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Giant TC Manual

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Giant TC Manual How to Build a Page 1 GIANT TESLA COIL by Lloyd F. Ritchey WWW.LloydRitchey.com • Produces spectacular electrical discharges up to 10' in length. • Compact and portable • Perfect for large-scale science shows and stage effects • Horizontal or vertical displays • Includes plans, experiments, safety guidelines, and sources. WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 2 CAUTION THE APPARATUS DESCRIBED IN THIS MANUAL HAS COMPONENTS THAT CAN CAUSE SERIOUS INJURY, DELIVER LETHAL ELECTRICAL SHOCK, CREATE RADIO INTERFERENCE, AND DAMAGE SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS FOR SAFE CONSTRUCTION AND USE. READ MANUAL BEFORE CON- STRUCTION AND NOTE ALL SAFETY MEASURES AND PRECAUTIONS. THE READER SHOULD HAVE A GOOD UNDERSTANDING OF ELECTRICAL PRIN- CIPLES AND TERMINOLOGY BEFORE UNDERTAKING CONSTRUCTION. THE READER IS FURTHER ADVISED TO GAIN EXPERIENCE BY WORKING WITH SMALLER TESLA COILS BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO BUILD LARGE APPARATUS. © Lloyd F. Ritchey, Jr., 1995. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form by any means without the written permission of the author. Published by: Lloyd F. Ritchey Questions or Comments? [email protected] WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 3 C E B A D Fig. 1 - Complete Road Show Tesla Coil system. (A) Power Supply (B) Oscillator (C) Tesla Coil (D) Vermette Stand (E) optional Discharge Electrode. Fig. 1.1 - Tesla Coil and road cases. Oscillator lid (center) connects to wheeled base on Oscillator. Secondary Coil case (right) is fitted with hinged lid. Fig. 1.2 - Tesla Coil cranked to eight foot elevation on Vermette stand. WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 4 Fig. 1.3 - Performer draws a crackling discharge from the ROAD SHOW TESLA COIL during a stage performance at the SCIENCE PLACE museum, Dallas. INTRODUCTION The ROAD SHOW TESLA COIL described in this manual delivers spectacular displays of electrical energy for large-scale science shows, special effects, and stage productions. The Coil is an excellent project for universities, colleges, science museums, special effects engineers, researchers, and experimenters who want a rugged, portable, powerful instrument. Two of the ROAD SHOW coils constructed by the author have toured across the country with rock n’ roll groups and promotional shows. One of the coils has been in use almost daily since 1988 at the Southwest Museum of Science and Industry (THE SCIENCE PLACE) in Dallas. The Coil is capable of producing electrical discharges up to 10 feet long in free air and can be used in many audience-pleasing demonstrations. The variety of special effects that can be produced is limited only by the ingenuity of the builder. Although Tesla Coil design hasn’t really changed much since Nikola Tesla’s originals, modern materials allow the construction of more compact and efficient instruments. The ROAD SHOW TESLA COIL uses “state of the art” components and practical design to achieve high performance in a relatively small package. WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 5 Experimenters not familiar with Tesla Coils or high voltage circuits are strongly advised to gain experience with a smaller Tesla Coil (such as the Tesla Coil described in the manual, TABLE TOP LIGHTNING) before undertaking the construction of the Road Show Tesla Coil. SPACE REQUIREMENTS When operated at medium power levels, the Road Show Tesla Coil will require a ceiling height of at least 16' and a floor space 16' wide and 20' deep. If the Coil is to be used at maximum power, it will need a ceiling height of 20' and a floor space 20' x 20' (Fig. 2). Keep in mind that the Coil will induce currents in wiring not protected by a grounded shield or conduit. The discharges can pass through sheet rock, plywood, plastic, and other non-conducting materials (see section on Safety). SPECIFICATIONS The Coil disassembles into four units: The Secondary Coil, Oscillator, Stand, and Control Box. Power requirements: 30 A @ 240 V AC or 60 A @ 120 V AC. A separate earth ground is required. Circuit: “classic” AC Tesla Coil circuit using an asynchronous rotary spark gap Operating Frequency: approximately 170- 200 kHz Approximate Weight: 2' Oscillator 200-250 lbs. Secondary 80-90 lbs. 8' Control Box 80 lbs. Stand 75 lbs. Peak output voltage is estimated at 2-3 million. Average output current is esti- mated to be several milliamps. Peak output current may be several amperes. Fig. 2 - The Tesla Coil's "Strike Zone" is a 360° pattern within which any conducting object may be hit by a discharge streamer. If the Coil is operating at maximum power, the zone should be extended to ten feet. WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 6 HISTORY Nikola Tesla employed large Tesla Coils for research into wireless transmission of power. His efforts were to have culminated in the Wardenclyffe Transmitting