Fabíola Do Socorro Figueiredo Dos Reis Fanfictions Na Internet

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Fabíola Do Socorro Figueiredo Dos Reis Fanfictions Na Internet Fabíola do Socorro Figueiredo dos Reis Fanfictions na Internet - Um clique na construção do leitor-autor UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ - UFPA Belém – 2011 2 Fabíola do Socorro Figueiredo dos Reis Fanfictions na Internet - Um clique na construção do leitor-autor Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Pará, como requisito para obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Literários. Orientadora: Prof.a Dr.a Lilia Silvestre Chaves Conceito: Excelente UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ - UFPA Belém – 201 3 Fabíola do Socorro Figueiredo dos Reis Fanfictions na Internet - Um clique na construção do leitor-autor Objetivo: Analisar a figura do autor-leitor de fanfictions, alguém que anteriormente foi leitor de uma obra e, depois, passa a escrever a “continuação” ou outras “versões” dela em lugar do autor original. UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARÁ – UFPA Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras Estudos Literários Data de aprovação: 31 de maio de 2011. Banca Examinadora ___________________________________ Prof.a Dr.a Lilia Silvestre Chaves Orientadora - Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) ___________________________________ Prof. Dr. Júlio César Araújo Membro Externo – Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC) ___________________________________ Profª. Drª. Valéria Augusti Membro Interno – Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) 4 Para Raquel Gonçalves, por todo apoio em vida. Para a Professora Lilia, pela leitura, apoio e grandes ideias. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS À professora orientadora deste projeto, Lilia S. Chaves, pela paciência que teve nas orientações e boa recepção quanto às ideias e mudanças bruscas dos assuntos abordados durante a escrita dos capítulos. Ao apoio da CAPES na manutenção e incentivo à pesquisa na Região Norte do Brasil. Ao DAAD, pelo apoio na pós-graduação brasileira e incentivo ao intercâmbio Brasil-Alemanha. Aos professores do mestrado cujas disciplinas contribuíram para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa: Sílvio Holanda, Valéria Augusti, Luís Heleno Montoril, Lilia Chaves e Socorro Simões. Aos amigos que me apoiaram nos momentos “antes” e pós-graduação: Ingrid Sinimbú, Igor Marcell, Michell Gadelha, Fernanda Beatriz, Natali Ikikame, professor Armando Barroso, Daniel Prestes, Thiago Nascimento, João Farias, Claudio Coutinho, Lorena Tavares, Adriane Schneider, Cássia Machado, Mikaella Fusco, Roseane e Daniel Lisolo, Edivaldo Ferreira, Nicole Kirsch, Lis Lourenço e Wellington Araújo. À coordenação do Mestrado em Letras da Universidade Federal do Pará, em especial aos professores Sílvio Holanda, Myriam Cunha e Marília Ferreira. Aos colegas da graduação em Língua Francesa da Universidade Federal do Pará, que curso concomitante ao mestrado: Lívia Gusmão, Lorena Andrews, Magda Freitas, Clayton Santos, Renata Vieira, Amanda Vitória, Jéssica Couto, Matheus Demeteri, Isabelle Defremont e Mariza Correa, bem como às professoras Marisa Navarro, Myriam Cunha, José Carlos Cunha, Sônia Lumi e Isabel Soares. Aos ficwriters brasileiros que participaram da pesquisa ao longo de dois anos, e aos demais colaboradores americanos do Fanfiction.Net, que também colaboraram com o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa ao pacientemente responderam às perguntas enviadas por e-mail. À Dóris Bennington pelas contribuições, opiniões e paciência nas betagem das minhas próprias histórias de fãs, com as devidas observações quanto ao desenrolar do enredo e das traduções. 6 À Thais Oliveira, minha outra beta-reader, pelas opiniões e ajuda na betagem e desenvolvimento das histórias em português. Ao meu sobrinho Guilherme Figueiredo, mesmo quando atrapalhava minha concentração no trabalho porque queria brincar ou mexer no teclado enquanto eu escrevia. E à Raquel Gonçalves Coutinho – por ter sido tão amiga e tão querida mesmo por tão pouco tempo vivido ao meu lado e ao lado dos outros. Foi graças à sua influência que comecei a ler essas histórias, e mesmo depois da sua partida eu continuo aqui – por você e pelos outros. 