Mahavir Jayanti ¿Qué Es El Jainismo? Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Es La

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Mahavir Jayanti ¿Qué Es El Jainismo? Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, Es La Lic. Maria Cecilia Peralta Lic. Nadia G. Radulovich Mahavir Jayanti ¿Qué es el jainismo? Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, es la fiesta religiosa más importante para los jainistas. Se celebra el nacimiento de Mahavira, vigésimo cuarto y el último Tirthankara. Mahavira Jayanti es un festival marcado con oraciones y ayuno. La fiesta es especialmente popular en el estado oriental de Bihar, donde nació Mahavira cerca de la moderna ciudad de Patna. ¿Quién fue Mahavira? Hacia el siglo VI a. C., la India estaba dividida y subdividida en un gran número de reinos y de principados grandes y pequeños. En Vidaha y para ser más exactos, en la ciudad de Vaisali el rajá Siddhartha y su esposa Trishala, de la casta de los guerreros, Khastriya, tuvieron un hijo, Vardhamana, el Próspero, nació probablemente en el año 599 a.C. Hay numerosos relatos en el que el príncipe manifiesta dones especiales, entre ellos, un día el príncipe Vardhamana jugaba con sus amigos en el patio fuera del palacio, escuchó gritos provenientes del exterior y al salir, advirtió que un elefante asustado corría por la calle atemorizando a la gente a su alrededor. Según la leyenda Vardahamana miró fijamente al elefante y le ordenó en voz alta que se tranquilizara. Para sorpresa de los presentes, el elefante inmediatamente recuperó la calma. Luego el príncipe Vardhamana montó sobre el animal. A partir de ese momento la gente le llamaría Vira, héroe. El relato más difundido fue el enfrentamiento de Mahavira con una cobra. Así se popularizó el nombre de Mahavira, para referirse a Vardhamana. A los ocho años, Mahavira comenzó su educación y pronto sus profesores reconocieron los talentos del niño, por la manera que tenía de responder a las preguntas hechas por sus tutores. Él vivía con todas las comodidades y los lujos de la vida real, que estaban a su disposición. Tenía relaciones y contactos con varias http://asiaviewers.com/ https://www.facebook.com/asia.viewers [email protected] Lic. Maria Cecilia Peralta Lic. Nadia G. Radulovich familias reales importantes de su tiempo, a través de su padre. Sin embargo, Mahavira nunca demostró tener ambiciones políticas ni otras inclinaciones mundanas, como la adquisición de bienes materiales ni de poder. En cambio le dio gran importancia a la ayuda al prójimo, y creyó firmemente en los principios de la conducta virtuosa y la igualdad hacia todos los seres vivos. Sus padres sabían de las inclinaciones espirituales y religiosas de su hijo, Mahavira. Él no estaba interesado en la construcción de una carrera política. Asumían que Mahavira seguiría el camino del ascetismo. El rey Siddhartha y la reina Trishala, veían la posibilidad de casar a su hijo y por lo tanto, dieron a sus parientes la indicación de arreglar pronto el matrimonio de su hijo. Finalmente, sus padres, aprobaron la propuesta de casarlo con una princesa llamada Yasoda, del estado de Kalinga. Según la leyenda, al enterarse de los arreglos matrimoniales se vio disconforme, ya que nunca se había sentido inclinado hacia el casamiento, ya que lo distraería de su camino espiritual. Así es que rechazó la propuesta de matrimonio y le dijo a sus padres sobre su anhelo de permanecer célibe para dedicar sus energías a conquistar los deseos y las pasiones mundanos. Se sentó en la postura de Padmasana1, en una losa de piedra, adoptando el estilo de vida de los ascetas jainas. En otra versión, Mahavira sí se casaría con la princesa Yasoda y tendrían una hija, Priyadarsana. En cuanto a sus padres, Sidhartha y Trishala decidieron abandonar el mundo siguiendo las doctrinas jainas. Así ellos se extendieron sobre una alfombra de hierba y se dejaron morir de inanición. Luego de la muerte de sus padres, Mahavira abandonó a su mujer y a su hija a la edad de treinta y dos años, para dedicarse al ascetismo por medio de la meditación y la penitencia. Podemos ver en esta otra leyenda una gran semejanza con la vida de Sidharta Gautama. Mahavira realizó la ceremonia de iniciación, de acuerdo a la tradición jainista, en la que se visten para la ceremonia con sus ropas más valiosas y se cubren de joyas, para luego despojarse de ellas. Antiguamente, los monjes jainas andaban desnudos, despojados de marcas de castas y signos particulares. Vemos la reacción jainista contra los materialistas y ritualistas. 