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Another World Is Possible Universidad de Huelva Departamento de Filología Inglesa The fiction of Arundhati Roy and Githa Hariharan : another world is possible Memoria para optar al grado de doctora presentada por: Antonia Navarro Tejero Fecha de lectura: 10 de julio de 2003 Bajo la dirección de la doctora: Pilar Cuder Domínguez Huelva, 2010 ISBN: 978-34-92944-44-6 D.L.: H 132-2010 TESIS UHU 2003 33.1 Universidad de Huelva 2009 UNIVERSIDAD DE HUELVA DEPARTAMENTO DE FILOLOGÍA INGLESA THE FICTION OF ARUNDHATI ROY AND GITHA HARIHARAN: ANOTHER WORLD IS POSSIBLE Antonia Navarro Tejero Universidad de Huelva 2009 TESIS DOCTORAL `sue f^^ Huelva, 2003 Tesis Doctoral presentada por Antonia Navarro Tejero dentro del Programa de Doctorado Filología Inglesa de la Universidad de Huelva. La dirección de este trabajo ha corrido a cargo de la Dra. Dña. María del Pilar Cuder Domínguez. A 5 La autora V° B° "de la Directora Universidad de Huelva 2009 Huelva, marzo de 2003. For Pablo Navarro Márquez Universidad de Huelva 2009 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 PART I. DECENTRALIZING THE LITERARY CANON: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK. 1. The theories that paved the way to Postcolonial Studies .. ..................... 8 1.1. Post-structuralism ................................................... 11 1.2. Theories of power, knowledge, and sexuality ............... 13 1.3. Postmodernism ...................................................... 18 2. Postcolonial Studies: From Commonwealth to Postcoloniality ................ 21 3. Subaltern Studies: giving a voice to the silenced .................................. 28 4. Third Wave Feminism. 4.1. An overview of postcolonial feminist criticism .............. 45 4.2. Contemporary theory of gender in India ..................... 53 4.3. Women's education and English language in India........ 63 4.4. Indian women authors in English .............................. 68 PART II. THEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ARUNDHATI ROY'S THE GOD OF SMALL THINGS AND GITHA HARIHARAN'S THE THOUSAND FACES OF NIGHT. 5. Des-mystifying Indian writing in English: from the local to what it means to be human ....................................... 73 5.1. The authors and their novels. 5.1.1. Githa Hariharan's The Thousand Faces of Night....... 81 5.1.2. Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things ............... 84 5.2. The development of the female subjectivity. 5.2.1. The female bildungsroman .................................. 88 5.2.2. The girl's development into womanhood: the socialization process ........................................... 95 Universidad de Huelva 2009 5.2.2.1. Childhood: an Edonic phase ................... 96 5.2.2.2. Adolescence: the tradition vs. modernity dilemma ...................................... 100 5.2.2.3. Adulthood: the hybrid state .................. 106 6. Power structures: repressive forces ................................................... 111 6.1. The Family: stories of discontent .................................. 113 6.1.1. Marriage: traffic of women .............................. 116 6.1.2. Domestic violence .......................................... 128 6.2. Religion: the manipulation of knowledge. 6.2.1. The didactic purpose of Indian mythology.......... 146 6.2.2. Hinduism regarding women's position: the authors' revisionary project ................................ 153 6.2.3. Women in the Brahminical world ..................... 161 6.2.4. Hypocrisy in traditional spiritual values ............. 169 6.3. The State: taming the subaltern. 6.3.1. The family and civil society in contemporary India.................................................................. 1 77 6.3.2. The politics of development: communism and its corruptive manifestations............ 184 6.3.3. The caste system: an oppressive hierarchy.......... 196 7. Dissenting from the absolutist rule: towards liberation and independence. 7.1. The man-less woman: negation of motherhood, widowhood, and divorcehood ...................................................... 208 7.2. Return to the maternal: rejecting male norms ................. 219 7.3. The androgynous as alternative: the power of memory toheal ......................................................................... 229 CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................. 239 WORKSCITED ................................................................................ 