DOCSLIB.ORG

Erinna's Distaff and Sappho Fr.94 John Rauk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Erinna's Distaff and Sappho Fr.94 John Rauk RAUK, JOHN, Erinna's "Distaff" and Sappho Fr.94 , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 30:1 (1989) p.101 Erinna's Distaff and Sappho Fr.94 John Rauk CHOLARS HAVE frequently noticed a general similarity in Ssituation between Erinna's Distaff, in which Erinna recalls her life with Baucis, and Sappho fr.94 (L.-P.), which pre­ sents a similar picture of the relationship between Sappho and a female companion. 1 In the words of Bowra, it is tempting to see some likeness in one respect between her art and that of Sappho. In this poem Erinna moves quickly and naturally from one memory to another, and much of her success lies in the clarity and delicacy with which she recalls the past. Once at least Sappho did the same thing, when she recalled the happy times passed with her lost friend, its flowers, its feasts, its ceremonies.2 Despite such observations little effort has been made to explain the connection between the two poems. A closer examination of both works suggests that the relationship between the Distaff and Sappho 94 is a generic one, and that both are examples of farewells addressed to female companions who leave to be married. To demonstrate this it is first necessary to review the poetry of Erinna and to examine the content and themes of the Distaff Erinna's reputation in antiquity rested on her poem the 'HAa­ K<l'tT\, or Distaff, which tradition held she completed shortly be­ fore her death at the age of nineteen. 3 The Distaff survives in an 1 E.g. M. Skinner, "Briseis, The Trojan Women, and Erinna," CW 75 (1982) 269 n.13; L. Rissman, Love as War: Homeric Allusion in the Poetry of S~ppho (=Beitr. zur kl. Phil. 157 [Konigstein 1983]) 143 n.ll; and ]. Snyder, The Women and the Lyre. Women Writers in Classical Greece and Rome (Car­ bondale 1989) 96. 2 C. M. Bowra, Problems in Greek Poetry (Oxford 1953) 167f. ;} Her dates and birthplace arc uncertain; for biographical material see M. L. WEST, "Erinna," 2PE 25 (1977: hereafter 'West') 95f, and SCHOLZ, "'Erinna," A&A 18 (1973: 'Scholz') 15-21. 101 RAUK, JOHN, Erinna's "Distaff" and Sappho Fr.94 , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 30:1 (1989) p.101 102 ERINNA'S DISTAFF AND SAPPHO FR.94 extensive papyrus fragment 4 which shows that the subject of the poem was the marriage and subsequent death of Erinna's childhood friend, Baucis. Two hexameter fragments of Erinna that were known before the papyrus was discovered can easily be fitted into the context of the poem as we know it now,s but a third fragment has resisted inclusion. This is a farewell prayer ad­ dressed to the pompilos, a fish of good omen to sailors, asking the creature to grant safe voyage to a certain "sweet friend» (SuppI.HeU. 404, from Ath. 7.283D), 1tOJ..L1ttM, vo:\:ytncrtV 1t£J..L1t<DV 1tA-6ov £U1tA-OOV ix8u, 1toJ..L1t£ucrat~ 1tpuJ..Lva8£v £J..LCx.v ix8dav hatpav. These lines have been rejected from the Distaff because their al­ literation seems harsh compared to Erinna's style elsewhere in the poem, and because Athenaeus, who quotes them, expresses doubt that they really are Erinna's ("Hptvvu 't£ fl 6 1t£1tOtT1KW~ 'to d~ au't~v avaq>£poJ..L£VOV 1tOtT11.H1-rtoV).6 Evidence strongly suggests, however, that this farewell is indeed by Erinna and furthermore that it must have appeared in the Distaff Ancient tesimonia repeatedly emphasize Erinna's small output and praise her Callimachean qualties: her work is small, sweet, and worth all of Homer, and her swan-like voice has secured an 4 SuppLHeli. 401 (PSI 1090; Pack2 365), discussed at length along with recon­ struction of the poem most recently by West 96-114. 5 Stobaeus 4.50a.14 (=PSI 1090.46) and 4.51.4 (Suppl.He ll. 402), 1:o\HCJ8cv d~ 'A{oav nvcu Otavi]XE'tat axc.O. I (nyu 0' £v V£J(u£crcH, 1:0 O£ aJ(CJ1:o~ ()()()£ J(a1:­ aypc'i. The latter, while clearly from the Distaff, remains unplaced; see discus­ sion by Scholz 38 and West 101. 