1 Padmasana, posición comúnmente llamada loto, se la utiliza para la meditación, en apariencia el cuerpo parece un triángulo con una base firme. http://asiaviewers.com/ https://www.facebook.com/asia.viewers [email protected] Lic. Maria Cecilia Peralta Lic. Nadia G. Radulovich Al llegar al jardín de Jnatrkhanda, en las cercanías de Kundalapur, Mahavira se quitó todas las ropas, ornamentos y guirnaldas del cuerpo, y asumiendo la desnudez completa, como señal de renuncia de todos los apegos mundanos. “(…), extremismo jainista, imagen viva de la pobreza desnuda que en pura inocencia adamítica recuerda con su presencia chocante a un mundo sofisticado y suspicaz la sencillez inicial y el destino final de la raza humana”.2 Vardhamana pasó doce años en el ascetismo. Hasta que un día se sentó cerca de un viejo templo bajo un árbol durante dos días, permaneciendo inmóvil, ayunando y sumergido en la más profunda meditación. Al tercer día la iluminación se había cumplido: estaba en posesión del conocimiento supremo y absoluto, era omnisciente, un sabio perfecto. “alcanzó el estado de aislamiento e integración [liberación de la esclavitud terrena] 3correspondiente a la iluminación de los Buda”. Después de treinta años de predicar, Mahavira logró entrar en el nirvana, llegó a ser un liberado, mukta y un perfecto, siddha. Mahavira instruyó a sus once discípulos principales, los ganadhara, cuidadores de la multitud. ¿Qué es el Jainismo? El Jainismo es una antigua religión de la India que surgió como una reacción al ritualismo brahmánico y contra su sistema de castas. Durante su larga e intacta existencia, fue promulgada por veinticuatro predicadores conocidos como los Jainas (vencedores) o Tirthankaras. La tradición de los Tirthankaras comienza con Rishabha, el primer Tirthankara, siendo el último Mahavira, el vigésimo cuarto Jaina. Existe una relación entre las enseñanzas de estos veinticuatro Tirthankaras que vivieron en diversas épocas de la historia en la India. En esta sucesión de veinticuatro predicadores, se mantiene una continuidad en los principios y las prácticas de la Religión Jaina. Mahavira es un gran promulgador de la religión durante el siglo VI a. C. y no el fundador de la misma. 2 C. VÁLLES, Dejar a Dios ser Dios, San Pablo, Santa Fe de Bogotá, 1994, pp. 137. 3 M. PERCHERON, Buda, Salvat, Barcelona, 1985, p 83. http://asiaviewers.com/ https://www.facebook.com/asia.viewers [email protected] Lic. Maria Cecilia Peralta Lic. Nadia G. Radulovich El origen de la religión tiene un carácter mitológico, como podemos ver a través de la vida de Rishabha, el fundador de la religión jaina. En la tradición jainista, el primer Tirthankara era hijo del rey Nahbhi, el catorceavo y último Manu, 4 y su madre Maru Devi le dio a luz en el país de Ayodhya. Ella fue advertida en sueños sobre el destino sobrenatural de su hijo por las dieciséis visiones que anuncian el nacimiento de un jaina: un elefante blanco, un toro blanco, un león blanco de lomo rojo, la diosa Laksm (diosa hindú de la abundancia), dos guirnaldas perfumadas sobre las cuales zumbaban abejas negras, la luna llena, el sol naciente, dos vasos de oro con lotos de oro, peces en un estanque de lotos, un lago cuyas aguas parecen oro liquido, el océano, un trono engastado de pedrerías, un palacio celeste, la residencia del rey de los Nagas, un montón de piedras preciosas, y un fuego sin humo. Además ella tuvo un sueño en el que un toro de oro entraba por su boca. Más tarde se le otorgaría a Rishabha el emblema del toro. Durante su vida enseño al pueblo la agricultura, las artesanías, las artes, y organizó tres castas de la India. Luego él se convirtió en monje errante a causa de su último acto y se arrancó el pelo y la barba, y tiró sus ropas y joyas. Meditó durante seis meses ininterrumpidamente y adquirió la omnisciencia. Así comenzó la predicación, que continuó durante años, hasta alcanzar el nirvana. Parte III La Concepciones jainistas Por la cosmología jaina se considera que el universo es un organismo vivo y animado en sus partes por mónadas vitales que lo circulan. Dicho organismo, al igual que sus partes componentes, es imperecedero. Las mónadas vitales ascienden y descienden, pasando por distintos estados del ser, ya sean humano, divino, animal. Lo que parece ser un ciclo de nacimiento y muerte es en realidad una cadena continua de transformaciones infinitas, donde se pasa de un estado a otro. 4 Un día de Bhrama, creador del mundo hindú representado con cuatro rostros mirando hacia los cuatro puntos del espacio, comprende más de 4 000 millones de años humanos y se divide a su vez en 14 épocas y cada una está presididas por un Manú (demiurgo) y terminada por un diluvio que todo lo destruye. http://asiaviewers.com/ https://www.facebook.com/asia.viewers [email protected] Lic. Maria Cecilia Peralta Lic. Nadia G. Radulovich Todos los seres del mundo se encuentran en diferentes grados de imperfección, pero a través de los esfuerzos adecuados y el conocimiento puede perfeccionarse. En esto consiste la finalidad de los hombres: conseguir que se manifieste el poder que en ellos está latente, quitando todos los obstáculos que se interpongan en el camino. Las mónadas vitales, en estado humano o divino, poseen las cinco facultades sensoriales, sumadas a una facultad pensante o manas, duración de vida o ayus, fuerza física o kaya-bala, el poder de la palabra o vacana-bala y el poder de respirar o svasocchvasa bala.
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