Published by The American Physiological Society Integrating the Life Sciences from Molecule to Organism The PhysiologistPhysiologist

The People Who Tell the Story, Shape the Culture Robert W. Gore, INSIDE University of Arizona, College of Medicine 2005 Arthur C. Guyton Teacher of the Year Award I am deeply honored to be selected APS Council the recipient of the 2005 Arthur C. Guyton Teacher of the Year Award. I Strategic Plan and accept this award with all the grace and Fall Council dignity that I can muster, and I accept it on behalf of all the people who have Meeting taught, influenced, scolded, nurtured, p. 6 and trained me over the years. It is, in a sense, their award. I want especially to acknowledge the APS Launches teachers who stimulated my personal New Professional commitment to teaching. I was shaped by my experiences as an undergraduate Skills Training trained in the liberal arts at Carleton Program College, in Northfield, Minnesota, where I was exposed to excellent Full p. 9 Professors who were in the classroom every day. I also had the good fortune to have excellent mentors such as William FY 2006 Research J. Whalen, Charles Wunder, Henry B. Funding Bull, G. Edgar Folk and Paul C. Johnson, among others, during my Robert W. Gore p. 13 graduate and postdoctoral years. I also thank the people who nominated me, isms”—(which is the definition of and the Teaching Section of the Physiology). Conferees Delete American Physiological Society that I have many views and ideas about Akaka Restrictions judged me worthy of this prestigious teaching that have evolved from person- award. al experiences at all levels in the class- p. 13 I hope that I can bring honor to The room over a period of nearly 44-years. I Guyton Award, in the name of teaching, first began teaching from the moment I in the same way that previous awardees entered graduate school in the Depart- EB 2006 have. I believe The Guyton Award is a ment of Physiology and Biophysics at Tentative Program symbol of how very important it is for the University of Iowa in the Fall of all of us in this discipline to teach the 1961. Teaching was a requirement, not p. 16 physiological sciences to this, and an option, of the PhD program at Iowa future generations, with the same when I first entered there. Since then, I degree of commitment and energy that IUPS 2006 have taught grade school children, high we focus on our quest in the research school students, undergraduate and Reminiscences laboratory, to discover the mysteries of graduate students, postdoctoral stu- the “normal functions of organs and p. 41 dents, physical therapists, physical edu- organ systems within all living organ- (continued on page 3)

Volume 49, No. 1 - February 2006 www.the-aps.org 1 Published bimonthly and distributed by The American Physiological TheThe Society PhysiologistPhysiologist 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 ISSN 0031-9376

Douglas C. Eaton President Contents D. Neil Granger Past President Dale Benos President-Elect The People Who Tell the Story, Communications Martin Frank Shape the Culture Symposium: Creating a Buzz Editor and Executive Director Councillors Robert W. Gore 1 About Science Through Susan M. Barman, Community, Media and Irving G. Joshua, Carole M. Liedtke, APS News Constituency Outreach 14 Thomas E. Lohmeier, Helen E. Raybould, Jeff M. Sands, APS Council Holds Strategic Plan Gary C. Sieck, Irving H. Zucker and Fall Council Meeting Experimental Biology 2006 Ex Officio in Houston 6 Distinguished Lectureships 16 Kenneth Baldwin, Kim E. Barrett, Tentative Program 18 Robert G. Carroll, Curt D. Sigmund, Membership Peter D. Wagner New Regular Members 7 Positions Available 23 Publications Committee: Chair: Recently Deceased Members 7 Kim E. Barrett; Members: Eileen New Student Members 8 People & Places M. Hasser, Martin F. Kagnoff, Peggy Mason, Ronald L. Terjung. New Affiliate Members 8 Three APS Members Elected Director of Publications: Margaret Reich. Design and Copy Editor: to the Institute of Medicine 32 Joelle R. Grossnickle. Education Motley-Johnson Appointed Subscriptions: Distributed to members as part of their member- Navar Receives Third Associate Dean 32 ship. Nonmembers in the USA Schmidt-Nielsen Distinguished (print only): individuals $60.00; institutions $95.00. Nonmembers Mentor and Scientist Award 9 Book Review 35 in Canada: individuals $65.00; institutions $100.00. Nonmembers Call for Reviewers for APS Archive 9 elsewhere: individuals $70.00; APS Launches New Professional Books Received 35 institutions $105.00. Single copies and back issues when available, Skills Training Program 9 $20.00 each; single copies and back issues of Abstracts issues when APS Trainee and Mid-Career Scientific Meetings available, $30.00. Subscribers to The Physiologist also receive Symposia at EB 10 and Congresses 37 abstracts of the Conferences of the New Trainee Website 11 American Physiological Society. The online version is available free APS Presents Awards at APS Membership to all worldwide. ABRCMS Conference 12 Application 39 The American Physiological Society assumes no responsibility for the statements and opinions advanced by contributors to The Physiologist. Public Affairs IUPS Reminiscences 41 Please notify the APS Member- FY 2006 Research Funding 13 ship Department as soon as pos- sible if you change your address Conferees Delete Akaka or telephone number. Restrictions 13 Headquarters phone: 301-634-7118 Fax: 301-634-7241 Focusing on Young Investigators Email: [email protected] at NIH 13 http://www.the-aps.org Printed in the USA

2 The Physiologist Guyton Award Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

(continued from page 1) up with current cation majors, exercise and sports sci- technology. Learn “I believe The Guyton Award is a symbol ence majors, dentists, nurses, engineers, how to use it. biomedical engineers, physicists, optical Contribute to its scientists, biophysicists, physicians’ advancement. Stay of how very important it is for all of us assistants, medical students, medical in the “now.” It is residents and more. Thus, to attempt to where all the stu- in this discipline to teach the physiolog- tell the whole story in this article would dents live, and so to take up far more space then the pages of be effective, one ical sciences to this, and future genera- The Physiologist will allow, and to do so ought to know how would surely cause the readers to tear to speak their lan- the pages from this issue to use as fire- guage in cyber- tions, with the same degree of commit- starters on a cold February day. Hence, I space. will share with you in a general way ment and energy that we focus on our only a few of the elements of my rather Connect Your simple teaching philosophy—ones that I Teaching and quest in the research laboratory.....” consider essential features of my teach- Your Learning ing style. In the process, I hope the My commitment readers will be able to extract something to teaching is energized by a feeling of in 1997 and, as a result, changed my of value to carry forward in their own excitement when I am able to return to obligations to our medical program. I search for better ways to inspire and the classroom from the research labora- was skeptical at first, but as a senior fac- touch the minds and souls of their stu- tory to share my enthusiasm with any- ulty member I was more prepared than dents. Haramati, the Guyton Awardee in one who will listen to my tales of the our junior faculty to design and imple- 2000, referred to “Lighting a Fire” with- results of a new observation, or previ- ment full semester courses, cardiovascu- in students (2), and Ordway, the ously unknown phenomenon seen in the lar in my case. Also, I could help take Awardee in 2003 extended the theme laboratory. I believe that sort of excite- some of the teaching load off the and spoke of spreading “The Fire ment is sustained when one is teaching younger faculty who needed to concen- Beyond the Lecture Hall” (4). In the on a regular basis and can rush from the trate more on their research careers. spirit of their comments, I would like to laboratory back into the classroom to It turned out that to return to the “Pass The Torch” of some of my thoughts tell students what you have just undergraduate classroom was one of the on to other teachers. observed. Unfortunately, that experi- most rewarding decisions of my career. ence is sometimes more difficult to Indeed, I encourage all physiologists, Remind Yourself Why You Teach achieve in medical school basic science especially senior faculty, to consider A general rule I use to help focus on curricula, than it is in undergraduate or designing and teaching an undergradu- the essential features of a satisfying graduate curricula these days, simply ate course in their discipline. It has been teaching experience is to periodically because of the basic needs of medical a joyous and enriching experience for ask myself: “Why am I teaching?” “What students, the time constraints, and the me, and a refreshing and “rediscovered” am I teaching?” How am I teaching?” consequent structure of basic medical venue for the free exchange of ideas Self evaluation is good. These questions curricula. about research. Isn’t that partly why we remind me to revise and change my got into this business in the first place, approach to teaching and to stay alert to Share Your Ideas to work ourselves into an intellectual how the students’ world and mine are Because of the competition and stress froth during the free exchange of new changing, sometimes in different direc- generated by the increasing emphasis and exciting ideas? tions. This simple question, “why,” helps on gathering more research funds, free me reexamine my commitment to my “sharing” of ideas sometimes becomes Do Your Job students, and to my profession as a an issue among colleagues. It is sad, but I am also reminded, when I ask myself Physiologist. Indeed, it was when I increasingly evident. However, I find why I teach, that when one is promoted asked these questions of myself in 1996, that to “be” in the classroom among jun- within the academic world, one ought to as director of our Human Physiology ior and senior level undergraduates in feel some sense of obligation to teach. course for freshman medical students, the physiological sciences, or among After all, the title of Full Professor is that I realized the need to fully embrace graduate students, is an ideal atmos- awarded by one’s academic peers for ful- the World Wide Web. The result was that phere in which to share new observa- filling the criteria of excellence, simulta- I developed a complete, searchable, tions and ideas because students, neously, in three areas: teaching, interactive web site that includes our though often less sophisticated than research and service, and at the interna- entire physiology course, and made it one’s colleagues, are far less likely to tional level. The honor of the title profes- available to the world at: http://human. have professional turf to protect. sor is a beginning, not an end. There is physiol.arizona.edu. The details of its At Arizona, we have pioneered an an implied obligation to continue teach- development and the true power of the undergraduate physiological sciences ing, within reason, throughout one’s Internet for teaching, and how it subse- major that is part of the college of medi- career if one is to retain the privilege of quently evolved in our department are cine. It has grown to be the fourth that title. for another article. Suffice it to say that largest declared major at the University In the current atmosphere of tight I encourage everyone who teaches to of Arizona. I agreed to join in the devel- budgets and rising costs there is some take full advantage of the Internet. Stay opment of the undergraduate program logic to suggest changing the title Full

3 The Physiologist Guyton Award Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Professor to Research Professor if one was derived, where it is now, and where Zen concept: “When the student is ready, leaves the classroom to do only research it might go. Indeed, good examples of the teacher will appear.” The corollary to with little or no association with stu- story telling in the teaching process can that is: “If the student is not ready, noth- dents, except as extra hands in the labo- be found in the works of James Burke, a ing will happen.” Indeed, that is why I ratory. It seems extreme to suggest this, British “storyteller” who did a series think emphasis on the “method” of but if hard state salary dollars were tied sometime ago on PBS entitled teaching is not a particularly important more closely to teaching and soft “Connections.” In my own case I like to ingredient. Repeat: “If the student isn’t research dollars tied to research, the bring the development of an idea alive ready, nothing will happen.” But trust role of teaching as generally viewed in by injecting the humanity of a scientist that something will happen, sometime. the basic sciences might well change for into my presentation of a concept. For Telling the stories when you teach is a the better. Indeed, this concept is begin- example, I find that almost all my constant reminder to the students, and ning to appear in casual administrative Arizona students are drawn into think- to us as teachers, that teaching is both discussions at the University of Arizona, ing about the Fick principle if they learn the keystone and the cornerstone of our and elsewhere around the country. that Fick was the author of a concept civilization and culture. Also, simply used by William Hamilton (APS embracing the Zen concept places the Tell “The Story”: President, 1955) who was born in responsibility for learning on the stu- For me, the most important ingredient Tombstone, AZ, and whose father, Isaac dent, and the responsibility for teaching for effective teaching is simply to “tell B. Hamilton, was a mining camp doctor on you. It is important to remember that the story.” The telling of a story is the who was thought to have treated the the two responsibilities, teaching and essence of my teaching learning, are separate. Education, style. It has, in my view, after all, is a redemptive enter- broad implications at many “...I have the most success communicat- prise. The student should feel levels. Indeed, the idea of rewarded and involved in the telling the story is the pri- ing ideas and concepts to students classroom experience. Ultimately, mary message that I hope to however, what happens for them pass on to the readers of may have little to do with you, at this article. when I find a way to shape them in the the moment you are teaching, and When we teach our own more to do with the seeds that are children, we tell them sto- context of a story or intellectual image, sewn. I should add parenthetical- ries. When they are growing ly, that although “Student up they say to us: “Tell me a so the student can take possession of Evaluations” are informative in story about the ‘olden’ one sense, it is important to place days.;” When we write sci- them in a context that recognizes entific papers and grants, those ideas, internalize them, and so the short-term and the long-term we often are most successful effects and affects of teaching. when we grasp the image of carry them forward.....” Don’t worry too much about stu- how best to “tell the story.” dent evaluations. Over emphasis Our research is driven by a on them, in the extreme, is like quest to translate and read nature’s Erp brothers after the shoot-out at OK asking your three-year old child where story. Similarly, I have the most success corral, and that Isaac just might have the family should take their summer communicating ideas and concepts to been aware of the importance of osmotic vacation. students when I find a way to shape pressure and fluid movement that day Why do I believe “telling the story” is them in the context of a story or intellec- in his office long before Starling and the very essence of teaching? Well, to tual image, so the student can take pos- Landis. The truth about the last part of explain, I shall tell you my story about session of those ideas, internalize them, that story we may never know, but it when I first internalized the idea that and so carry them forward and improve adds “Cholula” to the mystery and the telling the story is for me the fundamen- upon them. After all, isn’t that the point myth. The “story” is a way of remember- tal ingredient for effective teaching. of the whole thing? ing the facts, and ultimately is part of I was born in North Dakota in 1939. It is helpful early in the preparation of the glue that makes science a living art, While growing up there, I went hunting a good set of lectures to think of how not a catalog. a lot with my father. It is an integral best to tell the story in a way that will Some students will immediately inte- part of the culture in the Dakotas. One interest students, capture their imagi- grate the story into the learning process, of our favorite places to hunt was along nations, and help them to understand and so the teaching will be enriched. the Cannonball River in the southwest- and retain the concepts. More impor- But, it is not really so important ern corner of the state. On one of our tantly, it is one of the better ways I have whether individual students listen and trips when I was eight we stopped for a found to place the material in the con- hear the story when you first tell it. few hours to visit a Native American text of the evolution of an idea, or ideas, Some will hear and some will not but friend of my father’s, Vine Deloria, Sr. that I am helping students to master or most of them will remember it when the (3), on the Standing Rock Reservation grasp. I find that a story helps students time is right for them. Sometimes it near Fort Yates, ND. I remember very to “connect the dots.” Students really do takes a long time for the “fire” to light, little about those few hours, except that love history, and they remember materi- and the “torch” to be passed. The “Ahh” my father held Vine in high esteem and al much better when they have a sense moment may not even occur until many was visibly inspired by him. I, being of where a concept came from, how it years later. I am reminded here of the eight, was more interested in visiting

4 The Physiologist Guyton Award Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 the burial site of Tatanka Yotanka The story is the teacher, but the teacher Williams, Walker Percy, Shelby Foote, (Chief Sitting Bull). tells the story. The teacher need not be and William Faulkner, among many oth- Forty years later, I reconnected with a person, but could as well be an event ers. Indeed, Guyton maintained a long this fascinating and accomplished man at a critical moment that is long remem- friendship with Faulkner and played in Tucson, AZ, at the end of his life. bered (student laboratories?). So, the chess with him. He understood the Vine, Sr., was born 11 years after the story that you tell in the classroom will power and importance of “telling the massacre at Wounded Knee and grew up trigger at some time, the fusion of the story.” during the very traumatic period of bits and pieces of students’ individual Whether you agreed with the details transition as the Sioux Nation adjusted life experiences, into their story that will of some of Guyton’s ideas or not—-and I to the end of the buffalo and equestrian someday inspire them. In the process of admit that I have never been a fan of his period that was their world, and the fusion the discipline is sustained. venous return approach to cardiac func- onset of assimilation. During our con- Vine’s words are now a constant tion—-he was without question a great versations Vine made the simple obser- reminder to me that teaching has pro- teacher because he “told the story” vation: “The people who tell the found and deep implications. The details whenever he taught. And consequently, story, shape the culture.” of “Method” and “How To” and “Problem he shaped the culture of physiology for His words shot through me like an Based” and “PowerPoint,” though impor- nearly 50 years. It is for that reason that arrow and connected to the very core of tant in their own right, often just con- I feel deeply honored to have received an what I now believe is the essence of tribute more to the noise, than to the award for teaching in the name of a man teaching and its real importance. He signal. I am reminded of the words of whose teaching skills and deep motiva- was talking about what happened to his Jonathan Miller (3), a British neurolo- tion to “telling the story,” shaped a sig- people, but his insight suddenly made gist and well known “storyteller” who nificant portion of our scientific culture me profoundly aware that communica- once said: “First know your subject. and tradition in physiology during the tion is the human imperative, and that Audiovisual aids alone are simply ortho- second half of the 20th century. it is the writers and storytellers in all pedic devices for the didactically dis- In closing let me again express my cultures who are the teachers. Living in abled.” So, rather than focus on method, pride in being chosen for a teaching Arizona in the southwest, I was sur- I tell the students to listen to the story I award, and this award in particular. I rounded by the culture of “the story- want to share, and I tell them why. I try am proud because I think often about teller,” but he brought new meaning for to help them connect to the origins of the how teaching and teachers shape the me to the word, “storyteller,” in a single idea I am presenting, to help them see culture. We must not let that notion be sentence. where that idea came from, where it is trivialized in an academic world that I was a Full Professor by then, and I now, and to challenge them to think seems to be driven more and more by thought I was Mr. “Cool,” or Mr. “Hot,” about how they may move the story for- the quest for ever increasing research depending upon the day. I was at the ward, or change it, or yes, even rewrite dollars, sometimes at the expense of peak of my career in teaching, research it. In that regard, I have my students teaching and those who “pass the torch” and service. I was serving on “impor- write papers and I read them all. of ideas in the classroom to the next gen- tant” research and peer review commit- eration. I say to those teachers, especial- tees. I was involved in telling the world Remember Those Who Taught You ly younger faculty, who may sometimes about what constituted “good” research I want now to end my comments about be made to feel “less than” by tribes of versus “bad” research (I had gotten one “the story” and teaching by remember- senior research colleagues demanding of the first NIH-MERIT Awards). I was ing the man in whose name this award more space. Remember the words of deeply involved in curricular affairs. I is given. To do so, I must ask a question, Tatanka Yotanka of the Lakota: “It is not had all kinds of complex ideas about in the classic Guytonian style of teach- necessary for eagles to be crows.” what was “good” versus “bad” teaching. I ing, but with a North Dakota accent: The people who tell the story, shape felt strongly about teaching and the “So, why was Dr. Guyton such a the culture. They are the eagles. ™ application of cool, special methods. I renowned teacher, then?” would tell you all about my certainties, “Oh ya. Now that’s a good question.” References: even if you didn’t ask. The word hubris I was fortunate to have known Dr. comes to mind. Guyton, to converse with him, and to 1. Encyclopedia of North American Suddenly, Vine’s simple, profound observe him in the classroom. He used, Indians. See Web Site Address: comment made all that noise vanish. what I call “The Southern Socratic http://college.hmco.com/history/reader- The Full Professor was ready, and so the Method” because he would always ask or scomp/naind/html/na_010200_delori- teacher appeared. What I realized was state a question to begin the presenta- avines.htm that when one stops telling and sharing tion of a concept or idea. But unlike 2. “Haramati, A. Teaching Physiology: the stories that are the foundations of a Socrates, he would not wait for you to Filling a Bucket or Lighting a Fire?’ The culture or a scientific discipline (physiol- answer, but rather he would answer it Physiologist 43(3): 117; 119-121, 2000. ogy for example), then that culture will for you in his special way that was a dis- 3. Miller, Jonathan. “The Body In cease to evolve and will surely die. You tinguishing feature of his style. His style Question.” Random House, New York, don’t have to tell the whole story or even was that of “the storyteller.” 1978. the old story.The point is that the telling Guyton was from Mississippi, and 4. Ordway, G. Education Outreach: of the story is the beginning, the end, grew up in the great tradition of famous Taking the “Fire” Beyond the Lecture and the motivation for teaching. The and very talented storytellers from the Hall and Lab. The Physiologist 46(6): classroom elements are all interwoven. south like Eudora Welty, Tennessee 351; 353-354, 2003.

5 The Physiologist APS News Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

APS Council Holds Strategic Plan and Fall Council Meeting in Houston

The APS Council hosted a Strategic type. In 2004, 130 papers were submit- receive his award at the EB06 meeting. Plan meeting on October 29-31 at The ted and 54 were published in this cate- Additional details of the Council’s Woodlands Resort and Conference gory. In 2005, 93 articles were submitted 2005 fall meeting and the Strategic Plan Center, Houston, TX. Attendees at the and 58 have been published to date. meeting will be presented to the mem- meeting included APS section chairs, The Publications Committee recom- bership at the 2006 APS Business selected members of the Trainee mended that Council reinstate the bene- Meeting. The Business Meeting will be Advisory Committee, members of the fit of free color to student members since held at EB06 on Tuesday, April 4 at 5:45 Long-Range Planning Committee, com- they will now be charged a student pm in the Moscone Convention Center mittee chairs, and the APS managers. membership fee. Color is free if the first (San Francisco), room 134. All APS The meeting attendees used the results or last author is an APS member. members are invited to attend. of the Membership Survey (conducted in Council approved the reinstatement of spring 2005) and informational docu- this benefit for students. Council Action Items ments provided by the APS committees The Finance Committee presented Council approved the recommenda- and sections to begin the process of Council with the final 2005 budget and tions of the Finance Committee accept- drafting a new Strategic Plan. The the proposed 2006 budget, both of which ing the 2005 estimated budget and Council will meet in February 2006 to were accepted and approved by Council. approved the 2006 proposed budget. finalize the new Strategic Plan. The new The Finance Committee reported on Council approved a proposal for an Strategic Plan will be published in a The Katrina Fund. The fund was started APS Conference entitled Sex Steroids in future issue of The Physiologist. by APS to help graduate students and Physiology and Pathophysiology of the The APS Council held their fall meet- postdoctoral fellows cope with the Cardiovascular-Renal System. ing on November 1, 2005 at The affects of the storm. APS provided an Council unanimously approved a Woodlands Resort and Conference initial commitment of $50,000 to the motion to transfer the following 14 regu- Center, Houston, TX. Council was pre- fund, and, through October 5, the lar members to emeritus membership sented with reports from the Joint Society had received $14,355 in outside status: Jack K. Barclay, Maurice F. Program, Finance, Membership, contributions to support this effort. Crass, Otto Hansen, Carlton F. Publications, and Women in Physiology Funds are being provided through unre- Hazelwood, Thomas F. Hornbein, committees. APS staff members Marsha stricted grants of $2,000 to help stu- Thomas A. McKean, Bryan D. Myers, Maytas, Robert Price, and Margaret dents and fellows replace belongings, Buford L. Nichols, Oakley S. Ray, Donald Reich joined the meeting to assist with pay for relocation costs, etc. APS has B. Stratton, Zvi Talor, Stuart R. Taylor, the committee report presentations. been working with chairs of the affected Barry L. Zaret, Douglas P. Zipes. The Joint Program Committee pre- departments to assess the needs. To Council unanimously approved the sented a proposal for an APS Conference date, APS has received 51 applications requests of 9 regular members for rein- entitled Sex Steroids in Physiology and for assistance, authorized 35 awards, statement: Theodore J. Angelopoulos, Pathophysiology of the Cardiovascular- and distributed 23 payments totaling Eberhard E. Fetz, Christopher S. Renal System. The goal of the confer- $46,000. Garrard, Ravinder K. Gill, H. Craig ence is to bring together a critical mass The Women in Physiology Committee Heller, Herbert F. Janssen, Benjamin M. of scientists who have interests in the reported that L. Gabriel Navar, Rigor, Seema Saksena, Saul Yedgar. roles of sex steroids in the physiology of Department of Physiology, Tulane Council unanimously approved the the cardiovascular and renal systems to University School of Medicine, has been selection of Allen Cowley as the 2006 promote exchange of ideas and potential selected as the 2006 Bodil Schmidt- Daggs Awardee. collaborations in the future. The confer- Nielsen Distinguished Mentor Awardee. Council approved selection of L. ence is tentatively scheduled for October Navar has had a tremendous mentoring Gabriel Navar as the Bodil Schmidt- 2007. Council approved the conference career, having mentored 21 predoctoral Nielsen Awardee. ™ proposal. students, 42 The Publications Committee reported postdoctoral that the Journal Impact Factors made a fellows, and strong showing in 2004 as they had in four visiting previous years. They also reported that scientists dur- more articles have been added to the ing the past 40 Classic Articles series. The essays are years. Many of located on the APS web site at these mentees http://www.the-aps.org/publications/ have gone on to classics/index.htm. Both the essays and a wide variety classic articles can be accessed free of of positions, in charge. academia as The Publications Committee has well as in med- made the decision to discontinue the icine, and are Translational Physiology Call for leading suc- Front row: Sue Barman, Douglas Eaton, Dale Benos, D. Neil Papers, which was instituted for all jour- cessful scientif- Granger. Back row: Irving Zucker, Gary Sieck, Carol nals in June 2001; Translational ic careers. Leidtke, Tom Lohmeier, Peter Wagner, Curt Sigmund, Rob Physiology will remain as an article Navar will Carroll, Helen Raybould, Kenneth Baldwin, Jeff Sands. 6 The Physiologist Membership Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

New Regular Members *Transferred from Student Membership Julye Marie Adams* Kenichiro Kitamura Wei Sun Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington Kumamoto Univ. Sch. of Med., Japan Peking Union Med. Coll., Beijing, China Alexey Aleshin Shigeru Kitazawa Weike Tao Columbia Univ., NY Juntendo Univ., Tokyo, Japan Univ. of Texas Southwestern Med. Mark G. Angelos Wilfried Klein Dipika Tuteja Ohio State Univ. Univ. Federal Da Bahia, Brazil Univ. of California, Davis Bruno B. Averbeck Susurmu Koyama Torben R. Uhrenholt* Univ. of Rochester, NY Univ. of Illinois, Chicago Yale Univ., CT Lino Chua Balonan Rafael Kurtz Wanda H. Vila-Carriles Univ. of Hong Kong, China Bielefeld Univ., Bielefeld, Germany Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham Luis Beltran-Parrazal Tianbo Li Hui Di Wang Univ. of California, Los Angeles Northeastern Ohio Univ. Brock Univ., St. Catharines, Canada Lue Bouwens Ying-Ming Liou Youxue Wang Free Univ., Brussels, Belgium National Chung-Hsing Univ., Taiwan Univ. of Texas SW Med. Ctr., Dallas Wengang Cao Sumei Liu* Brett J. Wong* Univ. of Florida, Gainesville Ohio State Univ. Univ. of Iowa Margaret Patricia Chandler* Yongjun Lu Ai-Lun Yang* Case Western Reserve Univ., OH Univ. of Iowa Natl. Cheng-Kung Univ., Taiwan Liming Chen Vijay Lyall David S. Zee Yale Univ., CT Virginia Commonwealth Univ. Johns Hopkins Hosp., MD Mitchell Chesler Safraaz Mahamed* New York Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin B. Ruth Clark Declan F. McCole Washington Univ., MO Univ. of California, San Diego Charles Samuel Cox Marcus Missal Univ. of Texas Med. Sch., Houston Univ. Catholique De Louvain, Belgium Stephen James Crozier* Elisha Moses Recently Deceased Univ. of Michigan The Weizmann Inst. of Science, Israel Nazan Dolu Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi Members Erciyes Univ. Med. Fac., Turkey Northwestern Univ., IL Van Alan Doze Violeta N. Mutafova-Yambolieva Univ. of North Dakota Nevada Sch. of Medicine, Reno Lee L. Bernardis Stuart E. Dryer Naveen Nagarajan Buffalo, NY Univ. of Houston, TX Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., Cambridge Jay M. Edelberg Michael H. O’Regan Weill Medical College, Cornell Univ., NY Univ. of Detroit, MI Julian P. Cooke Cheryl L. Fattman Ronney B. Panerai Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA Univ. of Leicester, United Kingdom San Antonio, TX Edgar Garcia-Rill Ryan M. Pelis* Univ. of Arkansas Univ. of Arizona Coll. Med. Joshua A. Goldberg M. Teresa Perez-Garcia Daniel S. Feldman Univ. of Texas, San Antonio Univ. De Valladolid, Spain Evans, GA Lawrence A. Golding Jason E. Podrabsky* Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas Portland State Univ., Portland, OR David Golomb Yuri L. Protsenko Gregory R. Ferrier Ben-Gurion Univ., Negev, Israel Inst. Immunol./Physiol. Ural Br, Russia Cara Jane Gottardi Jalees Rehman Halifax, NS, Canada Northwestern Univ., IL Indiana Univ. Denise G. Hemmings Aaron L. Rogaczewski Univ. of Alberta, Canada Med. College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Ronald D. Reed Tzung K. Hsiai Hector Romo-Parra* USAF Academy, CO Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles Univ. of Heidelberg, Germany Anastaia Y. Kariagina Manning J. Sabatier* Michigan State Univ. Emory Univ., GA James S. Robertson Donald B. Katz Sidney A. Simon Brandeis Univ., Waltham, MA Duke Univ., NC Gaithersburg, MD Needlam Khaper* Parco Ming-Fai Siu* Northern Ontario Sch. of Med., Canada Harvard Med. Sch./BIDMC, MA Yasuhiko Takeda Scott D. Kirkton Tzong-Bor Sun Univ. of California, San Diego Tzu Chi Univ., Hualien, Taiwan Denver, CO

7 The Physiologist Membership Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

New Student Members

Evangelos Antzoulatos Joo Hyoung Lee Ismaila Raji Univ. of Texas Med. Sch. Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham Kampala Int’l. Univ., Uganda Sunanda Baliga Mary Lee Julie Rennison Rutgers Univ., NJ Univ. of Hong Kong Case Western Univ., OH Kimberly Barnholt Wei Li Mary Schwab Univ. of California, Davis Michigan State Univ. Dartmouth Medical School, NH Destinee Chambers Jose Limon Yi Shi Univ. of Massachusetts California State Univ., Northridge Univ. of Hong Kong Gin-Fu Chen Jennifer Long Craig Steinback Univ. of Florida Yale Univ., CT Univ. of Western Ontario Tom Cherng Brenna Lynn Elinor Sullivan Univ. of New Mexico Univ. of Oregon Oregon Health Sci. Univ. John Chidlow Amin Majdalawich Scott Tamminga Louisiana State Univ. Dalhousie Univ., Canada Cerritos College, CA Jennifer Copeland Martha Maldonado Cervantes Aaron Teitelbaum Univ. of North Texas UASLP Sch. Med., Mexico McMaster Univ., Canada Nildris Cruz-Diaz Matthew Maneen Tiffany Thai Univ. of Puerto Roco, Med. Sci. Campus Univ. of Vermont Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill John Eme Aaron Marshall Ameer Thompson Univ. of California, Irvine Univ. of Cincinnati, OH Univ. of California, Davis Melissa Farrell Robin McGregor Kandy Velazquez Stony Brook Univ., NY Heriot-Watt Univ., UK Univ. of Puerto Rico, Med. Sci. Campus Keith Fenrich William Merryman Georgios Vlasseros Queen’s Univ., Ontario, Canada Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA Harokopio Univ., Greece Jan Foster Leah Miller David Welch Medical College of Georgia Meharry Medical College, TN LSU Health Sciences Ctr., LA Jose Garcia-Colon Aaron Mishin Jason Williams Univ. of Puerto Rico, Med. Sci. Campus Pennsylvania State Univ. Drexel Univ., PA Shea Gilliam-Davis Angelica Montoya Contreras William Wright Wake Forest Univ., NC Univ. of San Luis Potosi Sch. Med., Mexico Louisiana State Univ., HSC Shannon Glaser Lisa Nashold Sheng Wu Texas A&M Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center Sherry Hannon Amanda Nelson Natividad Ybarra Univ. of North Texas Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Univ. of Texas, San Antonio Lucas Hart Mark Newton Gokhan Yilmaz Medical College of Wisconsin Inst. Jozef Stefan, Slovenia Louisiana State Univ., HSC Scott Harvey Wei Ni Hui Jing Yu Univ. of Hawaii Michigan State Univ. SUNY, Stony Brook, NY Nicole Hoefling Ogbeyalu Onumah Rong Zhao Loyola Univ., IL Meharry Med Coll., TN Indiana Univ. Sch. of Med. Randall Hulshizer Zoe Pafili Univ. of Kentucky Natl & Kapodistrian Univ., Greece JaNae Joyner Ravisankar Palaniappan Wake Forest Univ., NC Jawaharlal Inst. of Postgrad. Med. India Andrew King Rohit Pawar Michigan State Univ. Brody Sch. of Medicine, CA Kathleen King Paulitha Pasala New Affiliate Members Univ. of Rochester, NY Ball State Univ., IN Justin Kingery Melanie Powers Naomi E Brooks Univ. of Louisville, KY Univ. of Florida Tufts Univ., MA John Langston Jesse Procknow Ruth Williams Louisiana State Univ. St. Louis Univ., MO Oakton Community College, IL Moving? If you have moved or changed your phone, fax or membership information can also be changed by visit- Email address, please notify the APS Membership ing the Members Only portion of the APS Website at Office at 301-634-7171 or Fax to 301-634-7241. Your http://www.the-aps.org. ™

