DOCSLIB.ORG

Why Do Viruses Cause Cancer? Highlights of the First Century Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Why Do Viruses Cause Cancer? Highlights of the First Century Of PERSPECTIVES TIMELINE sarcomatous chest tumour that Rous suc- cessfully transplanted into other chickens that were related to the same brood8,9. By Why do viruses cause cancer? 1911, he had shown that the cancer could be transmitted through cell-free tumour Highlights of the first century of extracts and thus must be caused by a small transmissible agent, probably a virus. human tumour virology These experiments knowingly built on the pioneering work of two Danish scientists, Vilhelm Ellerman and Oluf Bang (FIG. 1), Patrick S. Moore and Yuan Chang who published similar results in 1908 on Abstract | The year 2011 marks the centenary of Francis Peyton Rous’s landmark the viral transmission of avian erythrob- 10 experiments on an avian cancer virus. Since then, seven human viruses have been lastosis . As cancers are not contagious, viral causes for chicken cancer were shortly found to cause 10–15% of human cancers worldwide. Viruses have been central to thereafter relegated to being scientific modern cancer research and provide profound insights into both infectious and curiosities11. Rous gave up his studies on non-infectious cancer causes. This diverse group of viruses reveals unexpected viral cancers 4 years later and little further connections between innate immunity, immune sensors and tumour suppressor progress was made in tumour virology signalling that control both viral infection and cancer. This Timeline article until the 1930s when mammalian tumour viruses began to be described12,13. Rous describes common features of human tumour viruses and discusses how new eventually returned to viral tumour biology technologies can be used to identify infectious causes of cancer. through his studies with Richard Shope on the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus in The burden of viral infections in cancer age-old cancer patterns on an international 1934. These studies led to investigations of is high but underappreciated by much scale3–5. In this Timeline article, we pro- the co-carcinogenic effects of coal tars on of the cancer research community. The vide an overview of the major milestones virus-induced tumours. Interest in viral International Agency for Research on in research on viruses and human cancer causes for cancer redoubled in the early Cancer estimates that one in five cancer (TIMELINE) and highlight common features 1950s following Ludwik Gross’s discovery cases worldwide are caused by infection, among the human cancer viruses (TABLE 1). of an acutely transforming murine retrovi- with most caused by viruses1,2. These Non-viral infectious causes for human rus (BOX 1) and a polyomavirus that caused cancers are particular public health prob- cancer are reviewed elsewhere6,7. murine tumours14. The culmination of this lems for the developing world, as well as first century of tumour virology would for under served and immunosuppressed Discovery of tumour viruses be celebrated with Nobel Prizes awarded populations in developed countries. Most On 1 October 1909, Francis Peyton Rous in 2008 for the discovery by Harald zur importantly, these cancers have readily began his famous cancer virus trans- Hausen of high-risk HPV strains that cause identifiable targets for diagnosis, preven- mission experiments at the Rockefeller cervical cancer and the discovery of HIV, tion and therapy. Vaccination programmes Institute, USA, on a 15-month-old an agent that does not initiate cancer but against two human tumour viruses, hepa- barred Plymouth Rock hen that had been indirectly ‘sets the stage’ for malignancy titis B virus (HBV) and human papilloma- brought to him by a farmer from Long through immuno suppression, by François virus (HPV), have already begun to alter Island, New York, USA. The chicken had a Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier. Timeline | Some major discoveries and events during the first century of tumour virology Initial descriptions Adenovirus Nobel Prizes of the AIDS Rous carries out and SV40 are Nobel Prize awarded Description of awarded to Discovery of epidemic and Experiments on virus Discovery of shown to to Rous reverse Temin, p53 AIDS-related virus transmission transmission murine induce transcription Baltimore associated cancers such as KS of rabbit experiments for leukaemia tumours in HBV described25,26 and and with SV40 T and non-Hodgkin’s myxomatosis14 avian sarcoma8,9 retrovirus198 rodents200,201 as cause of hepatitis retroviruses173,174 Dulbecco antigen182,183 lymphomas202 1898 1908 1909 1933 1936 1951 1953 1962 1964 1965 1966 1967 1970 1975 1976 1979 1980 1981 First demonstration Identification Description Discovery of Discovery of first EBV • Cellular origin of the Discovery of HTLV-I20 of cell-free of of mouse murine human tumour immortalization SRC oncogene transmission of papillomavirus mammary polyomavirus199 virus: EBV of primary described177 HBV linked to hepatocellular avian viral in rabbit tumour described in lymphocytes192 • Nobel Prize awarded carcinoma27 and HBV leukaemia10 papillomas196 virus197 Burkitt’s lymphoma to Blumberg vaccine approved: the first cell lines15 ‘anticancer’ vaccine EBV, Epstein–Barr virus; FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; HTLV-I, human T-lymphotropic virus-I; KS, Kaposi’s sarcoma; KSHV, Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8); VLP, virus-like particles. 