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Diversity and Zoogeography of South African Bryozoa

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Diversity and Zoogeography of South African Bryozoa Diversity and Zoogeography of South African Bryozoa Melissa Kay Boonzaaier Thesis presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology University of the Western Cape July 2017 DECLARATION I declare that Diversity and Zoogeography of South African Bryozoa is my own work, that it has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university, and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by complete references. Full name: Melissa Kay Boonzaaier Date: 25 July 2017 Signed: ............... Research outputs from this dissertation Accredited Research Outputs: Manuscript: “Historical review of South African bryozoology: a legacy of European endeavour” (December 2014) Annals of Bryozoology 4: aspects of the history of research on bryozoans, Patrick N. Wyse Jackson and Mary E. Spencer Jones (eds). M.K. Boonzaaier1,2, W.K. Florence1, M.E. Spencer-Jones3 1Natural History Department, Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa 2Biodiversity and Conservation Biology Department, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa 3Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom Conference Proceedings: Conference name and date: 15th Southern African Marine Science Symposium (SAMSS), 15-18 July 2014, The Konservatorium, University of Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Talk title: Species richness and biogeography of cheilostomatous South African Bryozoa – a preliminary study. M.K. Boonzaaier, W.K. Florence and M.J. Gibbons Conference name and date: 6th Annual SAEON GSN Indibano Student Conference, 19-22 August 2013, Kirstenbosch, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa. Talk title: “In-depth” investigation of South African bryozoans - diversity of the known and discovery of the unknown. M.K. Boonzaaier and W.K. Florence Conference name and date: The 16th International Bryozoological Association (IBA) Meeting, 10-16 June 2013, Palazzo delle Scienze, Catania, Italy. Poster title: “In-depth” investigation of South African bryozoans - diversity of the known and discovery of the unknown. M.K. Boonzaaier and W.K. Florence I http://etd.uwc.ac.za ABSTRACT The taxonomic history of South African bryozoans is fragmented and outdated, with the majority of published works in the 20th Century. Sampling gaps exist in deep-sea regions and parts of the coastline, while existing collections within museums remain undetermined due to scarcity of specialist taxonomists. This project forms part of a larger project aimed at updating marine invertebrate biodiversity in South Africa. Outcomes of this project include updating bryozoan biodiversity by identifying species from existing collections housed in natural history museums (e.g., Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town and Natural History Museum, London), and analysing current regional bryozoan biogeographical and depth-related species richness patterns. The biogeography and richness of bryozoan species around South Africa was investigated using published distribution records from the literature and museum catalogues as well as examining un-worked bryozoan material from Iziko South African Museum. A total of 368 species of bryozoans were recorded, including twelve new species (Favosipora epiphyta sp. nov., Chaperiopsis (Chaperiopsis) yinca sp. nov., Aspidostoma staghornea sp. nov., Micropora erecta sp. nov., Trypostega infantaensis sp. nov., Khulisa ukhololo sp. nov., Adeonella assegai sp. nov., Celleporaria umuzi sp. nov., Hippomonavella lingulatus sp. nov., Microporella lezinyosi sp. nov., Phidolopora cyclops sp. nov. and Reteporella ilala sp. nov.) and 70 unidentified species. Distribution data for 286 valid species were separated by depth zones (shallow waters, subphotic zone, shelf edge, bathyal zone and abyss) and four biogeographic regions are recognised a priori around South Africa, namely the west, south, southeast and east coasts. This study revealed that there is a clear biogeographic structure to regional bryozoan fauna of South Africa. Species richness and endemism appear lowest on the west coast (104 species) and highest on the south coast (174 species), while local peaks are observed in the Cape Peninsula/False Bay area, East London, Durban and St. Lucia, which coincide with distinct genetic lineages for some marine taxa (e.g. octocorals, chitons, echinoderms, fishes, seaweeds). Although, the faunal break in Durban does not represent a peak in species richness in this study, but rather very low bryozoan richness, highlighting the undersampled areas north of Durban. The northward-flowing Benguela Current