8 The Physiologist Education Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Navar Receives Third Volunteer review panels will be con- vened March 1 and October 1 and have Schmidt-Nielsen two weeks to complete reviews of sub- Distinguished Mentor and mitted materials. Reviews will be sent to Scientist Award authors on March 22 and October 22. For the February 15 submission dead- The APS Women in Physiology line, calls for submissions of undergrad- Committee is pleased to announce that uate and graduate materials in the fol- L. Gabriel Navar, Professor and lowing fields will be sent out via the sec- Chairman of the Department of tion/group listservs: Cardiovascular, Physiology at Tulane University School Comparative and Evolutionary, Envi- of Medicine, has been selected as the ronmental & Exercise, Genomics, third recipient of the Bodil M. Schmidt- Hypoxia, Muscle Biology, Renal, Respi- Nielsen Distinguished Mentor and ration, Translational Research, and Scientist Award. The Committee was Water and Electrolyte Homeostasis. extremely impressed with both his men- This new review process allows for more APS members to be involved in the toring excellence and his outstanding L. Gabriel Navar contributions to physiological research. review of materials submitted to the Navar received his PhD at the APS Archive. It also allows for a timeli- having been prepared and nurtured University of Mississippi under the er turn-around period for the authors to under Dr. Navar’s supervision.” direction of Arthur Guyton. He served receive feedback on their submissions. Navar will give a talk entitled, “From as a faculty member at the University of If you are interested in being a Mentee to Mentor: Lessons Learned Mississippi School of Medicine and at reviewer for materials submitted in Along the Way,” at the 2006 the University of Alabama at those fields, please email Melinda Lowy Experimental Biology meeting in San Birmingham prior to his appointment as at [email protected]. Francisco, CA, on Monday, April 3 at Professor and Chairman of the 12:00 pm at the San Francisco Marriott, Department of Physiology at Tulane Yerba Buena 10/11. All trainees and University in 1988. Navar is also a co- APS Launches New mentors are invited. Director of the Tulane Renal and APS congratulates Dr. Navar on this Professional Skills Hypertension Center of Excellence. well-deserved honor. Navar has a very successful research Training Program program, contributing significantly to fundamental research in the fields of APS, in conjunction with the renal hemodynamics and hypertension. Call for Reviewers for American Society for Microbiology Navar’s excellence in scientific research APS Archive (ASM), is pleased to announce the has been honored with awards from the trainees who have been accepted to par- American Physiological Society, the The APS Archive of Teaching ticipate in the first Professional Skills American Heart Association, and the Resource is streamlining its review Workshop on “Writing and Reviewing American Society of Hypertension. process beginning in January 2006. We for Scientific Journals” which was held Navar has had a tremendous mentor- are looking for reviewers who can assist on January 12-15, 2006 in Orlando, FL. ing career, having mentored 21 pre-doc- in the March review of materials. The trainees are: toral students, 42 postdoctoral fellows, Materials submitted to the APS Sharilyn Almodovar-Camacho and four visiting scientists during the Archive will now be reviewed twice year- Ponce School of Medicine past 40 years. Many of these mentees ly. New deadline dates for submissions Almaris Alonso have gone on to a wide variety of posi- are February 15 and September 15. Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst tions, in academia as well as in medi- cine, and are leading successful scientif- APS Refresher Course on Gender Differences in Physiology ic careers. Many of the people writing Sponsored by the APS Education Committee the supporting recommendation letters Saturday, April 1-8:00 AM-12:00 Noon attested to Navar’s unique mentoring Convention Center, Room 130 style, his commitment to life-long men- toring of trainees, his scientific integrity, Organizer: Martha L. Blair Virginia Huxley: “Cardiovascular his love of science, his role in introduc- system: gender differences in normal ing trainees to experts in the field, and Speakers: function and disease” his ability to make his trainees feel like family. As summed up by one of Navar’s Martha L. Blair: “What do we know, Marybeth Brown: “Skeletal muscle mentees, “Despite his considerable scien- and what should we teach, about gen- and bone: effects of sex steroids and tific contributions, his most important, der differences in physiology?” aging” and enduring legacy can be found in the lives, careers and contributions of the Margaret Wierman: “Sex steroid Denise Faustman: “Common auto- people he has trained and shaped effects on different target tissues: immune signaling defects: what does throughout his career. These individuals Mechanism of action” gender have to do with it?” were set upon their career paths after 9 The Physiologist Education Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Jill Bell Kanika Pulliam Meharry Medical College; Rudy Ortiz, East Carolina Univ., Brody School of Med. Emory Univ. Univ. of California, Merced; Irving Carmencita Cartagena Andrew Ray Zucker, Univ. of Nebraska Medical Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras SUNY, Buffalo Center. Lillian Cruz-Orengo Nilda Rodriguez The workshop is especially designed Univ. of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine Univ. of Iowa to attract underrepresented minority Edelmarie De Jesus Enrique Rodriguez Borrero students. It will bring together trainees Ponce School of Medicine Univ. of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras from both APS and its partner, the Adrienne Dolberry Wilmara Salgado-Pabon American Society for Microbiology, with Drexel Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison experienced mentors and scientists from Cerrone Foster Hiromi Sanders the two societies. East Tennessee State Univ. East Carolina Univ. During the course, trainees will Alfredo Garcia III Cariluz Santiago-Ortiz receive hands-on training at writing and Wright State Univ. Ponce School of Medicine reviewing their own writing and that of Jose Garcia-Colon Karen Spach their colleagues. They are required to Univ. of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Univ. of Vermont complete pre-workshop homework Christoper Gentile Quiona Stephens (readings, writing, sending in a draft Virginia Polytechnic and State Univ. Uniformed Services of the Health Sci. manuscript), as well as additional Anjelica Gonzalez-Simon Nicole Stob evening homework during the course. Baylor College of Medicine Univ. of Colorado, Boulder The course is supported by a grant to Charletha Irvin-Wilson Dianedis Toro Nieves APS from the National Institute of Meharry Medical College Univ. of Puerto Rico, Med. Sci. Campus General Medical Sciences at the NIH Barbara Jacob Shayla West (Grant #GM073062-01). Emory Univ., School of Medicine Wake Forest Univ. Health Sciences A second workshop on the same topic Erin Keen-Rhinehart Debra Zamora will be conducted again on May 4-7, Emory Univ. Univ. of Texas, San Antonio 2006 in Denver, CO. Applications for the Scott Kirkton second course will be available in late Univ. of California, San Diego APS and ASM members participating January. For more information or to sign Stephen Kolwicz as mentors and instructors are as fol- up for email notification of a future Temple Univ. lows: short course, see the Professional Skills Nathan Kuipers Kim Barrett, Univ. of California, San website at http://www.the-aps.org/edu- Penn State Univ., College of Medicine Diego; Robert Hester, Univ. of cation/professionalskills/. Claribel Luciano-Montalvo Mississippi Medical Center; Barbara Univ. of Puerto Rico, Med. Sci. Campus Horwitz, Univ. of California, Davis; Joeli Marrero Mark Knuepfer, Saint Louis Univ.; APS Trainee and Tufts Univ. School of Medicine Larry McDaniel, Univ. of Mississippi Jenni McCord Medical Center (ASM); Lori McMahon, Mid-Career Symposia at Univ. of Oregon Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham; Jo EB Andrew Melton Morello, Univ. of Chicago (ASM); Univ. of California, San Francisco Judith Neubauer, UMDNJ, RW Symposium on Career Development Raissa Menendez Delmestre Johnson Medical School; Joan for Mid-Level Academic Scientists Univ. of Puerto Rico, Med. Sci. Campus Slonczewski, Kenyon College (ASM); Sunday, April 2, 2:00-4:00 pm Anabel Puig-Ramos R. Clinton Webb, Medical College of Convention Center Univ. of Puerto Rico, Med. Sci. Campus Georgia; Dale Benos, Univ. of Alabama, Organizer: Marian R. Walters John Pulliam Birmingham; Greg Florant, Colorado Speakers: Edward Bocko: “General Emory Univ. State Univ.; Evangeline Motley, Strategies in Seeking Career Changes;” Marian R Walters: “New Directions: Medical Physiology Course Directors Office of Research and Graduate Studies;” Margaret E.M. Tolbert: “New Experimental Biology 2006 Meeting Directions: Careers at NSF;” Richard Date: Monday, April 3 Vari: “Finding a New Focus in Time: 3:00-4:00 PM Education.” Location: San Francisco Marriott Hotel, Pacific H APS/ASPET Mentoring Workshop If you attending Experimental Biology 2006 in San Francisco, plan on attend- Mastering the Juggling Act: ing a meeting for Medical Physiology Course Directors meeting to learn more Laboratory, Life, and Leadership about the APS web site for course directors. Roles (sponsored by the APS Women in Physiology and ASPET Women in Find out about the web site devoted to course directors Pharmacology Committees) Find out how to access information about courses at other institutions Monday, April 3, 8:00 – 10:00 am Find out how to post information about your course Convention Center, Room 130 Find other resources that could be of help to you Organizers: Ann Schreihofer and Discover a directory of course directors and contact information Deborah Damon (APS) and Laura 10 The Physiologist Education Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Nisenbaum (ASPET) First Grant;” Sean Stocker: “Juggling survey report. Speakers: Ida Llewellyn-Smith: the Responsibilities of a Young P.I.: Also included are pages for trainee “Juggling Research-Related Duties: Insights From Personal Experience.” associations and trainee resources, such How to Stop Putting Out Fires and Use as awards, career planning, families & Your Time Wisely;” Lynn Wecker: science careers, finding a job, funding “Juggling Research With Service and New Trainee Web Site resources, general resources, lab man- Teaching Duties: How Much, What agement, and mentoring. A discussion Kind, and When;” Marilyn J. Cipolla: The Trainee Advisory Committee is board where trainees can discuss issues “Juggling for the Dual Career Couple: pleased to announce a new web site just of interest is planned for spring 2006. Strategies for Maximum Job for trainees. The web site will be accessible from Satisfaction;” Susan Steinberg: Included on the web site are pages for the main APS home page at “Juggling Job and Family: Balancing Trainee Advisory Committee activities http://www.the-aps.org or directly at Home Life and Careers.” like the symposium at Experimental http://www.the-aps.org/trainees/. ™ Biology, trainee newsletters, and the APS Careers Symposium Navigating the Interview: How to Figure 1. New APS Trainee Web Page Make It Work for You (sponsored by the APS Career Opportunities in Physiology Committee) Monday, April 3, 5:45 – 7:45 pm Convention Center, Room 252/260 Organizers: Nansie A. McHugh and William R. Galey Speakers: Richard E. Klabunde: “Interviewing in Industry vs. Acade- mia;” Donna H. Korzick: “That First Faculty Position Interview: Preparation and Etiquette!” David P. Brooks: “Interviewing for the Pharmaceutical Industry: What Does It Involve and How to Succeed?” Daniel E. Michele: “I Survived the Academic Interview.”

APS Trainee Symposium Transition from Postdoc to Jr. Faculty: Surviving the Initial Years (sponsored by the APS Trainee Advisory Committee) Tuesday, April 4, 8:00 – 10:00 am Convention Center, Room 132 Organizers: Rudy M. Ortiz and Ryan W. Bavis Speakers: L. Gabriel Navar: “Negotiating a Faculty Position. The Do’s and Don’ts;” Karie Scrogin: “Setting Up the Lab;” Ann Schreihofer: “Down the Road to Funding: Getting That

The American Physiological Society Medical Physiology Curriculum Objectives http://www.the-aps.org/education/MedPhysObj/medcor.htm Download in HTML or PDF format

NOW AVAILABLE IN PRINT FORM; UP TO 15 COPIES FREE PER DEPARTMENT.

The Medical Physiology Curriculum Objectives is a APS Education Office joint project of The American Physiological Society and the 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991 Association of Chairs of Departments of Physiology. Phone: 301-634-7132; Fax: 301-634-7098: Email: [email protected]; http://www.the-aps.org/education.htm 11 The Physiologist Education Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

APS Presents Awards at ABRCMS Conference The APS presented awards to minori- Barbara Horwitz, University of Regression In American Cows (Corvus ty undergraduate researchers and was a California-Davis, selected the winners: Brachyrhynchos)” major conference sponsor at the Annual Best Sophomore Poster Presenta- The APS congratulates the students Biomedical Research Conference for tion: Cherie Ognibene, Langston on a job well done and wishes them the Minority Students (ABRCMS) at the Univ., Guthrie, OK; Abstract Title: best in their academic pursuits. Hyatt Regency in Atlanta, GA from “Fluorescent Imaging In Trabecular The APS Education office also staffed November 2-5, 2005. ABRCMS is a Meshwork Cells: A Model System To an exhibit booth, highlighting the fol- national conference designed to facili- Evaluate Glucocorticoid-Induced lowing awards, programs and resources tate increased minority involvement in Phagocytosis” for minority groups underrepresented in biomedical and behavioral science Best Junior Poster Presentations; science: careers. This three-day conference Divine Nininahzwe, Winston Salem APS/NIDDK Minority Travel encompassed scientific presentations, State Univ., Winston-Salem, NC; Fellowship, providing travel support professional development workshops, Abstract Title: “Development of New for 50-70 students annually. This fellow- poster and oral presentations, and Monoclonal Antibodies To Identify Novel ship provides funds to attend numerous networking opportunities Scavenger Receptors On Murine Experimental Biology and the fall APS with faculty and administrators from Macrophages” conferences. Awardees also are paired graduate schools, government agencies, Brandon Penn, Univ. of Maryland, with a mentor, an APS member, in their scientific societies and foundations. Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD; area of research. The intent of this pro- According to numbers provided by ABR- Abstract Title: “Disruption of the ß2 gram is to increase participation of pre- CMS, approximately 2,600 individuals, Adrenergic Receptor PDZ Binding Motif: and postdoctoral minority students in including 1,203 undergraduate stu- Impact Upon Cardiac Structure and the physiological sciences. dents, 316 graduate students and post- Function.” Undergraduate Summer doctoral scholars, and 900 faculty and Best Senior Poster Presentations Research Fellowship, supporting up administrators attended this meeting. Ashley Bolden, Univ. of Missouri, to 12 fellowships each year. Fellowships The APS, represented by Education Columbia, MO; Abstract Title: support full-time undergraduate stu- Office staff member, Brooke Bruthers, “Estrogenic Effects Of Polyphenols On dents to work in the laboratory of an was pleased to present $250 awards to Ovariectomized Rats” APS member. The goal of this program is eight undergraduate students for the DaShawnda Lindsey, Wayne State to excite and encourage students to pur- best poster presentations in physiology Univ., Detroit, MI; Abstract Title: “The sue a career as a basic research scien- during the conference. Students also Effect of Intracerebroventricular tist. receive a complimentary one-year print Infusion of ß-Endorphin on the Explorations in Biomedicine subscription to Physiology, an APS Cardiovascular Dynamics in Undergraduate Summer Research denim shirt and are added to the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats and Fellowship, which immerses Native Minority Physiologists Listserv. Twenty Normal Wistar Rats” American undergraduates from across judges, including APS members, Mike Christa Osuna, Univ. of California, the nation in the world of cutting-edge Brands, Medical College of Georgia, Irvine, CA; Abstract Title: “The Effect of physiology and biomedical research for Margaret Colden-Stanfield, Age on Estrogen Modulation of 8-10 weeks during the summer. The Morehouse School of Medicine and Cerebrovascular Inflammation” Fellowship also provides the student an Mahendranauth Samaru, opportunity to participate in a major sci- Hunter College, New York, NY; entific meeting to experience the differ- Abstract Title: “PPARgamma ent ways science is communicated. Ligands Exacerbate Free Porter Physiology Fellowship Cholesterol-Induced Program, supporting minority students Macrophage Death, Raising pursuing full-time studies toward a PhD The Possibility of An Adverse in the physiological sciences. Effect In The Progression of The Career brochure and updated Advanced Atherosclerotic Career web site, the Archive of Teaching Lesions.” Resources, the Timeline of Physiology, Best Oral Presentation membership for students, and Luwanda Jenkins, Experimental Biology 2006 also were California State Univ., Long provided for participants. APS staff member Brooke Bruthers presents Beach; Abstract Title: The ABRCMS meeting is sponsored award to the best poster & oral presentation “Increases In Apoptosis And by a grant from the National Institute of awardees with APS volunteers, Nancy Declines In Bcl-X Protein General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) Aguilar-Roca and Cassandra Delgado- L Reyes. Characterize Testicular Minority Opportunities. ™

12 The Physiologist Public Affairs Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

FY 2006 Research this returns the budget to roughly 2004 a significant problem and, in any case, levels. This funding level still falls short non purpose-bred dogs and cats are not Funding of the authorized level, established in good research models. To counter the legislation passed in 2002 that declared potentially deleterious effects of this At the close of fiscal year (FY) 2005 on Congress’ intent to double NSF’s budget. bill, the APS engaged in concerted October 1, 2005, Congress had finalized Following a 10% cut last year, the efforts to educate members of both the only two of the 12 appropriations bills Education and Human Resources budg- House and Senate about existing pet that will fund federal programs in FY et at NSF is reduced again, falling 4.4% protection legislation and the impor- 2006. To avoid having to combine the in FY 2006. This is despite strong sup- tance of ongoing research involving non- remaining bills into a single omnibus port in Congress for NSF education pro- purpose bred dogs and cats. The APS measure, Congress passed a series of grams, and reflects an effort by the underscored the importance of protect- continuing resolutions that funded fed- administration to shift programs such ing family pets, as well as the need to eral programs at last year’s level as the Math and Science Partnerships preserve important animal models of through the fall while members contin- from NSF to the Department of medical research. ued to work on passing the individual Education. The Research and Related The Akaka amendment quickly creat- bills. By the end of November, ten of the Activities budget is increased over last ed alarm in the research community appropriations bills were finished. year; however, a significant portion of because it was written so broadly. If Contained in the ten completed bills was the increase ($48 million) will go for enacted, it would have cut off USDA funding for biomedical research at NSF, Coast Guard icebreakers that provide funding to institutions that purchased the VA and NASA. As of mid-December, access to Artic and Antarctic facilities, a any animal regulated under the Animal the unfinished Labor-HHS-Education new financial responsibility for the Welfare Act from dealers holding Class bill that will fund the NIH was mired in agency. B licenses, which would have affected a controversy over decreased funding for Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) large number of institutions. health, education and social programs. Medical and prosthetic research at the Fortunately, the Members of Congress While all four agencies are expected to VA will receive $412 million in FY 2006. who drafted the agreement reconciling receive an increase over last year’s This represents an increase of 2.4% over the differences between the House and appropriation, the budget growth in last year and a 4.8% increase over the Senate versions of the agriculture fund- most cases fails to keep up with infla- administration’s request, which would ing bill recognized the seriousness of the tion. This year’s budget was dominated have cut funding to $393 million. situation and dropped the provision in by unanticipated costs for Hurricane NASA conference. However, the fact that a Katrina, the war in Iraq and rising ener- For FY 2006, NASA received an allo- measure intended to ban research with gy prices. To control federal spending, cation of $16.4 billion, a 1.3% increase non-purpose bred dogs and cats scored Congress was expected to impose a 1% over last year. Despite the overall an easy preliminary victory may encour- across the board cut to all non-defense increase for the agency, funding for age activists to try a similar gambit in discretionary spending in the final Human Systems Research and the near future. appropriations bill. Technology at NASA falls to $799 mil- Details for each agency are provided lion from $925 million last year (a below. The totals do not reflect the antic- decrease of 13.6%). Funding at the ipated 1% cut. agency has been redistributed to reflect Focusing on Young National Institutes of Health (NIH) new priorities, including a return to Investigators at NIH NIH was expected to be funded at manned space flight. $28.8 billion in FY 2006, which repre- Among the many priorities at the sents an additional $253 million dollars National Institutes of Health (NIH), the (0.9% increase) over FY 2005. This falls success of trainees and new investiga- below the projected rate of inflation for Conferees Delete Akaka tors is considered one of the most impor- biomedical research, currently estimat- Restrictions tant. With tightening budgets, officials ed at 3.2%. Of the $253 million added to at NIH worry that next generation of the NIH budget, $100 million is targeted In late October Congress dropped a scientists will be disproportionately for the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, provision from the FY 2006 agriculture affected by falling success rates, and Malaria and Tuberculosis, making the appropriations bill that would have they have taken a number of steps to overall increase for the agency closer to barred funding from research facilities identify and correct potential problems. 0.5%. With the anticipated across the that purchase animals from certain Tuition and NRSA Fellowships board cut, this will effectively decrease USDA-licensed dealers. The amend- On November 30, 2005, officials at the the NIH budget for the first time since ment, backed by Sen. Daniel Akaka (D- NIH met with members of the biomed- 1970. NIH predicts that this level of HI), had been added to the must-pass ical research community to discuss the funding will decrease the number of spending bill in late September. problem of rising tuition costs associat- research project grants funded and drop In introducing the legislation, Akaka ed with training grants. Tuition increas- success rates to an average of 21% said that his amendment would protect es that outpace inflation have caused across institutes. family pets by forcing institutions to the current tuition payment policy for National Science Foundation (NSF) stop using so-called Class B dealers to Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research For FY 2006, Congress allocated $5.6 supply non-purpose-bred dogs and cats Service Awards (NRSAs) to become billion to NSF, a 3% increase over last for medical research. He claimed this unsustainable. NIH has already taken year’s level. Following a 2% cut last year, step was needed because the pet theft is the step of freezing tuition payments on

13 The Physiologist Public Affairs Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 competing renewals of NRSA awards in training grants. The APS and FASEB gram is contingent upon the awardee 2006 while they consider permanent expressed concern that if this category is securing an independent research posi- solutions. limited in order to control tuition costs, tion. This award program still needs to NIH presented the community with trainees may risk losing their health be approved by NIH director Elias three options: capping tuition payments, benefits. Zerhouni, MD, but the goal is to accept providing a fixed allowance per trainee A draft policy is expected to be pre- applications beginning in February and for tuition, or maintaining the current pared in January, followed by issuance distribute the first round of awards by system with the understanding that of the final policy in March or April. To the end of 2006. fewer trainees would be funded each see the comments submitted on behalf of In another effort to aid new investiga- year. Currently, the NIH pays the first APS, go to: http://www.the-aps.org/pa/ tors take the next step in their careers $3,000 of each student’s tuition, and action/news/NRSA.pdf by securing their first major R01 grants, 60% of the remainder. NIH predicts that Two Ways to Help Young NIH announced a pilot study to shorten maintaining the current system would Investigators Achieve Indepen- the review cycle for first-time appli- result in the loss of 4,000 trainees over dence cants. A limited number of study sec- the next 10 years. When the Advisory Committee to the tions will participate and accept revi- Representatives from several univer- NIH Director met in early December, a sions from new investigators on an sities and associations presented their working group recommended a new accelerated schedule. The results of the comments at the meeting, and views grant mechanism that would help pilot study will then be reviewed before varied widely on the proposed options. researchers transition from postdoctoral more extensive changes are made. This APS and FASEB both submitted com- fellow to independent investigator. The is part of a larger effort at NIH to ments in response to this issue, stress- awards would provide up to five years of streamline and modernize the peer ing the importance of maintaining bene- support, starting with a one to two year review system. fits for trainees as a solution is devel- advanced fellowship, followed by three For more information, see the notice oped. Under the current funding formu- years of support as an independent in the NIH Guide to Grants and la, tuition and health insurance funds researcher. MDs, PhDs and MD/PhDs Contracts: http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/ are combined in the same category on would be eligible to apply, but the pro- guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-06-013.html. ™ Communications

Get an early start at EB!

Communications-Public Affairs April 1 Symposium: Creating a Buzz About Science Through Community, Media and Constituency Outreach

According to one poll, 80% of Americans Local Media California Society for Biomedical Re- say they don’t know a single scientist! That Lisa A. Lapin, Assistant Vice search/California Biomedical Research means every scientist should become an Chancellor for University Communica- Association will show how in addition to active educator about what we do, and how tions, University of California, Davis, active “lobbying” efforts, scientists need science positively impacts everyone’s lives. will discuss how to become a “reliable to speak directly with friends, neighbors Three experts in their fields share their source” and scientific sounding board as and community groups to increase under- approaches on how physiologists and well as a science advocate to your local standing and support for research issues. other scientists easily can become cham- media, from your school newsletter to Presentations can be as informal as talk- pions for research while also increasing the local network television affiliate. ing to a neighbor, or giving a “teenage- community awareness of science. As com- Community Leader Outreach friendly” presentation to a high school munity members, every researcher has a Gary Kline, FASEB Legislative Analyst, class or Parent-Teacher Associations. unique opportunity to be a resource for describes the importance of political influ- Chair: Hannah Carey reporters, politicians, and the average cit- ence practiced locally, but aimed at the 1 PM to 3 PM izen to learn about science. state and national levels. Because elected Saturday, April 1, 2006, Room 250/262 These three areas of community out- officials listen to their electorate, you’ll Moscone Convention Center reach will be covered, with examples of learn when and how to approach state and To register, or if you have questions, successful pro-active approaches: out- national politicians to influence funding write: [email protected]. ™ reach to local media, relationship devel- levels, curricula and general well-being. opment with community political leaders, Direct-to-Neighbor Communications and “direct-to-neighbor” communications Vernard W. Henley, Director, Educa- – even where no infrastructure exists. tional Programs and Public Outreach, 14

The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 48, No. 6, 2005

PHYSIOLOGY IN PERSPECTIVE: HENRY PICKERING BOWDITCH THE WALTER B. CANNON AWARD LECTURE AWARD LECTURE (SUPPORTED BY THE GRASS FOUNDATION) Ulrich Hans Von Andrian Jo Rae Wright Harvard Medical School Duke Univ. Medical Center

“The Wisdom of Lung “Migrants on a Single-mind- Surfactant: Balancing Host ed Mission: How T Cells Find Defense and Surface Tension Their Antigen” Reducing Functions”

SATURDAY,APRIL 1, 5:45 PM SUNDAY,APRIL 2, 5:45 PM

ERNEST H. STARLING CARL LUDWIG DISTINGUISHED DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP LECTURESHIP OF THE NEURAL OF THE WATER AND CONTROL AND AUTONOMIC ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS REGULATION SECTION SECTION Gunnar Wallin Thomas Coffman Univ. of Göteborg Duke Univ. Medical Center “Interindividual Differences “The Critical Role of the in Sympathetic Activity: A Kidney in Hypertension: Key to New Insight into Implications for Pathogenesis Cardiovascular Regulation?” and Therapy” SUNDAY,APRIL 2, 10:30 AM SUNDAY,APRIL 2, 8:00 AM

HORACE W. D AVENPORT CLAUDE BERNARD DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL & OF THE TEACHING OF LIVER SECTION PHYSIOLOGY SECTION

Kim Barrett Dee Silverthorn Univ. California, San Diego Univ. of Texas “Friends and Foes: The “Teaching and Learning in Physiology of Gut Epithelial Interactions With Luminal the Interactive Classroom” Bacteria” SUNDAY,APRIL 2, 2:00 PM SUNDAY,APRIL 2, 2:00 PM

CARL W. G OTTSCHALK HUGH DAVSON DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE RENAL SECTION OF THE CELL AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY SECTION Peter Igarashi Univ. of Texas Southwestern Michael J. Welsh Medical Center Univ. of Iowa

“Transcriptional Mechanisms “Pursuing Cystic Fibrosis” of Renal Cystogenesis” MONDAY,APRIL 3, 9:00 AM SUNDAY,APRIL 2, 3:15 PM

16 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 48, No. 6, 2005

ROBERT M. BERNE JOSEPH ERLANGER DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SECTION SYSTEM SECTION Thomas Hintze New York Medical College Paul Sawchenko The Salk Institute “The Other Action of NO: Control of Cardiac Mitochondrial Oxygen “Circuits and Mechanisms Consumption and Substrate Providing for Adaptive Use in Health in Disease” Responses to Stress”

MONDAY,APRIL 3, 10:30 AM MONDAY,APRIL 3, 2:00 PM

EDWARD F. A DOLPH AUGUST KROGH DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND OF THE COMPARATIVE & EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY EVOLUTIONARY PHYSIOLOGY SECTION SECTION

Frank W. Booth Hiroko Nishimura Univ. of Missouri Univ. of Tennessee HSC “Fundamental Question of Biology: How Does the Body “Urine Concentration and Adapt to Physical Inactivity?” Aquaporin Water Channels— Evolution and Development” MONDAY,APRIL 3, 3:15 PM TUESDAY,APRIL 4, 9:00 AM

SOLOMON A. BERSON JULIUS H. COMROE,JR. DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP DISTINGUISHED LECTURESHIP OF THE ENDOCRINOLOGY AND OF THE RESPIRATION SECTION METABOLISM SECTION Joe G.N. Garcia Richard N. Bergman Univ. of Chicago Medical Univ. of Southern California Center School of Medicine “Genomic Insights into “Confessions of a Supermodel” Inflammatory Lung Injury”

TUESDAY,APRIL 4, 10:30 AM TUESDAY,APRIL 4, 2:00 PM

WALTER C. RANDALL LECTURER IN BIOMEDICAL BODIL M. SCHMIDT-NIELSEN ETHICS DISTINGUISHED MENTOR AND SCIENTIST AWARD Randall S. Prather National Swine Resource and L. Gabriel Navar Res. Ctr., Univ. of Missouri- Tulane Univ. Columbia “From Mentee to Mentor: “Transgenic Animals for Lessons Learned Along the Medicine and Agriculture: Do Way” the Ends Justify the Means?” MONDAY,APRIL 3, 12:00 NOON TUESDAY,APRIL 4, 2:00 PM

17 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Saturday April 1, 2006

134 (5:45-6:45): Physiology in Perspective: The Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award Wright 135 (1:00-3:00 PM): Workshop: (3:30-5:30): Workshop: Atomic Force Microscopy for Advanced Techniques in Physiological Studies at the Imaging: From Cell to Animal Nano Scale Peti-Peterdi and Bell Meininger and Davis 131 (3:00 PM-5:00 PM ) Symp: (5:30-7:30 PM): MCS Business Microcirculatory Society Meeting and Social President's Symposium: Microcirculation: Unanswered Questions Hester 130 (8:00 AM - 12 NOON): Refresher Course: Gender Differences in Physiology Blair 250/262 (1:00-3:00 PM): Ground-Floor Communications: Creating a Buzz About Science Through Community and Constituency Outreach Carey

Bowditch Award Lecture Physiology in Perspective Walter B. Cannon Memorial Lecture The Bowditch Lectureship is awarded to a regular mem- The Cannon Memorial Lecture, sponsored by the Grass ber, under 42 years of age, for original and outstanding Foundation, honors Walter B. Cannon, President of the accomplishments in the field of physiology. Selected by the Society from 1913-1916, and is presented annually at the APS President, the recipient presents a lecture at the spring meeting to an outstanding physiological scientist, domestic or foreign, as selected by the President-Elect with Experimental Biology meeting, which is considered for pub- the consent of Council. The recipient presents a lecture on lication in the Society journal of their choosing. The recipi- “Physiology in Perspective,” addressing Cannon’s concepts of ent receives an honorarium of $2,500, reimbursement of “The Wisdom of the Body.” The lecture is considered for pub- expenses incurred while participating in the Experimental lication in the Society journal of their choosing. The recipi- Biology meeting, and a plaque. The membership is invited to ent receives an honorarium of $4,000, a plaque, and reim- submit nominations for the Bowditch Lecturer. A nomina- bursement of expenses incurred in association with delivery tion shall be accompanied by a candidate’s curriculum vitae of the lecture. The membership is invited to submit nomina- and one letter detailing the individual’s status, contribu- tions for this lecture. A nomination shall be accompanied by tions, and potential. a candidate’s curriculum vitae and one letter detailing the individual’s status and contributions. More information on the award and nomination proce- More information on the award and nomination proce- dures are available at http://www.the-aps.org. Nominations dures are available at http://www.the-aps.org. Nomina-tions should be sent to: The APS Bowditch Lecture Award, c/o should be sent to: The APS Cannon Lecture Award, c/o Linda Jean Dresser, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD Linda Jean Dresser, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3991; or submitted online at http://www.the- 20814-3991; or submitted online at http://www.the- aps.org/cgi-bin/Election/Lecture_form.htm. aps.org/cgi-bin/Election/Lecture_form.htm.