878 | DECEMBER 2010 | VOLUME 10 www.nature.com/reviews/cancer © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved PERSPECTIVES Table 1 | The human cancer viruses Virus Genome Notable cancers Year first Refs described Epstein–Barr virus (EBV; also Double-stranded DNA herpesvirus Most Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal 1964 15 known as human herpesvirus 4 carcinoma, most lymphoproliferative disorders, (HHV4)) some Hodgkin’s disease, some non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and some gastrointestinal lymphoma Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Single-stranded and Some hepatocellular carcinoma 1965 25 double-stranded DNA hepadenovirus Human T-lymphotropic virus-I Positive-strand, single-stranded RNA Adult T cell leukaemia 1980 20 (HTLV-I) retrovirus High-risk human papillomaviruses Double-stranded DNA Most cervical cancer and penile cancers and some 1983–1984 29, (HPV) 16 and HPV 18 (some other papillomavirus other anogenital and head and neck cancers 30 α-HPV types are also carcinogens) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) Positive-strand, single-stranded Some hepatocellular carcinoma and some 1989 31 RNA flavivirus lymphomas Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus Double-stranded DNA herpesvirus Kaposi’s sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and 1994 33 (KSHV; also known as human some multicentric Castleman’s disease herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)) Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) Double-stranded DNA polyomavirus Most Merkel cell carcinoma 2008 34 Human cancer viruses form virions in tumours (discussed below). Six more cancer viruses have been discov- The first human tumour virus, Epstein–Barr The discovery of EBV also sparked conten- ered, in addition to EBV (TABLE 1), which are virus (EBV; also known as human herpes- tion among cancer biologists because of the now widely accepted as causes for invasive virus 4 (HHV4)), was not described until difficulty in reconciling the near ubiquitous human tumours. Additional candidates 53 years after Rous’s initial experiments. infection of adults with EBV and the fact that are continuously proposed but their roles Anthony Epstein, Bert Achong and Yvonne EBV-associated cancers are uncommon16. in human cancer remain controversial and Barr used electron microscopy in 1964 to Furthermore, although Burkitt’s lymphoma unclear. This list is small but we can still identify EBV particles in cell lines from tumours from African and New Guinean draw at least one startling conclusion from it: African patients with Burkitt’s lymphoma15. patients are almost always positive for EBV, human cancer viruses do not fall into a sin- The unusual geographic distribution of sporadic Burkitt’s lymphomas in developed gle viral class. Much of the past century was Burkitt’s lymphoma had suggested a novel countries frequently lack EBV but retain devoted to the search for simple human can- environmental cause, such as a viral infection, signature MYC–IgH or MYC–IgL transloca- cer retroviruses similar to the Rous sarcoma which was confirmed by these early viro- tions17. This would require a rethinking of virus (BOX 1), but the only retroviruses asso- logical studies. This spurred other electron disease causality, as EBV does not follow ciated with human cancer are the complex microscopy-based searches for human cancer the Galilean principles of causality 18, which retroviruses: human T-lymphotropic virus-I viruses that largely turned out to be fruitless, require that a virus must be both necessary (HTLV-I) and HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV does as cancer viruses generally do not replicate to and sufficient to be the cause of cancer (BOX 2). not directly cause cancer but it is frequently included as a cancer-causing agent by virtue of its induction of immunodeficiency, which promotes the development of cancers caused by other viruses2. • Discovery of Nobel Prizes A second surprise is that human cancer high-risk HPV types • Discovery and cloning FDA approved awarded to viruses span the entire range of virology and in cervical cancer29,30 of Hepatitis C virus31 HPV VLP-based Zur Hausen, • Initial descriptions of • Nobel Prizes awarded to Discovery of preventive Barré-Sinoussi include complex exogenous retroviruses HIV203 Bishop and Varmus KSHV in KS33 vaccine and Montagnier (such as HTLV-I), positive-stranded
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
    書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
    The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations.