6 R. Reitzenstein, Epigram und Skolion (Giessen 1893) 143f, n.l, whose argu­ ments have been generally accepted, e.g. by D. N. Levin, "Quaestiones Erin­ neanae," HSCP 66 (1962) 199, and M. Arthur, "The Tortoise and the Mirror: Erinna PSI 1090," CW 74 (1980) 55. Stylistic arguments, however, are not com­ pelling; compare, for example, the mannered address to the pompilos in Apol­ lonius Rh. fr.8 Powell (infra). u. Lisi, Poetesse greche (Catania 1933) 151, does take the fragment as genuine, but assigns it to a poem earlier than the Distaff. West 116-19 is apparently alone in believing that the pompilos fragment is from the Distaff; noting Athenaeus' hesitation he goes on to argue that the Distaff itself is spurious and that the figure of Erinna is a literary hoax. His conclusions are criticized by S. Pomeroy, "Supplementary Notes on Erinna," ZPE 32 (1978) 19-21, and by Arthur 54- 58. RAUK, JOHN, Erinna's "Distaff" and Sappho Fr.94 , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 30:1 (1989) p.101 JOHN RAUK 103 undying fame among an unequal generation that follows.7 Antipater of Sidon is typical (Anth.Pal. 7.713): 1taupoE1til~ "Hptvva Kat OU 1tOAU~UeOC; eXot6a'ic;, eXAA' EAaXEv MouCJTlC; 't01)10 'to ~atov E1tOC;. 'totyap'tot ~vi!~T\C; OUK il~~PO'tEV, ou6£ ~EAa(vTlC; VUK'tOC;; U1tO CJKtEpn KroAuE'tat 1t't€puyt· ai 0' avapi8~T\'tot vEapwv CJroPT\oov aotOwv ~UptUOEC;; Ai!8n, SElVE, ,.. u:xpalvoIlE8a. ArohEpo~ KUKVO~ IltKPOC;; ep60~ 11£ KOAotwv KProy~O~ EV daptvatc; Kt6VuIlEVOC; vE<pEAatc;. Such statements clearly comment on the refined style of Erin­ na's poetry, and it is plain that the Distaff, small though it was, held a high place in the esteem of later poets who could see in her work a forerunner of Callimachean aesthetics. 8 But there is not a poem on Erinna that docs not stress her early death,9 and whether or not Erinna herself was consciously 'Callimachean', the picture that emerges from the repeated testimony is that Erinna was known only for the one poem, and that she pre­ sumably did not live to write another. 1o This suggests that the three epigrams attributed to Erinna in the Anthology are prob­ ably spurious, and indeed, upon examination they offer no evi­ dence for a body of work beyond the Distaff The first epi­ gram, 6.352, is a commonplace, and presents nothing to support Erinna's authorship.ll The others, 7.710 and 7.712, treat the death of Baucis and simply repeat themes from the Distaff, which would be odd if Erinna were the author, but perfectly 7 Anth.Pal. 7 .. 11..1 (Asclepiades); 7.12.If; 9.190.1ff. 8 Most clearly articulated by Antiphanes, who attacks Erinna as the darling of the mindless followers of Callimachus (-tWV ,.U:yUAOOV K1lA'i~h:~, f.It' 'Hpivvn Of lCOJlWVt£s, Anth.Pal. 11.322.3; (f Hor. Sat. 1.10.19, nil praeter Calvum et doctus cantare Catullum ). 9 See 7.13 (Leonidas); 7.11.3f; 7.12.2ff; 9.190.sf; and Antipater's poem quoted above. 10 The situation is clearly articulated by K. Latte, "Erinna," NAkG (1953) 91f (=Kleine Schriften [Munich 1968] 522); (f A. and A. Cameron, "Erinna's Distaff," CQ N.5. 19 (1969) 285f. 11 Cf Scholz 21-24, whose extensive interpretation of the poem assumes Erinna's authorship. West lIS would assign this epigram to Nossis; cf G. Luck, "Die Dichterinnen der gricchischen Anthologie," MusHelv 11 (1954) 171. RAUK, JOHN, Erinna's "Distaff" and Sappho Fr.94 , Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies, 30:1 (1989) p.101 104 ERINNA'S DISTAFF AND SAPPHO FR.94 natural in another poet who wished to pay her a tribute. 12 Leonidas' apparent quotation of 7.712 in his own poem on Erinna (7.13.4 Bacn(avoc; EacT', "AtOa=7.712.3) is also valueless as evidence, since both works could be quoting the Distaff in­ dependently;13 but even if Leonidas is quoting from 7.712, it would show only that the epigram passed under Erinna's name in the third century B.e. In light of these considerations, one is inclined to say that the pompilos fragment, if it is accepted as genuine, must have ap­ peared in the Distaff, and support for this view is provided by the testimony of Athenaeus himself. In his discussion of sacred fishes, Athenaeus scrupulously cites each work that he quotes when several were written by the author in question; only in Erinna's case does he refer simply to "the poem'" ('to 1tolTUta­ 'tlOV) attributed to her. 14 In this context is is reasonable to conclude that he is quoting the pompilos fragment directly from the Distaff and not from some other work recognized as spurious, and consequently that the farewell most likely appeared in Erinna's poem. IS If the pompilos fragment is granted to the Distaff, it remains to enquire what place it could have occupied in the poem. There are two possibilities: the farewell could have been pre­ sented at the death of Baucis, whom Erinna mourns in the surviving portion, or at Baucis' marriage, which is referred to in the poem and which must have been mentioned earlier. Farewells could indeed be spoken to the dead,16 but the pompilos had no connection with death; the fish was instead sacred to Aphrodite, and through her was associated with love.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology
    SELECT EPIGRAMS FROM THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY J. W. MACKAIL∗ Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. PREPARER’S NOTE This book was published in 1890 by Longmans, Green, and Co., London; and New York: 15 East 16th Street. The epigrams in the book are given both in Greek and in English. This text includes only the English. Where Greek is present in short citations, it has been given here in transliterated form and marked with brackets. A chapter of Notes on the translations has also been omitted. eti pou proima leuxoia Meleager in /Anth. Pal./ iv. 1. Dim now and soil’d, Like the soil’d tissue of white violets Left, freshly gather’d, on their native bank. M. Arnold, /Sohrab and Rustum/. PREFACE The purpose of this book is to present a complete collection, subject to certain definitions and exceptions which will be mentioned later, of all the best extant Greek Epigrams. Although many epigrams not given here have in different ways a special interest of their own, none, it is hoped, have been excluded which are of the first excellence in any style. But, while it would be easy to agree on three-fourths of the matter to be included in such a scope, perhaps hardly any two persons would be in exact accordance with regard to the rest; with many pieces which lie on the border line of excellence, the decision must be made on a balance of very slight considerations, and becomes in the end one rather of personal taste than of any fixed principle. For the Greek Anthology proper, use has chiefly been made of the two ∗PDF created by pdfbooks.co.za 1 great works of Jacobs,
    [Show full text]
  • CLASSICS 98T General Education Course Information Sheet Please Submit This Sheet for Each Proposed Course
    CLASSICS 98T General Education Course Information Sheet Please submit this sheet for each proposed course Department & Course Number Course Title Indicate if Seminar and/or Writing II course 1 Check the recommended GE foundation area(s) and subgroups(s) for this course Foundations of the Arts and Humanities ñ Literary and Cultural Analysis ñ Philosophic and Linguistic Analysis ñ Visual and Performance Arts Analysis and Practice Foundations of Society and Culture ñ Historical Analysis ñ Social Analysis Foundations of Scientific Inquiry (IMPORTAN: If you are only proposing this course for FSI, please complete the updated FSI information sheet. If you are proposing for FSI and another foundation, complete both information sheets) ñ Physical Science With Laboratory or Demonstration Component must be 5 units (or more) ñ Life Science With Laboratory or Demonstration Component must be 5 units (or more) 2. Briefly describe the rationale for assignment to foundation area(s) and subgroup(s) chosen. 3. "List faculty member(s) who will serve as instructor (give academic rank): Do you intend to use graduate student instructors (TAs) in this course? Yes No If yes, please indicate the number of TAs Page 1 of 12 Page 1 of 3 CLASSICS 98T 4. Indicate when do you anticipate teaching this course over the next three years: 2018-19 Fall Winter Spring Enrollment Enrollment Enrollment 2019-20 Fall Winter Spring Enrollment Enrollment Enrollment 2020-21 Fall Winter Spring Enrollment Enrollment Enrollment 5. GE Course Units Is this an existing course that has been modified for inclusion in the new GE? Yes No If yes, provide a brief explanation of what has changed: Present Number of Units: Proposed Number of Units: 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Helen of Troy and Other Poems