18 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Sunday April 2, 2006

8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM

104 (8:00-9:00 AM): Ernest H. (10:30-11:30 AM):Carl Ludwig (2:00-3:00 PM): Horace W. Starling Distinguished Distinguished Lectureship Davenport Distinguished Lectureship Wallin Lectureship Coffman Barrett (9:00-10:00 AM) WEH Young Investigator Award Lecture TBA 130 Symp: The Physiology of FT: Physiological Genomics of Symp: Spinal Interneurons: Performance: From Mechanisms Skeletal Muscle Adaptation in Underappreciated Players in to Application Health and Disease Autonomic and Respiratory Spierer and Zion Nader Regulation? Llewellyn-Smith and Schramm 131 Symp: The Role of Glucose in (10:30-11:30 AM): MCS: Landis (2:00-3:00 PM): Claude Bernard Modulating Cell Function in the Award Lecture Distinguished Lectureship Cardiovascular System TBA Silverthorn Chatham and Hall FT: NADPH Oxidase vs. Mitochondria: From Where do Vascular Reactive Oxygen Species Arise? Wolin and Gutterman 132 Symp: Protein-Protein Symp: Development and Symp: Neurovascular Interactions in Epithelial Maintenance of Epithelial Interactions Physiology Polarity Segal Bradbury and Fuller Weisz and Casanova 133 Symp: Cellular and Molecular Phys InFocus: Investigating Symp: Human Integrative Signals Regulating Plasticity of Cellular Signaling with Atomic Physiology: The Missing Link in Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type and Force Microscopy Methods Systems Biology? Size Mizaikoff and Eaton Joyner 134 Schneider and Esser (5:45-6:45 PM): Henry Pickering Bowditch Award Von Andrian 135 AFMR Symp: A Comprehensive Symp: Neuroendocrine Carl W. Gottschalk Stem Cell Research Update Programming of the Distinguished Lectureship Hawkins Respiratory Control System Igarashi Kinkead and Joseph 250/262 FT: Undergraduate Skills: What AFMR Symp: HIV SEBM Symp: The Role of Should Students Be Able to Do? Lipodystrophy: Lessons From a Modern Biology and Medicine in Silverthorn Novel Metabolic Syndrome Drug Development in Academia Grinspoon and Schambelan and Industry Blake and Barker 252/260 Symp: New Insights Into FT: Air Pollutants or MCS Symp: Regulation of Ammonia Transport Intracellular Messengers? Cerebrovascular Function in Weiner and Westhoff Inorganic Signaling Molecules Health and Disease in Vascular Regulation Johnson and Durante Leffler 270/272 FT: Lipid Metabolism and Liver Symp: Physiological Effects of FT: Functions of Inflammation Ovarian Hormone Deficiency Gasotransmitters in the Zhang Toth and Tchernof Cardiovascular System Dombkowski 274/276 Symp: Regulation of Glomerular Symp: Advances in Ion Channel Symp:Pathological Calcification: Function by Podocytes Physiology Crystallization Infection or Cell Bates and Deen Martin Transdifferentiation Miller and Lieske

19 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Monday April 3, 2006

8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM

104 (9:00-10:00 AM): Hugh Davson Symp: Novel Partners and (3:15-4:15 PM): Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lectureship Mechanisms in Oxygen Sensing Distinguished Lectureship Welsh Prabhakar and Peers Booth 130 Symp: Mastering the Juggling Symp: Oscillations and FT: Wiggers Award: Pivotal Role Act: Laboratory Life, and Rhythms in the Neural Control of Endothelium in Deranged Leadership Roles of the Circulation Vascular Control Schreihofer, Damon, and Barman and Kenney Vanhoutte and Zhang Nisenbaum Symp: Innovative Technologies (10:30-11:30 AM): Robert M. Endothelial Permeability: 131 for Proteomic Approaches to Berne Distinguished Paracellular Pathway vs. Systems Biology Lectureship Transcellular Pathway Greene Hintze Yuan and Breslin 132 Symp: How Prepared Are Your Symp: Could Hyperosmotic FT: New Advances in Renal and Students to Learn Physiology? Stress on Cells Promote Acid-Base Balance Kutchai Obesity and Chronic Disease? A Breton Multidisciplinary Look at the Effects of Hypertonicity Stookey 133 Symp: Linking Mitochondrial FT: Epithelial Ion Channels BMES Symp: Regulation of Function in Skeletal Muscle to Hallows and Drummond Leukocyte Recruitment on Disease Inflamed Endothelium Neufer and Hood Simon

134 2 Symp: CO -H+ Chemoreceptors: Where Are They, What Do They Do? Forster and Hodges 135 FT: Junctional Regulation in Phys InFocus: Integrating (2:00-3:00 PM): Joseph Erlanger Barrier Cells Cellular Functions: The Role of Distinguished Lectureship Bhattacharya the Primary Cilium in Cell Sawchenko Proliferation and Kidney Phys InFocus: The Lipid in Lipid Disease Rafts: Lipids as Signaling Chapman and Sale Molecules Ma

250/262 FT: Control of Renal Function FT: Gastric Inflammation and FT: Autonomic Adjustments to and Blood Pressure in Cancer Genesis Stress in Humans Metabolic Syndrome and Sibley and Samuelson Ray Diabetes Ecelbarger FT: Molecular Regulation of Symp: Molecular (5:45-7:45 PM): Symp: Navigating 252/260 eNOS Activity and Vascular Characterization of Skeletal the Interview: How to Make it Reactivity Muscle Plasticity in Non-model Work for You Mitchell Organisms McHugh and Galey Szucsik and Rourke FT: Mechanisms of Neuroprotection after Brain Injury Schreihofer and Wyss FT: Neural Control and FT: New Advances in the Symp: Regulation of Cardiac 270/272 Autonomic Regulation Trainee Peripheral Neuroendocrine Muscle Contraction Featured Topic System McDonald Grippo and Stocker Sridaran 274/276 AFMR Symp: Mechanism Based Pubs Symp: Publishing 101: FT: Role of Epithelial Cells in Neurotherapeutics for Dos and Don’ts of Publishing in Initiation and Propagation of Osteoarticular Pain APS Journals Intestinal Inflammation Mahowald Barrett Merlin

20 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Tuesday April 4, 2006

8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM

104 FT: Regulation of Renal Symp: Aerobic Function in Symp: Pancreas Development Transporters Aging Skeletal Muscle: From and Insulin Secretion McDonough and Ortiz Molecular to Systemic Hay Mechanisms Rossiter and Hepple 130 FT: Lipid Signaling, Lipid Rafts FT: Signaling Mechanisms (2:00-3:00 PM): Julius H. Comroe, and Epithelial Transport Associated with Hypoxia Jr. Distinguished Lectureship Levi Schumacker Garcia FT: Neural Control of Cardiovascular Function During Exercise Kaufman 131 Symp: Integrating Mechanical, Symp: Lipid Mediated FT: Regulation of Renal Electrical, Metabolic, and Regulation of Membrane Hemodynamics Signaling Events in the Transport Pollock and Munger Computer Modeling of the Heart Awayda and Stockand Beard and Bassingthwaighte 132 Symp: Transition From Postdoc Symp: New Treatment FT: Donald J. Reis Memorial to Jr. Faculty: Surviving the Strategies to Combat Heart Trainee Symposium Initial Years Failure Busija and Hamblin Ortiz and Bavis Lefer and Tian 133 Symp: Bench to Bedside: Phys InFocus: Integrating Symp: Cell Signaling Underlying Targeting Coagulation and Acute Lung Injury and the Pathophysiology of Fibrinolysis in Acute Lung Regulation of Alveolar Fluid Pneumoia Injury Clearance Bhattacharya and Mizgerd Ware and Matthay Guidot and Matthay 134 (5:45-7:00 PM): APS Business Meeting 135 (9:00-10:00 AM): August Krogh Symp: Tubule Perfusion: 40 (2:00-3:00 PM): Walter C. Randall Distinguished Lectureship Years Old and Still Going Lecture on Biomedical Ethics Nishimura Strong Prather Burg and Sands (5:45-7:45 PM): Poster Discussion Graduate Student Highlights in Respiration Physiology Stevens and Neubauer 250/262 FT: Physiologic Adaptations to FT: Autonomic Motor Patterns FT: Activity-Dependent Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure and Their Central Circuits Plasticity in Central Muza McAllen Homeostatic Systems Stern and Horvath

252/260 Symp: Melanocyte Stimulating (10:30-11:30 AM): Solomon A. Symp: The Obesity Epidemic: A Hormones and Their Receptors Berson Distinguished Historical Perspective Humphreys Lectureship Bray Bergman 270/272 FT: Disease and Plasticity in the FT: Developmental Changes in FT: Muscle Fatigue Neural Control of Breathing Respiratory Control in Renaud and Nosek Golder and Fuller Neonatal Rodents McCrimmon 274/276 FT: Fibroblasts and FT: Sex Differences in Renal FT: Xenobiotic Transporters Myofibroblasts: Function and and Cardiovascular Disease Pelis Tissue Repair Sandberg Insel

21 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2006 Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Wednesday April 5, 2006

8:00-10:00 AM 10:30 AM-12:30 PM 3:15-5:15 PM

130 FT: Regulation of Vascular Tone Symp: Hyperpolarization- in Diabetes and Metabolic Activated HCN Pacemaker Syndrome Channels: Role in the Brain, Tune Heart, and Disease Siegelbaum and Kocsis 131 Symp: Physiological Genomics BMES Symp: Fundamental and the Gastrointestinal Tract Mechanisms of Ferraris and Kwitek Mechanotransduction: Optical and Computational Approaches Butler and Kamm 132 FT: Clinical Disorders and Symp: Molecular Mechanisms Vasopressin of Intestinal Iron Transport Claybaugh and Bie Collins and Mackenzie 133 Symp: The Hot Brain Symp: Obesity and Renal Montain Disease Harrison-Bernard and Maric 250/262 FT: Exercise-Regulated Subcellular Organization of Signaling Pathways and Insulin Second Messenger Signaling Action Stevens and Lynch Fisher 252/260 FT: Myocardial Blood Flow FT: Mechanisms of Hypoxic Heterogeneity: A Response to Vasoconstriction Mechanical and Metabolic Drive Russell Bassingthwaighte 270/272 FT: Mechanotransduction and FT: Control of Breathing: Lung Cells Exercise Quinn and Margulies Babb and Dempsey 274/276 ALACF Symp: Hypothalamus- FT: Physiology of Fibroblast Brainstem: Modulation of the Growth Factors Cardiovascular Function Hoying Antunes-Rodrigues and Rettori

22 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Postdoctoral Fellow: A position for a expression, function and modulation of Postdoctoral Positions Postdoctoral Fellow is available to study recombinantly expressed and native ion excitation-contraction coupling in car- channels in mammalian peripheral and diomyocytes with genetically altered central neurons. Studies will include the Postdoctoral Position in Stem Cell levels of the sodium-calcium exchanger. use of whole-cell and single channel Electrophysiology: A postdoctoral We have especially interesting data on patch clamp recording techniques. The position funded by the Canadian the adaptations of mice in which the successful applicant will have a PhD or Institutes of Health Research is offered sodium-calcium exchanger has been similar qualification in Physiology, to outstanding candidates interested in knocked out (Circ. Res. 95:604-611, Pharmacology, Neuroscience or other studying the electrophysiology of cardio- 2004). The project will involve the appli- relevant biomedical science, and demon- genic differentiation in mesenchymal cation of electrophysiological and imag- strated experience and proficiency with stem cells in the Department of ing techniques to isolated myocytes and electrophysiological (patch clamp) tech- Physiology at Queen’s University, provides an excellent training opportu- niques. Experience with molecular bio- Kingston, Ontario, Canada, under the nity.The experiments will be done in col- logical and fluorescence imaging tech- joint mentorship of Drs. Luis G. Melo laboration with Dr. Josh Goldhaber. We niques would be an advantage. Further and Chris A. Ward. The candidate is also would prefer someone with EC coupling information about the School and expected to participate in a second proj- or electrophysiological experience research group can be found on the web ect involving the cloning and characteri- though this is not essential. Research site (http://profiles.bacs.uq.edu.au/ zation of novel sodium channel isoforms will be carried out in the Cardiovascular David.Adams.html). This is a full-time, in the heart. The optimal candidate Research Laboratories in the School of fixed term appointment, for one year should be proficient in cardiac electro- Medicine at UCLA providing a stimulat- (renewable subject to funding) and is physiology and, preferably, have some ing multidisciplinary environment. available immediately. Depending on basic knowledge of molecular biology Applicants should send a CV including qualifications and experience, the remu- techniques. Two years of funding are the names of three references to Dr. neration package will be in the range of available with possibility of renewal Kenneth Philipson (kphilipson@med- $64,986-$69,759 per annum, including upon mutual agreement. Salary and net.ucla.edu). employer superannuation contributions benefits will be commensurate with of 17%. Obtain the position description experience and in accordance with and selection criteria online or contact CIHR guidelines and Queen’s Postdoctoral Position: Ion channel Professor David Adams at University employment regulations. regulation in vascular smooth muscle. A [email protected]. Telephone Profes- Applicants are encouraged to consult postdoctoral position is available to sor David Adams, (07) 3888 9987, to dis- Queens University website at study the influence of inwardly rectify- cuss the role. Applications quoting posi- www.queensu.ca for information about ing potassium channels on cell-to-cell tion number 3008856, and including a the University and postdoctoral employ- communication in the resistance vascu- curriculum vitae and the names and ment. Please send an updated CV and contact details of at least two profession- three letters of reference to Dr. Luis G. lature. This project will involve the use 2+ al referees should be sent to Professor Melo, Department of Physiology, 18 of electrophysiological and Ca imag- David J. Adams, School of Biomedical Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L ing techniques on resistance arteries in Sciences, University of Queensland, 3N6; Email: [email protected]. which siRNA or dominant negative con- structs have been employed to alter Brisbane, Qld 4072 Australia, or Email channel expression/activity. This multi- [email protected]. Closing date for applications: 20 January 2006, Postdoctoral Position: Calcium disciplinary project provides an excel- Reference Number: 3008856. We reserve Signaling in Smooth Muscle: lent training opportunity in vascular the right to appoint by invitation. Postdoctoral position immediately avail- biology. Some experience in vascular able to study calcium sparks, calcium biology and electrophysiology is prefer- waves, and potassium channels in arte- able although not essential. Research Postdoctoral Position: Available in a rial smooth muscle cells. Experience will be conducted within the Smooth research program devoted to the study with cardiovascular physiology, patch- Muscle Research Group in the Faculty of of renal control of blood pressure prima- clamp electrophysiology, confocal micro- Medicine at the University of Calgary rily through the use of a wide variety of scopy and/or calcium imaging preferred. (Alberta, Canada). Applicants should mutant mouse models. Investigations Required qualifications include a PhD or send a CV including the names of two and training will include in vivo and in MD in Physiology or a related field. references to Dr. Donald Welsh, HMRB- vitro characterization of cardiovascular Send curriculum vitae and names and 86, Smooth Muscle Research Group, and renal function in mice using state- addresses of three references to Faculty of Medicine, University of of-the-art techniques at the cell, tissue Jonathan H. Jaggar PhD, Department of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. N.W. Calgary, and whole animal level. Approaches Physiology, University of Tennessee Alberta, Canada, T2N-4N1. (dwelsh@ include telemetry, determination of Health Science Center, 894 Union ucalgary.ca). pressure-flow relationships and hemo- Avenue, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; dynamics, evaluation of renal function Email: [email protected]. The Postdoctoral Research Fellow: at the whole kidney level as well as at University of Tennessee is an EEO/AA/ Electrophysiologist. School of Biomed- the single nephron level by microperfu- Title VI/Title IX/Section 504/ADA/ ical Sciences, The University of sion and micropuncture, measurement ADEA employer. [AA/EOE] Queensland, St Lucia. A postdoctoral of nerve activity, and analysis of intra- position is available for studies on the cellular ion concentration using epifluo-

23 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 rescence, confocal and multi-photon will begin immediately, and continue dedicated to academic quality and inte- microscopy. Current areas of investiga- until the positions are filled. Applica- grative health care. NYCC currently tion are focused on the gastrointestinal tions and nominations should be sub- enrolls 700 students in its five degree- control of renal electrolyte excretion, mitted by mail or email to: Robert J. granting programs: Doctor of Chiro- and the role of various epithelial ion Bridges, PhD, Chairman, Department of practic, Master of Science in Acupunc- transporters in the regulation of fluid Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind ture, Master of Science in Acupuncture and electrolyte balance. A doctoral Franklin University of Medicine and and Oriental Medicine, Master of degree and experience in cardio-renal Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Science in Diagnostic Imaging, and a physiology/pharmacology is required; Chicago, IL 60064, bob.bridges@ros- Bachelor of Professional Studies. fluency in both spoken and written alindfranklin.edu. [AA/EOE] Chiropractic enrollment currently con- English is essential. Applicants should stitutes over 90 percent of the student send a CV, a brief statement of career body. Qualifications include: Doctorate goals and objectives, and a list of three Assistant Professor: The Department in physiology or related field, and references to: John Lorenz, PhD, of Kinesiology at the College of William demonstrated ability to teach courses in University of Cincinnati College of and Mary invites applications for a Systems Physiology and other courses Medicine, Department of Molecular & tenure-track position at the level of within area of expertise. Ideally, the suc- Cellular Physiology, PO Box 670576, Assistant Professor, beginning in August cessful candidate should also have pub- Cincinnati, OH 45267-0576, USA. of 2006. The College of William and lications in appropriate journals, post- Electronic applications (preferably pdf) Mary is perennially identified by US doctoral training preferred, and a are strongly encouraged: email: News and World Report as the best demonstrated ability to maintain an [email protected]. small public university in the nation active research program. Applicants and is considered one of the elite “Public should possess the ability to work pro- Ivy” institutions. Exercise Physiolo- ductively and collaboratively with staff, gist with emphasis in Aging Studies: faculty and students. Applicants should Faculty Positions Applicant must have an earned doctor- be teacher-scholars who combine an ate or medical degree in appropriate active research program with excellence areas. Responsibilities include: a) teach- in teaching for health sciences students. Assistant/Associate Professors: The ing and developing courses in clinical Responsibilities include teaching cours- Department of Physiology and Bio- exercise physiology, especially in the es in the Basic Sciences Department physics at Rosalind Franklin University area of aging; additional teaching with an emphasis on Systems Physiolo- of Medicine and Science is seeking appli- responsibilities may include courses in gy. Biochemistry and Pathophysiology cations to fill two tenure-track faculty statistics and exercise prescription; b) are other potential areas of teaching. positions at the Assistant/Associate research; c) seeking external funding for The ideal candidate should also main- Professor level. The successful candi- research; d) student advising; and, e) tain a research program in physiology or dates will be expected to develop merito- developing and directing a program in related field, publish research in refer- rious, extramurally funded research pro- cardiac health for older populations. eed journals, and pursue external fund- grams and have a strong commitment to Clinical Exercise Physiologist certifica- ing to support research activities. To medical and graduate student educa- tion required within a reasonable period learn more about NYCC please go to tion. We are particularly interested in of time post-employment. Salary is com- www.nycc.edu. To learn more about this individuals who will complement exist- mensurate with qualifications and expe- position, click on the tab for “About ing departmental and institutional rience. Applicants should send a letter of NYCC” and then click on “Employment strengths, including: membrane trans- application including future research Opportunities.” Interested candidates, port, protein trafficking, protein struc- agenda, curriculum vitae, terminal please submit a cover letter, current ture, cell biology, virology, neuroscience, degree transcript, and three letters of resume/vitae, and a list of three refer- and cardiovascular and respiratory reference to: Dr. Kenneth W. Kambis, ences to: Office of Human Resources, physiology.The Department is located in Department of Kinesiology, College of New York Chiropractic College, 2360 a new, state-of-the-art research building William and Mary, PO Box 8795, State Route 89, Seneca Falls, NY 13148; designed for multidisciplinary research Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795. Review Email your response to: cmcdermott group interactions. The University has will begin November 15, 2005 and will @nycc.edu. Applications will be accepted begun an expansion campaign to fill 25 continue until the position is filled. For until a suitable candidate is found. new faculty slots, all with nationally additional information about this posi- [AA/EOE/M/F/V/D] competitive salaries and start-up pack- tion and the department, refer to ages. Rosalind Franklin University of http://www.wm.edu/Kinesiology/. Medicine and Science is located in North [AA/EOE] Assistant or Associate Professor: Chicago, IL, a suburb approximately 40 Integrative Physiologist, Tenure-track miles north of the city of Chicago. Position, Portland State University, Nearby tollways and train stations pro- Faculty Position: New York Department of Biology. Vertebrate vide easy access to the many cultural Chiropractic College (NYCC), a leading organismal physiologists are invited to and recreational amenities of metropoli- college of chiropractic, is seeking to fill apply for a tenure-track position at the tan Chicago. Please submit a curriculum an immediate full-time opening in the Assistant or Associate Professor level. vita along with a one-page summary of Basic Sciences Department. Located in Comparative systems physiologists that research and teaching interests and Seneca Falls, NY, in the heart of New are skilled in cellular and molecular future plans. The review of applicants York’s Finger Lakes Region, NYCC is approaches or cellular/molecular physi-

24 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 ologists that appreciate the importance gram. Faculty rank and credit towards University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY of higher levels of integration are equal- tenure are negotiable and dependent on 14214-8028; Email: [email protected]. ly acceptable. The quality of the experience and credentials. Substantial The Department of Exercise and research program is more important research space and other resources will Nutrition Sciences is one of the academ- than the specific area of focus. The suc- be made available to allow the success- ic units in the School of Public Health cessful candidate will be expected to ful candidate to continue to vigorously and Health Professions. There are well- establish an independent research pro- pursue her or his research interests, and established research programs and gram that will attract extramural fund- to mentor students in those research excellent facilities available within the ing. The candidate will also be expected endeavors. The specific area of research School and Department. The Depart- to contribute to the undergraduate cur- is negotiable. A complete application, ment employs 18 full-time faculty and riculum, as well as provide research from individuals holding a doctorate in a offers a BS in Exercise Science, a BS/MS training for undergraduate and gradu- pertinent area of life sciences, must in Exercise Nutrition, a BS/MS in ate students. An earned doctorate and include a curriculum vitae, brief sum- Athletic Training, a Dietetic Internship an established research career are maries of research interests and admin- with Advanced (Graduate) certificate required. Interested applicants should istrative and teaching philosophies, and program, MS degrees in Exercise send a current curriculum vita, three four letters of reference sent to Dr. G. Science and Nutrition and a PhD degree letters of reference, a statement of Thomas Frederick, Chair, Department in Exercise Science. The University at research goals, and teaching philosophy Head Search Committee (PC#8911- Buffalo is a Research I institution. With and interests to: Jason Podrabsky, Chair, APS), Rochester Institute of Technology, 24,000 students, it is New York’s largest Physiologist Search, Department of 85 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY and most comprehensive university. The Biology, PO Box 751, Portland State 14623. Review of applications will begin Western New York area provides a high- University, Portland, OR 97207-0751. no later than December 1, 2005 and will ly livable environment rich in music, This position will remain open until continue until suitable candidates are theater, and professional sports, in addi- filled; review of applications will begin identified. We wish to fill this 12-month tion to the advantages of its location on December 1, 2005. [AA/EOE] position by July 1, 2006. [AA/EOE] the international border with Canada. [AA/EOE] The Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences is interested in Department Head: The Department of Assistant Professor: Faculty Position identifying prospective minority and Biological Sciences, Rochester Institute in Exercise and Nutrition Science. The women candidates and professionals of Technology (http://www.biology.rit.edu) University at Buffalo, State University with disabilities. Qualified individuals invites applications for Department of New York, invites applications for a with a disability may request needed Head and member of the Faculty.We are tenure-track faculty position at the reasonable accommodation to partici- a dynamic, expanding department of 20 Assistant Professor level in the pate in the application process. No per- diverse faculty and more than 400 Department of Exercise and Nutrition son in whatever relationship with The undergraduate and graduate students. Sciences, School of Public Health and State University of New York shall be We are seeking a highly qualified person Health Professions. The start date is subject to discrimination on the basis of to lead an exciting transformation from negotiable. Screening of applicants will age, creed, color, disability, national ori- a predominant focus on undergraduate begin February 1, 2006 and continue gin, race, religion, ethnicity, sex, sexual teaching to one that also fosters until the position is filled. Candidates orientation, marital or veteran status. research and scholarship, while main- should have an earned doctorate in a taining our excellence in teaching and discipline relevant to exercise science. career development. Vigorous efforts to All applicants will be considered but Associate or Full Professor and advocate for substantial research fund- preference will be given to candidates Chair of Exercise Science: Full-time, ing and facilities, and to recruit and with research expertise in one of the fol- tenure-line position; begins Fall Term retain students and faculty from groups lowing areas: metabolism, immunology, 2006. Teach courses in one or more of the that are underrepresented in the biolog- biomechanics, or cardiovascular, pul- following areas: motor learning/control, ical sciences are also important compo- monary, or neuromuscular physiology. neuroscience, kinesiology/biomechanics, nents of the position. The successful can- Postdoctoral research experience is sport/behavioral psychology, nutrition, didate will be an astute listener and an required. A record of outstanding or public health and physical activity. effective communicator with good people achievement in research with publica- Serve as chair of a four-person depart- skills who will be able to understand the tions in high quality journals is desired. ment for one or more three-year rota- value of, and advocate for, each of the Successful candidates will be expected tions. Standard teaching assignment is programs, and who can unite the diverse to develop an independent research pro- three courses or their lab equivalent per interests of the faculty into a single gram, seek external funding, and con- semester less one unit per year for serv- shared vision. The Head is supported by tribute to teaching and service. ice as chair. Courses taught may be in a shared department administrative Candidates should submit 1) a letter of the exercise science major, an anticipat- structure consisting of six Staff; an application; 2) a curriculum vitae; 3) a ed interdisciplinary program in neuro- Associate Department Head; and six col- brief statement of future research plans; science, and the university core curricu- laborative faculty teams that hold direct and 4) the names and contact informa- lum (see http://www.ups.edu/bulletin/ responsibility for all aspects related to tion for three references to: Ms. Maureen core/shtml, in particular freshman sem- the four undergraduate degree pro- Lannen, Assistant to the Chair, inars and junior-level connections cours- grams, the graduate programs, and a Department of Exercise and Nutrition es). Maintain an active research pro- year-round undergraduate research pro- Sciences, Kimball Tower, Room 405, gram involving undergraduate students.

