World War II Section I The Road To War Road to War
The Rise of Totalitarianism
The worldwide Depression helped promote militaristic governments in Germany, Italy, and Japan.
History Bombs! WWII in One Take Mussolini Hitler Japan The Axis Powers The Allied Powers Poland Neither G - Germany J- Japan- I – Italy G - Germany J- Japan- 4 2
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1933 WWI Saar Rhineland Sudetenland 1938
1939 1940 Soviet Union Look at the map “The Axis Attacks.” Identify the battles below that were Axis victories. Look again at the map “The Axis Attacks.” List 17 European countries that were occupied by the Axis after Poland was invaded. France Lithuania Belgium Hungary Luxembourg Romania Netherlands Yugoslavia Denmark Bulgaria Norway Albania Finland Greece Estonia Soviet Union Latvia Benito Mussolini came to power by promising Italians economic prosperity and military prestige. He pursued these goals through territorial expansion in Africa. Italy
Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler vowed to avenge the humiliations suffered by Germany after World War I. First Germany took back lands it had lost in WWI. Then it began seizing other countries. Adolph Hitler
Italy’s Benito Mussolini (right) and Germany’s Adolf Hitler (left) march in a 1937 military ceremony. Hitler & Mussolini were both fascist leaders. In 1936, Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler, the dictators of Italy and Germany, formed the Axis to impose their military and political might on the world. Japan joined the Axis in 1940. Japan’s armed forces invaded Manchuria and other parts of China with the aim of exploiting China’s natural resources. Hideki Tojo Axis Powers DiscEd(1) Joseph Stalin What did all of these leaders have in common?
They were ruthless dictators who promised a better life for their country, and controlled their nations by force – and fear Munich Appeasement Political Cartoon
How do you think this picture and the story relate to Adolf Hitler? Soviet / German Non- Aggression Pact
September 1, 1939 Allies Vs.
Axis Activity #1 – Chart of Powers
Similar to activities from WWI, these are to Power Country Leader be done on ?? Britain notebook paper to be handed in. Soviet Union You are also USA encouraged to do more than one ?? Germany activity per page. Each assignment Italy is worth 10 Japan summative points. Axis troops overcame all early resistance. After Germany took France in 1940, the United Kingdom fought on alone. The Soviet Union joined the Allies only after it was invaded by Germany in June of 1941.
Dunkirk
Trailer
Newsreel
The Battle of Britain Churchill’s Speech (1:30) German invasion of London http://www.biography.com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144/videos/adolf-hitler-battle-of-britain-3751491841
Nazi planes bombed London from September 1940 to May 1941 During that time, residents of London sought shelter wherever they could, including subway stations. Here, a relief effort passes out food to Londoners who have lost their homes.
The US Joins the War
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor – The Attack
https://app.schooltube.com/video/d9f27eab2b9336300895/The_att ack_on_Pearl_Harbor_from_the_movie_Pearl_Harbor
Pearl Harbor - December 7, 1941 USS Arizona
A Date Which Will Live in Infamy
From the movie 1:40
From the World Wars 1:40
Sound Clip
December 7, 1941
Wake Island Guam The Philippines Nearly 1,200
Germany 8:55 a.m. 1 p.m. 7:55 a.m. 6 a.m.
D C A B False False
True True False True Activity #2 – Radio Announcement
Write a 50-75 word radio announcement informing the citizens of the US of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Use descriptive words and accurate facts. (this is what you will be graded on – details)
U.S. Mobilization Mobilization – preparation for war • The War Production Board was created to oversee the conversion of factories to war production • In 1942, the WPB banned the production of cars so auto plants could produce military equipment • Factories ran 24 hours a day, producing ships, tanks, jeeps, guns & ammunition. • Liberty Ships were transport vessels for troops & supplies. They were about 441 feet and could be built in 4 days.
Mobilization – Financing
• As in WWI, the government increased taxes and sold war bonds to raise money for the war.
