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Sols of the Fort St.John -Dawson Creek area, BritishColumbia T.M. LORD and A.J. GREEN Land Resource Research Centre Vancouver, British Columbia Land Resource Research Centre Contribution No. 85-27 (Map sheets 93 P/NE, 93 PINW, 94 AISE, and 94 A/SW) Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1986 - Copies of this publication are available from Maps B .C Ministry of Environment Victoria, B.C. V8V 1x.5 Produced by Research Program Service 0 Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1986 Cat. No. AS7-436E ISBN O-662-148 13-4 Staff Editor Frances Smith Cover photo North of the Peace River, 1955. Courtesy of British Columbia Toux-km. CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii PREFACE viii GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA 1 Location and extent 1 Elistory and resources 1 Physiography and drainage 3 Bedrock geology 5 Surficial geology and soils 5 Vegetation 9 Climate 12 Climatic capability for agriculture 13 SOILS AND MAP UNITS 17 Soi1 survey methods and mapping procedures 17 DESCRIPTION OF SOILS AND MAP UNITS 25 AlCan 26 Alluvial 28 Attachie 29 Bear Flat 29 Beatton 31 Beryl 32 Boundary 33 Branham 34 Buick 35 Centurion 36 Clayhurst 37 Codesa 38 Codner 39 Davis 40 Demmitt 41 Devereau 41 Donnelly 43 Eaglesham 44 Esher 45 Falher 46 Fellers 47 Goose 49 Hambrook 50 Hanshaw 50 Hazelmere 52 Horseshoe 53 iii PAGE Judah 54 Kathleen 55 Kenzie 56 Kobes Creek 57 Lynx 58 Meikle Creek 59 Moberly 60 Murdale 62 Neumann 63 Oetca 63 Pingel 64 Portage Creek 65 Robb 66 Rockland 66 Rolla 67 Roseland 68 Septimus 69 Sloane 69 Snipe 70 Sundance 71 Taylor 72 Widmark 73 Zonnebecke 74 LAND TJSE 75 DERIVED AND INTERPRETIVE MAPS 77 REFERENCES 78 APPENDIX Descriptions and analyses of soils 83 Albright* 84 Alcan 85 Bear Flat l(a) 86 Bear Flat l(b)* 87 Beatton 88 Beryl 89 Boundary 90 Branham 91 Buick 92 Centurion 93 Codesa 94 Coldstream* 95 Davis 96 Demmitt 97 Devereau 98 Dickebusch* 99 Donnelly 100 Eaglesham 101 Esher 102 iv PAGE Falher 103 Fellers 104 Goose 105 Groundbirch* 106 Hazelmere 107 Horseshoe 108 Judah 109 Kathleen 110 Kenzie 111 La Prise* 112 Lodge* 113 Lynx 114 Moberly 115 IMurdale 116 Nampa* 117 Neumann 118 Oetca 119 Palsson* 120 Peoria* 121 Prestville* 122 Robb 123 Roseland 124 Snipe 125 Sukunka* 126 Sundance 127 Taylor 128 Widmark 129 Zonnebecke 130 * additional soi1 descriptions V LIST OF TABLES AND ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES PAGE 1 Selected climatic data 15 2 Climate capability classes in interior British Columbia 16 3 Characteristics of soils of the map units 18 FIGURES 1 Location of the Fort St. John-Dawson Creek area in British Columbia 2 Physiography and drainage 3 Surficial materials 4 Glacial Lake Peace, Bessborough stage 5 Climatic capability classes for agriculture 6 Accessibility guide for field checking PLATES Plate I 10 (a) A soi1 survey camp in the late 1960s. (bl Erosion of Donnelly soi1 on a field of wheat; slope is 1.5-2.0%. (cl Filling the reservoir behind the Peace Canyon Dam, August 1982. (dl Palsson soils in a subalpine landscape of the foothills south of Chetwynd; elevation is 1570 m. Ce) An archaeological site on the banks of the Peace River near Farrell Creek. (f) Goose soils on weakly stratified glaciolacustrine materials under a caver of groundbirch, sedges, and mosses. Plate II 11 (a) Burned-over shallow peat and Buick soils in an oilfield north of the Peace River. (b) High-yielding spruce forest on Gray Luvisols developed on medium-textured materials. (c) A cleared and seeded community pasture on Beatton soils in the north Peace River area. (dl Horseshoe soils and Rockland near treeline in the foothills. te) A typical muskeg with burned black spruce, Labrador tea, and spruce regeneration on Kenzie soil. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The first soi1 survey report for the Peace River area of British Columbia (Farstad et al. 1965) was a joint project of the canada and British Columbia departments of agriculture and the University of British Columbia, under supervision of L. Farstad (now retired in Vancouver, B.C.). Subsequent surveys by Agriculture Canada were directed by L. Farstad, T.M. Lord,* and A.J. Green. Assistance and support were provided by the following individuals and agencies: A. Bedwany, R. Bowes, K. Guthrie, P. Jones, T. Leahey, C. Thompson, W. Watt, and E. Wiken, who assisted in the field mapping; L. Chan, who conducted most of the laboratory analyses; J. Melzer, who typed the manuscript; G.E. Cheesman, who provided climate information; A. Harcombe and J. van Barneveld, who reviewed the section on vegetation; staff of the Cartography Section, Land Resource Research Institute, Agriculture Canada, who supplied the base maps, drafted the figures, and prepared the final soi1 maps and legends; and Staff of Surveys and Resource Mapping Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Victoria, who