25 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

PhD, and commitment to undergraduate tion. [AA/EOE] of application or nomination, curriculum teaching and liberal arts education, vitae, and names, addresses, email including an emphasis in writing in all addresses, and telephone numbers of courses. Interested individuals are Assistant Professor of Exercise three references to: Dr. Susan A. encouraged to submit application mate- Physiology: The Exercise Physiology Bloomfield, Search Committee Chair, rials postmarked no later than January Program in the Department of Health Department of Health and Kinesiology, 5, 2006 to ensure consideration. To and Kinesiology at Texas A&M Texas A&M University, College Station, apply, submit interest letter, teaching University is currently seeking candi- TX 77843; Email: [email protected]; and research statements, curriculum dates to join an outstanding faculty at Department web site: http://hlknweb. vitae, and three letters of reference to: the rank of Assistant Professor. Our pro- tamu.edu. Review Date: Review of can- Exercise Science Search-681, University gram currently has eight tenured or didates will begin on December 7, 2005, of Puget Sound, 1500 N Warner #1007, tenure-track physiology faculty within a and will continue until the position is Tacoma, WA 98416-1007. [AA/EOE] departmental faculty of 30, and has filled. [AA/EOE] been identified as a Signature Program within the College of Education and Assistant Professor of Biology: The Human Development, bringing addi- Assistant, Associate or Full Biology Department at the University of tional college and university resources. Professor: Regulation of Feeding, Illinois at Springfield (UIS) invites Texas A&M University is a land-, sea- Department of Foods and Nutrition and applications for three tenure-track and space-grant institution located in Food Science or Psychology, Purdue appointments at the Assistant Professor College Station, roughly equidistant University. Applicants are sought for a level, beginning August 2006. The pri- from Houston, Dallas and San Antonio. tenure-track research/teaching position mary teaching responsibility of one posi- NSF ranked Texas A&M 15th in the at the assistant, associate or full profes- tion will be courses in comparative ver- nation in research expenditures in FY sor level at Purdue University. It will be tebrate biology and physiology; candi- 2000, which more currently stand at $4 a joint position in the Departments of dates filling this position will also be million/year, with 2.5 million sq. ft. ded- Foods and Nutrition (primary) and expected to advise students preparing icated to research space (see http://vpr. either Food Science or Psychology (sec- for admission to medical, veterinary, and tamu.edu/remarkable). Texas A&M ondary). The successful candidate is dental school. The ideal candidate will ranks among the top 10 US institutions expected to establish a research pro- have previous experience and research in enrollment of National Merit gram related to sensory, metabolic or interests in electron microscopy, toxicol- Scholars and is among the lead in num- neural signals related to feeding. ogy, ornithology, ichthyology, herpetol- ber of PhD degrees awarded to minority Preference will be given to applicants ogy, or mammology. The ability to teach students. Our College and Department with interests and expertise in one of introductory level courses for biology are dedicated to the goal of building a the following areas: energy balance, majors and non-majors is expected, as is diverse faculty and student population, metabolism, fitness; bone health; or the ability to develop additional courses and strongly encourage the application botanicals. An emphasis in the former in the candidate’s area of expertise. of women and minority candidates. area is particularly desired because of a Qualifications: a PhD in biological sci- Position: Assistant Professor of recent University-based emphasis on ences or a related field. Applicants with Kinesiology. Qualifications: record of cluster hires in obesity research and postdoctoral research and college teach- scholarly productivity and cutting-edge newly established Ingestive Behavior ing experience, as well as a record of research program with external funding Research Center (IBRC). Collaborations publications and the ability to acquire support, or clear evidence of strong with faculty in existing strong program external funding will be given prefer- potential to gain funding, preferably in areas of appetite, chemosensory func- ence. More information about this posi- an area that complements or coordi- tion, energy balance, neurobiology, tion and the UIS Biology department nates with existing program strengths behavior, bioactive peptides and/or func- can be accessed at http://www.uis.edu/ in musculoskeletal, microgravity, aging tional foods is expected. Qualifications biology. Located in the state capital, UIS or cardiovascular physiology; excellence include a record of scholarly activity as is one of three campuses of the as a teacher, both in the classroom and evidenced by publications and success- University of Illinois. For more informa- the laboratory; and experience in, or evi- ful grantsmanship. Salary will be com- tion, please see: http://www.uis.edu.A dence of potential for, successful recruit- mensurate with experience. Initial cover letter addressing the applicant’s ing and mentoring of graduate students screening of applications will begin suitability to the position, curriculum from diverse backgrounds. Responsibil- January, 2006 and continue until a suc- vitae, and a summary of teaching and ities: maintain a focused research agen- cessful applicant is identified. The appli- research interests in PDF format should da funded by federal grants; recruit and cation, including: 1) a description of cur- be submitted to [email protected]. mentor doctoral students; contribute to rent and planned scholarly activities; 2) Three letters of reference should also be the teaching of undergraduate and/or a curriculum vitae; and 3) the names, submitted by mail to: Dr. James graduate physiology courses; maintain a addresses, Email and telephone num- Bonacum, Biology Department, Univer- national presence in the appropriate bers of three persons willing to serve as sity of Illinois at Springfield, One professional societies. Appointment: references, should be mailed to: Richard University Plaza, MS HSB 223, nine-month tenure track appointment; D. Mattes, MPH, PhD, RD, Search Springfield, IL 62703-5407. Review of typical workload distribution: 50% Committee Chair, Department of Foods complete applications will begin 30 research, 40% teaching, 10% service. and Nutrition, 1264 Stone Hall, Purdue November 2005. Applications received Salary: competitive; commensurate with University, West Lafayette, IN 47907- by this date will receive first considera- qualifications. Application: send letters 2059; Tel.: 765-494-0662; Fax: 765-494-

26 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

0674; Email: [email protected]. include: epithelial cell biology, regula- neering and Technology in conjunction Purdue University provides the tion of membrane traffic of proteins and with the Stark Neurosciences Research resources and amenities of a Big Ten lipids and the regulation of gene expres- Institute (SNRI), Indiana University University in a setting that offers a high sion and signal transduction in School of Medicine invite applications quality of life. [AA/EOE] endocrine systems. We seek individuals for a tenure-track faculty position at the whose research will interface with and Assistant or Associate Professor level. extend the existing strengths of the Primary departmental affiliation will be Assistant Professors: Cell Biologist Department in these areas. Space and in BME with a joint appointment in the and Vertebrate Biologist. The start-up funds will be provided by the SNRI. Of particular interest are candi- Department of Biology and Marine Department of Cell Biology and dates with a PhD in engineering or a Biology at the University of North Physiology. Applicants should have a related discipline who employ analytical Carolina, Wilmington invites applica- PhD and/or MD degree and postdoctoral and applied life science methodologies in tions for two tenure-track positions experience. Send curriculum vitae, sum- the study of one or more of the following starting August 2006. Cell biologist: can- mary of research interests and names of areas: pain and sensory systems, devel- didates in any sub-discipline of eukary- three references to: Raymond A. opmental neurobiology, regeneration otic cell biology are encouraged to apply. Frizzell, PhD, Department of Cell and neurodegenerative disorders. Vertebrate biologist: candidates with an Biology and Physiology, University of Sagacious consideration will be given to interest in integrative and comparative Pittsburgh School of Medicine, S368 applicants whose research can capitalize biology are encouraged to apply. Duties Biomedical Science Tower, 3500 Terrace upon the extensive facilities for transla- for both positions include undergradu- Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261. [AA/EOE] tional research and technology develop- ate and graduate teaching, and main- ment available through Purdue’s taining an active research program that Brindley Biosciences Center and Birck involves both graduate and undergradu- Assistant/Associate Professor: Bio- Nanotechnology Center. A competitive ate students. The Department offers a medical Engineering Faculty Position in startup package is available to facilitate BA in Biology, BS and MS degrees in Tissue Engineering. The Department of the transition to extramural research Biology and in Marine Biology, and a Biomedical Engineering at Indiana support. Yearly teaching obligations are PhD in Marine Biology. Modern labora- University Purdue University Indi- limited to one undergraduate course in tories and diverse core facilities are anapolis (IUPUI) is seeking qualified BME and one graduate course in the available in the Department and at the individuals for a tenure-track position in applicant’s area of interest. The antici- Center for Marine Science (http://www. tissue engineering, at the Assistant/ pated start date is August 1, 2006. Full uncw.edu/bio/ and http://www.uncw.edu/ Associate Professor level. Applicants consideration will be given to all appli- cmsr/). Candidates must have a PhD must have a PhD in engineering or a cations received before February 20, and postdoctoral experience. To apply, related discipline and research expertise 2006. All applications must be submit- complete the online application avail- in one of the following areas: biomateri- ted online and include: curriculum vitae, able at http://consensus.uncw.edu. The als, molecular biotechnology, tissue engi- statements of research and teaching application package should include a neering, or biomechanics. The successful interests along with the contact infor- letter of interest that must contain brief candidate will be expected to teach mation for least three professional refer- statements of teaching and research undergraduate and graduate courses in ences. To apply, visit http://www.engr. interests, a CV, and contact information biomedical engineering and establish a iupui.edu/employment/index.shtml. for three references. MS Word and state-of-the-art research program in col- Specific questions concerning the posi- Adobe PDF documents are the preferred laboration with the Indiana University tion can be addressed to Dr. John Schild programs for attachments. The Chair of School of Medicine on the IUPUI cam- [email protected]. [AA/EOE] the Cell Biologist search is Dr. Stephen pus. Qualified candidates may be Kinsey (910-962-7398), and the Chair of offered joint appointments in both engi- the Vertebrate Biologist search is Dr. D. neering and medicine. The desired start Faculty Position: The Department of Ann Pabst (910-962-7266), Department date is August 1, 2006. Full considera- Biomedical Sciences at Baylor College of of Biology and Marine Biology. For ques- tions will be given to applications Dentistry, Texas A&M University tions about the online application received online before January 15, 2006. System Health Science Center, Dallas, is process, contact Ms. Tracie Chadwick at Apply online at: http://www.engr.iupui. seeking outstanding candidates for full- 910-962-3536. Application review will edu/employment/index.shtml by submit- time faculty positions at the assistant, begin January 10, 2006. Under North ting curriculum vitae along with a brief associate or full professor level for either Carolina law, applications and related research and teaching plan and a list of the tenure or non-tenure track. A PhD in materials are confidential personnel at least three references. Questions con- physiology or a related science area is documents and not subject to public cerning the positions can be addressed preferred, although consideration will release. [AA/EOE] to Dr. Charles Turner, Chair of the be given to any person holding a PhD Search Committee at turnerch@iupui who has substantial experience teaching .edu. [AA/EOE] physiology.The successful candidate will Faculty Positions: The Department of participate primarily in a team-taught Cell Biology and Physiology at the physiology course to first-year dental University of Pittsburgh School of Assistant or Associate Professor: students and graduate students. Medicine invites applications for tenure- Biomedical Engineering Faculty Applicants should have a broad system- track positions at all professorial levels. Position. The Department of Biomedical based knowledge of physiology and/or Departmental research strengths Engineering, Purdue School of Engi- endocrinology. For the tenure track posi-

27 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 tion, applicants must have a demon- Assistant Professor in Physical located in Bellingham, a city of approxi- strated ability to establish an independ- Education: (Exercise Science Empha- mately 67,000, and is nestled near the ent research program and procure extra- sis), Dept. of Physical Education, Health water and mountains in a scenic area mural funding. Current departmental and Recreation. Position/Salary: Full- between Puget Sound and the Canadian research strengths include inflamma- time tenure-track, beginning September mountains. The University site offers tion/pain and craniofacial biology; 2006. Competitive salary. Qualifications: easy access to major research libraries specifics can be seen at http://www.bcd. Required: Doctorate in Exercise Science- and a variety of recreational and cultur- tamhsc.edu. Applications will be related field (Biomechanics, Exercise al opportunities, including greater reviewed as they are received and the Physiology, etc.) by August 2006. Seattle and Vancouver, BC. Application search will continue until the position is Capacity to teach a range of courses in materials must be received by February filled. Please submit a curriculum vitae, the Exercise and Sport Science program. 1, 2006 to ensure full consideration. summary of current research activities, Evidence of successful teaching at the Interested candidates should submit a statement of career goals and teaching university level, scholarly contribution letter of application establishing their philosophy, and the names and contact to the field, or potential for scholarly qualifications; curriculum vita; graduate information of at least three individuals contribution, and professional involve- school transcripts; and three letters of for letters of recommendation to: Dr. ment/service. Preferred: Extensive stu- recommendation addressing the candi- Brendan Wong, Search Committee dent involvement (e.g., advising, stu- date’s qualifications in teaching and Chair, Department of Biomedical dent-faculty research, mentoring). Abil- scholarly endeavor. Candidates are Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, ity and/or experience working with a encouraged to address each required TAMUSHSC, 3302 Gaston Avenue, diverse student body and staff Capacity and preferred qualification listed in the Dallas, TX 75246; Email: bwong@ to seek internal and external funding. job description. Address inquiries and bcd.tamhsc.edu. [AA/EOE] Responsibilities: The teaching role send materials to: Lorrie Brilla, PhD, involves undergraduate instruction in Exercise Science Search Chair kinesiology, biomechanics, exercise (#05PEHR-02), PEHR Department, Assistant Professor: The Department physiology, statistics in exercise and Western Washington University, 516 of Exercise Science at Syracuse Univer- sport sciences, and a survey of physical High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225- sity seeks a tenure-track Assistant education and health course. In addi- 9067; Tel.: 360-650-3056; Fax: 360-650- Professor to begin August 2006. tion, teaching of a wellness course 7447; Email: [email protected]. For Candidates should hold an earned doc- and/or graduate courses in the appli- additional information about Western torate in exercise physiology or related cant’s area of expertise may be required. Washington University, visit http:// discipline; postdoctoral experience is The applicant will also be expected to: www.acadweb.wwu.edu/hr/Employment highly preferred. The successful candi- conduct research in exercise and sport /profilewwu.htm. WWU is an equal date will be expected to develop a solid, science and disseminate findings opportunity/affirmative action employ- extramurally funded research program, through professional channels; seek er, committed to assembling a diverse, contribute to undergraduate and gradu- internal and external funding; provide broadly trained faculty and staff. ate teaching, as well as advise MS and professional service for the department, Women, minorities, persons with dis- PhD student research. Unique opportu- university, community, and profession; abilities, Vietnam-era veterans and dis- nities exist for participation in transla- advise Exercise and Sport Science abled veterans are encouraged to apply. tional exercise research and interdisci- majors; and contribute to the leadership For disability accommodation, call the plinary research collaborating with the and design of the Exercise and Sport Employee Relations-Disability Special- medical school and basic science depart- Science program. Department: The ist/ADA Coordinator at 360-650-7410 or ments. Although outstanding candidates PEHR Department, located within the 360-650-7696 (TTY). All employees must in all areas of physiology will be consid- College of Humanities and Social show employment eligibility verification ered, special consideration will be given Sciences, has a full-time faculty of 13, as required by the US Citizenship and to investigators in cardiovascular, neu- and offers five degree programs includ- Immigration Services before beginning ral, metabolic, or physiology, as well as ing a BA in Education in Physical work at WWU. WWU is committed to those that complement new institution- Education and Health, BS in Exercise fostering a safe learning and working al commitments in cell signaling and and Sport Science, BS in Community environment. Our Annual Campus disability studies. Initial screening of Health, BA in Recreation, and MS Security Report can be viewed at applications begins January 2, 2005 but degree in Human Movement and http://www.wwu.edu/depts/vpsa/ applications will be accepted until the Performance. The department is one of asr.htm and includes information on position is filled. Send letter of applica- the oldest and largest programs at campus crime and WWU safety policies tion outlining past research accomplish- Western Washington University. and procedures. For a paper copy, call ments and future directions, CV, and Western Washington University is a Human Resources at 360-650-3774, TTY three letters of recommendation to Dr. public four-year institution with compet- 360-650-7696. Lori Ploutz-Snyder, Search Committee itive admissions and is nationally recog- Chair ,Exercise Science, Rm 201 nized for its educational programs, stu- Womens Bldg, Syracuse University, dents, and faculty. Enrollment is 2 Tenure-Track Assistant Professor Syracuse, NY 13244-5040; Email: approximately 12,500 students. The Positions: Biology/Biomedical Engi- [email protected]; Tel.: 315-443-2114; University has a strong tradition of fac- neering, Indiana University-Purdue Fax: 315-443-9375. [AA/EOE] ulty involvement in governance and in University at Indianapolis (IUPUI). participation in professional and com- Applications are invited for two tenure- munity organizations. The University is track Assistant Professor positions joint-

28 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 ly supported by the IUPUI Departments mats, and serve on departmental com- of Biology and Biomedical Engineering mittees. Applicants must hold a doctor- Research Positions in the Purdue Schools of Science and ate degree. The position is renewable on Engineering & Technology in Indi- an annual basis pending demonstrated Graduate Research Opportunity: anapolis. The home department will be excellence in teaching and collegiate Graduate research opportunity in the Department of Biology with mem- approval. Review of applications will Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics bership in the Indiana University begin immediately and continue until at the University of Southern California Center for Regenerative Biology and the position is filled. Submit a letter of (USC), Los Angeles, CA. Opportunities Medicine. Both positions seek candi- application, curriculum vitae, and the for studying Exercise Physiology or dates engaged in research in names and contact information of three Biomechanics are available at the Cell/Developmental/Molecular Biology. references to: Kelly J. Cole, PhD, University of Southern California. In Candidates for the first position should Department of Exercise Science, S. 501 Exercise Physiology, our research focus- have an interest in systems level physi- Field House, The University of Iowa, es on metabolism (Carbohydrates, ological/immunological responses to Iowa City, IA 52242. Minorities, women Lipids) and its regulation during exer- implanted materials, devices, materials, and disabled individuals are strongly cise, with aging and in pathophysiologi- gene or drug delivery systems. Candi- encouraged to apply. Applicants must cal conditions (Type I Diabetes, Type II dates for the second position should demonstrate a commitment to promot- Diabetes, Obesity). In Biomechanics, our have an interest in growth and trophic ing a diverse environment. [AA/EOE] research focuses on the mechanisms factors, cell signaling, stem cell biology, humans use to generate and control regeneration or differentiation. Teach- momentum during multi-joint move- ing will be at the undergraduate and Lecturer, Physical Education and ments (Athletic, Ergonomic, and Clinical graduate level. Students will be drawn Movement Science: The Division of Populations). We currently have several from Biology and Biomedical Engineer- Kinesiology at the University of positions open for highly motivated ing. Qualifications: PhD and post-doctor- Michigan (http://www.kines.umich.edu) Graduate Students. Courses for al experience in relevant fields required. is seeking a full-time lecturer with Doctoral Students are offered within Competitive startup packages and labo- expertise in the areas of Movement and outside the department in areas ratory space will be provided. The Science and Physical Education. This such as Biomedical Engineering, IUPUI Department of Biology has 18 position offers an excellent opportunity Computer Science, Integrative and primary faculty (http://www.biology. to enhance teaching skills at the under- Evolutionary Biology, Physiology, iupui.edu). The IUPUI campus is located graduate level. Teaching responsibilities Gerontology, and Statistics. Doctoral in an attractive modern, downtown loca- include content courses in the core areas students will enter one of two Interdis- tion and is home to 19 academic schools of physical education and movement sci- ciplinary Degree Programs available at including the Purdue School of ence and require expertise in the areas USC; Biomedical Engineering (Biome- Engineering and Technology and the of functional anatomy, exercise physiolo- chanics) or Integrative and Evolution- Indiana University Schools of Dentistry gy and biomechanics. Other duties may ary Biology (Biomechanics and Exercise and Medicine. Appointed faculty will be include student advising and participa- Physiology). Students are encouraged to encouraged to establish research collab- tion in curricular unit administrative apply for Graduate Fellowships as well orations across the campus. Please send activities. Please note: this is a three- as Teaching & Research Assistantships. your curriculum vitae, statement of year, full-time, non-tenure track teach- Recipients receive stipends, health ben- research plans, statement of teaching ing position with the possibility for efits and tuition remission as part of philosophy and names and addresses for renewal. Terms and conditions of their Assistantships or Fellowships. If three letters of reference to employment for this position are subject you are interested in learning more [email protected] or: Biology/Biomed- to the provisions of a Collective about the programs, please contact: ical Engineering Search, IUPUI- Bargaining Agreement between the Biomechanics Program: Dr. Jill McNitt- Department of Biology, 723 W. Michigan University of Michigan and the Gray, [email protected]. If interested in St., SL 306, Indianapolis, IN 46202- Lecturers Employee Organization. Exercise Physiology Dr. Lorraine 5132. Electronic application submission Qualifications: ABD or PhD in Turcotte PhD, Chair/Associate is preferred. [AA/EOE] Kinesiology, Exercise Science, or related Professor, Department of Kinesiology, field preferred. Candidates are expected [email protected]. to have at least one year of teaching Lecturer in Anatomy: Department of experience at the college and/or univer- Exercise Science, The University of sity level. To Apply: review of applica- In Vivo Pharmacology Opportuni- Iowa: Applications are invited for the tions will begin immediately and will ties: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical position of Lecturer in anatomy, non- continue until the position is filled. Research, Cambridge, MA, is Novartis’ tenure track for the academic year 2006- Please send a curriculum vitae and offi- global research organization and is com- 2007. Candidates are sought who have cial transcripts, along with the names mitted to discovering innovative medi- demonstrated excellence in teaching and contact information (telephone and cines that cure disease and improve general anatomy to undergraduate stu- email) of three references to Pat Van human health. By conducting more rele- dents through lecture and dissection. Volkinburg, Chair, Kinesiology Lecturer vant and predictable drug discovery that The successful applicant will teach gen- Search Committee; 401 Washtenaw can yield new and better medicines for eral anatomy to beginning and upper- Avenue; Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214. patients, Novartis Institutes for level undergraduate students through [AA/EOE] BioMedical Research is redefining drug lecture, discussion, and laboratory for- discovery in the post-genomic era. Over 29 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 the past four years, Novartis Pharma- excellent leadership, communication promotion requirements and contribute ceuticals has had the greatest number of and interpersonal skills; highly motivat- to institutional service, such as: academ- new molecular entities approved by the ed with a strong work ethic and ability ic advising, committee work, student US FDA. With its broad focus on dis- to work in teams; proven record on sci- recruitment etc. Qualifications: PhD, or eases for which there is a need for better entific writing with publications in sci- comparable degree, in Anatomy, medical therapies, and with 3,000 tal- entific peer-reviewed journals. Excep- Physiology or related disciplines. ented, dedicated research scientists tional knowledge in one of the following Demonstrated excellence in college worldwide, Novartis Institutes for disease areas: infectious diseases, dia- teaching, mentoring of student research, BioMedical Research is well-positioned betes, glucose and lipid metabolism, car- and scholarship is preferred. The suc- to ensure Novartis maintains its strong diovascular research, oncology or oph- cessful candidate must be committed to pipeline and highly successful track thalmology. Research Associate best educational practices as applied to record in new drug discovery. Novartis Minimum Requirements: MS or BS in undergraduate science education and Institutes has sites in Cambridge, MA life sciences with documented experi- the integration of Christian faith and (headquarters); Basel, Switzerland; ence in multiple dosing routes, including learning. The College: Messiah College Horsham, UK; East Hanover, NJ; I.P., I.M., I.V. and oral administration; is a Christian college of the liberal and Vienna, Austria; and Tsukuba, Japan. knowledge of techniques and relevant in applied arts and sciences. The College is Novartis Institutes’ Cambridge facilities vivo model systems, including, but not committed to an embracing evangelical encompass 750,000 square feet of labo- limited to, rodent animal handling, dos- spirit rooted in the Anabaptist, Pietist ratory and office space. Research in car- ing, bleeds, husbandry, health monitor- and Wesleyan traditions of the Christian diovascular disease, oncology, infectious ing and surgery. Competent in experi- Church. Our mission is to educate men disease, and diabetes is headquartered mental design, metabolite measure- and women toward maturity of intellect, in Cambridge. In addition, Cambridge is ments, data analysis and interpretation, character, and Christian faith in prepa- home to the following platform technolo- and scientific writing; highly motivated ration for lives of service, leadership and gies: Global Discovery Chemistry, with a strong work ethic; familiarity reconciliation in church and society. Functional Genomics, Developmental & with Excel, Word, PowerPoint, and Messiah College is a teaching institu- Molecular Pathways, and Models of graphic applications; solid interpersonal tion which emphasizes instruction but Disease Center. In order to attract and communication skills; demonstrated values research and public service. develop an exceptionally talented and ability to work in teams. Exceptional Strong support is given to faculty committed staff, Novartis Institutes for knowledge in one of the following dis- growth and scholarship. Position Open: BioMedical Research offers an innova- ease areas: infectious diseases, diabetes, Fall 2006. Compensation: Salary and tive and comprehensive benefits pack- glucose and lipid metabolism, cardiovas- rank commensurate with qualifications age, including healthcare, insurance, cular research, oncology or ophthalmolo- and experience. Applications: Nomina- savings, retirement, and work/life bene- gy. Experience in one of the following tions and applications are welcome. The fits. Job Description: Perform in vivo disease areas: infectious diseases, dia- search committee will begin reviewing pharmacology research to support the betes, glucose and lipid metabolism, car- completed applications immediately selection and development of therapeu- diovascular research, oncology or oph- until a suitable candidate is hired. tic agents in the following disease areas: thalmology a plus. Required years of Applicants should submit a letter of Oncology, Cardiovascular, Diabetes and experience Three-Five Years. To apply interest and an application (download- Metabolism, Infectious Diseases and for this position, go to: http://www.novar- able from http://www.messiah.edu/ Ophthalmology. Perform experiments tis.com/careers/en/job_search/brass- offices/hr/forms/Faculty_Empl_Appl.pdf). for in vivo model development and ring/index_usa.shtml, search Openings, Please address all inquires, applications implementation. Engage in projects for Keyword 8044BR. [AA/EOE/M/F/D/V]. and nominations to: Sheri Boyce, PhD, drug discovery and demonstrates inno- Chair of the Search Committee, PO Box vative thinking and generates project 3030, Messiah College, Grantham, PA ideas. Understand drug discovery Anatomist/Physiologist. The Depart- 17027. [AA/EOE] process and brings innovation and new ment of Biological Sciences in the School technology to the research organization. of Health and Natural Sciences at Work collaboratively with other groups Messiah College is seeking an Administration Positions in the research organization to meet Anatomist/Physiologist to fill a full- objectives and timelines. Document time, term-tenure track position. Chair—Division of Pharmacology: study results through internal reports Responsibilities: primary teaching The School of Pharmacy at the and external publications and present responsibilities will be in the area of University of Missouri, Kansas City research findings at internal and exter- human anatomy and physiology. (UMKC) is seeking a qualified and moti- nal meetings. Minimum require- Secondarily, there may also be limited vated individual for the position of ments: MD/ PhD. Minimum Require- opportunities to teach cell biology and Chair of the Division of Pharmacology. ments: MD or PhD in physiology, phar- microbiology. The successful candidate The responsibilities of this position macology or other related life sciences. will also be expected to develop upper include: administration of a team of Extensive hands-on experience in ani- level courses in their area of expertise eight faculty members responsible for mal models and in vivo pharmacology is and to teach in the general education pharmacology instruction to pharmacy, essential; sound understanding of phar- science program. Lastly, this individual dental, graduate, and nursing students; macodymamics and pharmacokinetics; must be able to mentor undergraduate mentoring and recruitment of new facul- proficiency in experimental design, data research projects, develop their own ty; coordination of both division and interpretation and statistical analysis; scholarship to meet term-tenure and interdisciplinary research programs;

30 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 and an active individual research pro- http://www.umkc.edu/strategicplan,or Science, Fitness Leadership, Athletic gram. This position reports directly to go to http://www.umkc.edu/pharmacy. Training Education Program, Physical the Dean of the School of Pharmacy and Nominations and applications indicat- Education Teacher Education); and four has interactions with other units ing interest in the position, a complete tracks for masters or doctoral (PhD) involved in both professional and gradu- curriculum vita and three letters of ref- degrees (Psychosocial Aspect of Sport, ate education. The successful candidate erence should be forwarded to: Robert W. Special Physical Education, Sport should have a terminal doctoral degree Piepho, PhD, Chair, Search Committee, Pedagogy, Exercise Physiology). (PhD, PharmD, MD) and significant School of Pharmacy, University of Qualifications: A doctoral degree with research accomplishments including a Missouri-Kansas City, 5100 Rockhill emphasis in or substantial relevant high level of extramural research fund- Road, Kansas City, MO 64110-2499; Tel: experience with exercise and sport sci- ing which would qualify the individual 816-235-1609; Email: piephor@umkc. ence is required. The successful appli- for the rank of professor. Preference will edu. [AA/EOE]. cant will have demonstrated leadership be given to individuals with prior and organizational skills, a history of administrative experience and/or an continued funded scholarship, the abili- exemplary record in professional leader- Chair, Department of Exercise and ty to mentor and facilitate the faculty in ship. Salary will be commensurate with Sport Science: Position and the department, and the ability to pro- experience. The position will be avail- Responsibilities: The University of Utah mote the department across the campus able on or after April 1, 2006. For full invites applications and nominations for and within the community. The individ- consideration, applications should be the position of Chair of the Department ual must meet the requirements for received by February 1, 2006. UMKC is of Exercise and Sport Science. Faculty tenure within the Department. a comprehensive research university rank will be Associate Professor or Full Application Deadlines and Start Date: exemplifying the values of education Professor depending upon qualifica- Applications should be received by first, innovation, accountability, diversi- tions. The Chair of the Department will January 1, 2006 for earliest consid- ty and collaboration. The School of serve as leader of and advocate for the eration. Additional applications may be Pharmacy is one of the four health pro- Department. The Chair will also con- considered following this date until the fessional schools on the UMKC campus, tribute to the mission of the Department position is filled. The planned start date and is engaged in a University-wide ini- by being actively involved in research for the position is July 1, 2006. Salary tiative to advance the life sciences in the activities and through teaching, and and rank are dependent upon experi- Kansas City corridor through the service. The Chair reports to the Dean of ence and qualification. Contact: Kansas City Area Life Sciences Institute the College of Health. The Department Nominations and applications (applica- (KCALSI) (www.kclifesciences.org). The of Exercise and Sport Science is one of tion should include letters of interest, Division of Pharmacology is one of three seven academic units situated in the vitae, and three letters of reference) divisions in the School of Pharmacy, College of Health in the University of should be submitted to R. Scott Ward, interfacing with the Divisions of Utah Health Sciences Center. The PhD, Chair, ESS Search Committee, 250 Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacy Health Sciences Center includes the South 1850 East, Room 241, The Practice. Construction of a new facility Colleges of Health, Pharmacy, Nursing University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah to house the School of Pharmacy is and the School of Medicine and 84112. ™ underway, and the successful candidate University Health Care. The will have an opportunity for extensive Department offers a richly diverse array input into the Pharmacology space. of degree options: five undergraduate More about UMKC is at programs (Exercise Physiology, Exercise

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Ads are accepted for either positions available or positions htm), the following items are needed: a copy of the ad, the wanted under all categories. The charge is only $75. All ads name of a contact person, and either a purchase order num- are also posted on the APS Career Opportunity Web page ber, credit card number (with expiration date and name of upon receipt for a three month period. cardholder) or billing address. Send the information to Linda If you would like to have your ad listed in The Physiologist Dresser (Email: [email protected]; Tel: 301-634-7165; or on the APS Career Opportunities Web page Fax: 301-634-7241). (http://www.the-aps.org/careers/careers1/posavail.

31 The Physiologist People & Places Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Three APS Members Award in 2003; and the Faculty Scholar Harold J. Bell a Postdoctoral Fellow, Award in 2000. She has trained seven has joined the Department of Cell Elected to the PhD students in her laboratory, served on Biology and Anatomy, University of Institute of Medicine the Committee of Instruction (COI) of a Calgary, Canada. Bell was formerly a significant number of PhD graduates, and Research Associate, affiliated with the The Institute of Medicine of the served to assist them to attain travel Department of Physiology, University of National Academies of Science awards to national meetings. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. announced 69 new inductees in October. Motley-Johnson’s student advocacy New members to this esteemed organi- has been evident nationally as well as Neil Albert Bradbury recently affiliat- zation are elected by current members locally. She served on the American ed with the Department of Physiology from candidates nominated for their Physiological Society (APS) Porter and Biophysics, Chicago Medical School, professional achievement and commit- Development Committee from 1998 to N. Chicago, IL, as Professor. Bradbury ment to service. 2003 and her efforts were instrumental formerly was an Associate Professor, “As the Institute of Medicine cele- to secure three pre-doctoral fellowships Department of Cell Biology and brates this milestone, it is a great pleas- for Meharry graduate students. She is Physiology, University of Pittsburgh ure to welcome these distinguished indi- currently a member of the APS- School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. viduals as members,” said IOM Cardiovascular Trainee Committee. President Harvey V. Fineberg. “Election Motley-Johnson also is a member of the Robert J. Bridges is currently recognizes those who have made major Minority Affairs Committee of the Professor and Chair, Department of contributions to the advancement of the Endocrine Society and serves as a men- Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind medical sciences, health care, and public tor for minority students who attend Franklin University of Medicine and health. It is considered one of the high- national scientific meetings. As a mem- Science, North Chicago, IL. Bridges had est honors in these fields.” ber of the Endocrine Society’s Student previously been Professor and Vice APS extends sincere congratulations Affairs Committee, she has visited sev- Chair, Department of Cell Biology and to its three member inductees: eral HBCUs as a lecturer for the short Physiology, University of Pittsburgh Peter Agre, Duke University Medical course, “Program in Endocrinology,” School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Center; Emilio Bizzi, Massachusetts which encourages students to pursue Institute of Technology; Gerald careers in the health sciences. Miriam Yvette Cortez-Cooper has Shulman, Yale University School of In addition to her involvement with accepted the position of Assistant Medicine. ™ students, Motley-Johnson has sustained Professor, Medical College of Georgia, an active research program in the area Physical Therapy Department, Augusta, of cardiovascular diseases, such as ath- GA. Cortez-Cooper had been affiliated erosclerosis and hypertension. She has with the Department of Kinesiology and Motley-Johnson 41 peer-reviewed publications in her Health Education, University of Texas, Appointed Associate Dean field. She has received funding from the Austin, TX. American Heart Association, the The School of Graduate Studies and National Heart Lung and Blood Paul L. Dudas, a Research Scientist, Research of Meharry Medical College is Institute as well as the National has joined Centocor/Johnson & Johnson, pleased to announce the appointment of Institute of General Medical Sciences. Radnor, PA. Dudas was previously a Evangeline Motley-Johnson, an APS Motley-Johnson is a member of the Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of member, as the Associate Dean, effective Network of Minority Research Internal Medicine, Division of January 1, 2006. Motley-Johnson cur- Investigators sponsored by the National Nephrology, Yale University School of rently is the Chair of the Division of Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Medicine, New Haven, CT. Cardiovascular Biology in the Kidney Diseases. She is a member of sev- Department of Biomedical Sciences, a eral societies, including the American David G. Edwards has been appointed post she will retain until the end of 2005. Heart Association, American Physiologi- Assistant Professor, Department of She received a BA degree in Biology cal Society, Endocrine Society, and Society Health, Nutrition, and Exercise from the University of Virginia and her of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Sciences, University of Delaware, doctorate in Physiology and Biophysics and she has served as a member of a Newark, DE. Edwards was formerly from Howard University. She joined peer-review committee for funding by associated with the Department of Meharry Medical College as an the American Heart Association. ™ Kinesiology, University of New Assistant Professor in the Department Hampshire, Durham, NH. of Physiology in 1993 after completing her postdoctoral training at the Robert Andrew Augustyniak has Paul Joseph Fadel, an Assistant University of Cincinnati. accepted the position of Assistant Professor, is currently affiliated with the While at Meharry, Motley-Johnson has Professor, Department of Medicine and Department of Medical Pharmacology significantly contributed to the training of Physiology, Wayne State University and Physiology, University of Missouri, graduate, medical, and dental students. School of Medicine, Detroit, MI. Columbia, MO. Fadel had been a She has received several awards for excel- Augustyniak formerly was a Postdoc- Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of lence in mentoring and teaching students toral Fellow, Department of Internal Internal Medicine, University of Texas in the graduate school, including the Medicine, Division of Hypertension, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Mentorship Award in 1999, 2003 and University of Texas Southwestern TX. 2005; the Graduate Teaching Excellence Medical Center, Dallas, TX.