7 Trata-se de uma linha fronteiriça aproximativa, que tende a desaparecer: o mundo daqueles que se relacionam profissionalmente com livros é sempre mais populoso e tende a identificar-se com o mundo dos leitores. Certamente, também os leitores são cada vez mais numerosos, mas pode-se dizer que o número daqueles que usam os livros para produzir outros livros cresce mais depressa que o daqueles que se satisfazem em lê-los e amá-los. Sei que, se ultrapassar esse limite, mesmo ocasionalmente, correrei o risco de confundir-me com essa maré que avança. Italo Calvino 8 RESUMO Esta dissertação trata do fenômeno da autoria na internet, tendo como foco de estudo do leitor-autor, mais especificamente, de um autor que foi uma vez leitor de uma história original e que assume a função de continuar a história (do ponto em que a deixou seu primeiro criador) ou de modificá-la de forma a agradar a si mesmo e/ou a outros leitores eventuais. Conforme uma vez afirmou Roland Barthes (2004), o escritor sempre será um imitador de escritos anteriores à sua época, mas nunca original. A partir de análises de trechos das histórias, suas notas de autoria e interação com outros leitores através dos comentários, essas criações de fãs- autores (como são chamados nessa pesquisa os autores que se dedicam à escrita desse tipo de história), estuda-se a modificação do conceito de autoria na atualidade, pois muitas vezes o autor perde seu posto ao manter contato com alguma forma de tecnologia da informação – e agora lida com gêneros chamados híbridos: textos que não são puros, que não possuem uma característica apenas para poderem ser definidos pelos manuais comuns. Desta forma é difícil definir o que é, afinal, o autor na era dos gêneros digitais. Num momento em que a cada dia as pessoas do mundo inteiro aumentam seu número de horas navegando, os gêneros digitais representam uma nova relação entre ser humano e instrumento semiótico, com diversos aspectos a serem observados. Palavras-chave: Fanfiction. Gêneros. Autoria. 9 ABSTRACT This study focuses on the presence of the reader-writer of stories created and published on the Internet, more specifically, an author who was once a reader of an original story, and decides to continue it (from the moment which its first original writer finished) or modify it in order to please yourself and/or any other readers, because, as Roland Barthes once said (2004), the writer will always be an imitator of his writings prior to that time, but never original. In the stories created by fans-authors (as the authors committed in the writing of this kind of story are called), we study the modification of the concept of authorship nowadays, because the author loses has a new personality as he/she uses some form of information technology - and now handles with something called hybrid genres: texts that are not just pure, but haven‟t a feature to be defined only by common concepts either. Thus it is difficult to define what is, after all, the author in the era of digital genres. At a time when every day people worldwide increase their number of hours browsing, digital genres represent a new relationship between humans and semiotic instrument, with several aspects to be observed. Keywords: Fanfiction. Genres. Authorship. 10 LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 Cena do filme Romeu + Juliet (1996) 38 Figura 2 Cena de Os Inocentes (1961) 46 Figura 3 Cena de Os que chegam com a noite (1972) 46 Figura 4 Logo do Fanfiction.net 52 Figura 5 Nova página inicial do Fanfiction.Net 53 Figura 6 Exemplo de apresentação de um fanfiction do fandom Crepúsculo 54 Figura 7 Campanha do Ministério da Justiça para conscientização de pais e educadores sobre a faixa etária indicativa 57 Figura 8 Página inicial do Mediaminer.Org 58 Figura 9 Página de verificação de idade do Adultfanfiction.Net 59 Figura 10 Página inicial do Adultfanfiction.Net 59 Figura 11 Página inicial do Restricted Section 60 Figura 12 Página inicial do FictionPress 61 Figura 13 Página inicial de Floreios e Borrões 61 Figura 14 Página inicial do website Ficwriters e Fanartistas Sociedade Online 62 Figura 15 Página inicial do Nyah! Fanfiction 63 Figura 16 Capa da edição americana do livro de Avellaneda 79 Figura 17 Exemplo de disclaimer em português 83 Figura 18 Exemplo de disclaimer em português 83 Figura 19 Capa original de O Mágico de Oz 85 Figura 20 Capa original de Wicked 85 Figura 21 Capa de um CD da coleção Eighth Doctor Adventures 88 Figura 22 Imagem do seriado Doctor Who 88 Figura 23 Como se cria uma conta no Fanfiction.Net 90 Figura 24 Página inicial do membro cadastrado 90 Figura 25 Seção de publicação do Fanfiction.Net 91 Figura 26 Publish new story 92 Figura 27 Apresentação dos dados de uma história 92 Figura 28 Estatísticas de histórias publicadas 93 Figura 29 Perfil público do autor no Fanfiction.Net 93 Figura 30 Perfil de uma beta-reader 96 Figura 31 Perfil de ficwriter/beta-reader 96 11 Figura 32 Sistema de busca de beta-readers 97 Figura 33 Capa de Fifty Shades of Grey 99 12 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 Tabela de categorias mais populares 55 Tabela 2 Tabela de classificação etária 56 13 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 14 I HIBRIDISMO: CRIADORES E CRIATURAS 21 1.1 Origens do hibridismo 21 1.2 Os gêneros digitais 28 1.3 Os fanfictions como gêneros 35 1.4 Um novo tipo híbrido de criador: o leitor-autor-crítico de ficção 39 II FICÇÕES E FANFICÇÕES 42 2.1 A importância dos fandoms 42 2.1.1 O leitor, a criação e o prazer da leitura 42 2.1.2 Os fandoms, os leitores, os escritos 47 2.2 A criação literária na web 49 2.3 Os principais websites de histórias 51 2.4 Como se constrói uma história 63 2.4.1 O cânone
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