08.2011) Nicolas Maire, PhD, Group Leader Khampheng Phongluxa Manu Bhandari, (until 31.03.2012) Daniel Mäusezahl, PhD, Group Leader Gregor Fessler Aurélie Assunta Righetti Scientists Kendyl Salcito (since 01.08.2011) Marianne Rutschi Konstantina Boutsika Muckenschnabel, Fabian Schär Student Helpers Pierre Schneeberger (since 01.08.2011) PhD Dominik Bürgi (since 01.09.2011) Emile Tchicaya ( 01.02.2012–30.06.2012) Olivier Briët, PhD (since 02.09.2010) Helene Graf (until 30.06.2011) Sylvain Gnamien Traore Nakul Chitnis, PhD Siventher Jeyachchandren (until 30.06.2011) (07.06.2011–30.06.2011) Valerie Crowell, PhD (since 01.02.2011) Joseph Quinlan (since 01.09.2011) Youthanavanh Vonghachack Katya Galactionova, MA (since 13.02.2012) Aliocha Schaffner (01.11.2010–31.12.2011) Mirko Winkler (until 31.05.2012) Stella Hartinger, PhD (since 01.07.2012) Priska Tiefenbach (01.04.2011–31.12.2011) Peiling Yap (since 02.09.2010) Heidi Johnston, PhD (since 01.05.2012) Samuel Widmer (01.01.2011–31.12.2011) Irene Küpfer, PhD Trainees Chantal Wullimann, BSc (until 31.12.2011) Melissa Penny, PhD Katarina Stete (since 01.07.2012) Health Interventions Amanda Ross, PhD Thomas Schmidlin (since 01.02.2011) Mariabeth Silkey, MSc (since 15.03.2012) Sunkaru Touray ( 01.02.2012–30.04.2012) Christian Lengeler, Professor, PhD, Fabrizio Tediosi, PhD (since 01.01.2011) Head of Unit Staff Based Abroad Blaise Genton, Professor, MD, PhD, Software Engineers Giovanna Raso, PhD, Scientist Group Leader Aurelio Di Pasquale, MSc Ibrahima Sy, PhD, Scientist (since Marcel Tanner, Professor, MD, MPH, Diggory Hardy, MSc 01.01.2011) Group Leader Michael Hegnauer, MSc

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120 Staff list Department of Medical Parasitology Guillau mc Cmägi, MSc (until 31.12.2010) Tugsdelger Sovd Michael Tarantino, MSc Vu Van Tu and Infection Biology Gerd Pluschke, Professor, PhD, Research Assistant Student Helper Head of Department Claudia Schmutz, MSc (since 01.05.2012) Wendelin Moser (since 06.02.2012) Reto Brun, Professor, PhD, PhD Students Staff Based Abroad Deputy Head of Department Michael Bretscher (until 31.01.2011) Bassirou Bonfoh, Professor, MD, Scientist, Administrative Staff Matthias Briel (since 01.08.2012) – based in Adiopodoumé, Côte d’Ivoire Zsuzsanna Györffy Unit Don de Savigny Rea Tschopp, DMV, PhD, Scientist (since Alan Brooks (until 28.10.2011) Senior Laboratory Technician 01.07.2011) Valerie Crowell (until 31.01.2011) Yvette Endriss Richard Ngandolo, PhD Student Stella Hartinger (until 30.06.2012) Animal Care Assistants Bernadette Huho (since 10.11.2010) (until 31.12.2010) Rahel Beck Yakubu Ismaila (since 01.08.2011) Society, Gender and Health Randee Kastner (since 01.08.2012) Peter Dieterle (since 01.03.2011) Young Eun Kim (since 24.04.2012) Elisabeth Zemp Stutz, MD, MPH, Karin Gysin Zohra Lukmanji Head of Unit Pascale Steiger Brigit Obrist, Professor, PhD, MA, Angelina Lutambi Clinical Immunology Irene Masanja Misuka (since 01.02.2011) Group Leader Inez Mikkelsen-Lopez Mitchell G. Weiss, Professor, MD, PhD, MA, Claudia Daubenberger, DVM, Head of Unit Oscar Rwegasila Mukasa former Head of Unit, Group Leader Scientists Henry Mwanyika (until 01.03.2012) Scientists Stefanie Knopp, PhD Erin Stuckey (since 01.03.2011) Cassandra Leah Olds, PhD Ashwin Budden, PhD (since 01.09.2010) Tessa Tan-Torres Edejer (since 18.10.2012) David Onyango Odongo, PhD (until Nathalie Van de Maele (since 01.02.2011) Julia Dratva, MD, MPH 31.12.2011) Ashley Warren (since 01.02.2012) Christine Forrester-Knauss, PhD Damien Portevin (since 05.02.2012) Ricarda Windisch (until 11.11.2011) Karin Gross, PhD (since 09.11.2011) PhD Students Administrative Assistant Dirk Hanebuth, PhD (until 31.03.2012) Elisabeth Kurth Nicole Lenz (since 01.01.2011) Niklaus Holbro (01.02.2011–31.03.2011) Karen Maigetter, MSc (since 01.02.2012) Maximillian Mpina Trainees Sonja Merten, MD, PhD, MPH Staff Based Abroad Isolde Erny (01.02.2011–31.08.2011) Christian Schätti, PhD, MA Sonal Henson, Scientist (until 31.12.2011) Nasreen Kul Patricia Schwärzler, lic. phil. I Anika Quilitzsch (13.02.2012–22.06.2012) Anna Späth (since 01.10.2011) Gene Regulation Nina Wehner (01.01.2012–30.06.2012) Human and Animal Health Till Voss, Assistant Professor, PhD, Head of Unit Jakob Zinsstag, Professor, PhD, DVM, Research Assistant Scientists Head of Unit Kristina Pelikan, MA (since 02.09.2010) Esther Schelling, PhD, DVM, Deputy Head Christian Flück, PhD (until 31.03.2011) PhD Students of Unit Igor Niederwieser, PhD Mercy Ackumey (until 23.12.2011) Scientists PhD Students Sara Gari Lisa Crump, DVM Karin Gross (until 08.11.2011) Nicole Bertschi (since 01.04.2011) Nicolas Brancucci Jalil Darkhan, MSc Sofie Hansen (since 01.04.2012) Samuel Fuhrimann, MSc Sophie Clara Oehring (until 30.06.2012) Maurice Musheke (01.01.2012–30.04.2012) Kathrin Witmer (until 31.03.2011) Vasudeo Paralikar (until 20.12.2011) Katarzyna Grabska, PhD Richard Faustine Sambaiga (01.04.2011–30.04.2012) Helminth Drug Development Jan Hattendorf, PhD Claudia Sauerborn (until 13.08.2012) Jennifer Keiser, Assistant Professor, PhD, Andrea Meisser, DVM, MPH Bettina Friederike Schwind Head of Unit (since 14.09.2010) (01.02.2011–31.01.2012) Scientist Hung Nguyen Viet, PhD Jen Wang Urs Duthaler PhD Students Trainees Laboratory Technicians Zolzaya Baljinnyam Luisa Streckenbach (since 01.07.2012) Roberto Adelfio (since 18.05.2011) Anna Dean Neisha Sundaram (since 01.04.2011) Paola Decristophoris (until 05.04.2011) Mireille Vargas Administrative Assistant Helena Greter (since 01.08.2012) Stefan Weiser (16.04.2012–21.06.2012) Balako Gumi Donde (until 20.10.2011) Brigitte Sander (since 01.01.2012) Research Assistant Vreni Jean-Richard Staff Based Abroad Hui Zhou, MSc (since 14.02.2011) Mirgissa Kaba (until 21.09.2011) Youssouf Kanoute (since 01.08.2011) Constanze Pfeiffer, PhD, MA, Scientist, PhD Students Joldoshbek Kasymbekov based in Dar es Salaam Katrin Ingram Kim Anh Le Abdulsalam Alkaiyat, PhD Student, based Carla Kirchhofer (until 11.04.2012) Monique Léchenne (since 16.05.2011) in Amman, Jordan Theresia Manneck (until 30.06.2011) Stephanie Mauti Angel Singh Dillip, PhD Student (until Isabel Meister (since 01.01.2012) Phuc Pham-Duc (until 16.12.2011) 14.06.2012) Benjamin Speich (since 01.04.2011)