Station, New York, which he nearly completed in 1901. With this station, Tesla believed that he could transmit power, without loss, to any point on the planet. Indeed, while Marconi was struggling to send the first wireless signal across the Atlantic with a relatively crude apparatus, Tesla was planning to transmit power across the Atlantic to light the Paris World’s Fair! Tesla’s technology was years ahead of Marconi’s. Tragically, financing for the Wardenclyff Station was removed by Tesla’s backer, J.P. Morgan, before the sta- tion was ready, and the project died. Tesla took many of the station’s secrets with him to the grave. During the period from around 1890 to 1904, Tesla refined his designs and invented a number of variations. He devised sophisticated rotary spark gaps (he called them “circuit controllers” or “interrupters”) that used mercury, Fig. 3 - Wardenclyffe Tower, part of Tesla's system designed to transmit power across the Atlantic. held against the inside of a cylinder by centrifugal force, and high speed rotating electrodes. Some of his rotary gaps employed insulating gas at high pressure. Some were synchronous, and others employed more than one set of rotating electrodes. The spark gap used for the Road Show Tesla Coil is based on one of several designs Tesla used successfully during his Colorado Springs Experiments. Tesla designed many pri- mary/secondary coil con- figurations, including double-ended, flat spiral, conical, and “extra coil” combinations. He experimented with the influence of antenna height and capacitance on transmis- A BC sion distance, and designed a number of sophisticated Fig. 4 - Rotary Spark Gaps. (A) Typical early design employing multiple points (B) Portable Tesla Mercury Interrupter attached to a Tesla Coil (C) Cross section of circuits to receive signals and "industrial size" Tesla Interrupter. power. WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 7 THEORY The Tesla Coil is a resonant air-core transformer. A Secondary Coil comprising many turns of wire is in close inductive relationship with a Primary Coil having few turns (Fig. 5). The Secondary Coil has a natural resonant fre- Discharge Electrode quency that is determined primarily by its length, inductance, and lumped capacitance. High Voltage Transformer The Primary Coil is part of a tuned circuit designed Secondary to oscillate at a frequency one-fourth as high as the Coil Secondary resonant frequency. Energy is coupled into the Secondary Coil from the Primary Primary Coil. Because of the 1/4 wavelength Coil tuning, voltage induced in the Secondary reaches a Spark Gap peak at the top of the coil, the bottom being held at Earth ground potential. Gnd. Fig. 5 - "Classic" spark-gap Tesla Coil Secondary voltage is determined largely by the “Q” circuit with Secondary Coil grounded at factors of the respective circuits and, to an extent, one end and primary circuit tuned to 1/4 the frequency of the Secondary Coil. by the turns ratio between the primary and second- ary coils. The coil in this manual uses a step-up transformer that provides 16,000 volts for the primary circuit. This output is applied across the terminals of a Capacitor. The Capacitor charges during one half of the AC cycle and then discharges across the Rotary Spark Gap into the Primary Coil. When the Spark Gap fires, the conducting spark provides a low resistance path for oscillations to occur between the Primary Coil and Transformer Waveform Secondary Damped Voltage Waveforms F = 1/2 F = F = 1/4 the Capacitor. Oscillations Oscillations 1st. Half of 2nd. Half of A.C. Cycle A.C. Cycle Spark Gap Fires The size of the Primary Coil Voltage Voltage and Capacitor determines the 0 0 frequency of the primary cir- 120 th. Sec. cuit. If the Primary is properly Volts tuned to the Secondary, a se- Max. 0 Max. ries of damped oscillations at F 200 kHz. the Secondary resonant fre- quency occurs during each half Fig. 6 - Waveforms and Secondary voltage gradients for different cycle of AC current (Fig. 6). wavelengths. The theoretical maximum volt- age the system would develop under perfect conditions is the product of the system’s “Q” times the impressed voltage (approximately 16 kV). There is some debate regarding the degree to which turns ratio influences voltage developed by a Tesla Coil. WWW.LloydRitchey.com Page 8 Frequency affects striking distance, so the “rule of thumb” of 3 feet per million volts doesn’t necessarily hold. The voltage developed by the Road Show Tesla Coil is estimated to be from two to three million. Because considerable energy is stored in the inductive field of the Tesla Coil’s secondary, a discharge spark can briefly release peak currents of many amperes. Tesla calculated that his Colorado Springs coil discharged peak currents of more than 2,000 amperes. His coil developed around 20 million volts. Assuming that the current and voltage were in phase, the instrument would have had a peak instantaneous output of a whopping 400 million watts.
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