    [Show full text]
  • JUAN MANUEL 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Culture Friendship Justice
    Friendship Volume 135, № 1 Character Culture JUAN MANUEL SANTOS 2016 NOBEL PEACE PRIZE RECIPIENT Justice LETTER FROM THE PRESIDENT Dear Brothers, It is an honor and a privilege as your president to have the challenges us and, perhaps, makes us question our own opportunity to share my message with you in each edition strongly held beliefs. But it also serves to open our minds of the Quarterly. I generally try to align my comments and our hearts to our fellow neighbor. It has to start with specific items highlighted in each publication. This with a desire to listen, to understand, and to be tolerant time, however, I want to return to the theme “living our of different points of view and a desire to be reasonable, Principles,” which I touched upon in a previous article. As patient and respectful.” you may recall, I attempted to outline and describe how Kelly concludes that it is the diversity of Southwest’s utilization of the Four Founding Principles could help people and “treating others like you would want to be undergraduates make good decisions and build better treated” that has made the organization successful. In a men. It occurred to me that the application of our values similar way, Stephen Covey’s widely read “Seven Habits of to undergraduates only is too limiting. These Principles are Highly Effective People” takes a “values-based” approach to indeed critical for each of us at this particularly turbulent organizational success. time in our society. For DU to be a successful organization, we too, must As I was flying back recently from the Delta Upsilon be able to work effectively with our varied constituents: International Fraternity Board of Directors meeting in undergraduates, parents, alumni, higher education Arizona, I glanced through the February 2017 edition professionals, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers Working Paper Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003 Provided in Cooperation with: WZB Berlin Social Science Center Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, Joseph Rogers (2002) : Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: A case study of excellence in biomedical research, WZB Discussion Paper, No. P 02-003, Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (WZB), Berlin This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50229 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu P 02 – 003 RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS AND MAJOR DISCOVERIES IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY SCIENCE: A CASE STUDY OF EXCELLENCE IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH J.
    [Show full text]
  • Virus and Cancer: a Controversial Theory
    CONTRIBUTIONS to SCIENCE, 1 (1): 87-98 (1999) Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona Francesc Duran Reynals (Barcelona, 1899-New Haven, USA, 1958) Virus and cancer: a controversial theory Thomas F. Glick1* and Antoni Roca Rosell2* 1 Department of History, Boston University, USA 2 Centre de Recerca d’Història de la Tècnica, ETSEIB-UPC, Barcelona Francesc Duran Reynals was most likely the first Catalan to had been rector of the University of Barcelona and, for a few become a research scientist of world renown [1]. months, minister of justice of the Spanish government, pre- Around 1900 both science and technology were well rep- cisely during the year in which Francesc was born. As for his resented in Catalan society. But those with the highest pro- mother, Agnès Reynals i Maillol, she was a daughter of files were the applied fields, such as industrial technology, Estanislau Reynals i Rabassa (1822-1876), also a jurist and medicine, or surgery. The weak initiatives of the Spanish an important protagonist of the political organization of state in this area (demonstrated in, for example, a very small Catalan conservatism and of economic protectionism. university with no outlets for research) practically prevented Francesc’s father, Manuel, died prematurely in 1906, just af- the existence of any relevant academic world [2]. At the na- ter the death, equally premature, of his wife. Their five sons tional level science and higher education policy were cen- –of whom Francesc was the youngest-were placed in the tered on the University of Madrid, but in the first decades of care of their mother’s three sisters, Paulita, Pilar and Anna the century the establishment of research centers was in fact Reynals, and their niece, Paulita Farriols i Reynals, who considered.