    Helen of Troy And Other Poems Sara Teasdale **The Project Gutenberg Etext of Helen of Troy And Other Poems** By Sara Teasdale Copyright laws are changing all over the world, be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before posting these files!! Please take a look at the important information in this header. We encourage you to keep this file on your own disk, keeping an electronic path open for the next readers. Do not remove this. **Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** **Etexts Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** *These Etexts Prepared By Hundreds of Volunteers and Donations* Information on contacting Project Gutenberg to get Etexts, and further information is included below. We need your donations. Helen of Troy And Other Poems by Sara Teasdale January, 1996 [Etext #400] **The Project Gutenberg Etext of Helen of Troy, by Sara Teasdale** *******This file should be named helen10.txt or helen10.zip******* Corrected EDITIONS of our etexts get a new NUMBER, helen11.txt. VERSIONS based on separate sources get new LETTER, helen10a.txt. Entered/Proofed by A. Light <[email protected]>. For Gwenette. Proofed by L. Bowser <[email protected]> We are now trying to release all our books one month in advance of the official release dates, for time for better editing. Please note: neither this list nor its contents are final till midnight of the last day of the month of any such announcement. The official release date of all Project Gutenberg Etexts is at Midnight, Central Time, of the last day of the stated month.
    [Show full text]
  • Helen Epigrammatopoios
    Helen Epigrammatopoios The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Elmer, David F. 2005. Helen Epigrammatopoios. Classical Antiquity 24(1): 1–39. Published Version http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ca.2005.24.1.1 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3415493 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA DAVID F. ELMER Helen Epigrammatopoios Ancient commentators identify several passages in the Iliad as “epigrams.” This paper explores the consequences of taking the scholia literally and understanding these passages in terms of inscription. Two tristichs spoken by Helen in the teikhoskopia are singled out for special attention. These lines can be construed not only as epigrams in the general sense, but more speciWcally as captions appended to an image of the Achaeans encamped on the plain of Troy. Since Helen’s lines to a certain extent correspond to the function and style of catalogic poetry, reading them speciWcally as captions leads to a more nuanced understanding of both Homeric poetry and Homeric self-reference. By contrasting Helen’s “epigrams” with those of Hektor, one can also discern a gender-based diVerentiation of poetic functions. No Greek literary genre is more inextricably linked to the technology of writ- ingthantheepigram, whichderivesitsdeWning characteristics from the exigencies of inscription. It may therefore seem somewhat incongruent to Wnd discernible gestures toward this most scriptural genre in the most thoroughly “oral” texts that survive from antiquity, the Homeric Iliad and Odyssey.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aesthetics of Dialect in Hellenistic Epigram
    The Aesthetics of Dialect in Hellenistic Epigram A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics by Taylor S. Coughlan B.A. Carleton College M.A. University of Wisconsin—Madison March 18, 2016 Committee Chair: Kathryn Gutzwiller, Ph.D. Alex Sens, Ph.D. Lauren Ginsberg, Ph.D. i Abstract This dissertation is a study of dialect choice and dialect mixture in Hellenistic book epigram. The aims of the project are not only linguistic, but also literary; indeed, what motivates the study is an overarching interest in understanding how specific dialect choices can enrich the meaning of the poem in which they appear. Scholars have only recently started to include dialect in their readings of individual epigrams, but no one has systematically studied the entire corpus. In order to more fully understand Hellenistic book epigram and its flourishing during a period of great social, cultural, and literary change, we must confront the genre’s use of dialect or otherwise miss out on an important component in this self-conscious genre’s production of poetic meaning. Following an introduction that sets out the interpretive framework for the dissertation and explores issues of dialect transmission in the manuscript tradition, the study falls into two parts, each comprising three chapters. In the first part, I attempt to situate dialect choice and mixture in its poetic and literary-critical contexts. In the first chapter, I investigate dialect usage in pre- Hellenistic Greek poetry, not including inscribed epigram, arguing that dialect mixture for poetic effect existed in Archaic and Classical poetry.
