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Central Cape Town LANDSCAPES The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgementTown of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Cape Published by the University ofof Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University RE-PRESENTING CAPE TOWN THROUGH LANDSCAPES OF SOCIAL IDENTITY AND EXCLUSION: AN INTERPRETATION OF THREE POWER SHIFTS AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS FROM 1652-1994. Town Cape of University A mini-thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the School of Architecture, Planning and Geomatics. Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Cape Town. Name: Linda Graaff August 2008 0 ABSTRACT Colonial practice informed the development of the built environment in Cape Town and resulted in the production of a landscape that represented the hegemony of colonial power. Where the over-arching concern is the relationship of power and space,1 the process followed locates the inquiry in issues of social identity and exclusion as representations of power relations. If it is assumed that space is a function of social values and practices that are related to power, it follows that when power changes the built landscape should also change. This is an enquiry that tests this assumption. Cape Town is a port situated in southern Africa, and was initially developed as a colonial settlement in the seventeenth century when the Dutch assumed power over the Cape; thus constituting the first power shift located in this argument. The undeveloped wilderness was changed from a condition of ‘origins’Town2 to a town representing Dutch power and social practice. The second power shift occurred when the British took over the colonised territory in 1806.3 While Dutch spatial practice was concerned with defending itself in an unknown territory, the British embarked on a process of expansion into the interior that was Capedominated by practices of segregation. Union government in 1910 markedof the third shift and the beginning of a neo-colonial era where spatial practice remained largely aligned with a modernist European paradigm that produced alienating landscapes. The post-structuralist theories of Lefebvre and Foucault are interpreted to illustrate the ‘representation of space’ and ‘power’ in this context. The different spatial sets characteristic of eachUniversity period,4 are presented as a construct that is developed to inform the method. The power shifts and modifications that constituted power changes through time are interpreted through a process of narrative and mapping. The accumulation of spatial practice through time produces a hybrid landscape where spatial practice in the context of the post-colonial condition represents cultural difference. 1 The dialectical relationship between space and power is manifested through social practice, which in turn, results in spatial practice. 2 The time period before European colonisation is referred to as ‘origins’ or pre-colonial. 3 This was in fact the second time that the British occupied the Cape, having occupied the Cape for a brief period between 1795 and 1802. 4 This is an idea located in Lefebvre’s theory on the representations of space: the idea that each social formation represents specific social practices through the spatial dimension. 1 DECLARATION I know the meaning of plagiarism and declare that all the work in the document, save for that which is properly acknowledged, is my own. Linda Elaine Graaff August 2008 Signed Town Cape of University 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank: • My supervisor, Iain Low, for the continued support and encouragement through this research period. Through him I discovered the world of critical theory and inter-disciplinary research. • Iain Black and Dave O’ Donnahue at the Cape Town city council for their assistance in locating the maps I needed. I was grateful for the efficient and friendly manner in which I was assisted. • Nigel Penn for the encouragement and for re-assuring me about the topic. He also sparked in me an enthusiasm for the discovery of Cape history through the ‘archaeological’. Town • Rayda Becker, the curator at Parliament for showing me the historical maps in their archives. Cape • The staff at the Cape Archives andof the National Library special collections department who helped in locating and making copies of the photographs and maps that I needed • David Emslie for help with rendering the illustrations and maps in a digital form for the poster. University • Julia Raynham for compiling maps and images. • Stef Raubenheimer for those invaluable comments and insights. • Duncan Miller for proof reading and for the useful advice. 