    [Show full text]
  • Nobel Laureates in Physiology Or Medicine
    All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 Emil A. von Behring Germany ”for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths” 1902 Sir Ronald Ross Great Britain ”for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it” 1903 Niels R. Finsen Denmark ”in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science” 1904 Ivan P. Pavlov Russia ”in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged” 1905 Robert Koch Germany ”for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis” 1906 Camillo Golgi Italy "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" Santiago Ramon y Cajal Spain 1907 Charles L. A. Laveran France "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" 1908 Paul Ehrlich Germany "in recognition of their work on immunity" Elie Metchniko France 1909 Emil Theodor Kocher Switzerland "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" 1910 Albrecht Kossel Germany "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" 1911 Allvar Gullstrand Sweden "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" 1912 Alexis Carrel France "in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs" 1913 Charles R.
    [Show full text]
  • Ssfaoggi 201306
    SOCIETA’ DI SCIENZE FARMACOLOGICHE APPLICATE SOCIETY FOR APPLIED PHARMACOLOGICAL SSFAoggi SCIENCES Notiziario di Medicina Farmaceutica Giugno 2013 Bimestrale della Società di Scienze Farmacologiche Applicate Fondata nel 1964 numero 37 Dove sono i nuovi antibiotici? Sommario: La comunità mondiale sta correndo un grosso rischio: questo ci ricordano due editoriali, Editoriale 1 pubblicati su The Lancet e sul British Medical Journal, che riportiamo alle pagine 21 e 22. La resistenza agli antibiotici è un grave problema: The Lancet ci ricorda che fu addirittura Novità in Farmacovigilanza messa in evidenza dallo stesso Alexander Fleming nel 1945, il quale temeva che l’abuso Parte prima 2 della penicillina potesse selezionare ceppi resistenti. Il British Medical Journal evidenzia che molte pratiche mediche e chirurgiche (dall’uso Novità in Farmacovigilanza della chemioterapia agli interventi invasivi in ortopedia e cardiochirurgia) sono possibili Parte seconda 4 grazie alla profilassi con antibiotici. E quindi, la resistenza agli antibiotici non è un solo un problema degli infettivologi, ma sta diventando un problema dei chirurghi, degli oncologi, e Il Decreto Balduzzi 6 di tutto il sistema sanitario. Alcune previsioni sono drammatiche: l’intervento di protesi dell’anca, che è diventato una Farmaci a brevetto scaduto 12 routine per la popolazione anziana, potrebbe essere colpito in modo significativo da com- plicanze infettive, passando dall’1% dei pazienti di oggi fino al 40%-50% dei pazienti nel Affari Istituzionali 12 prossimo futuro, con oltre un terzo di essi in pericolo di vita. Uno scenario davvero preoc- 5a Edizione Master Bicocca 13 cupante. Di fronte a queste previsioni, che ci vengono ormai ripetute ad intervalli regolari, stupisce Master Bicocca 2013: i numeri 13 la mancanza di incentivi per la ricerca di nuovi antibiotici.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Organizations and Major Discoveries in Twentieth-Century Science: a Case Study of Excellence in Biomedical Research Hollingsworth, J