• Rationing – limiting ‘supplies’ necessary for war ▫ Scrap metal ◊ Gasoline ◊ Rubber ◊ Nylon ◊ Foods
WWI WWII Rationed Items
Disclaimer – video is at 200% speed
Mobilization – Troops
• The Selective Service & Training Act of 1940 required men from 21-35 to register for the draft. ▫ It was later expanded to 18-38. ▫ First peace-time draft
Continued…
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Women • Four new roles in which women participated during wartime: ▫ Factory workers & Machine workers
• Also, separate women divisions of military branches such as WAACs & WASPs ▫ Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps ▫ Women’s Airforce Service Pilots ▫ Nurses in Combat
• What do you think a WAVE might be? Rosie the Riveter
All records of the WASP were classified and sealed for 35 years, so their contributions to the war effort were little known and inaccessible to historians. In 1975, under the leadership of Col. Bruce Arnold, son of General Hap Arnold, the WASP fought the "Battle of Congress" in Washington, D.C., to have the WASP recognized as veterans of World War II. They organized as a group again and tried to gain public support for their official veteran recognition.
Finally in 1977, the records were unsealed after an Air Force press release erroneously stated the Air Force was training the first women to fly military aircraft for the U.S.
This time, the WASPs lobbied Congress with the important support of Senator Barry Goldwater, who himself had been a World War II ferry pilot in the 27th Ferrying Squadron.
In 1977, President Jimmy Carter signed legislation granting the WASP corps full military status for their service.
On July 1, 2009 President Barack Obama and the United States Congress awarded the WASP the Congressional Gold Medal. Three of the roughly 300 surviving WASPs were on hand to witness the event. During the ceremony President Obama said, "The Women Airforce Service Pilots courageously answered their country's call in a time of need while blazing a trail for the brave women who have given and continue to give so much in service to this nation since. Every American should be grateful for their service, and I am honored to sign this bill to finally give them some of the hard-earned recognition they deserve."
African Americans • A. Philip Randolph was an African American who protested the fact that black workers received lower wages than white workers. They were also limited in the types of work they could do
• Dorie Miller became a hero when he abandoned his role as a cook, and manned a machine gun on his ship during the attack on Pearl Harbor.
• The Tuskegee Airmen were an all African- American group of pilots. Dorie Miller
Tuskegee Airmen
HBO Film Lucas Film 1995 2012 Mexican Americans • The Bracero program brought in Mexican workers to help with the war effort. They were promised a minimum wage, food, shelter & clean living conditions.
• Mexican men wore fancy, loose fitting outfits with oversized hats known as zoot-suits.
• In June 1943, American sailors attacked these Mexicans in Los Angeles. It was known as the Zoot-Suit Riots.
Native Americans
Navajo Code Talkers
Video 2:20 Film Clips
• Becoming a Code Talker 2:45
• Living History – 2:41 • Living History - 2:20
• Windtalkers 2:40
Japanese American Internment • Internment - Forced relocation and imprisonment
• After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Americans began to view Americans of Japanese descent with fear & suspicion. ▫ They were afraid that they could be secret agents working with Japan to prepare an invasion of the West Coast.
Film Clips • Propaganda Piece 2:41
• Japanese Internment in America 3:40
Japanese American Internment Continued… Washington
Oregon California Arizona
Topaz
Heart Mountain
• When Japanese Americans were sent to these camps, they lost everything. ▫ Their jobs, businesses, homes and belongings.
• In 1943, the U.S. government created an all Neisi (Japanese-American born in the US) combat team as a reversal of their policy of not allowing Japanese Americans to serve in the military. ▫ Their families remained in the camps.
Germans & Italians were rounded up too, but not as publicly.
Korematsu v. United States
• In 1944, the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.
• In 1988, Americans acknowledged the injustice of relocation.
• Congress issued a formal apology and agreed to give each survivor $20,000 as a token of the nation’s regret. Activity #3 – Newspaper Story
Newspaper Human Interest Story: Create 50-75 word (each) human interest newspaper stories about the WWII experiences of any two of the following groups of Americans Women Japanese Americans African Americans Mexican Americans
World War II
War in Europe and North Africa
The Allies Fight Back
• Roosevelt & Churchill agreed on 2 initial strategies. ▫ A build up of troops in Great Britain to be used to invade France. ▫ An assault on German forces in North Africa. • Stalin did not like this idea because he felt as if the Soviets were alone in fighting the Germans in Europe & wanted a distraction on the Western front. • One problem was u-boats sinking cargo headed to Britain. ▫ In 1942 alone, u-boats sank more than 6million tons of Allied materials. • Allies used the convoy system – successful in WWI – and new sonar technology to find & destroy u-boats.