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121

Lucienne Tritten (until 30.06.2012) Dania Müller (until 30.11.2011) PhD Students Sylvia Steiger, ATA (until 30.04.2012) Molecular Diagnostics Bijaya Malla PhD Students David Stucki (since 02.09.2010) Ingrid Felger, PhD, Head of Unit Adwoa Wiredu Asante Poku Olivier Dietz Scientists (since 01.08.2011) Serej Ley Mohamad Rustom Abdul Sater Anna Maria Perchuc (until 31.10.2011) Alexander Oberli (since 01.03.2012) Mariabeth Silkey (since 15.03.2012) Esther Mundwiler-Pachlatko (until Staff Based Abroad PhD Students 31.09.2010) Levan Jugheli, MD, PhD, Scientist Klaus Reither, MD, Scientist Natalie Hofmann (since 15.06.2012) Staff Based Abroad Christian Pohl, PhD Student Elimsaada Kituma (since 15.11.2010) Maira Bholla, PhD Student (since 01.03.2011) (15.01.2011–30.06.2012), based in Cristian Köpfli (until 31.03.2012) Bagamoyo/Tanzania Caroline Kulangara (until 22.11.2010) Parasite Chemotherapy Pax Masimba (until 31.12.2011) Reto Brun, Professor, PhD, Head of Unit Felista Mwingira Pascal Mäser, Assistant Professor, PhD, Daniel Simon Nyogea (since 01.10.2010) Deputy Head of Unit Rahel Wampfler (since 01.04.2012) Scientists Swiss Centre for International Health Molecular Immunology Oliver Balmer (since 01.01.2011) Nicolaus Lorenz, MD, MPH, Executive MBA, Gerd Pluschke, Professor, PhD, Head of Unit Ralf Brunner (until 31.07.2012) Head of Department Marco Tamborrini, PhD, Biosafety Officer Kirsten Gillingwater, PhD Claudia Kessler, MD, MPH, Deputy Head of Scientists Eva Greganova (since 16.09.2010) Department (until 31.01.2012) Marcel Kaiser, MSc Kaspar Wyss, PhD, MPH, Deputy Head of Angèle Bénard, PhD (until 31.05.2012) Matthias Rottmann, PhD Department Xueli Guan (since 01.09.2010) Sergio Wittlin, PhD Michael Käser, PhD (since 01.04.2011) Project Administration Tanja Wenzler, MSc Araceli Lamelas Cabello (since 01.05.2011) Ria Baks (until 29.02.2012) Marie-Therese Ruf, PhD (since 01.08.2011) Laboratory Technicians Valérie Busson, MA (since 01.12.2011) Nicole Scherr, PhD Guy Riccio, Senior Laboratory Technician Laura Hirschi (since 01.06.2012) Claudia Liebers (until 30.06.2012) Research Assistants Christian Scheurer, Senior Laboratory Technician Sabine Lützelschwab Sarah Kerber (since 01.03.2011) Christiane Braghiroli Susanne Schranz (since 01.05.2011) James Pritchard (01.07.2011–31.12.2011) Monica Cal, Senior Laboratory Technician Communications Officer Laboratory Technicians Christoph Fischli Joanne Blackwell, BA Jean-Pierre Dangy, Senior Laboratory Céline Freymond Trainee Technician Jolanda Kamber Julia Hauser Sonja Keller-Märki Katharina Schwan (07.06.2011–26.08.2011) Mariana DeWouters (until 14.07.2011) Christina Kunz Renggli Administrative Assistant Maja Jud (since 01.03.2012) Petros Papastogiannidis Michel Stampa (until 31.10.2011) PhD Students Sibylle Sax Health Technology and Telemedicine Kobina Assan Ampah (since 01.08.2012) Research Assistant Raphael Bieri (since 01.06.2012) Joëlle Jourdan, MSc (since 01.02.2012) Martin Raab, MSc, MPH, Head of Unit Miriam Bolz PhD Students Project Leaders Martin Bratschi Marc Blunier, MSc Matthias Fügi Anita Dreyer (until 30.06.2012) Reinhold Werlein, MSc Christelle Godel-Perret (until 27.06.2012) Paola Favuzza (since 01.07.2011) Claudio Zaugg, MSc, MIS Grace Semabia Kpeli (since 01.08.2012) Fabrice Graf (since 01.07.2011) Project Associates Katharina Röltgen Philipp Ludin Angelika Silbereisen (since 01.08.2011) John Thuita Kibuthu (until 19.10.2012) Gonçalo Castro, MSc Earnest Tabah Trainee Agata Correia, MSc (since 18.06.2012) Staff Based Abroad Ellen Reift (until 31.07.2011) Staff Based Abroad Edna Ondari, PhD Student (since 01.02.2012) Egypt Tuberculosis Research Alaa Abd el-Hamied Mahmoud Molecular Parasitology and Epidemiology Sebastien Gagneux, Assistant Professor, Ahmed Ragaey, MD, Head of Project Office Hans-Peter Beck, Professor, PhD, PhD, Head of Unit Kyrgyzstan Head of Unit Christoph Schmid, PhD, Group Leader Dieter Horneber, MSc, Head of Project Office Scientists Scientists Ukraine Annette Gaida, PhD (19.10.2010–17.04.2011) Sonia Borrell, PhD Esther Mundwiler-Pachlatko (since Daniela Brites, PhD (since 01.04.2011) Natalya Boinitska (since 01.05.2012) 18.10.2010) Mireia Coscollá Devís, PhD Alyona Gerasimova, Head of Project Office Sebastian Marco Rusch, PhD Lukas Fenner, MD (since 04.01.2011) (01.09.2011–31.07.2012) Evgeniya Medvedenko (since 01.05.2012) Laboratory Technicians Laboratory Technician Olena Okhotnikova (since 01.08.2012) Françoise Brand (since 01.11.2011) Julia Feldmann (since 07.02.2011) Liliia Popovych (since 01.01.2012)