32 The Physiologist People & Places Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Janie M. Fouke recently accepted the David Douglas Kline, an Assistant of Health, Bethesda, MD. Formerly, Liu position of Provost and Senior Vice Professor, joined the Department of was associated with the Cardiovascular President, University of Florida, Biomedical Science/Dalton Cardiovas- Research Center, Medical College of Gainesville, FL. Fouke had been cular, University of Missouri-Columbia, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. Associate Professor, College of Engi- Columbia, MO. Kline was formerly a neering, Michigan State University, Research Associate, Department of William Joseph Martin joined the East Lansing, MI. Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve Department of Pharmacology, Thera- University, Cleveland, OH. vance, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, as Linda C. Giudice is currently a Senior Director. Prior to his new Professor and Chairman, Department of Thomas A. Knight, a Postdoctoral assignment, Martin was Director, Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Fellow, has affiliated with the Pharma- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Sciences, University of California, San cology Institute, University of Heidel- and Company, Inc., Rahway, NJ. Francisco, CA. Formerly, Giudice was berg, Germany. Knight was previously Professor, Department Obstetrics/Gyne- with the Department of Physiology and Luis A. Martinez-Lemus has accepted cology, Stanford University Medical Biophysics, University of Washington, the position of Assistant Professor, Center, Stanford, CA. Seattle, WA. University of Missouri-Columbia, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Roxann Diez Gross, an Assistant Gregory Thomas Knipp, an Assistant Columbia, MO. Formerly, Martinez- Professor, has joined the Eye & Ear Professor, has accepted a position at the Lemus was Assistant Research Scien- Institute, University of Pittsburgh, PA. Department of Industrial and Physical tist, Department of Medical Physiology, Gross was formerly with the Audiology Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Texas A&M University, College Station, and Speech Pathology Department, VA Lafayette, IN. Knipp was formerly associ- TX. Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pitts- ated with the Department of Pharma-ceu- burgh, PA. ticals, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ. Shizue Masuki has associated with the Department of Sports Medical Sciences, Thomas N. Hansen accepted the posi- Osun Kwon, an Associate Professor of Shinshu University Graduate School of tion of President and CEO, Children’s Medicine, has affiliated with the Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan, as an Hospital and Regional Medical Center, Hershey Medical Center, Division of Assistant Professor. Prior to her new Seattle, WA. Hansen was formerly Nephrology, Penn State College of assignment, Masuki was formerly a Professor and Chairman, Department of Medicine, Hershey, PA. Kwon was for- Research Fellow, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, merly an Assistant Clinical Professor of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Columbus, OH. Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical MN. Center, Torrance, CA. Yoshihiro Ishikawa has accepted the Julia Ann Moffitt, is currently an position of Professor, Department of Courtney C. Lane, a Research Scien- Assistant Professor, Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University tist, has joined Advanced Bionics, Kinesiology, Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan. Oxnard, CA. Prior to her new affiliation, IA. Formerly, Moffitt was a Senior Ishikawa was formerly an Adjunct Lane was affiliated with the Department Research Scientist, Guidant Corpora- Associate Professor, affiliated with the of Electrical and Computer Engineering, tion, St. Paul, MN. Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Rice University, Houston, TX. Medicine, and Medical Cardiology, Eleni Mylona-Lagoudaki, a Postdoc- University of Medicine and Dentistry, Jane Leopold has joined the Faculty of toral Fellow, has affiliated with the New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ. the Cardiovascular and Medicine Divi- Foundation for Research and Technolo- sion, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, gy, FORTH: Institute of Applied and Ole Johan Kemi, an Assistant Profes- Boston, MA. Leopold was formerly a Computational Mathematics, Heraklion sor, has affiliated with the Institute of Member of the Faculty, Department of Crete, Greece. Mylona-Lagoudaki was Biomedical and Life Sciences, Universi- Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular previously associated with the Depart- ty of Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Prior to his Institute, Boston University School of ment of Pharmacology, Emory Universi- new assignment, Kemi was with the Medicine, Boston, MA. ty School of Medicine, Rollins Research Department of Circulation and Medical Center, Atlanta, GA. Imaging, Norwegian University of Peter Lindholm, a Postdoctoral Fellow, Science and Technology, Trondheim, Environmental Physiology joined the Kazunobu Okazaki, a Postdoctoral Norway. Department of Physiology and Pharma- Fellow, has affiliated with the Depart- cology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, ment of Sports Medical Science, Shinshu Kwang Chul Kim recently affiliated Sweden. Lindholm was formerly a University Graduate School of Medicine, with the Lovelace Respiratory Research Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan. Okazaki Institute, Albuquerque, NM. Kim was Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for had formerly been with the Institute for formerly associated with the Depart- Research & Education in Special Exercise Environmental Medicine, ment of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Education, Buffalo, NY. Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Maryland School of Dallas, TX. Pharmacy and Medicine, Baltimore, Yanping Liu, is a Health Scientist MD. Administrator, National Center for Kenneth R. Olson, a Professor, has Research Resources, National Institutes joined the Indiana University School of

33 The Physiologist People & Places Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Medicine, South Bend, IN. Olson was John G. Semmler, a Lecturer, has Morgantown, WV. Previously, Teng had previously affiliated with the Center for recently joined the School of Molecular been a Research Instructor, Department Medical Education, Indiana University and Biomedical Science, University of of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East School of Medicine, University of Notre Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia. Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Dame, Notre Dame, IN. Semmler was previously associated with the Department of Exercise and Jason J. Villarin, a Postdoctoral Steven John Prior has affiliated with Nutritional Sciences, Deakin University, Fellow, has affiliated with the Universi- the Department of Geriatrics, Baltimore Burwood Victoria, Australia. ty of Calgary, Faculty of Kinesiology, VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD. Calgary, Canada. Villarin was formerly Prior was previously associated with the Galia K. Soukhova-O’Hare, a Research a Graduate Student, Department of Department of Kinesiology, University Associate, has associated with the Physiology and Membrane Biology, of Maryland, College Park, MD. Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Davis, CA. Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Pascale M. Rabbah is a Postdoctoral Bronx, NY. Soukhova-O’Hare was former- Saeed Zeinoaldini is currently affiliat- Fellow, Department of Biological ly a Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of ed with the Animal Science Group and Sciences and Math, New Jersey Pediatrics, University of Louisville, KY. Agriculture Faculty, Ilam University, Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ. Ilam, Iran. Zeinoaldini was previously Rabbah was formerly a Postdoctoral Katalin Szaszi has accepted the posi- associated with the Department of Student, associated with the Depart- tion of Assistant Professor, St. Michael’s Animal Science, Wageningen University, ment of Biology, Rutgers University, Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Wageningen, The Netherlands. Newark, NJ. Szaszi was formerly a Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Peng Zhao, a Postdoctoral Associate, Gordon Reid has moved to the Transplantation Research, Toronto has joined the Department of Neurolo- Department of Physiology, University General Hospital, Ontario, Canada. gy/VA Connecticut House Care System, College, Cork, Ireland. Reid was previ- Yale University School of Medicine, West ously associated with the Department of Hirofumi Tanaka has moved to Haven, CT. Zhao was previously affiliat- Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Austin, TX, as an Assistant Professor, ed with the Department of Pediatrics/ University of Bucharest Faculty of Department of Kinesiology and Health Section of Respiratory Medicine, Yale Biology, Bucharest, Romania. Education, University of Texas at University School of Medicine, New Austin. Tanaka was previously affiliated Haven, CT. Carol D. Rodgers, an Associate with the University of Wisconsin- Professor, is currently affiliated with the Madison, Department of Kinesiology, College of Kinesiology, University of Madison, WI. Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatche- wan, Canada. Formerly, Rodgers was Bunyen Teng has accepted the position with the Department of Physical of Research Assistant Professor, Education and Health, University of Department of Physiology and Pharma- Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cology, West Virginia University,

Gift Planning Opportunities

APS is pleased to invite the personal property, retirement scholarships, programs, etc, which membership to consider including assets, charitable lead trusts and are specified for support and APS in their gift giving plans. In gifts of real estate. named for individuals. the past, the Society has received Life Income Gifts: Gift annuni- Gifts by Will: Bequests of a per- donations of land and securities, ties, deferred payment gift annu- centage of estate, stated dollar all of which have been used to ities, charitable remainder trusts, amount or specific property or launch the Society’s young investi- charitable remainder unitrusts, assets. gator award programs. and charitable annutiy trusts. For more information on gift giv- Many options exist if you are Gifts of Insurance: Ownership ing to APS, please contact Martin interested in including the APS of life insurance policies can be Frank, Executive Director (301- and its Endowment Fund in your donated, or the APS can become 634-7118; [email protected], or financial or estate planning. Some the beneficiary of policies owned Robert Price, Director of Finance options include: by others. (301-634-7173; rprice@the-aps Immediate Gifts: Cash, gifts of Designated Gifts: Gifts given .org). appreciated securities, gifts of to honor or memoralize an individ- closely held stock, gifts of tangible ual or an organization; can include

34 The Physiologist Book Review Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Animal Physiology: From duction might improve future editions. processes. A final suggestion would be The main strength of this textbook to include a chapter on aging and death Genes to Organisms likes in the systems level physiological in future editions; given the vast array processes. The authors tackle many com- of species used for aging research Lauralee Sherwood, Hillar Klandorf, plex physiological phenomena and some (including migrating fish, C. elegans, and Paul H. Yancey. Belmont, CA: of the many different ways in which dif- and mammals among others) this too Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005, 759 pp., ferent organisms go about the processes could be a fertile area of exploration into illus, index, $106.95. of reproduction, adaptation to environ- the concepts underlying senescence, the ISBN: 0-534-55404-0 mental stimuli, waste elimination, and role of metabolism in aging, and the so forth. A substantial portion of the mechanisms contributing to loss of cel- Animal Physiology: From Genes to book deals with neurophysiology, with lular function with age. Organisms is the latest physiology text- chapters on membrane electrophysiolo- Other aspects of this book also shine. book offering from Dr. Lauralee gy, neuronal anatomy and physiology, The figures, which combine schematics Sherwood of the University of West nervous systems, and sensory physiolo- with photographs of organisms and Virginia School of Medicine. Sherwood gy. The sensory physiology chapter in micrographs of cells and tissues, are has spent nearly 40 years teaching particular highlights the strengths of very clear and illustrative of the key physiology to a vast array of pre-health the comparative approach, primarily by concepts discussed in the text. Special students, and this textbook is an excel- utilizing excellent and insightful exam- boxed sections on such topics as lent companion to her two previous text- ples of how different organisms from “Molecular Biology and Genomics,” “A books on human physiology. This book insects to snakes to mammals sense and Closer Look at Adaptation,” and “Beyond provides a comparative physiology respond to their environment. The sec- the Basics” add the type of side-interest approach that should be useful for stu- tion on muscle physiology is also solid, topics that students enjoy, and, if any- dents interested in zoology, animal phys- covering all of the major topics relevant thing, more of these per chapter would iology, comparative physiology, and vet- to this concept, including the cross be even better. Finally, the review ques- erinary sciences. bridge cycle, calcium activation of mus- tions at the end of the chapter provide One of the main goals of this book is to cle contraction, muscle twitch and both students and teachers with a good take an integrative approach to animal tetany characteristics, motor unit resource for preparing for examinations physiology that includes molecular and recruitment, length-tension and force- based on the material. genetic mechanisms as well as organ, velocity relationships, muscle metabo- In summary, Sherwood’s latest text- systems, and organism-level function, lism, and muscle fiber types. The book is a solid companion to her previ- and for the most part it accomplishes authors also delve into some of the dif- ous books on human physiology.The text this goal competently. While the molecu- ferences in muscle function in different is well-written and coherent and could lar end of things tends to be somewhat organisms by exploring insect flight be used for undergraduate courses in thin, the authors do attempt to integrate muscle, though here an expansion to animal and/or comparative physiology known, well established molecular sig- include how insect flight differs or is as well as for introductory graduate naling pathways, such as the regulation similar to mammalian and avian flight courses in animal science, food science, of heat shock gene expression by elevat- would have been helpful. Other chapters and veterinary science programs. It ed temperature. However, given the explore circulatory, immunological, should be a welcome addition to anyone tremendous importance that gene excretory, reproductive and digestive teaching these or similar courses. ™ expression plays in physiological physiology, and these chapters also pro- responses, a more detailed explanation vide excellent instruction in the similar- David L. Allen of transcription, mRNA processing and ities and differences between different University of Colorado, Boulder alternative splicing, and signal trans- species in how they regulate these

Books Received

Advances in Vagal Afferent Neurobiology. Case-Based Medical Physiology. Bradley J. Undem and Daniel Weinreich, (Editors). Christopher Bell, Cecil Kidd, and Trefor Morgan. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2005, 523 pp., illus., index, Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, 176 $139.95. pp., illus., index, $29.95. ISBN:0-8493-2131-X. ISBN: 1-4051-2061-4.

Blood Substitutes. Physics in Molecular Biology. Robert M. Winslow, (Editor). Kim Sneppen and Giovanni Zocchi. Linn, MO: Elsevier: Academic Press, 2005, 548 pp., New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005, 311 pp., illus., index, illus.,index, $199.95. $70.00. ISBN: 10: 0-12-759760-3. ISBN: 0-521-84419-3.

35 The Physiologist Wine Wizard Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 The Wine Wizard Peter Wagner At the request of APS leadership, I to match the acid) and have NO OAK have been asked to provide expert guid- (thank goodness). They are NOT the ance for those of you who, like me, are dull, melony, generic, typical SB’s we see cheap and are looking for great, under- so much of. Current vintage likely to be priced wines to imbibe. What follows is 2004, but each year these are well- certainly not expert, and probably does priced winners. Tip: DO NOT AGE these not even qualify as guidance. But when wines, they will not likely do well. Drink has that stopped me from speaking out? them within six months of buying them, I will be suggesting wines that I think and try to avoid past year’s vintages for are good and also good value. Any dumb that reason. Drink them at below room physiologist can recommend Chateau temperature, but warmer than Frig Petrus, or Ch. d’Yquem even if they can- temp. not afford them. It takes much more Red: I kid you not, try Yellowtail effort to locate the bargains. Moreover, I Shiraz ($5-8). Or any of these need to find wines that you have some Zinfandels: Castle Rock ($9-12); Seven small chance of locating in your town. Deadly Zins ($8-12) or Seghesio Sonoma That means, wines that are made in Zinfandel ($13-16). Yellowtail is every- decent quantity and widely distributed. where and for the price is very tasty. Not Unfortunately, I have no control over the complex and not to be aged, great party latter, but searchable internet sites wine with simple hearty food. Nice abound, only too happy to ship vanilla oak and spice, but the black you wines if state law allows. berry fruit is intense. The three Zins are Some wine shops will order Peter Wagner all very tasty with forward red and dark specific wine in if berry fruit, all have spice, briary/stem- you bribe them here goes for starters: my edges typical of the wine, and medi- enough. Will you White: two great Sauvignon Blancs um light tannin. All have bright acid be happy if I tell from California: Geyser Peak ($7-12) and are dry (no residual sugar) with you about a great and St. Supery ($10-15). Both are won- decent length. Don’t age them either— cheap wine you derfully herbal-grassy, clean, bright (= Zins are meant to be drunk young. cannot get? good acid, but not raw lemon juice) with Happy Tasting! ❖ Didn’t think so. So excellent balance (=good fruit intensity

Endocrinology and Metabolism: The Clinical State-of-the-Art

March 31, 2006-April 01, 2006 should be able to: University reserves the right to cancel Tremont Grand and Plaza Hotel evaluate patients with possible pitu- or postpone any course due to unfore- Baltimore, MD itary tumors or hypopituitarism seen circumstances. In this event, the evaluate and treat common thyroid University will refund the registration Presented by: Johns Hopkins diseases fee but is not responsible for travel Medicine; Department of Medicine; enhance their ability to diagnose expenses. Division of Endocrinology. and treat dyslipidemia, diabetes and The Johns Hopkins University School Course Description: osteoporosis of Medicine is accredited by the The intent and goal of this course is to have an improved understanding of Accreditation Council for Continuing educate primary care providers in the male gonadal dysfunction and polycystic Medical Education to provide continuing management of basic endocrine prob- ovarian syndrome. medical education for physicians. lems such as thyroid disorders, diabetes, Fees: The Johns Hopkins University School dyslipidemia and osteoporosis, in a logi- Physicians $450 of Medicine designates this educational cal and cost-effective manner, since Residents*/Fellows*/Allied Health activity for a maximum of 16.5 category much of the care for these problems Professionals $100 1 credits toward the AMA Physician's takes place outside of a specialist's *with verification of status Recognition Award. Each physician office. Additionally, important areas that A $10 discount will apply for should claim only those credits that all primary care providers need to be Physician on-line registrations. You will he/she actually spent in the activity. The familiar with, such as pituitary and receive confirmation by e-mail if you American Medical Association has adrenal disease, hypogonadism and have provided your e-mail address. determined that physicians not licensed polycystic ovarian syndrome, will be Otherwise confirmation will be sent by in the US who participate in this CME reviewed. mail. If you have not received it by activity are eligible for AMA PRA cate- Target Audience: March 24, 2006, call 410-955-3169 to gory 1 credit. Applications for other Endocrinologists, Internists and confirm that you are registered. appropriate credits have been submit- Family Practitioners Certificates of attendance will be mailed ted. ❖ Following this activity, the participant by May 15, 2006. The Johns Hopkins 36 The Physiologist Meetings & Congresses Vol. 48, No. 6, 2005

March 3-6 June 28-July 1 Second International Meeting on Physiology and 5th International Congress of Pathophysiology, Pharmacology of Temperature Regulation, Beijing, China. Information: Prof. Liling Wu, Secretary Phoenix, AZ. Information: Andrej A. Romanovsky, MD, General of ISP2006, Department of Pathophysiology, PhD, Director, Systemic Inflammation Laboratory Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Trauma Research, St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Road, Beijing 100083, China. Fax: +86 10 82802403; E- Center, 350 West Thomas Road, Phoenix, AZ 85013 mail: [email protected] or [email protected]; USA. Tel: 602-406-5059; Fax: 602-406-4113; Email: aro- http://www.isp2006.org.cn. [email protected]; http://www.feverlab.net/meeting/ index.htm. July 3-7 The Third International Symposium on Aero March 6-8 Aqua Bio-Mechanisms (ISABMEC 2006), Okinawa, International Symposium on Clinical Neurology Japan. Information: Internet: http://abmech.org/isab- and Neurophysiology, Tel Aviv, Israel. Information: mec2006/. ISAS International Seminars, PO Box 574, Jerusalem July 31-August 3 91004, Israel. Tel: ++972-2-6520574; Fax: ++972-2- 3rd Annual Symposium of the American Heart 6520558. http://www.neurophysiologysymposium.com. Association Council on Basic Cardiovascular Sciences - Translation of Basic Insights into March 29-April 1 Clinical Practice, Keystone, CO. Information: 3rd International Conference on Functional Internet: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml Genomics of Aging, Palazzo Reale, Palermo, Sicily. ?identifier=3032066. Information: Conference Secretariat Lyn Aitken, Grennacres, The Green, Goosey, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 September 2-6 8PA UK. Tel: +44 0 1367 718500; Fax: +44 01367 European Respiratory Society 2006 Annual 718300; email: [email protected]. Congress, Munich, Germany. Information: http://www.ersnet.org. April 22-26 September 3-8 8th International NPY Meeting, Clearwater, FL. 2006 Gordon Research Conference on Molecular Information: http://www.doce-conferences.ufl.edu/npy. Mechanisms in Lymphatic Function and Disease, May 16-20 Les Diablerets, Switzerland. Information: http:// The American Society of Hypertension, Inc. 21st www.grc.org/. Annual Scientific Meeting and Exposition - Linking Blood Pressure and Cardiovascular October 26-29 Health, New York, NY. Information: Internet: Joint World Congress on Stroke: International http://www.ash-us.org/annual_meeting/index.htm. Stroke Society, Mediterranean Stroke Society and May 31-June 4 Southern African Stroke Foundation, Cape Town, Membrane Proteins in Health and Disease, South Africa. Information: Global Congress Niagara-on-the-lake, Ontario, Canada. Information: Organizers and Association Management Services, 17 Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www. Ru du Cendrier, P.O. Box 1726, CH-1211 Geneva 1, csbmcb.ca/e_index.html. Switzerland. Tel: +44 22 908 0488; Fax: +44 22 732 2850; Email: [email protected]; http://www.kenes. June 24-29 com/stroke2006. 31st FEBS Congress: Molecules in Heath and Disease (hosted by Turkish Biochemical Society), Istanbul, Turkey. Information: ODS Congress Management Sari Asma Sok. No: 8, 34464 Yenikoy, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey. Tel: +90 212 299 99 80; Fax: +90 212 299 99 77; Email : [email protected]; http://www.febs2006.org/. 37

39 40 ReminiscencesReminiscences ofof thethe XXXVXXXV InternationalInternational CongressCongress ofof PhysiologicalPhysiological SciencesSciences

March 31-April 5, 2005 San Diego, California

41 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 Contents Preface Experience, Thought and Impact From Attendance Shu Chien 43 at the XXXV IUPS Congress, San Diego, California, USA Christopher Ladipo 77 IUPS 2005—From Genomes to Functions 44 The XXXV IUPS Congress in San Diego: My Impressions Excitement—Surprise—Concern—Excitement: Andrei A. Gruzdkov 79 The Genesis of the 35th IUPS Congress Ewald R. Weibel 48 An Unforgettable Experience From the IUPS Congress Jianliang Zhang 80 Origins of the San Diego IUPS Congress Denis Noble 50 Science and Music; Music and Science; The Science of Music; The Music of Science (and the making of “Body Notes,” Forty-four Years After Tokyo a Symphonic Suite About Human Physiology) Akimichi Kaneko 52 Héctor Rasgado-Flores, Marc S. Abel, Maria Cristina Galvez Correa, Cecilia Peña-Rasgado and Victor Rasgado 81 Facing the World Physiological Community Tai Yao 52 A Medal for the IUPS 2005 Congress Ralph R. Sonnenschein 88 A Veteran’s View Ole H. Petersen 54 (Almost) a Week in the Life of an IUPS Delegate Peter Brown 90 Grown Up to Function Ole H. Petersen 56 The XXXVth IUPS and Physiology Discipline Hiroko Nishimura 91 35th IUPS Congress Harold L. Atwood 58 XXXV International Congress of Physiological Sciences Geri Swindle 92 Before the Opening Session Can Take Place... Susan Orsoni, IUPS Executive Secretary 59 The IUPS Congress and Experimental Biology: An Experiment That Worked! The XXXVth IUPS Congress in 2005: Paul A. Insel, Chair, EB Board 2005 93 A Winding Road to a Wonderful Meeting in San Diego Shu Chien, Chair US National Organizing Committee 60 Computational Physiology: From Genome to Physiome Andrew McCulloch, Peter Arzberger, and Peter Hunter 94 Bringing the XXXV IUPS Congress to Fruition: Role of the Liaisons Biophysical and Biomechanical Adaptation and Virginia Huxley, Chair US National Committee 66 Bioinspired Engineering: A Satellite Symposium Malcolm S. Gordon, and Morteza Gharib 96 Reflections on Planning the Program for the 2005 IUPS Congress Report on a Satellite Symposium to the XXXV International Walter F. Boron, Chair, US Scientific Program Committee 68 Congress of Physiological Sciences Scott Thomson 98 Hosting International Physiologists in San Diego Frank L. Powell 72 Reflections on Satellite Symposium of XXXV IUPS Mechanisms of Acupuncture Treatment in Disease Lessons From the Home of the Buckeyes John Longhurst 100 Helen J. Cooke, Member of IUPS National Organizing Committee 73 International Teaching Workshop Ann Sefton 102 35th IUPS Congress—A Reminiscence William H. Dantzler 74 Breathless in San Diego Andrew Binks, Robert Banzett, and Robert Lansing 104 The Benefits of Supporting Young Investigators at International Conferences Research Priorities in Urothelial Cell Physiology: Nora Terwilliger and Lou Burnett, A Report on the IUPS Satellite Meeting IUPS National Organizing Committee 75 Lori Birder, Anthony Kanai, Monica Liebert, and Ricardo Saban 106 IUPS Travel Award Program 75

Travel Award Recipient Recounts IUPS Experience Volodymyr and Olena Bogdanov 76 42 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Preface

Shu Chien, University of California, San Diego Chair, US National Organizing Committee, 35th IUPS Congress The 35th IUPS Congress held in first time an IUPS Congress has been Society can be a place for the publication March 31-April 5, 2005, in San Diego, held conjointly with a national meeting of these articles. In June and July 2005, California, USA was a great success, as of physiological sciences and related I wrote to members of IUPS Council, the a result of the tremendous efforts by fields of experimental biology, i.e., the US National Organizing Committee, many wonderful colleagues all over the EB 2005 meeting. This experiment and Scientific Program Committees, world and the enthusiastic participation proved to be a great success, with the Organizers of Satellite Symposia, and by scientists interested in physiological resulting enrichment of the scientific others, inviting them to contribute to sciences everywhere. This IUPS program and cross-fertilization among such a collection of articles commemo- Congress, with the theme of “From disciplines. The 35th IUPS Congress rating the 35th IUPS Congress. Marty Genomes to Functions,” has served was a momentous event that gathered also contacted a few Travel Fellowship extremely well as an international one of the largest groups of internation- Awardees. I am very pleased that we forum to bring together more than 5,000 al physiological scientists, with out- received an excellent response. There physiologists from around the world to standing scientific and social programs. are some 30 most valuable articles and converge in a single place to exchange After the completion of the Congress, I wonderful photographs about the novel knowledge, renew old acquain- continued to receive many positive com- Congress. They will provide a glimpse of tances, and forge new relationships. ments. This prompted me to think about this wonderful Congress, which has The 2005 Congress in San Diego the value of having some written docu- made significant impacts on the marks the third time for an IUPS mentation of this precious event by advancement of our knowledge in physi- Congress (which started in Basel in those who were actively involved. ological sciences. This collection of arti- 1889) to be held in the United States, When I discussed this with Marty cles and photographs will keep the fond i.e., following the previous ones in Frank, he was in enthusiastic support memories of the 35th IUPS Congress for Boston (1929) and Washington, DC. and suggested that The Physiologist years, decades, and perhaps centuries. (1968). The 35th Congress marks the published by the American Physiological ™

IUPS National Organizing Committee Chair Shu Chien addresses Congress participants.

43 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

IUPS 2005—From Genomes to Functions The passing of the IUPS flag from Organizing Committee (NOC) began to IUPS General Assembly accepted the Shu Chien, Chair, IUPS 2005 National have second thoughts about the timing US invitation to meet in San Diego in Organizing Committee (NOC), to and location of the Congress as it pre- 2005, holding the IUPS Congress in con- Akimichi Kaneko, IUPS 2009 pared to re-confirm its bid at the 2001 junction with the Experimental Biology Organizing Committee, was a memo- IUPS Congress in Christchurch, New 2005 meeting. It was, therefore, official rable moment for all those involved in Zealand. Would the international physi- and the US, represented by Chien, the planning and execution of the ological community want to spend a accepted the IUPS flag from Tony XXXVth International Congress of balmy summer week in Washington, Macknight representing New Zealand, Physiological Sciences. It represented DC? Would the program be strong at the close of the 2001 IUPS Congress. the end of a wonderful, though at times enough to draw physiologists away from The IUPS 2005 National Organizing tortuous, journey that began in St. the Experimental Biology meeting, the Committee was thus charged with mov- Petersburg, Russia in 1997. venue where many US and foreign phys- ing the planning for the Congress into At the 1997 IUPS Congress, the iologists would have already presented high gear. The NOC put together sever- United States was one of eight countries their work? al committees to coordinate the plan- that submitted a bid to host the Shu Chien and Allen Cowley, Jr., ning and development of the Congress. Congress in 2005. Stanley Schultz, outgoing NOC Chair, worked closely The most critical committees, the Chair, IUPS US National Committee, with Ewald Weibel, IUPS President, International and US Scientific comprised of representatives from the prior to the Christchurch Congress to Program Committees (ISPC and American Physiological Society (APS), convince all parties that holding the USSPC), were chaired by Walter Society for Neuroscience, Society for IUPS 2005 Congress in conjunction with Boron. The Fundraising Committee Integrative and Comparative Biology, the Experimental Biology 2005 meeting was chaired by L. Gabriel Navar, and Society of General Physiologists, the would be beneficial to the Congress and the Local Arrangements Committee was Microcirculatory Society, and the physiology. The IUPS Council was con- chaired by Frank Powell. Biomedical Engineering Society, made cerned that the Congress would lose its The NOC issued an invitation to the the presentation in St. Petersburg. The identity if it were held in conjunction world physiological community to sub- official letter of invitation was issued by with the larger EB meeting. Similarly, mit suggestions for the scientific pro- Bruce Alberts, President of the National the Experimental Biology Board needed gram. Additionally, Boron consulted Academy of Sciences, and it noted that to be convinced that a joint IUPS closely with the APS Joint Program the last IUPS Congress held in the Congress/Experimental Biology meeting Committee, chaired by Curt Sigmund, United States was in 1968 and that “a was beneficial and that the EB meeting to create a cooperative environment to US meeting will provide a fertile venue would not be overwhelmed by the world draw upon their traditional expertise in for formal and informal communication physiological community. Both groups planning the program within the and interaction between physiologists of were satisfied by the suggestion that the Experimental Biology framework. The many nations.” In making the presenta- two meetings would not completely over- goal of the USSPC and ISPC was to cre- tion, Schultz invited the IUPS to hold lap; the IUPS Congress would start a ate programming tracks that would the 2005 Congress in Washington, DC in day earlier in order to develop its identi- carry a particular topic (such as muscle) August. ty before the start of the EB meeting. from the molecule to comparative The APS Council and the National At the Christchurch Congress, the genomics, to genetic models, to disease, to higher level functions. In response to the call for proposals, the USSPC/ISPC received over 300 suggestions for sym- posia, featured topics, tracks, and satel- lite meetings. It was impossible to use all of the suggestions because of sched- uling limitations, overlap, relevance, and international representation. However, the USSPC/ISPC was able to cull through the proposals to build a strong program while insuring that there was adequate international repre- sentation on the program. From these suggestions, the Committee identified the topics and organizers for over 150 symposia, featured topics, lectures and workshops which were programmed into the 15 programming tracks: Calcium Signaling, Cardiac, Ecophysiology for the 21st Century, Epithelia, Feeding, Fuel and Fat, Genomics, Mechano- and Chemo- transduction, Muscle and Shu Chien passing the IUPS flag to Akimichi Kaneko. Exercise, Neural Control of Locomotion:

44 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

From Genes to Behavior, Renal Control Reabsorptive Functions of the Kidney; Post-Congress Travel Award Recipient of Blood Pressure, the Regulatory Brain, Dyspnea: Mechanisms and Survey, 56 award recipients were gradu- Thermoregulation and Energetics, Management; From Metabolome to ate students and 37 received their doc- Tissue Dynamics in the Lung, and Function via Dynamic Measurements toral degrees between 2000 and 2004. Vascular Physiology. and Computational Models; In Silico When the respondents were asked how The symposia, lectures and featured Physiology: From Genome to Physiome; they would rate the 35th IUPS topic program involved over 475 scien- Mechanism of the Acupuncture Congress, 87% or 104 rated the tists with nearly 40% from outside of the Treatment in Disease; The Prenatal Congress as an 8 or higher (with 10 United States, and 15% of the speakers Environment, Programming and being best). Additional details of the were female. In addition, 2,993 IUPS Postnatal Conse-quences; and IUPS Travel Award Program can be abstracts were submitted for the initial Urothelial Cell Physiology in Normal found in a related article. abstract submission deadline, along and Disease States. The tradition of The Opening Ceremony was held on with 196 late breaking IUPS abstracts. offering an IUPS Teaching Workshop in Thursday, March 31 and involved pre- These represented 35.7% of the 8,903 conjunction with the IUPS Congress sentations from Chien, Chair, NOC, abstracts submitted for the joint was continued as a post-Congress satel- Cowley, Jr., IUPS President, Virginia IUPS/EB meeting (Table 1). The overall lite. Huxley, Chair, US National Commit-tee scientific registration for the IUPS/EB As an international meeting, the NOC of the IUPS, and D. Neil Granger, meeting was 12,613. Scientific regis- wished to encourage the participation of President, APS. After declaring the trants were asked to identify their soci- as many foreign scientists as possible in opening of the 35th IUPS Congress with ety affiliations at the time of registra- the IUPS Congress. Consequently, it the theme of “From Genomes to tion, resulting in some individuals allocated approximately $200,000 in Functions,” Chien welcomed the world selecting affiliation with multiple soci- support of an IUPS Travel Award pro- physiological community to San Diego, eties. As a result, there were 15,220 affil- gram designed to encourage the partici- CA, where he resides, and read a procla- iations noted by the registrants of which pation of students and physiologists who mation issued by the Mayor of San 36.8% or 5,601 were associated with are within 15 years of receiving their Diego, Dick Murphy. The proclamation physiology. The IUPS/EB meeting also doctoral degree. The emphasis was noted that this was only the third meet- had an extensive exhibit program con- placed on physiologists from underde- ing of the IUPS in the United States and sisting of 557 exhibit booths provided by veloped countries and underrepresented the first to be held in San Diego. The 405 companies. minorities from the United States who proclamation ended as follows: “Now, The National Organizing Committee had submitted abstracts to the therefore, I, Dick Murphy, the thirty- and International Scien-tific Program Congress. Applications for travel awards third Mayor of the City of San Diego, do Committee also designated a number of were received from 413 individuals from hereby proclaim March 31, 2005, to be satellite meetings as official meetings of over 65 countries and awards were made ‘International Union of Physiological the XXXV Congress. The meetings to 167 applicants. In addition, the APS Sciences Day’ and welcome 6,000 atten- were scheduled within a 150-mile radius and its disciplinary sections made dees of the 35th Congress to America’s of San Diego and held immediately awards to over 125 additional graduate finest city, wishing everyone a happy before or after the Congress. To further students and postdoctoral fellows from and productive stay.” Chien thanked the encourage the participation of satellite both the US and abroad in recognition of IUPS leadership, NOC members, APS, meeting participants in the Congress, their scientific presentations. the Program Committees, EB, and all individuals who registered for both a Of the 167 IUPS travel awards made, participants for working together to satellite meeting and the Congress only 140 individuals were able to accept ensure the success of the Congress, received a $50 credit on the combined the awards because of inadequate sup- which would make great impacts on the registration fee. In addition, the NOC port from their institutions, as well as advancement of physiological sciences offered the satellite organizers two difficulties associated with obtaining and the enhancement of health and well $1000 travel awards for their meetings. travel visas as a result of the newly being of humankind. The meetings held as pre-Congress instituted USA Patriot Act. The APS Cowley acknowledged the efforts of satellites included: 4th International worked closely with the National US physiologists and of the APS to cre- Meeting on Rapid Responses to Steroid Academy of Sciences to facilitate efforts ate an outstanding scientific program in Hormones; Bio-physical Adaptation and by travel award recipients and Congress an exciting venue. He also expressed his Bioinspired Engineering; Coordinating attendees to obtain their visas for the appreciation to the strong participation Hemo-dynamic, Filtration, and meeting. Of the 119 respondents to a of the international physiological com- munity in the 35th IUPS Congress. Table 1. IUPS/EB 2005 Abstracts and Society Affiliations Huxley highlighted the venues of past Discipline/Society Abstracts Affiliations/Attendance IUPS Congress that were the steps lead- Physiology 3,189 5,601 ing up to the San Diego Congress: St. Anatomy 375 505 Petersburg, Russia, to Christchurch, Biochemistry/Molecular Biology 1,172 1,969 New Zealand, and on to San Diego. Immunology 1,525 2,554 Granger welcomed the Congress Nutrition 1,290 2,445 attendees on behalf of the American Pathology 566 725 Physiological Society. He noted that the Pharmacology 710 1,421 IUPS has a long and successful history Teaching& Computer Sessions 76 of organizing international meetings TOTAL 8,903 15,220 that have served to highlight and pro-

45 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 mote the progress of Physiology and to the Minnekahda alone went on to ic discipline that remains as essential bring together physiologists from receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology and relevant to medical progress today around the world in a forum for scientif- and Medicine. as it was when the first international ic exchange, for the creation of new The Boston meeting consisted of 495 physiology congress was held in our research collaborations, to renew old scientific communications presented in country over 75 years ago.” As with ear- friendships, and to forge new alliances. six parallel sessions and the official lan- lier Congresses, the 35th IUPS Congress Granger commented that in the 115- guages included English, French, program included three recipients of the year history of the international physio- German and Italian. While the meeting Nobel Prize, including Peter Agre, the logical congresses, the American proved to be an immense success, the Fenn Lecturer as well as Eric Kandel Physiological Society has had the privi- next international physiology congress and Erwin Neher, and as in the past, lege of hosting an international was not hosted by the US for another 38 others in attendance at the 35th Congress on two previous occasions. He years. Congress will likely win Nobel Prizes in then proceeded to provide the attendees In 1968, the 24th Congress was held the future. with an overview of those earlier US in Washington DC. The Washington Since 1901, the participants in the Congresses. Congress included over 3,600 active IUPS Congress have been able to pur- In 1929, the 13th Congress was held members of which one third were drawn chase a commemorative medal. While in Boston. Sixteen hundred members from 56 foreign countries. The program medals have not been available for every from 41 countries attended the Boston of that meeting included five recipients Congress, they have been provided to meeting, with 540 making the journey of the Nobel Prize in Physiology & attendees at 17 of the 34 IUPS by sea from Europe. Most made the Medicine, and an additional 10 scien- Congress. With the encouragement of crossing on one of three ships—the SS tists who would go on to win the Award, Ralph Sonnenschein, APS member, Stuttgart, the SS France, and the including Hans Krebs, Rosalyn Yalow, the National Organizing Committee Minnekahda, which transported four and Robert Furchgott. decided to continue the tradition and hundred physiologists from 20 nations Granger expressed pleasure and pride commissioned Alex Shagin to capture and made the crossing in 10 days. as he welcomed all Congress partici- the theme of the IUPS Congress “From The physiologists on board “turned the pants, but especially the foreign dele- Genomes to Functions” on a commemo- voyage into virtual mini-congress.” gates to this Congress. “We hope that rative medal. It was designed to provide Many prominent physiologists of that you share our sense of satisfaction that Congress attendees and physiologists a era made the voyage to Boston, includ- this assembly, like those before it, will medal to commemorate the hosting of ing Ivan Pavlov, A.V. Hill, and Otto highlight the remarkable progress that the IUPS Congress in the United States. Loewi. Indeed, nine of the passengers on has been made in physiology—a scientif- Following the presentation of the

Table 2. XXXV IUPS Congress Corporate Contributors IUPS expresses its sincere appreciation to the following 21st Century Corporate organizations for their contributions in promoting the Burroughs Wellcome Fund physiological sciences: Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies The Microcirculatory Society 21st Century Platinum Mylan Bertek Pharmaceuticals Inc. American Physiological Society Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Cadmus Communications Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Wyeth Research 21st Century Gold GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals 21st Century Donor International Union of Physiological Sciences Abbott Laboratories National Science Foundation Astra Pharmaceuticals National Aeronautics and Space Administration Bristol Myers Squibb Chinese Physiological Society 21st Century Silver Department of Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical ADInstruments Pty Ltd Center, Omaha, Nebraska AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Experimental Physiology Institut de Recherche Servier Georgetown University Center for the Study of Sex Journal of Physiology Differences in Health, Aging and Disease The Grass Foundation 21st Century Bronze Living Systems Instrumentation Amylin Pharmaceuticals Mini Mitter Biomedical Engineering Society Pharmanex, An NSE Company Eli Lilly & Company ScholarOne Elsevier Inc. Society of General Physiologists Merck Research Laboratories Taylor University Pfizer, Inc University of Missouri Center for Gender Physiology Society for Neuroscience Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America Inc.

46 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Kaneko accepted the flag from Chien, con- gratulated the US on an outstanding meeting and invited the world physiolo- gists to the 2009 Congress in Kyoto, Japan. Martin Frank then introduced the final element of the IUPS Congress, the world premiere performance by the San Diego Chamber Orchestra led by Nuvi Mehta of “Body Notes,” a symphonic suite comprised of 13 movements dedi- cated to the beauty of human physiology and written by APS member, Hector Rasgado-Flores. A full-description of the “Body Notes” is available at http://www.iups2005.org/ bodynotes.htm. Following the performance of “Body Notes,” Granger hosted a reception for the IUPS and Society leadership, as well as Congress donors. During the recep- tion, Rasgado-Flores presented a signed copy of the score of the symphony to Akimichi Kaneko accepts the IUPS flag and invites physiologists to attend Bruce Thomas, President, Cadmus IUPS 2009 in Kyoto, Japan. Communications, the corporate sponsor of the performance. Granger also took opening Fenn Lecture by Peter Agre on demonstration in front of the San Diego the opportunity to express the Society’s the topic of “Aquaporin Water Channels: Convention Center on Sunday, April 3. thanks and appreciation to all those cor- From Atomic Structure to Clinical The theme of the march was “Mad porations who provided financial sup- Medicine,” Congress attendees enjoyed Scientists” and involved about 30-35 pro- port for the Congress (Table 2). He drinks and a buffet dinner on the San testors in masks and lab coats. The extended a special thanks to the nearly Diego Convention Center terrace over- demonstrators silently protested the 2,000 members who generously provid- looking San Diego Harbor. As Congress “waste of our tax dollars to injure, torture, registrants mingled, renewed old and kill animals with no discernible ben- ed financial support for the Congress. ™ acquaintances and talked science, the efit to humans.” Jason Robinson Quartet provided them The Closing Ceremony was held at with the sounds of jazz, a truly American Copley Symphony form of music. Hall. Cowley thanked Following the IUPS President’s the host country for Lecture, presented by Cowley, Congress providing the interna- participants were invited to participate in tional community of another American tradition, a casual physiologists with an IUPS Beach Party featuring typical outstanding scientific Southern California beach music, ambi- meeting and social ence, and barbeque, which was held near activities to promote Seaport Village. The Mar Dels provided interactions between the music while the physiological commu- colleagues from nity ate and drank typical beach food - around the world. hamburgers, hot dogs, and beer. Chien expressed his Attendees participated in a number of appreciation for the beach activities set up on the North support provided by Embarcadero, including volleyball, keg the IUPS and interna- races, and surfing. The evening culminat- tional community and ed with a 10-minute fireworks display to how pleased the US the surprise and pleasure of the interna- was to have had an tional community. opportunity to host the The 35th Congress of Physiological Congress once again. Sciences was not just an opportunity to Chien also expressed exchange research findings. It was also an his sadness that the opportunity for the animal rights commu- Congress must end nity to demonstrate against animal and that it was time to research. The San Diego Animal pass the IUPS flag to Advocates and Michael Budkie of Stop the next host coun- Animal Exploitation Now organized a try—Japan. Akimichi 47 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Excitement—Surprise—Concern—Excitement: The Genesis of the 35th IUPS Congress

Ewald R. Weibel, University of Berne, Switzerland IUPS President 1997-2001 When I think about the 35th IUPS US bid prevailed over that of our gives a lot of freedom to the local organ- Congress I remember primarily an Canadian colleagues by a rather slim izers, in this case the USNC and the exciting scientific event, but I also recall majority of 47 to 39. Personally I was APS, to reinvent the Congress at each the stumbling blocks that lay on the much relieved by this decision and I occasion, that IUPS would be excited if road to this event, stumbling blocks looked forward with excitement to a the US organizers would come up with a experienced mainly by the leadership of Congress organized by the US National radically new format, as long as the IUPS. I do hope that the worries and Academy of Sciences and the American international nature of the IUPS concerns of the time contributed to mak- Physiological Society with its extraordi- Congress was respected (in retrospect, I ing the San Diego Congress the success nary, impressive constituency of physiol- am not sure how radically new the 2005 it eventually was. ogists active at the forefront—even Congress was, but it was a success nev- The story began in 1997 at the though the prospect of spending a hot ertheless). And then the fundamental General Assembly that preceded the and muggy week in Washington in question was raised, whether there was memorable 33rd IUPS Congress in St. August tempered the excitement. a justification for IUPS to exist——I Petersburg. That was the time when the So all was well and quiet, until the must confess that this debate left me IUPS delegates had to decide on the time came when the US invitation to with serious concerns. venue for the 35th Congress in 2005. hold the Congress in 2005 in So the 2001 Congress in New Zealand IUPS Council had received seven invita- Washington was to be confirmed at the approached and the USNC was asked to tions, from Canada, France, India, Christchurch General Assembly in present the final invitation for confirma- Israel, Japan, Spain and the United August 2001. Well, this is perhaps not tion by the General Assembly that met States, some of them very attractive. In quite correct, as there had been, in the in Christchurch on August 26, 2001. preparing for the General Assembly, fall of 1998, a dispute between the US This document reached the Paris office Council felt that one of the most impor- National Committee and myself as of IUPS on July 9, 2001, in time for the tant selection criteria must be the geo- IUPS President that was carried out in mailing to the delegates to the General graphic distribution over the past 30 a video conference and continued at a Assembly. As this mailing had to leave years, and this was one of the greatest joint meeting of USNC and the IUPS the office on July 26 the document had stakes in favor of the US invitation Executive Committee in 1999. One of been copied 100 times and packed. Then because the last Congress to be held in the main issues in this debate was the came the surprise, and the concerns: on this most active country took place in future of IUPS Congresses. My the night of July 19 I received a call from Washington, DC, in 1968. But it did not American colleagues questioned Shu Chien informing me of new plans to turn out to be an easy decision. It took whether the old style Congress was real- merge the IUPS Congress with EB2005, four rounds of secret voting before the ly fit for the future. I replied that IUPS to shift it to San Diego and April. After a

48 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 few moments of reflection I answered as confirmed the original invitation in the end of a joint meeting between IUPS follows: “I believe it is a good strategy to first place merely two weeks earlier, Council and representatives of USNC. combine a local physiology meeting with added to the concerns of Council mem- An agreement was signed by me as the IUPS Congress ... Where I do see bers. This gave me some sleepless nights IUPS President and the USNC Chair conflicts in combining IUPS with EB is as I did not immediately see how this Virginia Huxley, stating the conditions that young American physiologists may problem could be resolved in the couple under which IUPS considers the new be faced with a choice: the international of weeks that remained until the arrangement acceptable. The main point physiological community versus the US General Assembly, how I could defend was to safeguard IUPS identity and experimental biologists. How can we the best interests of IUPS as was my ensure a broad contribution of the inter- make sure that IUPS is sufficiently duty. What would happen if there was a national community of physiologists to attractive? ... If a good scheme can be motion in the GA to reject the new pro- the scientific program. With that in worked out it can be very successful....” posal—the GA had on occasion proved to hand we could confront the General To Allen Cowley I wrote “My main con- be a bit erratic in its decision-making Assembly.After some discussion the new cern is that, in the end, there will be no process. Also I remembered that it had arrangement was accepted with a vast genuine IUPS meeting in 2005, that we not been easy to get the US invitation majority. I felt much relieved. will simply all go to the EB meeting, as accepted in 1997. So I knew that the Four years passed, four years of hard many of us do anyway ... your new pro- Executive Committee and Council had work on the part of the Organizing posal is not merely a change in date and to resolve all the problems before raising Committee under the leadership of Shu venue: it is a change in the principle of the item at the GA. Chien, of APS and its officers led by the IUPS Congress.” Of course, my con- It was fortunate that USNC and APS Marty Frank, of the International cerns had their roots in the video confer- had appointed Shu Chien as the Chair of Scientific Program Committee chaired ence debate of 1988 discussed above, the National Organizing Committee for by Walter Boron, and of the IUPS lead- where such deep skepticism against the IUPS2005. Shu was still the Treasurer ership with Allen Cowley at the helm. I IUPS and its congresses had been of IUPS and by that member of the could sit back and wait. I attended the voiced. Executive Committee. So he was fully Congress as a regular participant, chair- I immediately communicated the new aware of the concerns raised by Council ing two sessions, a symposium on com- proposal to IUPS Council. The reactions members. Shu and I then sat together as parative physiology and a forum on were quite strong: some advantages of soon as we had arrived at Christchurch ethics in physiology. I truly enjoyed this the merger with EB were noted, but in and started to draft an agreement meeting, and I must say that the IUPS- general there was very wide concern between APS and IUPS that addresses APS part of the EB2005 meeting was so that “this could be the end of IUPS, as all the concerns and sought a solution rich that I did not branch out to the we know it” and so on. The fact that APS agreeable to both sides. It is thanks to other fields, not even to see my anatomy had come up with this new arrangement Shu’s statesmanship and diplomatic friends! at such short notice, and after having skills that this could be achieved by the The concerns have turned to excite- ment again at the end. I wish to congrat- ulate those who did all the work to make this 35th Congress a success — they did a very fine job. It was a good congress in the best tradition of the IUPS Congresses. The science was at the fore- front, on the cutting edge of physiologi- cal research, and it had the broad inter- national representation we expected. I wish to thank particularly the institu- tions responsible for this success: the American Physiological Society and its partners in the US National Committee for IUPS as well as the US National Academy of Sciences. I would indeed be curious to find out—but fortunately I never will—how the video debate of 1988 would go after the experience and excitement of this Congress. I still believe there is a place for IUPS and its scientific meetings in this world. Perhaps they can contribute to peace and to fair understanding between the peoples. In view of this fundamental function “innovative formats” are not so important. To gather people from all over the world in the pursuit of physio- logical understanding is in itself a great excitement. ™

49 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Origins of the San Diego IUPS Congress

Denis Noble, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom (Secretary-General IUPS 1994-2001)

It all began in Russia. And the professional congress organiz- Soviet Union, was financially on its The St. Petersburg Hotel dominates ers hadn’t even paid the speakers their knees, its famed Academy of Sciences the waterfront opposite the mooring expenses! Into this terrible situation could not honour the financial guaran- place of the battleship Aurora that fired walked Shu Chien, just elected as the tees given eight years before in Helsinki. the famous cannon shot during the new Treasurer of IUPS, and later to Next we met together in the city of Russian Revolution. It reeks of the become the Chairman of the San Diego Christchurch to see what the New atmosphere of the old Soviet regime. Congress. Zealand organizers were planning for Matronly minders on every dimly lit The old and new Executive first met the 2001 Congress. Unfairly, I think, floor, waiting to be “sweetened” to allow each other over a simple dinner in the they had to take much of the brunt of a vodka and champagne party to occur, only subterranean restaurant that our retrospective concerns about 1997. public rooms that never seemed to be worked. So, there on the other side of the But they also impressed us with their used, restaurants that either didn’t table I met this beaming Chinese- innovation and endless enthusiasm. serve anything or presented a menu American who smiled and exuded the Shu, of course, had the responsibility to that was essentially a diktat. And much kind of enthusiasm that we had almost give their budget a critical eye and to of the hotel was, probably still is, a had beaten out of us. We set to work ensure that IUPS did not face another building site: a memorial to lost dreams immediately thinking about how to run financial crisis of a level that would, as the Soviet Union collapsed just a few a lower-cost but innovative and success- quite simply, have been the end of the years before. Yes, there were also the ele- ful Congress. This had a double signifi- organization. We faced the prospect of gantly furnished apartments that must cance since Shu was to look after IUPS bankruptcy. have been the preserve of the high party finances for the next turbulent four That long trip in 1998 to the South officials in the old days. The Presidents years, and the American delegates to the Island of New Zealand was an important of IUPS (Masao Ito as outgoing IUPS Assembly had just, narrowly, won one, not only for the planning of the President and Ewald Weibel as incom- the vote to host the Congress in 2005. Congress there, but also for the coalesc- ing President) and I as the Secretary This bid was for Washington, a fact of ing of the relationships within IUPS were allocated these oddly magnificent great significance in this story. He and I Executive that were going to prove of suites and we had marvellous views of and our fellow officers in IUPS were vital importance three years later in the the White Nights as the sun hardly clearly going to sink or swim together run up to the 2001 Assembly, and the seemed to set all night. during the years that followed, so we need to confirm the American bid for This was 1997, and the occasion was needed to get to know our shipmates 2005. Shu came with his charming wife the IUPS International Congress in well. K.C., and I remember getting the guitar Russia. We did drink a fair amount of First, we mounted the salvage opera- out one evening to raise our spirits with Soviet Champagne (if you knew enough tion on St. Petersburg, a task in which some multi-lingual serenading that she Russian to know where to buy it from it Ewald Weibel, as President of IUPS, greatly enjoyed. The guitar returns at was incredibly cheap), but our spirits took a commanding and powerful lead the end of my story. were not exactly high. As the chief offi- with Shu and me as the support troops. In the event, the 2001 Congress was a cers of IUPS we already knew that the Somehow the money was raised to reim- great success (see the IUPS Newsletter organization was facing a major crisis, burse every speaker at the Russian on the website www.iups.org ), though it though we didn’t yet know how really Congress who still needed expenses did make a modest financial loss. But we serious this was going to be financially. paid. I should explain here that the never expected it to be the financial sav- The truth came out later. The loss was Russian Congress itself was enjoyable iour of IUPS. What was crucial to the more than the organisation could bear. and it was a privilege to get to know the reputation of IUPS was that it should be great city of St. shown that it could still hold such a Petersburg, its Congress and make it a scientific suc- people and its cess. On this, our New Zealand col- fabulous art leagues did a magnificent job. With the treasures. Our prospect of an American-hosted Russian col- Congress to follow, we were surely out of leagues also the wood. fought against Or were we? great odds in I shall never forget a telephone call I organizing the received from Shu Chien at my home in Congress. The Oxford just as I was to leave for a fami- problem was ly holiday in France before going on to money, not sci- the Christchurch Congress. What he IUPS Executive meeting in Christchurch: Standing: Ewald ence or cul- told me was the equivalent of another Weibel, President; Seated: Sue Orsoni (Executive Secretary), Shu ture. Russia, bombshell: the American delegates were Chien (Treasurer), Denis Noble (Secretary-General), Ramon following the going to propose that we abandon the Latorre (Vice-President), Allen Cowley (incoming President). collapse of the Washington proposal (which in any case 50 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 had been won by only a narrow margin) arrived in Christchurch, Shu and I met and, apparently, fuse the IUPS Congress at breakfast for a “cards on the table” with the annual FASEB meeting in San and totally non-committal chat. This Diego. Readers of this article need to meeting confirmed my judgement. “Well- know that the papers for the 2001 intentioned” was precisely the right Assembly had already been circulated! A description, and Shu had not only mar- fundamental change at this late stage shalled the arguments to deal with my was unprecedented. The Assembly could own doubts, he had taken fully on board conceivably reject the American confir- the discussion we had before my holi- mation, even leave IUPS with no day: that the Americans were going to Congress at all. Shu and I discussed the have a particularly tough time, so deep Chinese calligraphy of Li Po's poem. matter in the brief time we had avail- was the suspicion that this amounted to able and we ended up agreeing that this an American take-over. The situation on the verge of triumph. As one of the was going to be a tough ride. The rest of was complicated even further by the UK delegates expressed it later, any fear the world was going to be highly suspi- news that the US National Committee that EB was going to take over IUPS cious of the Americans’ motives, and had appointed Shu Chien to be the 2005 was misplaced. If anything, IUPS took even think that, this time, the death Congress Chairman! He was no longer a over EB. As soon as I returned to the UK knell of IUPS really had been rung. neutral IUPS officer. He had also to be I sent congratulatory emails to Shu, to While in a remote part of South West the chief advocate for the new proposal. Marty Frank and others involved in the France I tried to remain in touch via a Those few days as the Executive and organisation and planning. primitive internet facility at the library Council met before the Assembly vote But what a craggy journey to have to of the local market town as emails, were the scenes of intense negotiations make to get there! steadily getting more and more explo- as the conditions for a San Diego Inspired by Shu’s collection of Chinese sive and urgent, flew across the ocean. I Congress were hammered out. It is in calligraphy, I am reminded of that great remember a telephone call with the such situations that friendships either poem by the greatest of Chinese poets, President that left us both feeling even deepen or wither. What came across to (Li Po), when he sailed down to Chiang- more depressed than before. It looked as me from Shu and his American col- Ling after being released from prison: though we had jumped out of the hot fry- leagues, particularly Virginia Huxley “Po-ti I left at dawn in the morning ing pan of Russia only to land in the who had to make the presentation to the glow of the clouds; the thousand li to even hotter fire of the USA! Assembly, was total enthusiasm and Chiang-Ling we sailed in a single day. Yet—-and here is where I come back to commitment. What eventually emerged On either shore the gibbons’ chatter the bonding session in Christchurch three was a very exciting proposal and one sounded without pause while my light years earlier—-I also knew that some- which I felt sure would succeed. boat skimmed past a thousand sombre thing I could be certain of was that Shu’s Returning home from New Zealand, I crags”.) (Innes Herdan, 1973). motives and, I imagined, those of the looked forward to San Diego 2005 with Three years before the Congress I had whole American delegation to the great expectations. It could be the written to Shu: “I was Chairman of the Assembly, were very well intentioned. As I largest Congress since Glasgow 1993, 1993 Congress in the UK. So as one reflected over an email note that I drafted and it could re-connect physiology with Congress chairman to another, ‘good wearing my legal role as Secretary,I decid- the other physiological sciences. And it luck, Shu!’– I hope that 2005 will be the ed to include this carefully chosen phrase was. It achieved both of these aims. It great event you and we all want it to be. as well as doing what I had to do: to lay out was brilliant. Li Po sailed the thousand leagues down the procedural and legal difficulties. My first sense of confidence was at the to Chiang Ling in a single day.Your jour- I believe that phrase was crucial in dinner given by Shu Chien for the ney will be even longer—four years. the events that followed. As soon as we Council and organisers just before the Don’t listen too much to the ceaseless Congress began. It was held in his chatter of the gibbons on the river lovely home, full of magnificent banks. Enjoy the morning-glow of the Chinese calligraphy. The atmosphere clouds, but bring the fragile boat of was one of excitement and anticipa- IUPS to its safe haven.” tion. Towards the end of the dinner, With the team of American and and while I was reflecting on the con- International Committees, IUPS did trast with that other dinner, way back indeed arrive at a safe haven in San in the depths of the St. Petersburg Diego. It can look forward to Kyoto in Hotel, Shu’s wife K.C. suddenly 2009 in a confident mood. It needs to. appeared with a guitar! Appropriately, The challenges that physiology faces as we celebrated with the very same trou- it tries to interpret the wealth of genom- badour song with which I serenaded ic and proteomic data we now have is her back in New Zealand: a lovely immense, but also exciting. touch connecting the confident present to the uncertain past. Reference As I arrived at the Congress itself, following two successful and Herdan, Innes. 300 T’ang Poets. Taipei: Dinner party at Shu Chien’s home, sur- exciting satellites near San Diego, I Far East Book Club Ltd. 1973. rounded by beautiful Chinese calligraphy. could immediately sense that we were 51 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Forty-four Years After Tokyo Akimichi Kaneko, Seijoh University School of Rehabilitation, Aichi, Japan President of IUPS In 1965 Japan hosted the XXIII IUPS San Diego. from genomes, molecules, cells and tis- Congress in Tokyo, the first IUPS What is the aim of an International sues. The Congress and the Scientific Congress held in Japan. The early 1960’s Congress? It is one of the main activities Programming Committee, under the were the years when Japan recovered of the Union, as clearly described in the leadership of Walter Boron, showed the from the disastrous damage of the Union’s Constitution. The Congress direction of the future of physiology. And WWII. In 1964, Tokyo hosted the XVIII offers a forum a) to encourage the this is a very important role of the quad- Olympic Games and our country rapidly advancement of the physiological sci- rennial Congresses. The scientific theme rebuilt its social infrastructure to meet ences; b) to facilitate the dissemination of 2009 Kyoto Congress is “Function of the requirement. New bullet trains of knowledge in the field of physiological Life: Elements and Integration,” and began their service 10 days before the sciences; and c) to foster and encourage this theme also indicates the future opening ceremony of the Olympic research in the field of physiological sci- direction of physiology. The first Games. A new highway connecting ences. In the present days when the vast International Scientific Programming Nagoya to Kobe opened almost at the amount of information can be exchanged Committee will be held in January 2006, same time. The IUPS Congress in 1965 swiftly due to the development of infor- and it is planned to discuss the funda- in Tokyo was one of the first internation- mation technology, can the Congress mental policy of the Congress under the al congresses held in Japan in the post- still play its role? theme of “Function of Life: Elements war era. Forty-four years after Tokyo, we The IUPS Congress in San Diego gave and Integration.” I have no doubt that are hosting the IUPS Congress in Kyoto an answer to this question. The the IUPS Congresses will lead the world in 2009. The interval between the Tokyo Congress was organized by scientific physiologists’ community to keep play- Congress and the Kyoto Congress is sim- theme “From Genomes to Functions.” It ing pivotal role in the biomedical sci- ilar to the 38-year interval of IUPS clearly shows that physiology aims at ences. ™ Congresses held in US: the 1929 Boston, the understanding of the integrated the 1968 Washington DC and the 2005 function by piling up the knowledge Facing the World Physiological Community Tai Yao Professor, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College President, Chinese Association for Physiological Sciences

As a Chinese physiologist, I had the and arranged an excellent program that help us understand the functions of the pleasure of attending the 35th Congress matches perfectly the theme. I want to living body. So what stimulated me the of the International Union of Physiolog- mention that the Fenn Lecture given by most in San Diego is the advocacy of ical Sciences (IUPS) and had a wonder- the Nobel Laureate Peter Agre and the conducting physiological research in ful time in San Diego. Personally, this President Lecture delivered by Allen ways that will provide an understanding was the second time I participated in the Cowley, and of course many others, are of the functions of the whole living IUPS Congress. The first time was in excellent examples demonstrating how organism. Of course, this is not a simple 1989 at Helsinki when I chaired a sym- to work from genomes to functions, how way of going back to traditional organ- posium on acupuncture research. While to translate the achievements of molecu- based physiology; the latest scientific at the San Diego Congress, I saw the lar and cell biology to the functions of knowledge and advanced state-of-the- magnificent and substantial progress the complex organisms in health and art technologies, such as bioinformatics, and changes physiological sciences had disease, even though we are just making genomics, proteomics, matabolomics, made since 1989; I realized more pro- the first step on our march. gene transfer, functional imaging, tissue foundly the future direction of the devel- For years, we Chinese physiological engineering, nanotechnology, etc., must opment of physiological sciences. The scientists have been discussing the be emphasized and an interdisciplinary reason that I think the San Diego development of physiological sciences in approach must be adopted. As Cowley Congress has been a great success is not the postgenomic era and the importance stated, now is “the time to begin build- just the memorable settings and state- of promoting translational research and ing the scientific infrastructures that of-the-art facilities provided; what is integrative physiology in China. will enable an integrated understanding most important is that the organizers However, in recent years, because of the of the function of complex organisms have set a right theme and also the sci- tremendous advances in molecular and and chronic diseases” (IUPS Newsletter entific program. cell biology and the grant funding poli- 7, September 2004). In this context, we “From genomes to functions.” The cies set by the scientific leadership, bio- Chinese physiologists also see opportu- theme of the Congress has been very medical research is pushed in the direc- nities and challenges for the develop- precise, explicit, and utterly important. tion of molecular and cellular biology, ment of life sciences in front of us. We What is more, the Scientific Program leaving only a small number of physio- have to learn, to work, to create, and to Committee chaired by Walter Boron and logical scientists working at the whole make significant progress. To achieve also the National Organizing Commit- body level. Now it becomes evident that this goal, we must make efforts to tee chaired by Shu Chien have designed pure reductionism has limitations to strengthen the relationship and scientif-