The Soviet Union
• By the middle of 1942, Axis armies had driven far into the Soviet Union. Millions of soviet soldiers had been killed. • But as the winter approached, the German troops were grossly unprepared and Hitler refused to send supplies. Thousands of German soldiers starved or froze to death. • Soviet troops gained the advantage and the Germans retreated. • Key turning point of the war.
• Clip DiscEd (1:30) The War in Africa Timeline • Summer 1942 German General Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox, began an offensive to take Egypt. • July 1942 The British stopped the Afrika Korps at the Battle of El Alamein. • May 1943 Caught between two Allied forces, the Afrika Korps surrendered. • July 1943 Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily. They then moved to the Italian mainland where Italian leaders overthrew Mussolini & surrendered to the Allies. • January 1944 Allied troops attempted a surprise attack at Anzio • June 1944 Allied Forces captured Rome, the capital of Italy. • Early 1945 German forces were driven out of Italy & Italian Freedom Fighters executed Mussolini.
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Victories in Stalingrad and North Africa were turning points of the war and opened the way to Allied advances by
land and by sea. Fierce fighting continued for over two years before the Axis fell. Invading Europe D-Day
• Largest sea-to-land invasion ever attempted • Germans had prepared with mines and barbed wire on the beaches as well as concrete bunkers from which to shoot. This map shows the zones the Germans considered the most probable for an invasion of Europe, Operation Fortitude
• How Did the Allies Keep D-Day a Secret (2) Internal • Camouflage Inflatable Decoys (2) Internal The invasion at Normandy, the largest sea invasion in history, launched the Allied Western assault. German forces, expecting the invasion at the Strait of Dover, were caught short-handed at Normandy. Continued
June 6, 1944 sea
132,500
Atlantic Wall paratroopers
Straight of Dover
Omaha Allied troops met the most resistance at Omaha Beach. However, by the end of the day, Allies controlled all five beaches in Normandy.
The D-Day Invasion
• June 6, 1944 (3) ▫ 6,000 ships, 11,000 planes, and 156,000 men were part of the invasion ▫ American beaches were Utah and Omaha ▫ Omaha was particularly challenging and almost 3,000 men were killed or wounded.
• Charles During (6) Others
• From The Century (3)
• Band of Brothers Drop (4:30)
• Saving Private Ryan (stop at 4m)
• Ghost Army (4) After the Invasion
In July 1944, Allied tank forces led by American General George Patton broke through German lines on the Western front. At the same time, Soviet troops were closing in from the East.
Within 3 months of the invasion, Allied troops liberated Paris – August 25, 1944.
Paris, after liberating the city August 25, 1944.
Battle of the Bulge
• Allied troops continued moving toward Germany through Belgium & Luxembourg. • Hitler drafted every able bodied man between the ages of 16-60 to stage one last desperate attack… • December 16-January 1945 • Largest & Bloodiest battle fought by the U.S. during WWII.
Battle of the Bulge (3)
End of the War
• January 1945 German troops began to retreat and Hitler’s ability to wage offensive war was crushed.
• February 1945 Allied bombers attacked German city of Dresden killing more than 35,000 Germans.
• April 30 As Soviet troops surrounded Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker.
• May 8, 1945 The Germans surrendered & the war in Europe Ended V-E (Victory in Europe) Day.
• *April 12, 1945 FDR died & Harry Truman became President.
Why We Fight
• Discovery Band of Brothers (10)
• Testimonials The Century (17) 15:43
Activity #4 – Interview Questions
Write 10 questions that you would ask a Holocaust survivor. After the question record a possible answer (2-3 sentences) based on the information in your textbook or that you have learned trough Mrs. Fava. World War II Section 4 War in the Pacific
C E E C E C Aircraft, Ships, Tanks, Ordnance
Japan Advances Japan attacked many countries at the same time, or immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
American soldiers surrendered to the Japanese in the Philippines. 70,000 American and Filipino soldiers were forced to march 63 miles to a prison camp while being starved and beaten. Over 10,000 soldier died in what became known as the Bataan Death March.
Chester Nimitz was put in charge of the Pacific fleet. MacArthur In February 1942, as Japanese forces tightened their grip on the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by President Roosevelt to relocate to Australia. He said “I came through and I shall return”. Washington asked MacArthur to amend his promise to "We shall return". He ignored the request. After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, he fulfilled a promise to return to the Philippines.