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122 Staff list

Natalia Riabtseva, MPH, Head of Project Alexandra Nicola, MA, MAS Sandra Mendez (since 23.01.2012) Office (since 01.05.2011) Christine Perrier (since 01.02.2012) Carlos Enrique Mendoza Linares Kateryna Rymarenko, MPH (since Luis Segura, MD, MSc (since 17.02.2011) 01.05.2011) Project Officers Laos Andrey Solodarenko, MD, Head of Project Anousorn Dindavong (since 01.07.2011) Office (until 01.08.2011) Jochen Bitzer, MD (15.07.2011–15.01.2012) François Crabbé, MD, DTM, MPH Deepak Koirala (since 08.11.2011) Sexual and Reproductive Health (since 01.02.2012) Mali Manfred Zahorka, MD, MPH, EOQ Auditor, Malin Grape, DPharm (02.09.2010– Alassane Coulibaly (since 23.05.2012) Head of Unit 31.05.2012) Eliane Moguem Fonkoua (01.03.2012– Claudia Kessler, MD, MPH, Head of Unit David Martinez Muñoz, MBA (since 30.09.2012) (until 31.01.2012) 01.11.2011) Sylvia Sangaré-Mollet, Head of Local Office Svenja Weiss (until 31.10.2011) (since 15.09.2011) Project Leaders Project Associates Erik De Niet (01.01.2011–30.09.2011) Adriane Martin Hilber, MPH, PhD Kate Molesworth, PhD Yannick Durand-Bourjate, MA, MAS Myanmar (02.10.2010–30.06.2012) Olivia De Guzman (since 01.11.2011) Project Officer Yannick Moreno (since 01.11.2011) Soso Getsadze, MD (since 23.06.2011) Christina Biaggi, MA Emanuel Pinheiro, MBA (since 01.10.2011) Saw Heir Soul (since 6.09.2012) Project Associates Bruno Viana, PharmD, MBA Soe Soe Htun (since 6.08.2012) David Mullany (since 01.09.2011) Staff Based Abroad Carolyn Lisa Blake, MSc (since 01.10.2011) Ye Mon Myint Florence Sécula, MDev Benin Rosemary Owino (until 31.07.2012) Staff Based Abroad Mathias Ahiho (since 3.09.2012) Yin Thwe Thein Mawo Fall (since 15.10.2011) Burundi Nicaragua Annie Maganga d’Almeida (since 01.05.2011) Pablo Alcocer Vera (since 18.06.2012) Michel Barutwanayo Amadou Midou (since 01.07.2011) Aida Blandino Lacayo Françoise Iradukunda Claude Panou (since 11.06.2012) Stella Karire, Secretary Veronica Flores Saballos Jean Claude Mbarushimana Bolivia Hernaldo Lara Palacios, MD Claude François Niyomwungere Rodrigo Urquieta Arias (until 31.08.2012) Yadira Sanchez Diaz, Ing., Head of Local Narcisse Ntibibuka Carlos Urquieta Stumpf Office Barbara Pose, MD, MPH, DTM&PH, Head of Burkina Faso Niger Local Office Josiane Gyengani (since 10.04.2012) Abdoulaye Alhousseini Maiga Joelle Schwarz, MA, Mdev, MPH, Project Adrien Nougtara, MD (since 01.01.2011) Gaëlle Audrey Kouassi (since 23.02.2012) Officer (since 01.02.2012) Monique Ouffoue (since 09.06.2012) Abdoulkarim Nassirou, PhD Public Health Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Fabian Rohner (01.07.2011–31.12.2011) Senegal Martin Longolongo (since 01.05.2011) Cambodia Hans Peter Bollinger, MSc, MAS Christophe Mweze Kabika , (since Jan Cornelis de Jong, Head of Local Office Sandra Fonkui (since 01.01.2012) 01.05.2011) Prak Davy (since 01.01.2011) Dominique Guinot, MA, Head of Local Office Bonaventure Savadogo, MD, MSc, Head of Air Kaoleap (since 01.12.2010) Bintou Coumba Yelli Fall (since 01.08.2012) Local Office Vannisy Kossey (since 01.01.2011) Based in Syria M. Lamine Touré, Head of Local Office Celine Kuoch (since 01.01.2011) Mona Alhaj Hussain, MD (since 01.01.2011) (until 31.12.2010) Pisak Long (since 01.01.2011) Gambia Chanthy Sav (since 01.03.2011) Tanzania Saihou Ceesay (since 09.05.2011) Alexei Sitruk, MBA, Pharma (until 30.09.2011) Pasoli Ibrahim Kanyi (since 09.04.2012) Heinrich Heinrichs, PhD, Head of Local Sin Sokunthea (since 01.01.2011) Office (until 31.03.2011) Nazzareno Todini (10.01.2011–30.06.2011) West Bank Ranya Karam (since 27.07.2011) Systems Performance and Monitoring Chad Odile Pham-Tan, MD, MPH, MBA, Felix Mpfizi Kamanzi (since 01.08.2012) Systems Support Head of Unit Swil Kabitshwa, MD Kaspar Wyss, PhD, MPH, Head of Unit Bruno Clary, DPharm, Group Leader Esther Weibel, Head of Local Office Xavier Bosch-Capblanch, MD, MSc, Group (until 31.03.2012) (since 15.05.2011) Leader Charlotte Kristiansson, PhD, Group Leader Colombia Manfred Stoermer, MA Public Policy and (until 29.02.2012) Jonathan Novoa Cain, MD, MSc Management, Group Leader Project Leaders (since 01.01.2012) Project Leaders Heike Albrecht, MAS (since 01.02.2012) Djibouti Patrick Hanlon, MSc Public Health Magali Babaley, PhD Ilmi Awaleh Elabeh Cyril Nogier, MSc (16.01.2012–30.03.2012) Ismail Said Bouh Karin Wiedenmayer, PharmD, MSc Patrick Denis, MD, MPH (since 15.10.2011) El Salvador Raphael Girod (since 23.01.2012) Project Associates Ricardo Gavidia, MBA, Head of Local Office Karin Goschler, MA (until 31.03.2012) Christian Auer, PhD Jaime Sanchez, MD, MBA Jean-Pierre Juif, MA Lise Beck, PhD (until 15.06.2012) Gertrud E. Koller-Thürck, MBA Guatemala Daniel Droeschel (until 28.02.2011) Bruno Lab, MPH (since 02.10.2010) Rosa Maria Hernandez, Head of Local Office Sabine Kiefer, MA, MSc (since 01.10.2011) William Lenoir, MSc (since 19.01.2012) Barbara Matthys, PhD

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123 Department of Medicines Research Department of Medical Services and Peter Steinmann, PhD (since 01.01.2011) Christian Burri, Professor, PhD, MPharm, Diagnostic PhD Students Head of Department Christoph Hatz, Professor, MD, DTM&H, Marc Bonenberger (since 01.08.2011) Project Leaders Head of Department Trainee Hanspeter Marti, PhD, Deputy Head of Karen Maigetter, MSc (until 31.01.2012) Debanjan Pain (01.05.2012–31.07.2012) Department Gabriele Pohlig, PhD, Head QMS Staff Based Abroad Administrative Staff Project Officers Cameroon Jrene Krebs Yolanda Brauchli (01.01.2011–10.06.2011) Emmanuel Gbaguidi, MD, MPH, Head of Beatrice Wäckerlin Verena Renggli, MSc, MIH Pharma Local Office Physicians (MD) (until 31.05.2011) Tajikistan Bernhard Beck, MD, DTMH João Costa, PhD, Head of Local Office Liaison Manager Jasmin Caterina Fritz, MD (until 31.07.2012) Aline Cossy-Gantner, MD (01.04.2011–31.03.2012) Khassan Dzgoev, Head of Local Office Lars Henning, MD (01.05.2012–31.08.2012) Administrative Assistant (since 01.07.2012) Rebecca Landolt, MD (since 26.03.2012) Safo Jaborov Monique Vogel-Aellig Andreas Neumayr, MD (until 31.03.2012) Marcel Stöckle, MD (until 31.03.2011) Tanzania Trainees Jutta Werlein, MD Menoris Meshack, Professor, PhD, Head of Gabriela Klocek (01.05.2011–31.10.2011) Vaccination Services Local Office (since 14.07.2011) Flore Mas (01.02.2011–31.08.2011) Happiness Minja (01.08.2011–28.02.2012) Monika Breton Stefan Schneitter (since 01.05.2012) Thea Wülser Staff Based Abroad Vaccination Service Assistants Giovanfrancesco Ferrari, MSc, Research Anita Dimas Assistant, Swiss TPH in Kinshasa (DRC) Ramon Gaspare Beatrix Kaiser (until 30.06.2011) Dorothea Sormani Jean Bosco Inyamwenyi, Finance officer and office assistant, Swiss TPH in Kinshasa Mosquito Test Support (DRC) Tatjana Jessica Greiner Didier Kalemwa Mitembo, Physician- Nadja Kopp Biologist, PhD, Representative of Swiss PhD Students TPH in Kinshasa (DRC) Fabian Franzeck Pharmaceutical Medicine (15.02.2011–31.05.2012) – Meddia Geofrey Mwaigomole Marc Urich, PhD, Head of Unit (since (since 01.08.2012) – Meddia 16.05.2011) Staff Based Abroad Project Leaders Anna Gamell, Physicians (MD) (since Sonja Bernhard, PhD (since 01.06.2012) 01.08.2012), based in Ifakara Gabriele Pohlig, PhD Lars Henning, MD, based in Ifakara Cäcilia Schmid, PhD (01.09.2011–30.04.2012) Clinical Research Scientists Emili Letang, MD, based in Ifakara (since 01.08.2012) Sonja Bernhard, PhD (until 31.05.2012) Gabriele Pohlig, PhD Medical Consultations (General Medicine Quality Assurance Officer and Occupational Health) Johannes Blum, MD, DTM&H, Senior Rosine Buxtorf Mucklow (until 31.03.2012) Registrar, Head of Unit Medical Project Manager & Lead Clinical Research Consultations and Practice Föhre Associates Physicians (MD) Sonja Bernhard, PhD (until 31.12.2011) Christoph Hatz, MD Eric Huber, MSc Lars Henning, MD (01.05.2012–31.08.2012) Bettina Ley, MSc (until 30.06.2011) Rebecca Landolt, MD (since 26.03.2012) Junior Clinical Research Associate Rosalie Zimmermann (01.04.2012–31.05.2012) Aita Signorell, PhD Project Assistants National Reference Centre for Diagnostic Immunology Françoise Morier Monique Vogel-Aellig Hanspeter Marti, PhD, Head of Unit Stefanie Kramme, MD, Deputy Head of Unit Regulatory Affairs (until 31.05.2012) Karen Maigetter, MSc, Head of Unit Administrative Staff (until 31.01.2012) Désirée Eckert

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124 Staff list Teaching and Training, Knowledge Astrid Haas Annelis Oettli Management, eLearning, Library Scientist Axel Hoffmann, PhD, Head of Teaching and Training, Knowledge Management, Claudia List (until 30.09.2012) eLearning, Library Medical Laboratory Technicians Coordinator, Teaching and Training Sibylle Bregenzer Bernadette Peterhans, RN, MPH Beatrice Cattelan-Schmidt Michelle Dobler Scientists Olivia Dössegger (01.02.2012–29.02.2012) Amena Briët (since 01.03.2011) Elisabeth Escher (until 31.12.2011) Sina Henrichs, PhD (since 02.10.2010) Isabelle Grilli Peter Odermatt, Assistant Professor, PhD, Irene Heller MPH Simone Jermann-Holzer (until 31.07.2011) Public Relation Officer Genowefa Kobialka Christina Krebs Joachim Pelikan, PhD Eva Maag (until 30.04.2011) Administrative Course Coordinators Yasmine Salomon (since 01.07.2012) Gaby Gehler Christoph Stalder Christine Mensch Karin Stoll-Rudin Trainees Trainee Nadine Büchler (23.01.2012–29.07.2012) Mamadou Cissé, (19.01.2011–06.04.2011) Nora Schneiter (since 24.01.2011) Administrative Assistants Titalee Srithongkun (since 01.07.2012) Ning Beyer (since 01.03.2011) Vector Control Centre Yvonne Gilgen Sarah Hostettler (since 01.04.2012) Pie Müller, PhD, Head of Unit Erna Schäfer (until 31.05.2012) Scientist Doris Stamm Anita Gassner (since 01.01.2012) Antoinette Zen-Ruffinen PhD Students Information and Documentation Henry Frempong Owusu (since 01.05.2012) Giovanni Casagrande, MA, Head of Tobias Suter (since 01.04.2011) Information and Documentation Technical Assistant (since 02.10.2010) Danica Jancaryova Information and Documentation Assistant Mohamad Rustom Abdul Sater Rebekka Hirsbrunner Administrative Assistant Rachel Gutknecht Apprentices Mara Hellstern, (until 31.07.2011) Hanna Walter (since 01.08.2011) Special Projects Heidi Immler