52 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 ic exchanges and collaborations with our future. We Chinese delegates were 2004, the CAPS organized the First international colleagues. deeply moved by the friendship our International Conference of Chinese “Facing the world” is one of the strate- international colleagues showed to us. Physiological Scientists in Beijing. We gies the Chinese Association for The CAPS will celebrate her 80th had the honor to have Shu Chien, Physiological Sciences (CAPS) has for- anniversary in 2006. Nearly 80 years Honorary Member of CAPS, as the Co- mulated. In recent years, China has ago, 17 Chinese physiologists formed the Chair and have Allen Cowley, Akimichi been making rapid progress in economi- Chinese Physiological Society under the Kaneko, and Irene Schulz attending and cal and social development. We also leadership of Professor Robert K.S. Lim. giving plenary lectures. Having over made progress in science and technolo- Since its establishment, the Society 200 participants, the conference proved gy. But still, there is a big gap between (which changed its name into CAPS in to be a success in uniting the strengths the level in China and the advanced 1953) has been very active in promoting of Chinese physiological scientists level of the world, and we recognize that scientific activities and made outstand- around the world and enhancing the the overall impact of Chinese research ing contributions in the development of research of physiological sciences in in physiological sciences is below that of physiological sciences and training of China to catch up with the international the developed countries. Because of the physiological scientists in China. In advances in scientific progress. A deci- rapid progress of globalization, we 1980, the CAPS became an adhering sion was made on the meeting that such understand that we have to make great body of the IUPS. This was a very impor- Conference would be held regularly efforts to vitalize scientific research and tant event for the Chinese physiologists, every four years. The success of this con- education; also, we must enhance the since participation in an international ference further stimulated and relations with our international col- union would provide us a good platform strengthened our confidence to host an leagues and catch up with the world to communicate with physiologists IUPS Congress in China in the near advanced level in various fields of sci- around the world and forge better rela- future. When I was in San Diego, I felt a ence. It was with such wishes, the CAPS tionships with physiologists at distant great happiness because the number of sent a delegation participating in the lands. All these would certainly have participants from mainland China was San Diego IUPS Congress. On behalf of impact on us Chinese physiologists. much more than the number in previous the CAPS, I presented a proposal to the China now adopts a policy of “opening to congresses; also, I saw many partici- IUPS General Assembly, expressing our the world.” During the past two decades, pants from various parts of the world sincere desire of hosting the 37th IUPS an increasing number of Chinese scien- were of Chinese origin. At this point, I Congress in Beijing, China. Though we tists, including physiologists, went am very optimistic that, by way of play- did not get it, we experienced pleasure abroad, working in different laboratories ing an active role on the platform pro- and happiness because our internation- and institutions across the world. They vided by the IUPS, the Chinese physio- al colleagues gave us very warm encour- play an active role in physiological logical scientists will further strengthen agement. At the General Assembly, research and many of them have made the relationship and collaboration with many delegates of various countries contributions to the development of their international colleagues and make came to tell us that our presentation physiological sciences in various fields. their share of contributions to the devel- aroused great interest from them, and Evidently, they also play an important opment of physiological sciences in the they encouraged us to make further role in promoting the development of world. ™ efforts and wished us success in the science and technology in China. In

A photograph taken at the entrance to the San Diego Convention Center on April 3, 2005, for some of the Chinese physiological scientists attending the 35th IUPS Congress. Third from left in the front row is Tai Yao, author of this article and President of Chinese Association for Physiological Sciences (CAPS). Fourth from left is Shu Chien, Chair of National Organizing Committee of the Congress and Honorary Member of CAPS. 53 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

A Veteran’s View Ole H. Petersen MRC Group University of Liverpool, UK

The 2005 San Diego Congress was the always, one of the chief attractions for a Congress program. result of a successful bid at the IUPS young physiologist was simply to see There are basically two tasks involved General Assembly in St. Petersburg in and hear some of the great names. At in setting up a Congress: the practical 1997 made by Stanley Schultz, on behalf the 1968 Washington Congress I remem- (physical) arrangements and the organi- of the US National Academy of Sciences, ber particularly being impressed by zation of the scientific program. The two to bring the IUPS Congress back to the Adrian and Eccles. However, I have to are obviously connected. The IUPS 2005 US for the first time since the confess that for me the most important National Organizing Committee, International Congress in Washington event at that time was the Satellite chaired by Shu Chien, was, of course, in DC almost 40 years ago. The 1968 Symposium on Exocrine Glands in charge of the decisions that had to be Washington Congress had, in fact, been Philadelphia, just before the Congress, made with regard to the physical frame- my very first International Congress where I gave my first invited lecture at work and the practical organization of and also the occasion for my first visit to an international meeting and met Sir the Congress. The APS office, and partic- the US. I had been engaged in experi- Arnold Burgen, who later played a sig- ularly the Executive Director, Martin mental work in physiology for a few nificant role in my scientific career. Frank, and the Meetings Manager, years, but at the time of the Congress I In 1968 I had, of course, very little Linda Allen, had to shoulder a very was still a medical student at The feeling for the magnitude of the task of major burden and did this with impres- University of Copenhagen. I remember mounting a major international sive efficiency. As expected, San Diego well the magnificent event in Washing- Congress, but at the 2001 IUPS did provide a memorable setting and the ton DC and the generosity of The Congress in Christchurch, New Zealand state-of-the-art facilities in the excellent American Physiological Society (APS) in I was elected Secretary General of IUPS Conference Center made the Congress awarding travel grants to many young and became co-chair (with Walter Boron both enjoyable and efficient. The digni- physiologists from Europe (including as Chair) of the IUPS International fied and charming manner in which Shu me!) at a time when travel money was Scientific Program Committee. It was, Chien presided over the Congress and considerably more limited than is now therefore, my privilege to participate in seemed—miraculously—to be present the case, at least in Western Europe. As the process of generating the San Diego everywhere also did much to foster a

The International Scientific Program Committee, at its November 2003 Meeting in Landsdowne, near Washington DC. Front row from left: William Chin, Akimichi Kaneko, Shu Chien, JoRae Wright, Ole Petersen, Walter Boron. Second row: Yoshihisa Kurachi, Barbara Block, Ann Sefton, Malcolm Gordon. Third row: Curt Sigmund, Allen Cowley, Roger Nicoll, Bengt Saltin, Harold Atwood, Irene Schulz and Peter Hunter (photo taken by Martin Frank).

54 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

selected on the in many exciting locations: Munich basis of the sub- (1971), New Delhi (1974), Paris (1977), mitted abstracts. Budapest (1980), Sydney (1983), While the tracks Vancouver (1986), Helsinki (1989), could not cover the Glasgow (1993), St. Petersburg (1997) whole of physiolo- and Christchurch (2001). It has been my gy, they were wide- great privilege to attend all these events ranging: calcium and I think the San Diego Congress was signalling, cardiac one of the very best. Physiology has physiology, eco- undergone very substantial changes physiology for the since 1968 and some have spoken of the 21st century, edu- subject’s relative decline, particularly in cation, epithelia, relation to impact factors for the physio- feeding fuel and logical journals, as compared to the fat (energy metab- more molecular branches of biology. olism), genomics, However, physiology at its best is in mechano-/chemo- many ways in a stronger position now transduction, mus- than ever before. The APS journal APS President D. Neil Granger welcomes Congress par- cle-exercise, neural Physiological Reviews is representative ticipants. control of locomo- of international physiology. It has sepa- tion (from genes to rate US and European Editorial Boards, congenial atmosphere. behaviour), renal as well as Associate and Corresponding The most difficult part of any control of blood pressure, the regulatory Members of these editorial boards from Conference Organization is to get the brain, thermoregulation and energetics, Africa, Asia, Australia and South scientific program right. It can, of and tissue dynamics in the lung and America. For me it has been pleasing to course, never be right for everyone. To vascular physiology. Outside the tracks note the general increase, over the achieve the appropriate balance there were numerous free-standing years, in the impact factor rating for between the different subject areas symposia, as well as a number of distin- Physiological Reviews. In fact the latest within the vast family of physiological guished lectures, including the spectacu- figures (2004 Journal Citation Reports) science is in itself very difficult, but lar Fenn Lecture on the Opening Day show that Physiological Reviews is now when this is combined with the need delivered by the Nobel Laureate Peter ranked, with respect to impact factor, as also to achieve a balance between chairs Agre and of course Allen Cowley’s mag- number five of ALL scientific journals. and speakers from different countries, isterial and inspiring President’s This fits in well with the high profile then the task is extraordinarily difficult. Lecture. and outstanding quality of physiological The usual, and indeed inevitable, solu- Between the Washington DC science presented at the IUPS Congress tion is to arrange for an International Congress in 1968 and the 2005 San in San Diego. ™ Scientific Program Committee composed Diego Congress, IUPS held Internation- of experienced physiologists from a wide al Congresses of Physiological Sciences range of countries active in physiological research. The difficult and time consum- ing task of chairing this committee fell to Walter Boron and as Vice-Chair of the Committee I can testify that Walter took this task very seriously. Walter used his vast and broad-ranging knowledge very wisely to guide the Committee through many difficult decisions to arrive at what most of the physiologists I have spoken to experienced as a very impres- sive program covering the full range of the best international physiology on offer. An important innovation for the 2005 San Diego Congress was that a major part of the program was composed of tracks, each track being composed of, for example, three symposia and three fea- tured topics. A typical symposium con- sisted of four 30 minute presentations by invited speakers, whereas a featured topic was usually made up of two major presentations from invited speakers Fenn Lecturer Peter Agre addresses the Congress. with additional room for two speakers

55 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Grown Up to Function Irene Schulz, University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany Vice-President, IUPS The epilogue of the XXXV Sciences to hold the IUPS 2005 Congress merge physiology with the abundance of International Congress of Physiological in the United States of America was other biological sciences? Sciences was a concert with the sym- accepted by the General Assembly of IUPS. The IUPS 2005 National Organizing phonic suite “Body Notes” about human The new idea that the Congress should be Committee (NOC) represented by Shu physiology composed by the physiologist held in conjunction with the Experimental Chien, chair of NOC, put together several Dr. Hector Rasgado-Flores. This suite is Biology meeting of the Federation of committees to coordinate the planning for composed of 13 movements grouped in American Societies caused concern and the Congress 2005. Shu Chien spread a six sections: I. “Negentropy;” II. long discussions in the IUPS council. We sense of confidence that every thing would “Pumping Iron;” III. “Movement’s were afraid of losing our identity and being succeed. The dinner given by him and Shu’s Movement;” IV. “Right Connections;” V. overwhelmed by the American Scientists. wife K.C. was in an atmosphere of anticipa- “Moody Mood;” VI. “Apoptosis.” However, being used to experimenting tion of pleasure, of inspiration and friend- The piece of music describes many and risk-taking, at the Christchurch ship. Each guest brought a CD of a typical aspects of body functions and movements, Congress in 2001, the IUPS General music piece from his/her country, which such as heart “beating,” “loving,” “muscle Assembly accepted the US invitation to was played during the evening and which working,” “moods,” which are influenced by hold the IUPS congress in conjunction with brought up a lovely touch of connection. our hormones as well as programming of the Experimental Biology 2005 Meeting in IUPS has already eight standing com- cells for an orderly well controlled life cycle San Diego. At that time there were still missions and two committees with main at the end of which they die, called concerns that it would be very difficult and topic groups in different areas of physi- “Apoptosis,” The symphony reminded me of would require enormous efforts to high- ology. The chair persons of these com- our efforts, discussions, fights we went light sufficiently the central topics of phys- missions together with members of the through, as we tried to establish the pro- iology and to make them recognizable to US committees formed the International gram for the XXXV International Congress the participants before they spread out in Scientific Programming Committee in San Diego 2005. But let me start at the the totality of biological sciences. The con- (ISPC) together with the US Scientific beginning. stant fight against the increase in “scientif- Programming committee (USSPC) In 1997, on the occasion of the Congress ic entropy” is a central issue in physiology chaired by Walter Boron/USA and co- of the International Union of Physiological as was emphasized by Rasgado-Flores chaired by Ole Petersen/Great Britain. Sciences (IUPS) in St. Petersburg, the invi- when he entitled the first movement of his It was the goal to create a program tation of the US National Academy of suite “Negentropy.” But did this justify to that represented all important areas of

Martin Frank presents flowers to Hector Rasgado-Flores in appreciation of his efforts to compose Body Notes. 56 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 physiology and also that physiologists topic. Thus, taking my commission highest quality was established, including from around the world, respecting coun- “Secretion and Absorption” with the sub- all important areas and hot topics of phys- tries and gender were appropiately rep- section “epithelial” as an example, we had iology with a transparent and comprehen- resented in a good balance. symposia and featured topics on basic sible organization, which made it easy to It turned out that the cooperation questions on: “Molecular Mechanisms of follow points of interest day by day and to between USSPC and ISPC was extremely Transporter Regulation;” “Epithelial hear talks from the best scientists from effective. For each topic, such as “Nervous Genomics, Proteomics and Genetic throughout the world. System and Neural Control,” or Models;” “Epithelial Polarity: Development The IV section of the suite by “Circulation and Cardiovascular,” the pro- to Disease;” “The Molecular Basis of Rasgado-Flores, entitled “Right gram representatives of both the ISCP and Epithelial Diseases;” up to “PDZ Domain Connections,” describes the enormous the USSCP worked together. In the IUPS Scaffolding Proteins and their Functions in complexity of neuronal and hormonal commission “Secretion and Absorption,” Polarized Cells” and finally whole cell func- interactions in the human body. It also chaired by myself, the aspects of tion in “Epithelial Cells and their can be interpreted to mean the impor- “Epithelial transport” were discussed with Neighbors.” tant task of meetings like this congress the Chairperson David Cook/Australia of In addition, distinguished lectures such to provide a forum for young scientists the subsection “epithelial” and with the as the Horace Davenport Distinguished to present their work, to get into talks advisors of this section and with Thomas Lectureship on “The Ins and Outs of with senior scientists and to make con- Kleyman/USA, or for the subsection Membrane Traffic in Polarized Cells,” by nections, which may promote their “renal” with François Verrey/Switzerland Ann Hubbard/John Hopkins University, career. These many scientists, most of and advisors of this subsection for ISPC USA or the Robert Pitts Lecture which were not invited speakers, pre- and with Curt Sigmund/USA, chair of the “Signaling Across the Juxtaglomerular sented their contribution in form of APS joint program committee and Mathew Apparatus-Message and Messengers,” by posters. This is inevitable and so it was Breyer/USA for the USSCP committee. Juergen Schnermann/NIDDK, NIH, USA also inevitable that the exhibition hall We had a very good cooperation with were presented and also given by recipi- had a length of almost half a mile, lead- Hannah Carey/USA from USSCP. We ents of the Nobel Prize including Peter ing to the practical consequence, that were in constant Email contact exchang- Agre, the Finn Lecturer, as well as Eric even the best posters got drowned in ing ideas and suggestions between conti- Kandel and Erwin Neher. these floods of others. Let´s hope that nents. Similarly François Verry/Switz- Several meetings with USSPC and the talents and inspiration of our erland (chair for the IUPS subsection ISPC to “brainstorm” and build up an younger colleagues will not end up like “renal”) was in constant contact with Curt outstanding program took place in the the last movement of the symphonic Sigmund/USA for USSPC. two years before the Congress. suite, which was entitled “Apoptosis.” The new idea of the scientific program- The chairman, Walter Boron, guided However, this movement of the suite ming committees, represented by its presi- both USSPC and ISPC with high sensi- ends with a sense of peaceful acceptance dent, Walter Boron, was to subdivide the tivity and respect for the ideas of each of completing the life cycle and at the various aspects of life sciences into well member through these meetings. same time living forever. ™ defined subgroups, which were called Finally, I can say that because of the “tracks” that would carry a particular conjunction of EB and IUPS, a program of

IUPS President Allen W. Cowley addresses the Congress.

57 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

35th IUPS Congress Harold L. Atwood, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

As a member of the IUPS Council and series of symposia on a topic area could actually be fitted into the pro- of the International Program Committee together, providing insights at several gram, there was bound to be disappoint- for the 35th Congress, I was fully different levels of observation for a ment among unsuccessful proposers. immersed in the planning operations selected high-interest topic. An addition- The track concept, by necessity, involved that led to the Congress in San Diego. al feature of planning was Walter a competitive selection process which Much earlier, I had also contributed to Boron’s convening of small “focus risked leaving some sub-disciplines planning for the 1986 IUPS Congress in groups” for intensive discussion of track poorly represented — but provision for Vancouver, Canada. By comparison, that proposals. As a representative of the many free-standing symposia ensured a was a much smaller Congress; the San Neural Commission of IUPS, I went to safe-guarding counterbalance. Diego Congress was coupled to the San Francisco for a four-person discus- The many social events at the Annual Meeting of the American sion group in late August, 2003. Here, Congress allowed ample opportunities Physiological Society (APS), and the recommendations were developed for for collegial discussions and interac- planning was of necessity more complex selected tracks to be developed. Such tions. An unforgettable outdoor supper and more detailed. The expectations of decisions were difficult, given more good evening at the harbor-side park culmi- both IUPS and the APS had to be met, submissions than could be accommodat- nated in an impressive display of fire- and a dynamic interplay took place ed. Throughout the planning process, works. The final evening featured a con- between the two organizations. Also, in much to the credit of those involved in cert at which a newly composed musical the intervening years since the the planning, a great effort was made to suite based on human physiology was Vancouver Congress, the impact of mod- ensure international representation, presented—-certainly a unique event! ern technology had increased — the age gender representation, adequate cover- Although threatened disruptions by ani- of computers and accelerated informa- age of sub-disciplines, and scientific mal rights activists were anticipated tion transfer had matured considerably. excellence. and planned for, these did not amount to Also, the large size and scientific clout of This careful planning process pro- much when the time came. The activists the American Physiological Society duced many excellent symposia and had a much lower profile than had been increased both the resources available tracks at the Congress. I attended sever- the case in Christchurch, New Zealand. and the complexity of the planning exer- al in sub-disciplines other than my own, Taken as a whole, the Congress was an cise. and felt that I emerged better educated. enjoyable experience. Several large planning meetings were An interesting feature of the San Diego For those interested in other aspects organized by the APS, notably one near Congress was the very good representa- of San Diego and its surroundings, the Washington, DC in very pleasant sur- tion for Comparative Physiology, signal- timing of the Congress could not have roundings, and one at the April 2003 ing growing interest in studying envi- been better. An unusually wet spring Experimental Biology Meeting in San ronmental effects on an organism had stimulated an exuberant display of Diego, where we could visit the facilities through use of genetics-based technolo- desert flowers, so on an off day, I rented for the 2005 Convention. An unprece- gies (including analysis of micro-arrays, a car and drove out to the Anza-Borrega dented outreach appeal for symposium tissue-specific gene expression, and Desert with my photography-addicted and track proposals generated a large other approaches). The same methodolo- wife and Pavel Balaban (from Russia) number of diverse submissions, which gies appeared in other symposia dealing and his wife. The desert lived up to when assembled in printed form almost with disease processes and responses to expectations; even a desert horned equaled a small telephone book in thick- stress. Thus, the general theme of the lizard (horned toad) was photographed. ness. The track concept was to link a Congress, emphasizing genes to organ- On the way back to town, we sustained a isms, was flat tire and I found, to my dismay, that amply jus- the jack provided with the car was miss- tified. ing some of its parts and could not be The used. Luckily, a local motorist came by very and stopped to help us. At first, he was detailed disconcerted by our foreign accents, but planning I happened to be wearing a University of process Iowa Hawkeye cap and explained that I had its had a son in the Physics Department at cost, as Iowa State University; this was reassur- well as its ing to him, and in no time at all, the tire benefits. was changed and we made our way care- Since only fully back to town on the spare “micro a fraction tire.” Our hotel, on hearing of our dilem- of the ma in the desert, called the car rental many place, and we were excused from paying solicited any rental charges. So we left San Diego Congress participants enjoy keg racing during the IUPS Beach symposium in good spirits! ™ Party. proposals

58 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Before the Opening Session Can Take Place... Susan Orsoni, IUPS Executive Secretary One may think that putting together a good international representation on the years: the Union’s membership had large international congress every four scientific program, the IUPS plays an increased, there was again to be a large years is a bit like organizing a sympo- important role by its participation in the teaching workshop after the congress, sium for several hundred people—-a rel- International Scientific Program Com- several modeling projects are underway atively easy task. But the organization of mittee. Generally, the IUPS representa- worldwide, the thorny question of ethics each new congress of the Internation-al tives are the chairs of the eight is being looked at, and a new Council Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) is Commissions, the Education and Phys- was nominated and elected. As always a lengthy process indeed. I’ve been part of iome Committees and two other persons. they will hold office for a four year term this repeating procedure now since I first And in the four years following the confir- until the next congress, with Akimichi came to work for the IUPS to help pre- mation, these people met formally with Kaneko becoming President. pare for the 1977 congress in Paris. Over the National Scientific Program Commit- This was followed by a discussion of the the years the procedure has strength- tee on two occasions and were consulted commissions which had been reorganized ened, the congresses become ever more regularly by electronic mail. However, not following the 2001 congress from 33 into professional, but as much as we continue having played an active role in this proce- eight. It was proposed that a further refine- to learn from the past, the wheel seems to dure, best that I let those who did so extend ment would be a benefit, thus two of them be reinvented each time around. the compliments on how well everyone in the field of neurobiology were combined The congress changed from three to worked under Walter Boron’s leadership. and a new one added to deal with molecu- four years back in 1989, so invitations to My job was more directed to the prac- lar and cellular physiology. Again they will host such a congress are now presented tical level of the IUPS Council and be called upon to help plan the scientific to the General Assembly eight years General Assembly which would meet program for the next congress. before the event, a selection is made, and during the days preceding the congress: Toward the end of the meeting, a fair that selection is then confirmed by the collecting reports, calling for delegates, amount of time was spent reporting on the General Assembly four years hence. The distributing material, etc. and organiz- regional activities of the Union in the Asia American group had hosted the 1968 ing a meeting of the new Council during Pacific, Europe, South American and IUPS Congress in Washington, and the the congress itself. As always, Marty Africa, and how important it is to have the US National Academy of Science decided Frank at the APS office and all his team IUPS play an active role in each. For to submit an invitation once again at the did a remarkable job in making sure our instance, it has been decided to launch an 1993 General Assembly in Glasgow to needs were met well and efficiently. African Initiative to help with the teaching host the 2001 IUPS Congress. However, When the time of the congress finally of physiology throughout the African conti- other invitations were also received and arrived, before its scientific excitement nent. But it is hoped that we will be able to the Physiological Society of New Zealand could get underway, the quadrennial busi- reach well beyond that in our efforts. was selected to host that meeting. ness of the International Union of The other major piece of business was to The Americans again submitted an invi- Physiology Sciences had to be dealt with: plan for future Congresses. First, the invi- tation at the 1997 General Assembly to the meeting of the IUPS General tation from the Physiological Society of host the 2005 Congress with the plan Assembly. Seventy-one voting delegates Japan to host the 2009 congress in Kyoto being that it would take place at the new (from Adhering Bodies and Council) and which had been approved in 2001 was con- congress center in Washington DC. After 18 observers participated in this meeting firmed. Then four very comprehensive four rounds of votes concerning six other at the Hilton Gaslamp Hotel on Thursday invitations to host 2013 were presented. societies that had presented a bid, the 31 March. This compared with 76 voting These were from the Austrian Physiolog- American invitation was selected and the delegates in Christchurch and 86 in St. ical Society, Chinese Association for Phys- machine set in motion, albeit slowly at Petersburg. This meeting is always an out- iological Sciences, Czech Physiological first. It should be noted though, that after standing opportunity for the member soci- Society and The Physiological Society such a lengthy procedure it was decided eties of the IUPS to reestablish contact (UK). A difficult selection to make, but that in the future the Executive with one another even before they meet after two ballots, the invitation from The Committee would review all dossiers and during the congress itself. Physiological Society (UK) was accepted. aim to submit the best three to the The meeting was begun by opening This will be presented for confirmation to General Assembly. remarks of the IUPS President, Allen the General Assembly in 2009. The actual location within the host Cowley, with a report of the efforts which Thus, the cycle will continue, at least country is at the discretion of the inviting had been carried out during the previous for the next eight years. During the four society. So when the National Organizing four years as well some of the decisions years to come the newly elected Council Committee, chaired by Shu Chien, decid- taken at the Council meetings which had and its Executive Committee will once ed several years later it would be benefi- taken place the preceding two days. This again do their best to follow the instruc- cial to all concerned to move the site from was followed by a financial report of the tions and guidance of the General the original suggestion on the East Coast Treasurer, Jimmy Neill, and a report from Assembly. They will ensure that the to San Diego. This was so that it could be the Secretary General, Ole Petersen. IUPS continues as a viable organization in conjunction with, but independent Thereafter, the chair of each of the that not only sponsors outstanding con- from, the annual Experimental Biology committees, Membership, Education, gresses every four years but also pro- meeting. And the 2001 General Assembly Physiome, Ethics, and Nominating motes ongoing activities on a smaller fully confirmed this decision. described the varied activities carried scale that help to strengthen the field of In order to help ensure that there is out by their groups over the past four physiology worldwide. ™

59 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

The XXXVth IUPS Congress in 2005: A Winding Road to a Wonderful Meeting in San Diego

Shu Chien Chair, US National Organizing Committee, 35th IUPS Congress Department of Bioengineering and Medicine (Physiology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

The 35th IUPS Congress held in March Congress to be held in Christchurch in 18 to discuss the 2005 IUPS Congress. In 31-April 5, 2005, in San Diego, California, 2001. In the mean time, planning also reading this email, I realized immediately USA was a great success, as a result of began for the 35th Congress in the United that, while the proposed change is based the marvelous joint efforts by many won- States. A US National Organizing on good reasons, it would encounter many derful colleagues all over the world and Committee (NOC) for the 2005 Congress difficulties in receiving approval from our the enthusiastic participation by thou- was formed under the auspices of the US international colleagues because of the sands of physiological scientists. I feel National Committee (USNC) on IUPS, potential perception that the IUPS extremely fortunate and grateful to be a with Virginia [Ginger] Huxley as Chair, of Congress (with an attendance of not more small part of this extremely meaningful the National Academy of Sciences. USNC than 3,000 in recent Congresses) would be event in international physiological sci- and NOC are composed of representatives overwhelmed by the larger EB meeting ences. The 35th Congress was one of the from six Societies related to physiology, (often more than 10,000). most successful IUPS Congresses, but viz., the American Physiological Society Although this proposal could be pre- the road to this wonderful and memo- (APS), Society for Neuro-sciences, Society sented to the meetings of the IUPS ExCo, rable event was rather winding and there of Comparative Physiolo-gy, Society of Council, and General Assembly in was a time when it was not certain General Physiology, Biomedical Christchurch in August 2001, the one- whether the Congress would take place Engineering Society, and Microcirculatory month period would not have been suffi- in the United States in 2005. I would like Society, with APS as the lead Society for cient lead time for adequate deliberation to share my personal experience of being NOC and Allen Cowley as the Chairman. in order to obtain a positive reaction. a part of this marvelous event and to note Under Allen’s leadership, the theme of Since I was still serving on the ExCo and how the mutual trust and joint endeavors “From Genomes to Functions” was adopt- have been working closely with its mem- among international physiologists have ed as the theme of the Congress. In May bers, I decided to phone Ewald and Denis made possible the success of this 2001, however,Allen Cowley was nominat- right away because I felt that it would be Congress and started a renaissance of ed to be the next IUPS President to suc- much better to speak with them directly international physiology. ceed Ewald Weibel. As a result, I was elect- rather than using emails for such a diffi- At the 33rd IUPS Congress in St. ed by NOC (of which I was not a member cult matter. Fortunately, I was able to Petersburg, the General Assembly accept- at that time) to be its Chair to replace reach both of them by phone on July 16. ed the invitation presented by Stanley Allen, and the notice of this election was Ewald was naturally surprised by this Schultz on behalf of US National sent to me by email on July 8, 2001. On sudden change. After considerable discus- Academy of Sciences President Bruce July 10, I received from APS Executive sions, during which I explained the bene- Alberts to hold the 35th Congress in Director Martin Frank a nicely prepared fits of avoiding the split of attendance and August 2005 in Washington, D.C. This set Prospectus for the 2005 Congress to be interacting with other disciplines in the stage for the IUPS Congress to be held in Washington, DC in August 2005. I experimental biology that were offsprings held in the United States for the third replied saying that “The 2005 Congress from physiology, he began to feel that time in its century-old history, following will be a very exciting one. We must take there might be positive aspects in this the Congresses in Boston in 1929 and advantage of the New Zealand Congress proposed change. He sent me an email on Washington, DC in 1968. At the St. and transmit fully that excitement, both July 19 saying that he believed that it was Petersburg Congress, 1997, I was elected scientifically and socially (including all the a good strategy to combine the American as IUPS Treasurer (a four-year term end- attractions in the DC area and vicinity, as Physiology meeting with the IUPS ing in 2001) and thus became a member of you so ably portrayed.“ Congress as it would ensure the participa- its Executive Committee (ExCo). As On July 15, 2001, however, I received an tion of the local physiologists. So in that Treasurer, I had the pleasure of working email sent by Marty Frank to Allen, sense he would approve this in principle. closely with other ExCo members: Ginger, Walter Boron (US Scientific While he had some concerns, Ewald said President Ewald Weibel, Secretary Program Committee Chair for the 2005 that if a good scheme could be worked out General Denis Noble, First Vice President Congress), and me that the APS Council it could be successful and that there Ernie Knobil (who unfortunately passed had just decided to have the 2005 IUPS might be the fringe benefit of having some away in April 2000), and Second Vice Congress moved to San Diego in April to non-physiologists exposed to physiology. President Ramon LaTorre, as well as the coincide with the Experimental Biology But he rightly wanted it to be clear that Executive Secretary Sue Orsoni. We meeting (EB 2005). The reason for this IUPS 2005 would not simply be a small worked together on a number of matters, decision was to avoid splitting the atten- corner of the big EB 2005. He said that including the resolving of the financial dees from the physiology community for the change in time from August to spring difficulties of the St. Petersburg Congress. the two meetings in the same year less should be no problem, but the change in Following the 33rd Congress in St. than four months apart. Marty also location from Washington to San Diego Petersburg, Tony Macknight, Chair of the informed us that APS President John would have to be justified, because the US 34th IUPS Congress, and his colleagues Hall and President-elect Barbara Horwitz invitation, which was accepted by the worked very hard in preparing for the wanted to set up a conference call on July General Assembly in 1997, was built 60 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 strongly on the new Washington of and then in conjunction with EB in ence and more scientists to the EB meet- Convention Center. He did note, however, San Diego in April 2005. It was conclud- ing in 2005. It is a win-win situation, that UK and NZ also changed the ed that, while there would be difficul- and EB and IUPS should be partners for Congress locations in 1993 and 2001, ties, they were not insurmountable. The the betterment of science.” respectively. He gave the valuable advice pluses of the proposed change include a Following the July 18 teleconference that we present this as a new option for better attendance, the planning of a sin- and many email exchanges among the approval, but not as a fait accompli. gle meeting in 2005, the attraction of participants, Marty drafted a proposal It was very fortunate that my phone participants from the sister EB soci- to the IUPS for the United States to host call to Denis on July 16 caught him just in eties, a pleasant venue with an the 35th Congress in San Diego in April time before his leaving for a trip. I pre- amenable climate, easy accessibility for instead of Washington, DC in August sented the proposal of changing the venue participants from the Pacific rim, and 2005. I made a number of revisions to and time to him. After some thoughtful the availability of a large exhibit. The further emphasize the identity of IUPS discussions, Denis was in favor of holding minuses include the potential impres- (while holding the Congress with an the meeting in San Diego in April. His sions by the international physiology overlap with EB) and the benefits of the main concern was also the identity of community that the EB meeting might interactions with sister disciplines. I IUPS. He would not like to have the inter- overwhelm the IUPS Congress and by also made it clear that this was only a national community to have the concep- the EB sister societies that this would possible alternative (i.e., not a fait tion (or misconception) that IUPS would be only a Physiology meeting. Other fac- accompli) to the original proposal for the become a subset of American Physiology. tors are that schools would be in session IUPS ExCo, Council, and General I was not able to reach Ramon and that the West Coast is less accessi- Assembly to consider for approval. We LaTorre until July 24. Ramon and I also ble from Europe. The results of the tele- did not want to have this perceived as a had a fruitful discussion. His reaction conference were summarized by an unilateral decision, but rather as a pro- was similar to that of Denis. He felt that email sent by Ginger to the leadership of posal to the IUPS leadership, who clear- overall the pluses override the minuses, the six Member Societies of the USNC ly has the ultimate authority to make but he would like to give this more for comments and suggestions. the decision. This proposal received the thoughts and then contact me later. The Based on the concerns about the IUPS enthusiastic support of USNC Chair major issue he brought up was again the identity, as expressed by the ExCo and Ginger Huxley and most of its members, identity of IUPS, and he wanted to be some NOC members, I made the follow- but several members expressed their sure that the role of IUPS would not be ing statement in my July 24 email to concerns, particularly with respect to lost in the process. Thus, the three IUPS NOC. “I think it is time for us to be mag- the question of the identity of IUPS. ExCo members all felt that it was feasi- nanimous and be willing to say that we Our proposal was submitted to the ble to make the change, but, as I expect- will NOT have an APS meeting as such ExCo, Council and General Assembly of ed, there was a great deal of concern and that we throw all our support to the IUPS on July 31, 2001. It met with con- about the identity of IUPS in a larger IUPS Congress, which deals with the siderable opposition, with most of the crowd at the EB meeting. same science anyway. We should start email responses being negative, includ- While I was discussing this matter with the Congress 1 1/2 to 2 days ahead of the ing suggestions of moving the Congress the IUPS ExCo members, Marty contact- EB to hold the opening ceremony, some from the US to Canada, which was a ed the EB office and the Executives of special lectures, workshops, etc., and close second in the 1997 voting by the some FASEB Societies who would partici- start the regular symposia and poster General Assembly on the 2005 Congress pate in EB 2005 and sent emails to NOC sessions together with EB. As far as the site. In response to these messages, members. Geri Swindle of the EB Meeting relationship with EB is concerned, we Ewald sent an email to the ExCo mem- Management Office said that it would be can proceed in the regular way, but the bers on August 9, saying that “My con- possible to hold the Congress along with banners and printed materials must say cerns about the US proposal are rising.” EB and have a separate headquarter only IUPS. APS can still have its various Then, with the consent of the ExCo, he hotel assigned to IUPS. Two of the Society functions, including the Section Distin- sent an important message to IUPS Executives contacted did not have objec- guished Lectures, etc., but APS should Council on August 10, making the fol- tions but pointed out some of the potential be big-hearted enough to label the regu- lowing points regarding the proposal: difficulties. Most of the NOC members lar sessions IUPS. APS will not lose “(1) It appears as an interesting propos- were in favor of the shift of IUPS 2005 to from this, but rather it will gain a al to expand the spectrum of the physio- San Diego in April, but two members tremendous amount of good will and logical sciences … in EB. (2) The chief strongly disagreed with these proposed appreciation from the international concern is that the proposal … may not changes because of their concern of the community, which is more precious than safeguard the identity of the IUPS adverse reactions by the international APS gaining any direct billing.” On July Congress, for two reasons: (2a) The actu- physiological communities. 25 I sent an email to Marty saying that al IUPS events are limited to two days. During the APS teleconference call on “I understand some of the difficulties …., after which the IUPS Congress July 18, 2001, I reported my conversa- involved in emphasizing IUPS and put- becomes part of EB. (2b) There will be no tions with Ewald and Denis, and Marty ting APS more in the background, but specific registration for the IUPS reported his communications with the we must do as much as we can toward Congress whereas all participants will EB office, FASEB Societies, and NOC that goal. The principle is to give the have to register for the EB meeting.” He societies. Following extensive discus- international physiology community a asked the Council members “to look at sions, the consensus was to do every- clear sense that IUPS Congress is not a these questions carefully and to also thing possible to assure the identity of subset of the EB Meeting. I am sure that consider the consequence this new pro- the IUPS Congress by starting it ahead the IUPS Congress will bring better sci- posal will have on IUPS as an institu-