    [Show full text]
  • ERINNA by JOHN EDWIN GEORGE WHITERORNE B.A., University of London, 1965 • a THESIS SUBMITTED in PARTIAL FULFILMENT • THE
    ERINNA by JOHN EDWIN GEORGE WHITERORNE B.A., University of London, 1965 • A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT • THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classics We accept this thesis as conforming to th required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December, 1966 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study, 1 further agree that permission.for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Head of my Department or by his representatives„ It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be' allowed without my written permission. Department of Classics The University of British Columbia Vancouver 8, Canada Date January 19th.1967. ABSTRACT Erinna was a poetess from Telos, who flourished in the latter part of the fourth century or the early part of the third century B.C. There is very little evidence avail• able about her life or her work but what there is allows us to state.with confidence that she must have lived at some time between 356-352 B.C., the date given as her floruit by Eusebius, and 276/5, the probable date of the earliest testi• mony about her. We may also be sure that, due to an early death at the age of nineteen, her work was confined to a few epigrams and a lament upon the death of her friend Baucis, a poem in three hundred hexameters that was known to later writers by the title of the Distaff.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Finalized2
    GYNAIKOS LOGOS : FEMININE VOICE IN ARCHAIC GREEK POETRY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Aikaterini Ladianou, M.A * * * * * The Ohio State University 2009 Dissertation Committee: Professor William Batstone, Adviser Approved by Assistant Professor Thomas Hawkins Professor Bruce Heiden ________________________________ Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program ABSTRACT This dissertation argues that feminine voice can be found in Archaic Greek poetry. Attempting to answer this question, I tried to build a case for a feminine voice that is historically contextualized, since it is constructed within the context of archaic Greece. For this thesis, such a voice is not as a natural, physical voice but a constructed gendered voice. In the beginning, Sappho’s construction of feminine voice is considered as dialogic. Sappho re-reads, re-writes Homeric epic as a feminine epic: polyphonic, against dichotomies and hierarchies. In the case of Sappho, feminine voice is constructed as the voice of the persona loquens, be that Sappho or the female performer. In Homer, a similar feminine voice is constructed as the voice of Helen, a poetic female figure. Thus, Homer constructs a double, unfixed, polyphonic feminine voice that functions as an alternative poetic discourse within the Iliad . Finally, in Alcman the female voice of the chorus proves to be essentially masculine. Thus, emphasizing hierarchical models, or male models of desire, the chorus is reinforcing patriarchal structures. Building on French feminist theory and late Bakhtinian discussions, this thesis attempts to map down polyphony, multiplicity, fluidity and mutability as the main characteristics of a feminine voice.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek in Early Hellenistic Magna Graecia: Dialect Contact and Change in South Italy
    Greek in Early Hellenistic Magna Graecia: Dialect Contact and Change in South Italy Livia Tagliapietra St John’s College, Cambridge This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2018 Greek in Early Hellenistic Magna Graecia: Dialect Contact and Change in South Italy Livia Tagliapietra Summary This doctoral thesis investigates dialect contact, identity and change in the ancient Greek colonies of Magna Graecia in the fourth and third centuries BC, as evidenced in the surviving epigraphic sources. South Italy is an area of the ancient Greek-speaking world in which a comprehensive investigation of the linguistic evidence has not previously been attempted. By considering linguistic questions within their broader socio-historical environment, I propose a radical redrawing of the dialect map of this area. I first present the historical context, the linguistic evidence and the methodological framework of my research in the introduction. In the first chapter I reject previous hypotheses about dialect contact in South Italy around 300 BC on the basis of both historical and linguistic arguments. I then propose a new and empirically better supported explanation for the development of the ‘severior’ long- vowel system in the dialect of the southern city of Locri, which previous studies have generally attributed to influence from the dialect of the important northern city of Taras and taken as evidence for Taras’ linguistic influence over the rest of Magna Graecia, and possibly also for the existence of a local Doric koina (i.e. a common dialect). In the second chapter I offer a new analysis of the inscriptional record from Locri and show that, in the absence of compelling evidence for influence from the dialect of Taras, a high level of prestige remained attributed to the traditional local dialect until at least the mid-third century.