drafted the original soil-landform manuscript maps and legends. Special thanks go to members of the Technical Evaluation Committee and the crews who were responsible for conducting the resource sector surveys, for compiling and producing the final version of Land Capability Analysis, Peace River Area, under the coordinating chairman, W. Arthur Benson of the Canada Land Inventory program (1972). T.M. Lord and A.J. Green, Agriculture Canada, and R.L. Beale Kuurne, who was under contract to the Land Resource Research Institute, organized the soi1 and land resource data and compiled the report. *Retired in 1985. vii PREFACE This report completes a part of the program to survey, update, and publish an inventory of the soi1 resources of British Columbia. The report makes extensive use of information from published soi1 surveys of the Peace River areas of British Columbia and Alberta--in particular, Report No. 8 of the British Columbia Soi1 Survey (L. Farstad et al. 1965). As well, this report draws on information contained in numerous land resource surveys and reports published since 1965. These publications, which are listed in the References, include Canada Land Inventory capability maps and narratives; reinventory and upgraded soi1 maps with extended legends; biophysical resource surveys in the foothills coal lands; and recent surveys by Alberta soi1 survey agencies on lands adjoining the provincial boundary. Soils of the Fort St. John-Dawson Creek Area is composed of two parts: the soi1 maps and the report itself. On each of the four soi1 maps the map units are identified and delineated at a scale of 1:lOO 000. Each of the 100 discrete map units is identified in the map legend and described in the report. In addition, the report gives technical descriptions and chemical analyses of selected soi1 profiles and brief sections on early history, geology, climate, and vegetation. It includes a section on land use and the capability of the land to support agriculture, forestry, big game, waterfowl, and recreation. viii GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA LOCATION AND EXTENT The surveyed area (Fig. 1) is in the Peace River section of northeastern British Columbia, east of the Rocky Mountains. The map area extends from latitude 55"30' to 56"30' north and from longitude 120" to 122" west on National Topographie Series sheets 94 A/SE and SW and 93 P/NE and NW. It comprises an area of approximately 1 390 000 ha. The principal villages or cities are DaWSOn Creek, Pouce Coupe, Fort St. John, Chetwynd, and Hudson Hope. The populations (1981 census) were as follows: Dawson Creek 11 373; Fort St. John 13 891; and an area population exceeding 40 000 (British Columbia Ministry of Economie Development 1978). HISTORY AND RESOURCES Alexander Mackenzie first discovered the Peace River area in 1792 while searching for an overland route to the Pacifie Ocean (Coutts 1958). Following his discovery, the fur trade flourished. In 1805 Fort St. John was established on the Peace River near the present highway bridge, followed by the settlement of Hudson's Hope in 1806 (MacGregor 1952). Throughout the 1800s the gradua1 influx of settlers included missionaries and disappointed Rlondike gold seekers (DaWSOn and Murchie 1934). The first large wave of settlers arrived following World War I. Returning war veterans, lured by the promise of fine agricultural land, soldier settlement assistance, and the prospects of railway construction, settled in the area known as the Peace River Block. The term Peace River Block which today has no legal status, "dates from 1883 when the British Columbia Legislature passed an act granting to the Dominion 3.5 million acres f1.41 million ha] to compensate for waste land and land alienated by the Province in the railway belt prior to its conveyance to the Dominion as an aid to the construction of the Canadian Pacifie Railway" (Chapman and Gilmore 1951). The block area was selected in 1907 and was later returned to the province. Its boundaries were nearly identical to those of the first soi1 survey of the area (Farstad et al. 1965). Finally, in 1931, the Northern Alberta Railway reached Dawson Creek and was subsequently followed by a highway from Edmonton. Perhaps one of the largest settlement projects was the 1939 establishment of 1000 German settlers in the Tupper Creek district aided by the Canadian Colonization Association, a subsidiary of the canadian Pacifie Railway (Dalichow 1972). Accessibility to the Peace River area was improved with construction of the Alaska Highway in 1942; the John Hart Highway, which connected Dawson Creek with Prince George and Vancouver, in 1952; and the completion of the Pacifie Great Eastern Railway in 1958 to Dawson creek and Fort St. John. The railway was later renamed the British Columbia Railway and extended beyond the Peace River to Fort Nelson in 1971 (British Columbia Railway 1972).