    www.ssoar.info Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research Hollingsworth, J. Rogers Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Arbeitspapier / working paper Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: SSG Sozialwissenschaften, USB Köln Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Hollingsworth, J. R. (2002). Research organizations and major discoveries in twentieth-century science: a case study of excellence in biomedical research. (Papers / Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, 02-003). Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung gGmbH. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-112976 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Deposit-Lizenz (Keine This document is made available under Deposit Licence (No Weiterverbreitung - keine Bearbeitung) zur Verfügung gestellt. Redistribution - no modifications). We grant a non-exclusive, non- Gewährt wird ein nicht exklusives, nicht übertragbares, transferable, individual and limited right to using this document. persönliches und beschränktes Recht auf Nutzung dieses This document is solely intended for your personal, non- Dokuments. Dieses Dokument ist ausschließlich für commercial use. All of the copies of this documents must retain den persönlichen, nicht-kommerziellen Gebrauch bestimmt. all copyright information and other information regarding legal Auf sämtlichen Kopien dieses Dokuments müssen alle protection. You are not allowed
    [Show full text]
  • Laureatai Pagal Atradimų Sritis
    1 Nobelio premijų laureatai pagal atradimų sritis Toliau šioje knygoje Nobelio fiziologijos ir medicinos premijos laureatai suskirstyti pagal jų atradimus tam tikrose fiziologijos ir medicinos srityse. Vienas laureatas gali būti įrašytas keliose srityse. Akies fiziologija 1911 m. Švedų oftalmologas Allvar Gullstrand – už akies lęšiuko laužiamosios gebos tyrimus. 1967 m. Suomių ir švedų neurofiziologas Ragnar Arthur Granit, amerikiečių fiziologai Haldan Keffer Hartline ir George Wald – už akyse vykstančių pirminių fiziologinių ir cheminių procesų atradimą. Antibakteriniai vaistai 1945 m. Škotų mikrobiologas seras Alexander Fleming, anglų biochemikas Ernst Boris Chain ir australų fiziologas seras Howard Walter Florey – už penicilino atradimą ir jo veiksmingumo gydant įvairias infekcijas tyrimus. 1952 m. Amerikiečių mikrobiologas Selman Abraham Waksman – už streptomicino, pirmojo efektyvaus antibiotiko nuo tuberkuliozės, sukūrimą. Audiologija 1961 m. Vengrų biofizikas Georg von Békésy – už sraigės fizinio dirginimo mechanizmo atradimą. Bakteriologija 1901 m. Vokiečių fiziologas Emil Adolf von Behring – už serumų terapijos darbus, ypač pritaikius juos difterijai gydyti (difterijos antitoksino sukūrimą). 1905 m. Vokiečių bakteriologas Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch – už tuberkuliozės tyrimus ir atradimus. 1928 m. Prancūzų bakteriologas Charles Jules Henri Nicolle – už šiltinės tyrimus. 1939 m. Vokiečių bakteriologas Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk – už prontozilio antibakterinio veikimo atradimą. 1945 m. Škotų mikrobiologas Alexander Fleming, anglų biochemikas Ernst Boris Chain ir australų fiziologas Howard Walter Florey – už penicilino atradimą ir jo veiksmingumo gydant įvairias infekcijas tyrimus. 1952 m. Amerikiečių mikrobiologas Selman Abraham Waksman – už streptomicino, pirmojo efektyvaus antibiotiko nuo tuberkuliozės, sukūrimą. 2005 m. 2 Australų mikrobiologas Barry James Marshall ir australų patologas John Robin Warren – už bakterijos Helicobacter pylori atradimą ir jos įtakos skrandžio ir dvylikapirštės žarnos opos atsivėrimui nustatymą.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Nobel Laureates 1
    List of Nobel laureates 1 List of Nobel laureates The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.[2] Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award that has varied throughout the years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5] As of 2011, 826 individuals and 20 organizations have been awarded a Nobel Prize, including 69 winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[6] Four Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Prize.