and strong upwelling centres may influence the low diversity on the west coast. On the south coast, the high diversity may be attributed to the Agulhas Current that can carry larvae southwards and eastward-flowing counter currents produce great variability in bryozoan communities in this region. Within any biogeographic region, bryozoan diversity was higher in shallower (< 500 m) than deeper waters, which may be attributed to sampling effort and heterogeneity (e.g. variable substrate and wave action) in shallower waters. Keywords: Bryozoa, distribution patterns, gradients, species richness, South Africa II http://etd.uwc.ac.za DEDICATION “What you need, above all else, is a love for your subject, whatever it is. You've got to be so deeply in love with your subject that when curve balls are thrown, when hurdles are put in place, you've got the energy to overcome them.” - Neil deGrasse Tyson I lovingly dedicate my thesis to my beautiful 84-year old grandmother, ‘Ouma’ Caroline Keet (née Abrahams). She is a pillar of strength and unity in our family, and her unconditional support and love throughout my life has been tremendous. I am so grateful that ‘Ouma’ was part of this long studious journey of mine. I love you always. Ouma Caroline’s (middle) visits the Iziko South African Museum in Cape Town, with my Mom, Sonia (right), a few months after I started with my doctoral studies. Photo taken on 9 August 2012, Women’s Day. III http://etd.uwc.ac.za ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been possible without the generous funding from the National Research Foundation in the Professional Development Programme Doctoral Scholarship, and the Extension Scholarship Support for Doctoral Studies. I would like to express my gratitude to my mentor and co-supervisor, Dr Wayne Florence (Iziko South African Museum), and for his guidance during my time spent at the Museum. I am also very much indebted to my promoter Prof. Mark Gibbons (University of the Western Cape), for his patience, encouragement and dedication to my dissertation. To the international bryozoology community: Thank you, Mary Spencer-Jones, Dennis Gordon, Kevin Tilbrook and Paul Taylor for generously answering my questions and sending papers. To everyone at the Iziko South African Museum: Liz Hoenson, Dylan Clarke and Albe Bosman, only to mention a few. A big thanks to Jody Oliver for meticulously sorting bryozoan material. To everyone at the Biodiversity and Conservation Biology department at UWC, I cannot express my gratitude: Linda van Heerden, Krish Lewis, Adriaan Engelbrecht, Francuois Muller (who also helped me with the ArcGIS mapping), Jody Taft, Leila Nefdt, JJ Forgus, Dylan Moodaley, James Ayuk and so many others. Thank you for the laughs, support and love! My dear friends, who were supportive and understanding, and for those who allowed me to work at their home during my visits: Natalie Schoeman, the Tuček family (Jenny, Lenka and their parents), Lauren Saal, Sandy van Niekerk, Ethan Newman, Tenisee Henkeman, Gill Williams, Erika Mias, Priscilla and Johan Booysen, and Tracey-Leigh Abrahams and her family. A special thanks to Keneiloe Molopyane who graciously agreed to proof read my thesis! To my loving and supportive partner, Vernon Davids, thank you for being my best friend. You have shown tremendous strength and wisdom in some trying times during your own doctoral studies, and still, you continued to encourage me and share in our passion for nature, life and science. I hereby also extend my thanks to Aunty Lilly and the Davids family, as with my family, for supporting the both of us, as we sacrificed a lot of quality family time. To my family, thank you for your continuous encouragement throughout my study career: Ouma Caroline Keet, my Uncles Julian Keet, Andre Keet, Willy Keet, Rudolph Williams and Aubrey De Wet, my Aunts Alicia Keet, Lorraine Williams and Sheila Keet, my wonderful cousins and my brother, Wesley Boonzaaier. A special thanks to Uncle Julian and Aunty Alicia Keet – for all your support! Lastly, to my parents, Richard and Sonia Boonzaaier, the best parents a hopelessly studious daughter could ever have. Thank you for your continuous support in everything I put my mind to and your patience through my stressful times. IV http://etd.uwc.ac.za CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................ ...................................................... I ABSTRACT ................................................................ ........................................................... II DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... IV CONTENTS ................................................................ ..........................................................
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