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Further activities 125 Positions and functions of Swiss TPH staff in other institutions, organisations, foundations and review teams during the period 1 September 2010–31 August 2012

Switzerland Federal Commission for Air Hygiene (FCAH) – Eidgenössische Kommission für Lufthygiene (EKL): AGUASAN-Gruppe: Daniel Mäusezahl (Member) Nino Künzli (President, since 2012), Aidsfocus Switzerland: Kate Molesworth (Steering Nicole Probst-Hensch (Member) Committee) Federal Commission for Family Issues: Elisabeth Zemp Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tabakprävention: Martin Röösli (Member) (Steering Board) Federal Expert Committee on Law on Genetic Testing in Art for the Tropical Forests Foundation: Marcel Tanner Humans – GUMEK: Nicole Probst-Hensch (Member) (Board) Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL): Marcel Tanner Basel Biometrics Society: Penelope Vounatsou (Adjunct Professor) (Board Member) Foundation Biobank Suisse: Nicole Probst-Hensch Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology: Marcel Tanner (Member Foundation Council) (Scientific Advisory Board) Freie Akademische Gesellschaft, Basel: Marcel Tanner Basler Leprastiftung: Marcel Tanner (Board, (Member) Chair since 2012) Freie Akademische Stiftung, Basel: Reto Brun (Member) Basler Stiftung für Experimentelle Zoologie: Reto Brun Future Structure Medical faculty, University Basel: (Chairman) Nino Künzli (Faculty Committee) Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG), Arbeitsgruppe Klima Hotel Bildungszentrum 21: Johannes Blum (Board) und Gesundheit: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, IAMANEH Switzerland: Marcel Tanner (Board) Marcel Tanner, Jürg Utzinger, Pie Müller (Members) Initiative for the Prevention of Suicide in Switzerland Calcutta Project: Kate Molesworth (Board) (Ipsilon): Mitchell G. Weiss (Research Group) Commission for Honorary Doctorates at the University Interdisciplinary Center for Excellence in Pharma of Basel: Elisabeth Zemp (Member) Sciences (PharmaCenter), Basel: Christian Burri Commission of the Natural History Museum Basel: (Executive Board) Marcel Tanner (Board) Master in Insurance Medicine, University of Basel: Commission on the Future of the Institute for Elisabeth Zemp Stutz (Member of Directorate) Social and Preventive Medicine University of Geneva – Master of Public Health (MPH) Programme, Uni versities Geneva Switzerland: Nino Künzli (Member) of Basel, Bern, Zürich: Axel Hoffmann, Elisabeth Zemp Competence Center Environment and Sustainability Stutz, Martin Röösli, Charlotte Braun Fahrländer, of the Federal institute for Technology, Zürich ETHZ: Marcel Tanner (Studienleitung und Kommissionen) Marcel Tanner (Chair External Review Board) Medical Anthropology Research Group (MARG): Cooperation Unit, Federal institute of Technology Brigit Obrist, Karin Gross, Patricia Schwärzler, Lausanne EPFL, Vice Presidency for Institutional Constanze Pfeiffer (Members) Affairs & UNESCO Chair in Technologies for Mission 21: Johannes Blum (Board, Vice President) Development: Marcel Tanner (External Review Board, Nachdiplomstudium für Entwicklungsländer (NADEL) Chair; until 12.2010) ETH Zurich: Christian Lengeler, Peter Odermatt, Curriculums-Kommission der Medizinischen Fakutät Joachim Pelikan, Manfred Stoermer, Jürg Utzinger, der Universität Basel: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer Kaspar Wyss, Marcel Tanner, Niklaus Labhardt (Member) (Lehrauftrag) Doktoratskommission der Universität Basel: Nationale Expertenkommission für das MD PhD Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer (Member) Programm der SAMW: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer E. Guggenheim-Schnurr Stiftung, Basel: Reto Brun (Board) Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Basel: Reto Brun Expert Committee for Travel Medicine: Blaise Genton (Vice-President), Marcel Tanner (Honorary Member) (Chair and Committee Member), Christoph Hatz (Chair Organe consultatif sur les changements climatiques and Committee Member) der Schweiz: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer (Member) Federal Ballot “Protection against second hand PhD Programme Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, smoke“; Eidgenössische Initiative Schutz vor Passiv University of Basel: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer rauchen: Nino Künzli (Committee Member) (Committee Member)

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126 Further activities

Planning Commission Clinical Research Center, Swiss Heart Foundation/Heart & Women Working University Hospital Basel and University Basel: Group: Elisabeth Zemp (Head) Nino Künzli (Chair, until 2011) Swiss LivestockNet: Esther Schelling (Board) Public Health Switzerland: Nicole Probst-Hensch Swiss Malaria Group: Christian Lengeler, Eric Huber (Member of Directorate and President Scientific Committee) Swiss Public Health Conference 2012: Nicole Probst-Hensch (Scientific Review Committee), Research Foundation Mobile Communication: Kaspar Wyss (Scientific Review Committee) Martin Röösli (Foundation Board), Regula Rapp (Scientific Committee) Swiss Public Health Society: Nino Künzli (Scientific Board) Swiss School of Public Health (Extended Management Research on Mobility and Health: Kate Molesworth Board): Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer. Axel Hoffmann, (Steering Committee) Marcel Tanner (Foundation Council) Rudolf Geigy-Stiftung, Basel: Marcel Tanner (President), Swiss Society for African Studies (SGAS): Nicolaus Lorenz, Gerd Pluschke (Members) Marcel Tanner, Patricia Schwärzler, Brigit Obrist Schweizerische Akademie der Medizinischen Wissen- (Members) schaften – SAMW: Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, Swiss Society for Public Health: Global Health Focus: Marcel Tanner (Member) Nicolaus Lorenz (Group Leader) Scientific Board Swiss Health Promotion: Nino Künzli Swiss Society of Microbiology: Hanspeter Marti (Wissenschaftlicher Beirat “Gesundheitsförderung (Coordination Committee) Schweiz”) Swiss Society of Public Health: Julia Dratva (Directory SCNAT (Schweizerische Akademie der Naturwissen- Board Member) schaften): Marcel Tanner (Honorary Member) Swiss Society of Sports Medicine (SGSM): Susi Kriemler Society of Pediatric Sports Medicine: Susi Kriemler (President) (Vice President) Swiss Society of Tropical and Travel Medicine FMH: Stiftung Gesundheit und Gerechtigkeit: Gerd Pluschke Christoph Hatz (President), Johannes Blum (Prüfungs- (Member) kommission) Stipend Commission for Students from Developing Swiss Society of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology: Countries of the Canton of Basel-Stadt: Marcel Tanner Christian Lengeler (President), Daniel Mäusezahl (Member) (Secretary) Swiss Cancer League/Quality Assurance Working Swiss Vector Entomology Group: Pie Müller, Group for Mammographic Screening: Elisabeth Zemp Tobias Suter, Henry Owusu, Christian Lengeler (Member) Swiss Working Group on Travel Medicine: Swiss Cancer, Expert Committee Colorectal Cancer: Christoph Hatz (Chair), Blaise Genton (Committee Nicole Probst-Hensch (Member) Member) Swiss Centre for Quality Control (CSCQ): Swissmedic Human Medicine Expert: Blaise Genton Hanspeter Marti (Expert Advisor for Parasitology) Transdisciplinarity-Net/Swiss Academy of the Natural Swiss Commission for Atmospheric Chemistry and Sciences: Jakob Zinsstag (Scientific Board) Physics (ACP) – Schweizerische Kommission für Atmo- UBS-Optimus Foundation: Marcel Tanner (Board) sphärenchemie und Physic): Nino Künzli (Member) Vétérinaires sans Frontières Suisse: Jakob Zinsstag Swiss Commission for Research Partnership with (Board Member) Developing Countries KFPE: Marcel Tanner (Co-chair until 2012, Excom Member), Jakob Zinsstag (Institutional Member) Swiss Development Cooperation; Humanitarian Aid; Zoonoses Intervention Group (AG ZOD): Esther Sc helling International (Member), Jakob Zinsstag (Member) Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR): Swiss Forum for Epidemiology and Animal Health: Es- Xavier Bosch-Capblanch (Advisory Group) ther Schelling (Board) American Board of Independent Medical Examiners Swiss Foundation for Sexual and Reproductive Health (ABIME): Elisabeth Zemp Stutz (Board of Advisors) (PLANeS/Sexual Health Switzerland): Elisabeth Zemp Stutz (President) American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH): Marcel Tanner (Honorary Member) Swiss Gender Health Research Network: Elisabeth Zemp Stutz (President), Julia Dratva, Patricia Schwärzler ASPHER Subcommittee on Doctoral Education: (Members) Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer

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127 ATS Environmental and Occupational Health Assembly: European College of Veterinary Public Health: Nominating Committee: Nino Künzli (Appointed Member) Jakob Zinsstag (Diplomat) Barcelona Centre for International Health Research CRESIB, European Community Respiratory Health Survey Gender Scientific & Technical Advisory Committee: Marcel Tanner Working Group: Elisabeth Zemp (co-Chair) (Chair) European Respiratory Society Environment and Health Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation External Scientific Committee: Nino Künzli (Member) Advisory Group for Innovative Vector Control Consortium – Expert Group for the Swedish Radiation Safety Authority – IVCC ESAC 3: Christian Lengeler (Chair) SSM: Martin Röösli Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation IPTi-Consortium: Festival Committee for the Biennial Frame of Mind Film Marcel Tanner (Executive Committee, until 3.2011) Festival, Schizophrenia Research Foundation, Chennai, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Malaria Elimination India: Mitchell G. Weiss (Chair) R&D Agenda (until 3.2011): Marcel Tanner (Co-Chair), Foundation for Essential Medical Devices: Marcel Tanner Don de Savigny (Foundation Council) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation MESA Initiative: Foundation for the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scienti- Marcel Tanner (Steering Committee Member) fiques en Côte d‘Ivoire: Marcel Tanner (Foundation Council) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Marcel Tanner (Chair of French National Science Agency, Agence Nationale de Expert Oversight Committee ACT-Consortium) la Recherche: French cohort programme in the ministerial Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation: Marcel Tanner (Member initiative “Investments for the future”: Nino Künzli CDD Strategy Review Board) (President Scientific Review Committee) Biomedical Engineering Association: Martin Raab Geneva Health Forum 2012: Kaspar Wyss (Scientific Concept Foundation: Claudia Kessler (Board, until 2012) Review Committee) Consortium for Parasitic Drug Development; Governance German Cooperation for Tropical Medicine and Interna- Council: Marcel Tanner tional Public Health: Manfred Zahorka Consortium for the Development of a Paediatric German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Formulation of Praziquantel: Marcel Tanner, Scientific dvisoryA Board on Zoonoses and Infectious Jennifer Keiser, Aline-Cossy Gantner Diseases: Marcel Tanner (Chair) Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and German National Platform for Zoonoses Research: Public Health (CII), Science Advisory Board: Nino Künzli Marcel Tanner (Scientific Advisory Board) (Member) German Society for Children‘s Sports Medicine (GKS): Deutsche Gesellschaft für Evaluation (DEGEVAL): Susi Kriemler (Vice President) Constanze Pfeiffer Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI): Developing and Evaluating Communication Strategies to Nicolaus Lorenz (Independent Review Committee on Sys- Support Informed Decisions and Practice Based on Evidence tems Strengthening) (DECIDE): Xavier Bosch-Capblanch (Advisory Group) Global Fund for AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria: Drug Discovery for Tropical Diseases Initiative, University Blaise Genton (Technical Review Panel Member), of Dundee: Christian Burri (Scientific Advisory Committee) Don de Savigny (Technical Evaluation Reference Group) Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi): Global Sanitation Fund Advisory Committee: Guéladio Cissé Marcel Tanner (Chair, Board of Directors), Reto Brun Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical and Preventive (Board of Directors, until December 2011) Medicine Alumni: Mirko Winkler (Member) Drugs for Tropical Diseases Initiative, University of Dundee, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Cultural School of Life Sciences: Christian Burri (Scientific Advisory Psychiatry Committee: Mitchell G. Weiss (Member) Committee) Health Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA) Europe: Eastern Africa Network for Trypanosomiasis (EANETT): Susi Kriemler (Working Group Children) Reto Brun (Board of Management, Honorary Member), Health Metrics Network – Technical Advisory Group: Marcel Kaiser (Board of Management). Don de Savigny (Chair) Empower School of Health, New Delhi, India: HealthBridge Canada, Board of Directors: Don de Savigny Christian Burri, Don de Savigny (Visiting Professors) (Director) Enfants du Monde: Elisabeth Zemp (Board Member) Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania: Marcel Tanner European Association of Social Anthropologists, Medical (Board of Trustees, Member since 1997), Gerd Pluschke Anthropology Network: Brigit Obrist (Chair) (Board of Governors) European Bioelectromagnetics Association (EBEA), Council Indo-Swiss Bilateral Research Initiative: Mitchell G. Weiss for Biological and Medical Science: Martin Röösli (Scientific Advisory Board)

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128 Further activities Institut de la Francophonie pour la Médecine Tropicale, Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases: Marcel Tanner Laos: Marcel Tanner (Conseil d‘Administration) (Scientific Advisory Board) Institute for Environmental Health/Institut für Umwelt- Partnership for Social Sciences in Malaria Control – medizinische Forschung (IUF) Düsseldorf, Germany: PSSMC: Brigit Obrist (Steering Committee), Nino Künzli (Member Scientific Advisory Board) Mitchell G. Weiss (Steering Committee) International Centre of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine: Dhaka, Bangladesh (ICDDR-B), Board of Trustees: Jakob Zinsstag (Scientific Advisory Committee) Nicolaus Lorenz (Chair) Program Electromagnetic Fields and Health (EMF&H) International Clinical Epidemiological Network INCLEN, from ZonMw in The Netherlands: Martin Röösli (Commit- Board of Directors INCLEN Inc: Marcel Tanner (Boards) tee Member) International Consortium for Research and Action Against Prospective Cohort Study of Mobile Phone Users, Advisory Health-Related Stigma – ICRAAS: Mitchell G. Weiss (Steer- Board of the Swedish COSMOS: Martin Röösli ing Committee) Race/Ethnicity/Gender Study Group of the American International Forum for Transport and Development, Psychiatric Association for Development of DSM-V: Programme of Networked Research on Mobility and Health: Mitchell G. Weiss (Advisor) Dania Müller (Steering Committee), Kate Molesworth (Steering Committee) Rapid Response Group (RRG) for the Japan EMF Informa- tion Center: Martin Röösli International Network for the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and Their Health in Developing Countries Research Council of Norway, Department for Cooperation (INDEPTH): Marcel Tanner (Board of Trustees), and Development Research 2012: Kaspar Wyss (Scientific Don de Savigny (Scientific Advisory Board) Review Committee) International Olympic Committee (IOC): Susi Kriemler Roll Back Malaria: Christian Lengeler (Vector Control (Member Commission on Physical Activity and Sports for Working Group), Pie Müller (Vector Control Working Health for Children) Group), Konstantina Boutsika Muckenschnabel (Vector International Society of Mountain Medicine (ISMM): Control Working Group Secretariat), Don de Savigny Susi Kriemler (Board Member, Vice President) International (Working Group for Scalable Malaria Vector Control; Association for Ecology and Health (IAEH): Jakob Zinsstag Working Group for Procurement and Supply Chain Manage (Vice-President) ment) International Society of Travel Medicine: Christoph Hatz Romanian-Swiss Centre for Health Sector Development (co-Chair CISTM11) (CRED): Nicolaus Lorenz (Chair), Manfred Zahorka (Board) ISGlobal, International Partnership Board: Marcel Tanner School of Population Health, Australian Centre for (Board) Tropical Health & Nutrition, University of Queensland, External Review Team: Marcel Tanner (Chair) Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine: Xavier Bosch-Capblanch (Honorary Lecturer) Scientific Advisory Board Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF ) Düsseldorf, Institute for London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine – Strategic Review Committee: Marcel Tanner Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee: Guéladio Cissé London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture (SSPC): Don de Savigny (Honorary Professor) Mitchell G. Weiss (Board of Directors) Malaria Clinical Trials Alliance: Marcel Tanner (Board of Swiss Medicus Mundi Network: Bernadette Peterhans Mentors; until 3.2011) (Board Member) Malaria Vaccine Initiative (PATH): Blaise Genton (External Swiss-South African Research Partnership – Associated Expert in Technical Advisory Groups) Leading House Swiss TPH: Marcel Tanner (Joint Steering Medicines for Malaria Venture – Access and Delivery Committee) Advisory Committee (ADAC), External Scientific Advisory Technical Advisory Group on Human African Trypano- Committee: Marcel Tanner, Christian Lengeler (Chair) somiasis, Foundation for Innovative Diagnostics (FIND): Medicus Mundi International: Nicolaus Lorenz (Chair) Christian Burri Network for Clinical and Epidemiological Collaboration in University of Leeds, UK: Axel Hoffmann (External Tropical and Travel Medicine – TropNetEurop: Examiner for the Master Programme in Health Manage- Christoph Hatz (Moderator) ment Planning and Policy) Network for Education in International Health (tropEd): University of Queensland, School of Population Health: Axel Hoffmann (Executive Secretary), Bernadette Peterhans Marcel Tanner (Honorary Professor) (Member) University of Washington, Department of Environmental NetWorks Project, Technical Advisory Group: & Occupational Health Sciences: L.-J. Sally Liu (Affiliate Christian Lengeler Professor, until June 2011), Ming Tsai (Affiliate Faculty)