    [Show full text]
  • Sesion Ordinaria De La Comision De Gobierno Del Dia 26 De Junio De 2.003
    SESION ORDINARIA DE LA COMISION DE GOBIERNO DEL DIA 26 DE JUNIO DE 2.003 SEÑORES ASISTENTES En el Salón de Sesio- Presidente: nes de la Casa Consistorial D. Pedro Castro Vázquez. del Ilustrísimo Ayuntamien- to de Getafe, siendo las Miembros: diez horas y treinta minu- P.S.O.E.: tos del día veintiséis de D. Fco. David Lucas Parrón. junio del año dos mil tres, Dª.Carmen Duque Revuelta. se reunieron en sesión or- D. Fco. Santos Vázquez Rabaz. dinaria, en segunda convo- D. Fernando Tena Ramiro. catoria, previamente convo- Dª.Mónica Medina Asperilla. cados al efecto, los miem- D. David Castro Valero. bros de la Comisión de Go- D. J. Manuel Vázquez Sacristán. bierno que al margen se expresan, bajo la Presiden- I.U.: cia del Sr. Alcalde Don Dª.Laura Lizaga Contreras. Pedro Castro Vázquez, pre- D. Ignacio Sánchez Coy. sente la Interventora Doña María del Carmen Miralles Interventora: Huete y actuando como Se- Dª.Mª. Carmen Miralles Huete. cretaria Doña Concepción Muñoz Yllera. Secretaria: Dª. Concepción Muñoz Yllera. A efectos de votación se hace constar que la Co- misión de Gobierno está integrada por diez miembros, incluido el Sr. Alcalde. Abierto el acto por la Presidencia se entra a conocer de los asuntos del orden del día para esta sesión. CONTRATACION PROPOSICION DEL CONCEJAL DELEGADO DE SERVICIOS DE LA CIUDAD SOBRE AMPLIACION DEL PLAZO DE EJECUCION DE LAS OBRAS INCLUI- DAS EN EL CONVENIO DE COLABORACION SUSCRITO CON IBERDROLA DISTRIBUCION ELECTRICA S.A.U. PARA EL ENTERRAMIENTO DE CEN- TROS DE TRANSFORMACION DE ALTA TENSION A LLEVAR A CABO DU- RANTE EL AÑO 2.003, AL AMPARO DEL ACUERDO ADOPTADO POR LA COMISION DE GOBIERNO DE 6 DE FEBRERO DE 2.003.
    [Show full text]
  • Photo Quiz Who Is This Man?
    Photo Quiz Who Is This Man? The father of viral oncology, he discovered the first tumor virus and influenced many later scientists, including several Nobel laureates. Is he: A) Richard Shope C) Simon Flexner B) Peyton Rous D) Thomas Rivers E) Ludwik Gross Decide first. Then turn the page. Emerging Infectious Diseases • www.cdc.gov/eid • Vol. 19, No. 4, April 2013 661 PHOTO QUIZ Francis Peyton Rous Prasanna Kumar and Frederick A. Murphy his is a photograph of Peyton Rous (Francis Peyton als. It is a spindle-celled sarcoma of a hen, which has thus far TRous, 1879–1970), who in 1909–11 made 2 seminal been propagated to the fourth generation….” In his research, discoveries that are now the foundation blocks of modern he found that only closely related chickens were susceptible, virology and oncology. First, he discovered that a malig- but in these chickens, continuous passage of cell-free mate- nant tumor (a sarcoma in chickens) was transmissible; this rial led to tumors that grew quickly, were more malignant was the first transmissible solid tumor discovered. Second, than usual, and produced widespread metastases. Rous con- he found that the tumor-inducing factor could be passed tinued to study the phenomenon he had begun to unravel for through a Berkefeld ultrafilter known to retain bacteria. In many years, but understanding the mechanistic bases for the the context of the times, this finding proved that the agent complex natural history of Rous sarcoma virus and related was a virus, the first of its kind. The virus he discovered viruses had to wait until modern molecular and cellular bio- is now known as Rous sarcoma virus and has since been logic technologies became available in the 1960s.
    [Show full text]