3 SOURCES . Cape Archives City Engineer’s Department, Cape Town (CCT) National Library, Cape Town Parliament Archives University of Cape Town Libraries Town Cape of University 4 KEY OF FIGURES FIGURES MAPS NARRATIVES EMBLEMATIC IMAGES A LOCATING CAPE TOWN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL B POST COLONIAL IDENTITY HISTORY C LAYERED CASE STUDY FINDINGS LANDSCAPES OF POWER AND SPACE D MAPPING AS SPATIAL PRACTICE E LARGER SETTLEMENT LANDSCAPE F CENTRAL CITY Town G PRIME SITE H CHRONOLOGY Cape I POSTER of J SHIFT 1: DUTCH COLONY The making of Dutch colonial territory K SHIFT 2: BRITISH COLONY University British colonial expansion L SHIFT 3: NEO-COLONIAL Segregation and neo-colonial alienation 5 LIST OF FIGURES note: Where books are referenced, refer to References. Where maps or illustrations are referenced refer to Sources and References. CHAPTER 1 figures A 1. A New Mapp of the World. 1683. Source: CCT 2006. 2. W.J.Blaeu., Africae nova descriptico, Amsterdam, ca 1635-1662. Source: Parliament Archives. 3. The Cape Peninsula by Terence McNally,1970’s postcard. Source: Vergunst, N. 2001. Hoerikwaggo. p. 19. 4. Monomatapia. 1700. Source: Parliament Archives. CHAPTER 2 figures B 5. Nieuwe Kaart van Caap der Goede Hoop, by Francois Valentyn. Unknown date. unknown source. 6. The Landing of Jan van Riebeeck at the Cape by CharlesTown Davidson Bell, English, 1852, oil on canvas. Source: Vergunst, 2001. Hoerikwaggo. p42. 7. Khoisan huts and livestock. Peter Kolbe drawing. c. 1676- 1726. Source: Hattersley, A., 1969. An illustrated Social History of South Africa. 8. Cecil John Rhodes seated on stoep ‘GrooteCape Schuur’ homestead, Rondebosch, Cape. Source: AG of3448, Cape Archives. 9. Second New Year, Coons, Caledon Street. Source: Noor Ebrahim. 2003. Noor’s Story My Life in District Six. CHAPTER 3 figures C 10. Fort T’ Goede Hoop 1693 superimposed over City of Cape Town and environs Universitymap. 1974/75. Source: CCT. 2007. CHAPTER 6.1.1 figures D 11. Johann Gregor map Berlin 1652. Source: Corner, 1999. Recovering landscape. 12. Daniel Stalpaert, Amstelodami veteris et nouissimae ubris. (Amsterdam: Nicolaus Visscher.c.1670) Source: Cosgrove, 1999. Mappings. p. 107. 13. VOC Fort 1660. Source: CCT. 2007. 14. Plan of the situation of the Cape of Good Hope and its fortifications. c1786. Source: CCT. 2007. 15. Cap de Bon Esperance. c1705. Source: CCT. 2006. 0012. 6 16. Plan Tafel Valley. c1657., depicting original grants. Compiled from Old Cape Freehold .Volume 1. Source: CCT. 2007 17. Kaart van der Kaapstad. drawn by Eleman, P.G., c1819. Source: CCT. 2007. 18. Alexander Wilson map, c1860. part portion. Wil C2. Source: CCT. 2007. CHAPTER 6.1.2 figures E, F, G. 19. T’ Fort de Goede Hoop. c1693. ‘Company Gardens and several Public and Private buildings around them.’ Source: CCT 2006 0017. 20. Plan der Situasie van de Caap de Goede Hoop 1770. Source: CCT 2007. 21. Table Bay Charty Map. c1858. detail. Source: CCT 2007. 22. Map of Cape Town 1891. Source: CCT. 2007 23. City of Cape Town and Environs. c1974/75. Source: CCT. 2007. 24. Foreshore Joint Technical Committee Map. c1947. Source: Joint technical committee. The Cape Town Foreshore Plan. 25. Unknown title.c 1660. Source: CCT 2006 0018. Town 26. Grondtekening van der vesting en stad der Kaap de Goede Hoop. Unknown date. Source: CCT 2006. 27. William Thompsons map. c 1827. Rennie, J. Buildings of Central Cape Town.1978. Barclay Snow Survey, 1862.Cape part portion no 7. Source: CCT 2007. of 28. 1868 William Barclay Snow, part plan of central town. Source: CCT. 2007. 29. Chase Goad Ltd. Insurance Plan.1925. Cape Province. Union of South Africa. Source: National Library.2007. 30. Chase Goad Ltd. Insurance Plan.1935. Cape Province. Union of South Africa. Source: National Library.2007. 31. Castle.1665.University Source: CCT.2007. 32. Map of Strandt Tafelbaai.1693. Source: CCT. 2007. 33. Walter Thom survey map. Part portion 99. c 1898. Source: CCT. 2007. 34. Walter Thom survey map. Part portion 110. c 1898. Source: CCT. 2007. 35. Goad map Cape Town. page 7. 1925. Source: National Library. 2007. 36. Goad map Cape Town. page 7. 1956. Source: National Library. 2007. CHAPTER 6.1.3 figures H CHAPTER 6.1.4 figures I 7 CHAPTER 6.2.1 figures J 37. ‘Cap de bone Esperance’ by Allain Mallet, French engraving, c.1683. Source: Vergunst, N., 2001. Hoerikwaggo. 38. Cape Fort Plan. c1670. CCT. 2007 39. Fort Reservoir Plan. c1683. CCT. 2007. Cape Town. E3505. Source: Cape Archives. 40. Plan of the Amsterdam Battery, Cape Town. Source: E 3505. Cape Archives. 41. ‘Vue de Cap Le Bon-esperance. de l’Oeust’. 2007. Source: J.H. Schneider of Amsterdam; drawings. Parliament Archives. 42. ‘Vue de Cap Le Bon-esperance. de l’ Est’. 2007. detail. Source: J.H. Schneider of Amsterdam; drawings. Parliament Archives. 43. Old Supreme Court building, now cultural history museum, Adderley Street, Cape Town. (converted from old slave lodge) Source: E 3833 Cape Archives. 44. Old Town House, Greenmarket Square Cape Town. unknown date. Source: E 3986. Cape Archives.
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