    [Show full text]
  • New Sappho” and “Newest Sappho”
    The Study of Historical and Philological Papyrology: Case Studies “New Sappho” and “Newest Sappho” A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Classics University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2018 by Bianca Lysette Claudio Abstract This thesis investigates how a recently discovered papyrus fragment is analyzed by examining closely two new Sappho papyri found within the last decade, known as the “Newest Sappho” and “New Sappho” respectively. The former consists of a set of fragments discovered in 2014 by Dirk Obbink which contains both the Brothers Song and Kypris Song; the latter denotes another set of fragments including the Tithonus Song, published by Martin Gronewald and Robert Daniel in 2004. The investigation of the new discoveries will be divided into two case studies: the first will be focused on the P. Sapph. Obbink fragment and its Brothers Song, exploring the possibility that the Brothers Song is not necessarily Sappho’s work, but rather an example of an ancient imitation. The second case study will be focused on Sappho’s Tithonus Song, as preserved in P.Köln. inv. 21351+21376. My investigation for this section will proceed first by identifying the actual length of the Tithonus Song – examining where the poem begins and where it ends, and continue by addressing how Sappho interprets old age in her poem. Each of the two case studies will be divided further into two methodologies – a papyrological and philological approach – which will govern my analysis, addressing certain problems and issues that are unique to each find.
    [Show full text]
  • Footnotes to Sappho: an Examination of the Female Poets of Greece
    FOOTNOTES TO SAPPHO: AN EXAMINATION OF THE FEMALE POETS OF GREECE by Jonathan Milton Rowland A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Classical Studies) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Ruth Scodel, Chair Professor Yopie Prins Assistant Professor J. Mira Seo Professor Benjamin Acosta Hughes, The Ohio State University This work is dedicated to my mother, Ellen, who taught me, among many things, that not all great literature is required reading in school. ii Acknowledgments Many people have helped me with this project and, more generally, in life, and I would like to take this opportunity to thank as many of them as space allows. I could never express the debt I owe to my father, Milton. He has inspired me, pushed me, and given to me all the advice and aid he possibly could. He is the smartest man I have ever met, as well as the best. Truly, I would not be where I am today without his influence. My mother Ellen has always been, to me, the very embodiment of quiet strength and courage. She has always believed in me, and I have always believed in her. This project would not have been possible were it not for my wonderful fiancée Simone. She has read and edited my drafts, made me laugh, made sure I slept and ate, and been more than patient with me throughout this process. I am very grateful to her for all of this and more. My beautiful and precocious son Henry has been a source of pure joy and constant optimism as I wrote this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. FLOWERS OF RHETORIC: THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY IMPROVISATRICE TRADITION DISSERTATION Presented in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Melissa Joan Ianetta. M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Nan Johnson. Adviser Professor Kav Halasek Advis Professor James Fredal Department 0f English Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • HD and the GREEK ANTHOLOGY by Jane Benacquista
    "Re-Worked Freely": H.D. and the Greek Anthology Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Benacquista, Jane Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction, presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 02/10/2021 05:17:17 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/631903 1 “RE-WORKED FREELY”: H.D. AND THE GREEK ANTHOLOGY by Jane Benacquista ____________________________ Copyright © Jane Benacquista 2019 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2019 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certifythat we have read the dissertation prepared by Jane Benacquista, titled H.D. and the Greek Anthology, and recommend that it be accepted as fulfillingthe dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Date: December 7, 2018 Tho,-j. s Willard-"-") £)(� -----��------ ½ . -....-,,=.--------Date: December 7, 2018 Jerold le � -� +-----,..,t,1A'+-,,rlf--+-----,,___--��--------Date: December 7, 2018 Su�t'f' Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the finalcopies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certifythat I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Date: December 7, 2018 'homas Willard 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
    [Show full text]