251 Universidad de Huelva 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people and circumstances have helped and encouraged me in various ways. Here I wish to acknowledge the contributions of those who have had a direct influence on this thesis. I sincerely thank: Prof. Dr. Pilar Cuder --my supervisor-- for guidance and her example, for her careful reading of this work and for providing immeasurable intellectual support during the writing of this project. A.E.C.I. (Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional) for conceding me the grant which took me to India as a visiting lecturer, and the so many wonderful people and experiences I have come across during this stay, as well as the Embassy of Spain in Delhi for their support. M.E.C.D. (Ministerio de Educación, Ciencias y Deporte) for granting me the opportunity to teach in Chicago (USA), where I conducted my search for secondary sources. Bijoy Sagar for his extremely useful suggestions at various stages of my thinking, and for the special care and strength he has provided. Discussions Universidad de Huelva 2009 with him have influenced the development of the ideas presented here. I am indebted to him for his innumerable detailed comments on this manuscript. Githa Hariharan and Arundhati Roy who generously gave me their time and gracious hospitality in Delhi. My colleagues Susie Tharu and Satish Poduval, extraordinary critics and excellent people, for their reading of some excerpts of this work, and for their willingness to share. Malashri Lal and Harish Trivedi, both from Delhi University, for enthusiastically discussing this work with me, providing exemplary suggestions. Madhumeeta Sinha and Lalitha Suhasini for kindly providing sources about Githa Hariharan. Ira Sahasrabudha for proof reading this work, for the so many talks, and for her patience teaching me Hindi. Anveshi Research Centre for Women's Studies in Hyderabad and the World Social Forum and the Asian Social Forum for providing a space for talking and acting to the so many traditionally silenced groups. In appreciation and admiration I have used the Forum's logo in the title of this work: "Another World Is Possible." Andrés Navarro, for his effort in printing and binding the manuscripts. Universidad de Huelva 2009 Mónica, Andi, Zenón, Víctor, and Elena for their precious thoughtful friendship, for cheerfully having encouraged me during the toughest times in my life. Andrés, Nardi, and Pablo for always being there, and for everything they mean to me. Mom, for her courage in not mothering me into a faultless woman, and for her unconditional love, understanding and care. Universidad de Huelva 2009 Another World Is Possible 1 INTRODUCTION The efforts of several generations of Indian writers have attained a triumphant international climax since the publication of Salman Rushdie's Midnight's Children, and the Indian novel in English has finally been accepted as a worth-while literary endeavor. However, critical studies on Indian women writers in English are inadequate, even though they are receiving a more detailed critical consideration in recent years thanks to Arundhati Roy getting the Booker Prize. Indian women writers are claiming recognition and the literary prizes they are receiving are a proof of that. Our purpose with this dissertation is to place Indian women writers in English in this optimistic scenario in order to establish their claims as significant writers, as Indian women writers' works have been devaluated due to patriarchal assumptions of the superior worth of male experience. The origin of this prejudice, which we intend to dismantle, comes from the fact that most of these women write about the enclosed domestic space and women's perception of experience through their position in it. Consequently, it is assumed that their work will automatically rank below the works of male writers who deal with 'weightier' themes. Simultaneously, Indian women writers in English are victims of a second prejudice, this time vis-a-vis their regional counterparts. Since proficiency in English is largely determined by the intellectual Universidad de Huelva 2009 Another World Is Possible 2 and educated class and levels of economic affluence, the general impression is that the writers, and their works, belong to a high social strata, and are judged as being cut off from the reality of the Indian existence. As an example, we can see the psychological traumas of the frustrated housewife that are depicted in the majority of these novels. These are considered superficial compared to the depiction of the repressed and oppressed lives of women of the lower classes that we find in the works of Mahasweta Devi, a regional author who writes in Bengali language, among others. As an attempt to break this stereotype, we have chosen two novels by contemporary Indian women authors: Githa Hariharan's The Thousand Faces of Night (1992) --winner of the Commonwealth Prize for Best First Book-- and Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things --winner of the Booker Prize in 1997. Githa Hariharan represents the reality for a considerable section of Indian womanhood inserted in a brahminical, high
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