They were beaten, and they were starved as they marched. Those who fell were bayoneted. Some of those who fell were beheaded by Japanese officers who were practicing with their samurai swords from horseback. The Japanese culture at that time reflected the view that any warrior who surrendered had no honor; thus was not to be treated like a human being. Thus they were not committing crimes against human beings.[...] The Japanese soldiers at that time… felt they were dealing with subhumans and animals. Many of the prisoners died along the way of heat or exhaustion…given no food for the first three days…only allowed to drink water from filthy water buffalo wallows on the side of the road…Japanese would frequently beat and bayonet prisoners who began to fall behind, or were unable to walk. At the prison, overcrowded conditions and poor hygiene caused diseases to rapidly spread among the prisoners…they failed to provide medical care and few or no supplies Continued The war in the Pacific covered huge distances. The Allies used a strategy called island hopping, closing in on Japan by sea. The final attacks, however, were by air and used the first atomic bombs.
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Dutch Harbor
Baatan Leyte Gulf Luzon Okinawa 1941-1942 AX 1942 AX 1942 N 1943 AL 1944 AL 1945 AL Doolittle Raid
• Retaliation for Philippines – wanted to show the Japanese they were not invincible.
• The first U.S. raid on the Japanese main island on April 18, 1942.
• Sixteen bombers were launched from a U.S. ship – huge feat - to attack targets, including Tokyo, and then fly on to airfields in China.
Key Allied Victories - early May 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea American & Japanese aircraft carriers & fighter planes clashed.
June 4-7 Battle of Midway – turning point Americans inflicted heavy damage on the Japanese fleets. Ships never saw each other.
August 1942 Guadalcanal Marines invaded and fought for 6 months facing disease & starvation. Island Hopping Battling Toward Japan
November 1943 Marine invasion of Tarawa – similar to D-Day invasion. U.S. victory.
October 1944 Battle of Leyte Gulf – the largest naval battle in history.
November 1944 Philippines - Allied troops finally regained control of the Philippines.
1944-1945 Bombing Japan American B-29 bombers, able to carry 20,000 pounds of explosives each, launched bombing raids on more than 60 major Japanese cities. Battling Toward Japan
February, 1945 Bombing Tokyo - Japan’s capital city of Tokyo, left 1 million people homeless, destroyed factories, and food became so scarce that many people neared starvation. But showed we could reach them… Spring 1945 Iwo Jima and Okinawa - Two of the war’s fiercest battles – Casualties=killed or wounded • Iwo Jima casualties ▫ U.S.: 6,000 ▫ Japanese: 19-20,000
• Okinawa casualties ▫ U.S.: 12,000 ▫ Japanese: 110,000 + 80,000 civilians Kamikaze Japanese suicide pilot More than 2,500 kamikaze missions were flown, killing more than 4,000 Allied sailors.
Last desperate attempt Limited fuel Potsdam Proclamation
July 16, 1945 The first successful test of the first atomic bomb in the New Mexico desert.
The Atomic bomb was ready for use. The Allies issued a proclamation warning that if Japan did not surrender, they faced “prompt and utter destruction”
Still Japanese leaders refused to surrender
The Bombs
USS Indianapolis
Dropping
Continued aircraft
Hanford Oak Ridge Los Alamos Hiroshima Nagasaki Victory in the Pacific August 6, 1945 First Bomb - Hiroshima B-29 bomber, Enola Gay, dropped an atomic bomb, killing almost 80,000 people immediately.
August 9, 1945 Second Bomb – Nagasaki U.S. forces dropped a second atomic bomb, killing about 22,000 people immediately.
August 15, 1945 V-J Day (Victory over Japan) The Japanese announced their surrender.
This image shows the devastation of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima
End of the War
More than 50 million people had been killed. More than half of them were civilians. National economies were devastated. Millions of people were left without food, water or shelter, while America escaped this level of destruction. Therefore much of the responsibility of post-war rebuilding fell to the United States.
Activity #5 – Diary Entry
Write a page diary entry (30-50+ words) of Harry Truman about his decision to drop the atomic bomb. Include Truman’s thoughts & feelings and factual information. You will be graded on details.