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129 Vienna School of Clinical Research: Gabriele Pohlig WHO Thematic Reference Group on Social Sciences (Educational Advisory Board) and Gender: Mitchell G. Weiss (Member) Wellcome Trust, Capacity Building Committee: WHO, European Centre for Environment and Health in Marcel Tanner (Chair) Bonn, Germany: L.-J. Sally Liu (Temporary Advisor) Working Group 3 “Epidemiology and Human Studies”; WHO/AFRO African Malaria Expert Committee: COST Action BM0704: Emerging EMF Technologies: Health Don de Savigny (Member) Risk Management: Martin Röösli (Working Group Member) WHO/TDR M. Tuberculosis Strain Bank: World Association of Cultural Psychiatry (WACP): Sebastien Gagneux (Advisory Committee) Mitchell G. Weiss (Board of Directors) WHO/TDR Scientific Advisory Committee for Evidence World Psychiatric Association, Transcultural Psychiatry for Anti-malarial Policy and Access: Don de Savigny Section (WPA-TPS): Mitchell G. Weiss (Section Committee) (Chair) WHO/TDR Scientific Advisory Committee for Malaria Vaccines (MALVAC): Blaise Genton (Member) WHO/TDR Scientific Advisory Committee on Drug WHO and WHO/TDR Development and Evaluation for Helminths and WHO Buruli Ulcer Diagnostics Sub-Working Group: other Neglected Tropical Diseases (HNR/BL6): Gerd Pluschke (Chair) Jennifer Keiser (Member) WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Systems Devel- WHO/TDR Thematic Reference Group IV on Environ- opment: Martin Raab (until Feb 2012, re-nomination in ment, Agriculture and Infectious Diseases of Poverty: process) Jürg Utzinger (Member) WHO Expert Committee on Schistosomiasis: WHO/Technical Consultation Group on Radio Frequency Marcel Tanner (Member) Research Agenda, Geneva: Martin Röösli (Member) WHO Expert Committee on Ultrasound Diagnosis in Schistosomiasis: Christoph Hatz (Member) WHO Expert Panel for Human African Trypanosomiasis: Editorial Boards Christian Burri (Member) WHO Global Malaria Programme/Initiative for Vaccine Acta Tropica: Christoph Hatz, Peter Steinmann, Research Joint Technical Expert Group on Malaria Jürg Utzinger Vaccines in Pivotal Phase 3 Trials & Beyond: Anthropologie et Santé: Brigit Obrist Blaise Genton (Member) Anthropology and Medicine: Brigit Obrist, Mitchell G. Weiss WHO Immunization Practices Advisory Committee BMC Health Services Research: Xavier Bosch-Capblanch (IPAC): Xavier Bosch-Capblanch (Member) (Associate Editor) WHO Insecticide Resistance Study Steering Committee: Bulletin of the World Health Organisation: Marcel Tanner Christian Lengeler (Member) Clinical Infectious Diseases – Travel Medicine Special WHO Leptospirosis Burden Epidemiology Reference Section: Christoph Hatz Group (LERG): Jakob Zinsstag (Member) Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry: Mitchell G. Weiss WHO Malaria Vaccine Advisory Committee: Czech Veterinary Journal: Jakob Zinsstag Blaise Genton (Member) Environmental Health Perspectives: Nicole Probst-Hensch WHO Network for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage: Daniel Mäusezahl (Member) Epidemiology: Nino Künzli (Editorial Board) WHO Product Development Team for the Malaria Vaccine Evolution, Medicine and Public Health: Sebastien Gagneux Candidate MSP1-42 at WHO: Blaise Genton (Chairman) Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy: Jürg Utzinger WHO Scientific Advisory Board: Evidence on Health Geospatial Health: Jürg Utzinger (Associate Editor) Aspects of Air Pollution to Review EU Policies (REVI- International Health: Kaspar Wyss HAAP) EU Regulatory Review: Nino Künzli (Member since 2012) International Journal of Public Health: Nino Künzli (Co-Editor in Chief), Martin Röösli WHO Scientific Advisory Board: Health Risk Assessment of Air Pollution (HRAPIE) EU Regulatory Review: Journal of Travel Medicine: Christoph Hatz Nino Künzli (Member) Journal of Tropical Medicine: Hans-Peter Beck, WHO Technical Advisory Group on Buruli Ulcer: Blaise Genton, Gerd Pluschke Gerd Pluschke (Member) Malaria Journal: Marcel Tanner

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130 Further activities

Medecine Tropicale (Marseille): Jakob Zinsstag Guest Scientists Medical Anthropology: Brigit Obrist Tarsis Mlanganile, Tanzania (July-September 2012) Parasitology International: Marcel Tanner Professor Willem Takken, Wageningen Agricultural PLOS Medicine: Thomas Smith University, Netherlands PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases: Jennifer Keiser, Professor Shuhua Xiao, IPD-CDC, Shanghai Marcel Tanner, Jürg Utzinger (Deputy Editor), Jakob Zinsstag (Associate Editor), Peter Steinmann (Associate Editor) PLOS One: Sebastien Gagneux, Jennifer Keiser, Thomas Smith Institutional Membership Public Health Genomics: Nicole Probst-Hensch Aidsfocus Switzerland Respiration: Nino Künzli Air & Waste Management Association Revue de Médecine Tropicale (Marseille): Jakob Zinsstag American Association for Cancer Research Swiss Medical Weekly: Nino Künzli (International American Chemical Society Advisory Committee) American Thoracic Society Transcultural Psychiatry: Mitchell G. Weiss European Network for Health Technology (EUnetHTA) Tropical Medicine and International Health: Sebastien Gagneux, Christoph Hatz, Thomas Smith, European Respiratory Society Marcel Tanner Ingenieur Hospital Schweiz (HIS) Veterinary Medicina (Brno): Jakob Zinsstag International Association for Ecology and Health International Consortium for Research and Action against Health-Related Stigma (ICRAAS) International Society for Environmental Epidemiology International Society for Exposure Sciences Clinical Trials Monitoring Boards International Society of Exposure Assessment “An equity and cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative LivestockNet, Swiss Network for international strategies for the deployment of artemisinin-based Livestock production combination therapy – ACT at the community level” Medicus Mundi Switzerland and “Effects of restricting the use of Artesunate plus amodiaquine combination therapy to malaria cases Partnership for Social Sciences in Malaria Control confirmed by a dipstick test A cluster randomised control (PSSMC) trial” ACT consortium: Blaise Genton Society of Epidemiologic Research (SER) Celgosivir Proof of Concept Trial for Treatment of Acute Society Swiss Public Health Dengue Fever (CELADEN): A single-centre randomized, Swiss Association for Telemedicine and eHealth double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept (SATMeH) Phase Ib trial: Blaise Genton (Chairman) Swiss Commission for Research Partnership with Phase 2b double blind, randomized, controlled trial Developing Countries (KFPE) to evaluate the safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Merozoite Surface Protein-3 (MSP3-LSP) Swiss Network for Health Technology Assessment vaccine candidate adjuvanted in aluminium hydroxide (SNHTA) (AlOH) against Plasmodium falciparum clinical Swiss Physicians for the Environment malaria in healthy children aged 12–36 months in Mali: Blaise Genton (Chairman) tropEd, Network for Education in International Health Phase Ib safety and immunognicity study of the recom- Tropical Biology Initiative binant lactococcus lactis hybrid GMZ2 malaria vaccine TropMedEurope in children in Gabon i: Blaise Genton (Chairman) TroTropNetEurop Phase IIb safety and immunognicity study of the Washington State Air Toxics Working Group recombinant lactococcus lactis hybrid GMZ2 malaria vaccine in children i: Blaise Genton (Chairman) Spraying and nets towards malaria elimination – SANTE LSHTM: Christian Lengeler (Chair of Study Steering Committee)

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Third-party funding 131

This list shows Swiss TPH third party funding, citing those agencies and institutions making contributions of 10,000 CHF or more. If we consider all funders, some 367 projects each contribute at least 1,000 CHF or more.

ABIB, Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, GB European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, CH Partnership (EDCTP), The Hague, NL ADEME, Angers, FR EUROSENSE Belfotop NV, Tielt, BE AERAS Global TB Vaccine Foundation, Rockville, MD, USA FairMed, Bern, CH African Malaria Network Trust, Dar es Salaam, TZ Financial Mechanism Office (FMO), Brussels, BE Amt für Ausbildungsbeiträge, Basel, CH Finanzverw. Kanton BS, Basel, CH Amt für Umwelt+Energie, Basel, CH Fondation CSRS, Neuchâtel, CH Anacor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Palo Alto CA, USA Forlen Stiftung, Basel, CH Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, ZA Foundation Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Genève, CH Ausgleichskasse Arbeitgeber Basel, Basel, CH Freiwillige Akademie Gesellschaft (FAG), Basel, CH Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health Gebäudeversicherung des Kantons BS, Basel, CH (ACITH), Herston Qld, AU GH Tech Project, Washington DC, USA AXA Winterthur AG, Bern, CH Ghana Health Service, Korle-BU/Accra, GH Bangerter-Rhyner-Stiftung, Bern, CH Ghent University (IBBT), Gent, BE Barcelona Centre for International Health Research Global Alliance for Livestock Veterinary Medicine (CRESIB), Barcelona, ES (GALVmed), Edinburgh, GB BASF AG, Limburgerhof, DE Guggenheim-Schnurr Stiftung, Arlesheim, CH BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, DE Herzstiftung Olten, Olten, CH BASPO Bundesamt für Sport, Magglingen/Macolin, CH Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève (HUG), Genève, CH Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Leverkusen, DE Hopkins Bloomberg School Public Health, Baltimore, MD, Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin (BNI), USA Hamburg, DE Hoshi University, Tokyo, JP Bildungszentrum Gesundheit BS, Münchenstein, CH HSS Project – Lesotho, LS Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA ICDDR, Dhaka, BD BIONORICA SE, Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, DE IFRTD, London, GB Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds, Heidesheim, DE IHI (formerly IHRDC), Ifakara, TZ Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz (BABS), Spiez, CH Indepth Network, Accra, GH Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG), Bern, CH INFRAS, Zürich, CH Bundesamt für Umwelt (BAFU), Bern, CH Inselspital Bern, Bern, CH Bundesamt für Veterinärswesen (BVET), Bern, CH Institute for OneWorld Health (iOWH), San Francisco, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA CA, USA Center for Health Policies and Services, Bucharest, RO Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine (ISPM), Bern, CH Central Medical Supplies Public Corporation, Khartoum, SD Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde, Antwerpen, BE Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Lausanne, CH Washington DV, USA Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), (CREAL), Barcelona, ES Nairobi, KE Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas – Spanish International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, ES Genève, CH CREDES, Boulogne Billancourt, FR IRBM Science Park SRL, Pomezia (RM), IT Crucell Switzerland AG, Bern, CH Jaico RDP NV, Opglabbeek, BE Daester-Schild Stiftung, Grenchen, CH Janz Team e.V., Kandern, DE Deutsche Ges. f. Intern. Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), KfW Bankengruppe, Frankfurt am Main, DE Bonn, DE Krebsliga Schweiz, Bern, CH Deutsche Ges. f. Intern. Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, GB Eschborn, DE London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine DEZA/EDA, Bern, CH (LSHTM), London, GB DFID, London, GB Lungenliga beider Basel, Liestal, CH DNDi, Genève, CH Lungenliga Schweiz, Bern, CH DSM Nutritional Products AG, Kaiseraugst, CH Lux-Development, Luxembourg, LU Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Luzerner Psychiatrie (lups), St. Urban, CH Lausanne, CH Martec Handels AG, Wädenswil, CH Eidg. Hochschule Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, CH Medi; Zentrum für medizinische Bildung, Bern, CH Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasser- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, CH reinigung und Gewässerschutz (EAWAG), Dübendorf, CH Medicor Foundation, Triesen, LI Emanuel Burckhardt Stiftung, Basel, CH Medicus Mundi, Basel, CH

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132 Third-party funding

MENTOR Initiative, Villasavary, FR Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), Zürich, CH Merck Serono SA, Coinsins, CH Swisscom (Schweiz) AG, Bern, CH Merck Sharp & Dhome-Chibret AG, Luzern, CH Talecris Biotherapeutics GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, DE Merial Limited, Duluth, USA Telormedix SA, Bioggio, CH Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, NL The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Ministry of Health, Astana, KZ Vernier, Geneva, CH Ministry of Health, Bishkek, KG tropEd Network, Waldkirch, DE MVI, The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative, Seattle, WA, USA UBS Optimus Foundation, Zürich, CH National Centre for Malariology, Phnom Penh, KH UFC Que Choisir, Paris, FR National Institute for Medical Research, London, GB Ufficio dell‘aria,del clima dell energie, Bellinzona, CH National University of Singapore (NUHS), Singapore, SG UNDP Tajikistan, Dushanbe, TJ New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Uni BS/ SNF Nationalfonds, Basel, CH NewFields Companies LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA Uni Rondeau Site de Battelle, Carouge GE, CH NewFields, Denver, USA UNICEF, Zürich, CH Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Uniscientia Stiftung, Zürich, CH Accra, GH Universität Basel, Basel, CH Novartis Farmaceutica S.A., Barcelona, ES Universität Bern, Bern, CH Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases Pte Ltd, Singapore Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, DE Country, SG Universität Zürich, Zürich, CH Novartis Pharma Schweiz AG, Basel, CH Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, CH Novartis Stiftung, Basel, CH Universite de Genève, Genève, CH Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Dubai, AE Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, CH Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Siena, IT Universiteit Utrecht, Utrecht, NL Okayama University, Okayama, JP University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA OPO-Stiftung, Zürich, CH University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, GB Options Consultancy Services Ltd., London, GB University of Exeter, Exeter, GB Ospidal Val Müstair, Sta. Maria V. M., CH University of Georgia, Athens, USA Österreichische Ges. für Pneumologie, Wien, AT University of Hertfordshire, Herts, GB PATH, Seattle, WA, USA University of North Carolina (UNC), Chapel Hill, NC, USA PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC), Basel, CH University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA Puls Umweltberatung, Bern, CH University of Queensland, Brisbane Qld, AU Regional Project Management Unit CAAP, Almaty, KZ University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Repubblica e Cantone Ticino, Bellinzona, CH University of Umeä, Umeä, SE République et Canton de Genève, Genève, CH Vac4all SAS, Paris, FR Rockefeller Foundation, New York, NY, USA Verein Gsünder Basel, Basel, CH Rostropovich-Vishnevskaya Foundation, Vestergaard Frandsen SA, Lausanne, CH Washington DC, USA Vienna School of Clinical Research (VSCR), Wien, AT Rudolf Geigy Stiftung (RGS), Basel, CH Vifor AG, Villars-sur-Glâne, CH Sanofi Sanofi-Aventis Groupe, Antony Cedex, FR Virometix AG, Zürich, CH Save the Children UK (SCUK), London, GB Vontobel-Stiftung, Zürich, CH Schw.Stiftung zur Förderung des Stillens, Bern, CH Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL Schweiz. Diabetes-Stiftung, Baden, CH Wascosa AG, Luzern, CH Schweiz. Gesellschaft für Sportmedizin, Bern, CH Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Schweiz.Fachges. Tropen+Reisemedizin (FMH), Bern, CH MO, USA Schweizerische Rettungsflugwacht (REGA), Zürich, CH Wellcome Trust, London, GB Schweizerischer Apothekenverband, Liebefeld, CH Wiley John and Sons Ltd., Chichester, GB Schweizerisches Rotes Kreuz (SRK), Bern, CH World Bank, Washington DC, USA SCNAT (KFPE), Bern, CH World Health Organization (WHO), Genève, CH SECO, Bern, CH SHAPE Consulting Ltd., Irene/Pretoria, ZA Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunit, Roma, IT SolidarMed, Luzern, CH SolidarMed, Maseru West, LS Staatssekretariat für Bildung+Forschung (SBF), Bern, CH Stanley Thomas Johnson Stiftung, Bern, CH Stiftung vormals BündnerHeilstätte Arosa, Chur, CH Straumann, Basel, CH SUVA, Luzern, CH Swiss Agency for Development & Cooperation (SDC), Dar es Salaam, TZ Swiss Cooperation, Consular Section (SDC), Ulaanbaatar/ Mongolia, MN

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133

Sports fun(ds) – Another way to acquire competitive funding

Awarding a cheque of CHF 20,000: (on stage from left to right) Moderator of the Lucerne Marathon 2012; Prof. Dr. Manuel Battegay, Head Physician, Universitätsspital Basel; Henrik Secher, Managing Director MSD Africa; Adriaan Ruijs, Managing Director MSD Switzerland.

One cold and blustery Sunday in October, 8,500 runners as- CHF 20,000 to sponsor the Chronic Disease Clinic in Ifakara, sembled to participate in the Lucerne marathon (28 October Tanzania. The clinic was built through the joint efforts of 2012). Among them were 200 staff members from the Swiss Swiss TPH and the Universitätsspital Basel and specialises branch of MSD, one of the world’s largest pharmaceutical in the treatment of HIV/AIDS patients, providing them with companies. This was MSD’s third time participating in the essential antiretroviral medicines and engaging in impor- run for fund raising purposes. This year, the team collected tant prevention work.

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134 Retirements

Ria Baks Elisabeth Escher 15 August 2005 – 1 April 1983 – 29 February 2012 31 December 2011

As an administrative assistant at the Swiss Centre for In- Elisabeth Escher started her career at the Swiss TPH nearly ternational Health (SCIH), Ria was very much the soul of 30 years ago. She brought her immense experience work- centre. Her cheerful character combined with her profes- ing in diagnostic laboratories and blood transfusion units sionalism was a real asset for and contributing factor to into the routine laboratories of our MEDDIA in Basel. A ded- the success of SCIH. The fact that she continued to work icated teacher, Elisabeth showed enthusiasm for resear ch beyond her planned retirement in August 2011 reflects her and dedication to providing first class routine laboratory great dedication and drive. We wish all the best in her retire- services and care for vaccine supplies. Her pet subject was ment, as she divides her time between her double “Heimat”, understanding the malaria parasite, which she studied Switzerland and the Netherlands. from any angle, even travelling as far as Thailand to per- fect her diagnostic capabilities to differentiate parasites in severe malaria. She is currently teaching young professionals, combining this endeavour with her second passion, travelling around the globe. We warmly thank Elisabeth for her many contributions to the successful development of our institute.

Reto Brun 1 January 1976 – 29 February 2012

Professor Reto Brun was the last PhD student of our institute’s founding director, Professor R. Geigy. After complet- Karin Gysin ing a postdoc, he returned to the institute in 1977 and cre- 1 January 1993 – ated the nucleus from which major advances in the in vitro 31 March 2011 cultivation of unicellular parasites were made, bringing the institute recognition as a leader in this field. Based on his Hired by the late Gerard Bordmann, Karin Gysin joined the pioneering research, he developed the Parasite Chemother- institute in 1993 as an animal caretaker in the Department apy Unit (PCU). Under his guidance, the PCU has become of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology (MPI). During one of the world’s leading groups in drug discovery for ma- those 18 years, she was responsible for the animal breed- laria and African trypanosomiases. Though he officially re- ing and housing facility at Swiss TPH. It was very obvious tired as head of unit, we are very happy that Reto will con- to everyone that Karin performed her duties with a tremen- tinue to work part-time with the PCU, sharing his expertise dous warmth and affection for the animals. Karin’s way of and experience to support antiparasitic drug discovery and working was not only appreciated at our institute, but also many other developments at Swiss TPH. by the authorities at the “Veterinäramt Basel”. Karin is currently working with us on a part-time basis, coordinating the animal facilities together with her small team. Her plan is to fully retire at the end of March 2013. Swiss TPH is grateful for Karin’s wonderful dedication and contributions over the past two decades.

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Heidi Immler Don de Savigny 6 October 1969 – 1985 – 1987; 31 October 2010 1 July 2004 – 31 July 2012

Heidi Immler joined Swiss TPH some 40 years ago as a After heading the Swiss Tropical Institute Field Labora- librarian. In her early years at the institute, she worked tory in Ifakara, Tanzania (currently Ifakara Health Insti- closely with the SDC (Swiss Agency for Development and tute) from 1985–1987, Professor Don de Savigny returned Cooperation), building up a medical library together with to Swiss TPH in 2004 to lead the Interventions Research her Indonesian counterpart in the National Health Depart- Group and become Deputy Head of the Epidemiology and ment, Jakarta, Indonesia. While in charge of the Infor- Public Health Department. His interest in the importance of mation and Documentation Centre at the institute she re strengthening health systems in developing countries lead organised, automated and modernised the whole library. him to become head of the Health Systems Unit in 2010. Heidi trained information and documentation (I&D) assis- Because of his recognition as a leading epidemiologist and tants and specialists, designing and administering related public health specialist, Don has served on a number of final examinations. On behalf of the institute, she also com- international advisory panels and is a frequent advisor to pleted a variety of consultancies for libraries in Asia, in the WHO. Despite retiring from his administrative duties, Africa and in Switzerland. After her well-earned retirement Don continues to work with Swiss TPH to ensure a smooth in 2010, Heidi continued to work part-time on special library transition in the unit leadership and to harmonise strategic and communication projects. The institute is deeply grate- developments and to provide broad leadership in the field ful for all her contributions to the development of our in- of health systems research and its application. stitute and our partner institutions.

Mitchell G. Weiss Sylvia Steiger 1 February 1995 – 1 December 1975 – 31 March 2011 30 April 2012 Professor Mitchell Weiss joined Swiss TPH as Head of EPH In April 2012, Sylvia Steiger retired from the institute after (formerly Gesundheitswesen und Epidemiologie) in 1995. 36 ½ years as an academic technician (ATA). After complet- He is a physicist, qualified physician/psychiatrist and med- ing a practical at the Swiss Tropical Institute (now Swiss ical anthropologist and an international expert in the field TPH) she began working in December 1975 as a technician of cultural epidemiology, specialising in mental health, in the “Mosquitos-Malaria” Laboratory (Labor Mücken-Ma- infectious and chronic non-communicable diseases and laria). During her time at the institute, she was witness to health seeking behaviour, particularly in India and Africa. many changes in terms of personnel, projects and technol- Mitchell is known for developing methods to integrate ogies. Eventually known as the institute’s “PCR specialist”, quantitative and qualitative research. After his retirement, she was responsible for all DNA-based diagnostic assays he remained head of Swiss TPH’s Cultural Epidemiology during her last few years at Swiss TPH. We are very grate- Group. We are very pleased that he will continue collab- ful to Sylvia for many years of reliable work and service and orating with Swiss TPH on competitively funded research we wish her all the best in her well-deserved retirement. projects and doctoral theses, allowing us to capitalise on his enormous expertise and experience.

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136 In memoriam

Lee-Jane Sally Liu *2 November 1965 – †6 June 2011

With Professor Sally Liu’s death in 2011, Swiss TPH lost an excellent scientist, a wonderful colleague and a strong leader. Sally was intensely motivated to investigate ex posure to ambient air pollutants and its consequences for health. As a long-standing steering committee member of the Swiss SAPALDIA study, she became a leader in exposure science and was instrumental to internationally acclaimed progress in this field. Sally started working with us in Octo ber 2006 and was always keen to see research results being applied through policy making. Her vision was to improve the health of people. She fought her own disease with great strength, energy and dignity. She is deeply missed.

Jan Pfäffli *13 March 1982 – †17 August 2012

Shortly after starting work as a Swiss TPH seconded IT manager for the Ifakara Health Institute in Tanzania, Jan Samuel Pfäffli was the tragic victim of a terrible crime in his beloved Dar es Salaam. We are devastated over the tragic loss of a highly skilled and deeply dedicated employee and colleague and a great man. Jan’s young life ended much too soon. Our deepest condolences and sympathies go to Jan’s family and all those who were close to him.

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Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Socinstrasse 57 P.O. Box CH-4002 Basel Switzerland

Phone: +41 61 284 81 11 Fax: +41 61 284 81 01 Web Site: http:/ / www.swisstph.ch

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Umschlag RB 2011-2012.indd 1 Sw i s s Tr o p i c a l a n d Pu b l i c H e a l t h In s t i t u te , B a s e l , Sw i t z e r l a n d

Published by Swiss TPH Basel, Switzerland © Swiss TPH, 2012 Editors Amena Briët Joachim Pelikan Graphic design Weber Werbung Bottmingen, Switzerland Print Kreis Druck AG, Basel, Switzerland

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