61 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 tion in the long run.” get approval and likened it to walking approved this memorandum, which was Ewald’s message was received about a on a tight rope. He and I agreed that we signed by him and Ginger in the morn- week before Allen Cowley and I were to would have to do everything right in ing of August 24. At lunch time on depart for the New Zealand Congress. order to succeed. I then spoke to Ewald August 24, I went over with Ginger, In the ensuing days, we had several tele- and to Ramon about this. During the Marty and others the Powerpoint pres- phone conversations with APS President ExCo meeting on August 22 we first dis- entation on our alternative proposal, John Hall, discussing with him the cussed many of the other IUPS agenda which incorporated all the key points of importance of assuring the identity of items, including budget, etc. The 2005 discussion, as well as slides on the IUPS if the 2005 Congress were held in Congress was on the agenda for the next Convention Center, hotels, and other conjunction with EB. John made the day, but Ewald decided to bring it up attractive features in San Diego. This important decisions of making ALL 2005 that afternoon. I presented the revised presentation was initially prepared by San Diego physiology sessions as IUPS proposal that would assure the identity Marty, and I continuously worked on it, instead of APS events and requiring all of IUPS, and it was generally well prior to leaving San Diego, during the APS and its guest society members to received. The discussion continued on flight, and in Christchurch. register through IUPS. Given these new the next day, and by the end of the ExCo In the afternoon of August 24, I made directions, I further revised the proposal meeting there was a consensus that the the presentation on the alternative pro- to move the 2005 Congress to San Diego new proposal represented a workable posal to Council. The members had sever- in April during my flight to New solution. I was extremely pleased that al questions, mainly focused on the iden- Zealand. This new revision included the Ewald asked Denis to draft a memoran- tity of IUPS and the mechanics of having following key points: dum of agreement between IUPS and the Congress overlapping partially with 1. Registration for IUPS Congress USNC to be signed by Ewald and EB. At the end, they were satisfied with will be clearly identified for all par- Ginger, covering these points. Denis pre- the answers. In the morning of August ticipants. APS will require all of its pared a draft memo based on the docu- 25, I was very pleased that Council voted members to register through the ment that I had prepared for the ExCo. unanimously to approve the alternative IUPS. Ginger arrived in Christchurch on plan. This was a critical step that posi- 2. The scientific program in physiol- August 23 and I briefed her about the tioned us for the General Assembly meet- ogy during IUPS 2005 (and EB situation and gave her the memo to be ing to be held on the next day. 2005) will be that set up by the signed prior to the deliberation of this During the General Assembly meeting IUPS prepared by the International matter by Council at its meeting on on August 25, Ewald gave an opening Scientific Program Committee. August 24-25. statement that summarized the events 3. Meeting Originally, the 2005 Congress was an leading to the alternative proposal and a.IUPS will have its headquarters agenda item to be discussed at the stated that this proposal had received at a top-level hotel adjacent to the Council meeting on August 25 in the careful considerations by the ExCo and San Diego Convention Center. On morning, followed by the 2009 Congress Council. He distributed the memoran- March 31 and April 1, IUPS will be site selection. Ewald felt rightly that, in dum he signed with Ginger to the mem- the only meeting. On the ensuing order to allow sufficient time for Council bers of the General Assembly so that the days, IUPS Congress will have its to deliberate on the proposed changes in members could understand the condi- own separate site and clear identity, venue and time of the 2005 Congress, tions involved. Ginger made an excellent and yet is close enough to others for this issue should be brought up at the presentation on the alternative propos- interdisciplinary exchange. Council meeting in the afternoon of al, using a further updated version of The IUPS poster sessions, i.e., all August 24. Ewald invited Ginger, Marty, the Powerpoint document. There were a physiology posters, will be positioned in and Wendy White of the National few questions from the floor, which a clearly identified area with definitive Academy of Sciences to also attend the Ginger answered very well. Denis made indication that they are the IUPS Council meeting when this 2005 a superb summary of the actions taken posters. They will be set up in such a Congress was to be discussed. Marty by the ExCo and Council on this propos- way that the world physiological com- arrived in Christchurch in the morning al. A secret ballot was taken, and our munity can meet in that area for of August 24, and I was able to arrange alternative proposal received an over- exchange of information. for Ginger, Allen, Wendy, Marty and whelming endorsement by the General I arrived in Christchurch in the after- myself to meet immediately after his Assembly with a vote of 71 for and 3 noon of August 21. That evening Ewald arrival. I went over the recent develop- against. This greatly exceeded our invited Denis, Ramon, Allen, Sue ments. With Marty’s input, we were able expectation! Orsoni, my wife K.C. and me to have a to incorporate in the memorandum the Having received the IUPS approval, drink in his suite in the Parkroyal Hotel, financial arrangements, i.e., USNC/APS we next needed the approval by the EB and then we had dinner together. Allen, will allocate 5% of the registration fee to Board to implement this joint effort. who was sitting next to Ewald and Sue, IUPS, as well as $100,000 or 25% of net The Chair of the EB Board was Paul told me after the dinner that it did not profit, whichever is greater. I did every- Insel, Professor of Pharmacology at seem likely that we could get the pro- thing I could, including running back UCSD, and I was able to discuss this posed change approved. I arranged to and forth between the meeting room and issue directly with him. He was support- have breakfast with Denis the next the business office in the hotel for revi- ive of the idea of holding the IUPS morning to review the proposed change sions, printing, and photocopying, in Congress in conjunction with the EB for the 2005 Congress. Denis agreed order to have the memorandum ready meeting in 2005 and invited Marty and with the rationale for the change, but for signing prior to the IUPS Council me to meet with the EB Board on felt that it was a difficult proposition to meeting. I was pleased that Ewald January 24, 2002 at the FASEB head-

62 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 quarters in Bethesda, MD. I contacted most important aspects of the Congress. order to keep the identity of IUPS, we the other five members of the Board by The US Scientific Program Committee wanted to select another hotel. The ini- phone prior to the meeting and sent (USSPC) was first established, with tial plan was going to be the Weston them an email message on January 2, Walter as the Chair, and he assembled Hotel, which held a very nice reception 2002, outlining the proposal. At the an outstanding committee composed of after giving us a tour of the facilities. meeting on January 24, I made a presen- leaders in physiology in the US. The Although the hotel is excellent, I felt the tation to the EB Board, emphasizing the IUPS ExCo needed to form an Interna- distance from the Convention Center mutual benefits of the proposed joint tional Scientific Program Committee (more than ten minutes of walk) was too venture. After some questions and (ISPC), which would be composed of 18 far, and we then looked at hotels closer answers, the Board enthusiastically members, with six from the host country by. We finally decided upon the Gaslamp endorsed the holding of the IUPS (i.e., from USSPC). In the 1997 Hilton Hotel just across the Harbor Congress in conjunction with the EB Congress, Stan Schultz was the Chair of Drive from the Convention Center. It is 2005 Meeting in San Diego in 2005. Paul the ISPC and he was the leader for the less than five minutes on foot. The hotel communicated to me in writing the programming at St. Petersburg. For the is smaller in size so that the IUPS endorsement by the Board and the 2001 Congress, Rainer Gregor was the Council members would be the major Board’s view that this would be a great Chair of the ISPC; unfortunately, he was occupants, which is a desirable feature. opportunity and an excellent precedent, struck by lightening while riding a bicy- The facilities are excellent, the rates are and that this should be a win-win situa- cle shortly after the Program Committee reasonable, and the hotel is close to tion. He also transmitted the comments meeting in 1999, and this led to his not restaurants with different ethnicities in and suggestions by the Board on the being able to work on programming; the Gas Lamp District. Therefore, we mechanics of the meeting, which was unfortunately, most of the program- decided on suggesting the use of satisfactorily addressed by the NOC at related materials on his laptop were also Gaslamp Hilton as the IUPS its meeting on April 24, 2002. Paul said lost in that incident. Tony Macknight Headquarter Hotel. in this collection of Congress articles, did a fantastic job in picking up the It so happened that the EB2003 was “Did the experiment work? From my responsibility of programming for the also held in San Diego, and IUPS personal point of view and that of those Christchurch Congress. Thus, the pro- Council decided to hold its meeting dur- with whom I have spoken, including sci- gramming of these two Congresses pro- ing that period so that they could use entists who have interests that focus on ceeded well with one person at the helm, this opportunity to have an assessment either EB or IUPS, the answer is though in one case this was the result of of San Diego as a Congress site and to unquestionably ‘yes’. I hope that this a very unfortunate circumstance. I felt see the operation of the EB meeting. success encourages other international that the 2005 programming should also Arrangements were made for this coun- scientific congresses to consider joint be done with one person in the lead, cil meeting to be held at the Gaslamp meetings with Experimental Biology— rather than two different chairs for Hilton on April 8-10, during Experi- perhaps even IUPS at some future ISPC and USSPC. Therefore, prior to the mental Biology 2003. This gave the time!” IUPS ExCo meeting in July 2002, I con- Council members an opportunity to test After the approval by both IUPS and tacted the ExCo members and made the out the suitability of this hotel as the EB, we began to work on the planning of suggestion that they consider appoint- IUPS headquarters. They were very the Congress in San Diego to be held in ing Walter as the Chair of ISPC with a pleased with the experience at the hotel, conjunction with EB. The NOC met reg- Vice Chair from outside the US. I was and the decision on Headquarter Hotel ularly for planning of the Congress and very pleased that the ExCo made the was finalized. addressing the various relevant issues. decision of appointing Walter as the In the evening of April 9, 2003, K.C. Several subcommittees were formed. Chair and Ole Peterson as the Vice and I invited members of IUPS Council These include the Scientific Program Chair of ISPC. Walter and Ole worked and the Program Committees, who came Committee (chaired by Walter Boron), together very well to lead the extremely from various parts of the world, to a Fund Raising Committee (chaired by successful planning of the outstanding reception and dinner in our house in La Gabe Navar and Bob Gunn; unfortu- scientific programs. Walter, who provid- Jolla. There were 30 people at this din- nately Bob became ill after the appoint- ed outstanding leadership in program- ner. Three tables were set up in our liv- ment and passed away shortly after the ming, has written an article in this vol- ing room after removing all the furni- Congress), and Local Organizing ume detailing the team efforts of ISPC, ture. It turned out to be a wonderful Committee (chaired by Frank Powell). USPC and the APS Joint Program social event that provided the partici- Marty, working with Gabe, did a mar- Committee. pants a chance to relax and get to know velous job in fundraising, getting the At the end of May 2002, Marty, Linda each other away from the meeting table. support by the constituent societies of Allen and Linda Dresser of APS and Several people stood up and told excel- USNC, by the members of these soci- Geri Swindle (Director of EB Office of lent jokes. The atmosphere was wonder- eties, especially APS, and from industry. Scientific Meetings and Conferences) ful. Everyone had a great time. With their relentless efforts, generous and Pauline Minhinnett of EB came to Because I reside in San Diego, IUPS corporate contributions were obtained San Diego to have a site visit of the Executive Secretary Sue Orsoni asked from scientific organizations, academic headquarter hotel for IUPS and other me in July 2004 to find a restaurant for institutions, IUPS adhering bodies, US venues, including the symphony hall for the dinner party to be hosted by IUPS in government funding agencies, private the closing ceremony and the symphony honored of the USNC, APS, and other foundations, and industrial and publish- performance on “Body Notes.” The APS US organizers on the eve before the ing firms. Headquarter Hotel had been decided to beginning of the Congress (March 30, Scientific programming is one of the be the San Diego Marriott Hotel. In 2005). K.C. and I were just beginning to

63 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 add a wing to our house, and we thought Congress finally got to meet and shake in the article by Marty Frank. that would have been done by the time hands. All of the hard preparatory work Because of the tightening of the visa of the Congress. Therefore, we suggested had been done. The atmosphere at the granting process by the US State to have the dinner at our house again. party was filled with both excitement Department after 9/11, some of the inter- Although there would be more people and relief as everyone anticipated the national scientists had difficulty getting than in 2003, our added rooms should be opening of the Congress the next day”. their visa. Laura Sheehan of the National able to accommodate the party well. The Irene noted, “The dinner given by Shu Academy of Sciences provided a link to IUPS Executive Committee was enthu- and K.C. was in an atmosphere of antic- the NAS web site entitled, “Information siastic about this arrangement, and Sue ipation of pleasure, of inspiration and for Scientists Travelling to the United asked me to arrange the catering on friendship.” Denis said, “The atmos- States and for those Planning behalf of IUPS. San Diego normally has phere was one of excitement and antici- International Scientific Meetings in the very little rain, but in January-February pation.” As the evening came toward a United States.” When visa problems 2005 it rained heavily and this retarded close, Denis played a beautiful trouba- arose, Marty worked closely with Laura the progress of our house addition. As dour song, which he had also played at and others at the National Academy of the end of March drew near, we had only an ExCo dinner in Christchurch, using a Sciences, who had access to the State the shell of the new addition finished, guitar in our house. This was indeed “a Department to deal with this problem. but there would be no electricity or lovely touch connecting the confident Fortunately, this was worked out in most water supply by March 30. We went to present to the uncertain past,” as Denis cases, but there were a few scientists who Plan B, i.e., to use the unfinished enter- wrote in his article. could not get visa in time to participate in tainment room for pre-dinner reception. Throughout the remainder of 2003 the Congress. For this, I sincerely express We brought in electricity from the old and 2004 we continued to prepare for our apology and regret. part of the house with extensions, the Congress in every aspect, including In order to assure that the symposia though it was still reasonably bright at scientific programming, fundraising, organizers and invited speakers would reception time. The walls were primed local arrangements, planning of social know the program schedule and be pres- but not yet painted, and we hung up activities (including the Symphony on ent at the Congress, letter and email K.C.’s paintings in the afternoon of “Body Notes”), establishment of the reminders were sent by Linda Allen to March 30, with the help of the caterer. Congress website, preparation of regis- everyone for confirmation, and these The polite Chinese saying when an tration, coordination with EB, designing were followed up with phone calls in artist gives his/her painting to someone and minting of Congress medals, etc., as some cases. Inevitably, a few of the invit- is that, “This is for you to patch the noted by colleagues responsible for these ed speakers could not come at a very late wall,” and we literally did that. The activities in this collection of Congress moment, and arrangements had to be reception was most lively and people articles. As we moved into 2005, the pace made to carry on the program effective- were having great times talking with of the planning sped up, and we had to ly. All of these efforts made it possible one another, whether old friends or new deal with several issues that arose as for the program to move on smoothly. acquaintances, or from whatever part of the Congress was getting closer in time. Because of the need to assure the iden- the world. When dinnertime came, I had In order to streamline the registration tity of IUPS at this conjoint meeting with to ring the Swiss bell that Ewald had procedure for the conjoint meeting and EB, as repeatedly mentioned above, I had given me to call everyone’s attention for allow participants to attend both IUPS frequent discussions with Geri Swindle Allen to give his gracious remarks and EB sessions, we decided to have a about the signage at the Convention before this dinner hosted by IUPS. We single registration fee at $250 for early Center and the arrangement of the scien- had emptied four rooms in the old house registrations. This is almost half of the tific sessions and posters. She assured me and set up tables there plus the dining registration fee four years ago at that every effort would be made to make room for a catered sit-down dinner for Christchurch. While this presented a the signage of IUPS prominently dis- 70 people. The food was delicious and financial problem for the organizers, it placed and the sessions clearly identified the wines recommended by Peter had the advantage of providing a lower and yet juxtaposition to the EB meeting Wagner were superb, but most of all the cost for the attendees, and this was par- sites to promote interactions. Geri fully company was fantastic. Everyone had a ticular valuable for scientists from eco- utilized the new addition to the San Diego wonderful time, as mentioned in the nomically disadvantaged nations. Convention Center in making superb articles by Denis Noble, Irene Schulz To encourage international scientists, arrangements. When Walter, Marty and I and Frank Powell in this collection of especially the young ones, in the less went to the Convention Center on March Congress articles. With the invitations, developed countries, and underrepre- 30, 2005, the day before the Opening Sue had transmitted my message of “no sented US scientists to participate in Ceremony, we were very pleased by the gift please” and said that the guests are the IUPS Congress, $200,000 were allo- arrangements. The signage in front of the welcome to bring a CD of the music of cated for an IUPS Travel Award pro- Convention Center was elegantly pre- their country. These were played during gram. Following reviews by NOC, pared, with IUPS having at least equal, if the dinner, though at times drown out by awards were made to 167 of the 413 not more prominent, billing as EB. The the happy conversations that were going applicants, and 140 of these were able to logos of IUPS and the Congress were on. Frank wrote that the dinner party attend the Congress. The APS and its beautifully presented, side-by-side with “provided a wonderful beginning to a sections also made awards to over 125 the EB logo. The sight was very impres- week of renewing and making new additional graduate students and post- sive and moving. The meeting rooms for friendships with colleagues from around doctoral fellows from both the US and IUPS were in nicely arranged locations the world. People who had collaborated abroad in recognition of their scientific with clear display of elegant banners for by email on special events for the presentations. Details for this are given IUPS with the logos. I am grateful to Geri

64 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 for her wonderful arrangements for this in this issue written by the organizers. The the international community of physiolo- conjoint meeting of IUPS and EB. These conjoint meeting attracted a large exhibit gists with an outstanding scientific meet- thoughtful arrangements, together with program. All of these together provided a ing and social activities to promote inter- ways in which the excellent scientific and collection of scientific programs rich in actions between colleagues from around social programs were organized, removed content and excellent in quality, allowing the world. I expressed my appreciation for the doubts about the identity of IUPS at the Congress to achieve its goal of bring the support provided by the IUPS and this conjoint meeting and made our inter- together physiologists from around the international community and for the national fellow scientists feeling comfort- world to converge in a single place to opportunity given to the US to host the able and positive about the 2005 exchange novel knowledge and Congress once again. After my passing of Congress. make/renew acquaintances. As Peter the IUPS flag to Akimichi Kaneko to sym- On March 31, 2005, the 35th IUPS Brown from Manchester, UK, said in his bolize the transition of the IUPS Congress Congress took off with a marvelous begin- reflection that has been reprinted from the to Japan in 2009, Aki congratulated the ning at the San Diego Convention Center. Physiology News in this collection of US on an outstanding meeting and invit- As Master of Ceremony, I declared the offi- Congress articles, “Any fears that IUPS ed the world physiologists to the 2009 cial opening of the Congress with a warm would be swamped by Experimental Congress in Kyoto, Japan. At the end of welcome to all the participants and read an Biology/FASEB failed to materialize. If this memorable Closing Ceremony, Marty declaration by San Diego Mayor Dick anything, IUPS seemed to be swamping introduced the world premiere of the won- Murphy that “March 31, 2005, is the EB!” Ewald said, “The concerns have derful symphony suite written by our out- International Union of Physiological turned to excitement at the end. It was a standing APS colleague Hector Rasgado- Sciences Day.” Ginger, Neil Granger (APS good congress in the best tradition of the Flore entitled “Body Notes,” which was President) and Allen gave excellent wel- IUPS Congresses. The science was at the played beautifully by the San Diego coming remarks. Allen then introduced the forefront, on the cutting edge of physiolog- Chamber Orchestra and won thunderous Fenn Lecturer Peter Agre, who delivered a ical research, and it had the broad interna- applause from the Congress participants superb lecture. The Opening Ceremo-ny tional representation we expected. I still in audience. What a great way to end this was followed by a buffet reception at the believe there is a place for IUPS and its unbelievable week! This marvelous Convention Center terrace, overlooking scientific meetings in this world. Perhaps Congress will be remembered for years or San Diego harbor, with wonderful food, they can contribute to peace and to fair even centuries to come. drinks and jazz music. The official opening understanding between the peoples.” In summary, with the team of Inter- was the moment we all had been working During the 34th IUPS Congress at national and American Physiological toward and waiting for over many years, Christchurch, NZ, there was a vocal group Committees working together and with and it certainly started with a bang, both of animal activists protesting at the meet- the participation of thousands of physio- scientifically and socially. ing site, making some of the participants logical scientists worldwide, we did collec- On April 1, following Allen Cowley’s uncomfortable walking in and out of the tively “bring the fragile boat of IUPS to its outstanding IUPS President’s Lecture, Congress site. In mid February 2005, a safe haven in San Diego,” as stated by Congress attendees participated in a web site of animal activists in California Denis Noble (this collection of Congress most enjoyable and relaxing IUPS Beach sent an electronic message calling atten- articles). Although the road to this won- Party held at the North Embarcadero tion to California Activists that “A Huge derful and terrific Congress was winding near Seaport Village, with Southern Vivisection Conference Is Coming to San and tortuous, and at times the Congress California beach music, barbeque, and Diego” and asking them to “Join San Diego in San Diego seemed like an impossible beach activities such as volleyball, keg Animal Advocates to Protest March 31- dream, it is the cooperative endeavor and races, and surfing. There was a dramatic, April 5, 2005.” The message called for a mutual trust of everyone involved in this beautiful fireworks display arranged number of activities, including a “Massive great international physiology communi- specifically for the IUPS attendees. protest on Sunday,April 3.” In anticipation ty that finally won out and made it work. In the six-day meeting, the IUPS of a possible repeat or escalation of the The more difficult and challenging the sit- Congress had over 3,000 abstracts and demonstrative activities at Christchurch, uation is, the sweeter and more satisfying 5,600 registrants, which were approxi- a IUPS media response team was formed is the consummation of the task. mately 37% of the numbers for the con- with the help of Marty Frank and APS Everyone is happy that the 35th Congress joint meeting of IUPS and EB. Therefore, Public Affairs Officer Alice Ra’anan. The ended on a high note, and I believe its suc- the representation was nicely balanced, team would serve as spokespersons for the cess has started a new beginning or a ren- rather than what was feared as a possible Congress, and they were provided with aissance for IUPS. A decade ago, I wrote a lopsided meeting. As reported in Walter’s relevant information and documents. report with members of the APS Long article, the program consisted of symposia, During the Congress, however, there were Range Committee on the future of APS special lectures, featured topics, and only about 30 people there on April 3 giv- and Physiology with a title of, “The sun poster sessions. A unique aspect of the sci- ing a rather silent protest, with some act- breaks through the clouds: A bright entific program of this Congress was its ing of “mad scientists.” To their credit, future for physiology” (The Physiologist organization along 15 thematic tracks these activists did not cause any distur- 39:375-388, 1996). I think this also highlighting the frontier areas in physiol- bance or disruption of the meeting. applies very well to IUPS and Interna- ogy.Each track was composed of a series of All good things must come to an end. tional Physiology. By putting the empha- sessions that followed a progression from On April 5, 2005, the 35th Congress held sis on “From Genomes to Functions”, the genomes to functions, in accordance with its Closing Ceremony at the Copley discipline of physiology will again take the theme of the Congress. Before and Symphony Hall, and it was as glorious as the center stage in biomedical sciences in after the Congress, there were 11 satellite the Opening. On behalf of IUPS, Allen our efforts to enhance the health and symposia, and most of these have reports thanked the host country for providing wellbeing of humankind. ™

65 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Bringing the XXXV IUPS Congress to Fruition: Role of the Liaisons Virginia Huxley, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Chair US National Committee, IUPS Mine is the tale of the mortar between information between societies and APS, two members of SFN, a single the bricks. In writing this, I realize that organizing future gathers from afar. member from BMES, SCIB, SGP, and it is a tale of the nebulous world of those Having learned several of the acronyms MCS, respectively, and two at-large who liaise between societies and organi- for societies, government agencies, uni- members. IUPS officers residing in the zations that are the recognizable versities, and other nefarious groups, I US, the Executive Director of the APS “bricks.” The reason I can relate my tale was asked by the Microcirculatory and others deemed helpful to the mis- is that I happened to become the chair of Society to act in their stead as a member sion of the USNC (read: Professors Shu the official group that extended the invi- of the United States National Commit- Chien and Stan Schultz as Chair and tation to hold the hold the 35th IUPS tee to the International Union of Chair-emeritus of the National congress in the United States in San Physiological Sciences (USNC/IUPS). Organizing Committee for the 2005 Diego in conjunction with EB 2005. The This group, under the auspices of the US meeting). To facilitate transfer of infor- task for me actually began back in 1986 National Academies of Sciences, repre- mation between the groups, the when as a junior faculty person attend- sents the community of Physiological USNC/IUPS generally meets twice a ing her first IUPS meeting in Vancouver, Sciences in the United States to the par- year, once with EB and once again in the Canada I was invited to participate as a ent international organization, the fall at the US National Academy. member of the then IUPS Commission IUPS, and serves as a national liaison With respect to the 2005 meeting, my on Microcirculation by Professors committee. The community of physio- role represents a journey begun by Christen Crone of Denmark, Peter logical sciences (“the US bricks”) con- Stanley Schultz and the US delegation Gaehtgens of then West Germany, and sists of The American Physiological to the 33rd IUPS congress in St. Eugene Renkin of the US. Through Society (APS), The Society for Petersburg, Russia where he presented Gaehtgens’ work that group met fre- Neuroscience (SFN), The Biomedical the invitation on behalf of the US quently at EB, and Microcirculatory Engineering Society (BMES), The National Academies for the IUPS to hold functions throughout the world in con- Society for Comparative & Integrative the XXXV IUPS Congress in the United junction with World Congresses, and Biology (SCIB), The Society for General States. My task was to shepherd this regional or national meetings. It was an Physiologists (SGP), and The invitation to Christchurch to the dele- introduction into the world of people Microcirculatory Society (MCS). They gates of the XXXIV Congress in 2001 on with like passions meeting about the are represented by the President-elect, behalf of the USNC. In the interval apparently mundane matters of sharing President, and Past-President of the between St. Petersburg and

Table 1: 1998-2005 USNC/IUPS Membership.

IUPS St. Christchurch San Diego Congress Petersburg (1997)

Year 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Chair Schultz Huxley Huxley Huxley Huxley Huxley Huxley Huxley

Vice Chair Huxley Cowley Cowley Cowley Cowley Cowley Cowley Cowley

APS Schafer Boron Boron Boron Horwitz Horwitz Horwitz Eaton APS Cowley Cowley DiBona DiBona DiBona Williams Williams Willams APS Navar Navar Navar Hall Hall Hall Granger Granger SNS Humphrey Humphrey Houk Houk Houk Houk Houk SNS Spitzer Spitzer Spitzer Spitzer Landmesser Landmesser Landmesser Landmesser BMES Shoukas Shoukas Shoukas Shoukas Greene Greene Greene Greene SGP Oxford Oxford Oxford De Weer De Weer De Weer De Weer De Weer SICB Terwilliger Terwilliger Terwilliger Terwilliger Burnett Burnett Burnett Burnett MCS Huxley Huxley Sarelius Sarelius Sarelius Sarelius Sarelius Sarelius At-Large Sarelius Sarelius Popel Popel Popel Popel Popel Popel At-Large Knobil Knobil Knobil Rasgado-Flores Rasgado-Flores Rasgado-Flores Rasgado-Flores IUPS Officer Chien Chien Chien Chien Neill Neill Neill Neill IUPS Officer Cowley Cowley Cowley Cowley Cowley Ex officio Schultz Schultz Schultz Schultz Schultz Schultz Schultz Ex officio Chien Chien Chien Chjen NAS staff Schoen Schoen Turner White Sheahan Sheahan Sheahan Sheahan

66 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Christchurch, the members of the USNC Molecular Biology, the American Society funds, emotional and intellectual sup- worked with the IUPS to review how for Pharmacology and Experimental port; we coordinated with the National congresses were run, how sites were cho- Therapeutics, the American Society for Academies and their contacts within the sen, how congresses were financed; we Investigative Pathology, the American State Department to aid in the issuing examined with our member societies Society for Nutritional Sciences, of visas; we reviewed the proposals for whether there was still a place for large American Association of Anatomists, travel funds within the United States international meetings and how the sci- and the American Association of and from the International community ence we conduct is shared. In Immunologists. While the discipline of of scientists. Through it all, I doubt that Christchurch, we presented a proposal physiology was giving rise to the other even the people in my laboratory, no less which was a culmination of this review experimental biology disciplines, the outside of the hierarchy of the APS and and a departure from past history: leav- focus of the biomedical sciences was the International Affairs office of the ing the format of the traditional “stand becoming more and more reductionist. National Academies, would know who is alone” meeting to one that intersected With the completion of the various a member of the USNC/IUPS, no less with disciplines related closely to physi- genome projects the focus has shifted what it does! Therefore, I have tried to ological sciences, while still maintaining back to the vital skills of the physiologist reconstruct a roster of its members who the identity of IUPS Congress. The US at examining and understanding func- were with me at every step along the National Committee believed that the tion. The theme of 2005 was indeed way in Table 1. goal of IUPS, namely to promote the sci- “From Genomes to Functions” and the My tasks ended at the meeting in San ence of physiology in the changing arena meeting format highlighted our interna- Diego where I had the opportunity to of the 21st century, would be advanced tionally based skills before a large audi- thank the attendees for accepting our significantly through endorsement of ence that is becoming aware of the invitation on behalf of the societies, to the proposal. Our further goal was that translation of genetic message to whole what was a unique interdisciplinary the attendees benefit from access to the organ function but without the physiolo- meeting with the opportunity to inte- industrial exhibits, as well as an array gist’s perspective or skills. Thus, at grate basic sciences with translational of results from life sciences hitherto not Christchurch we argued that the pro- research where we focused on physiolog- available at IUPS congresses. With posed changes would enhance, rather ical sciences moving from genomes to great concern the delegates ratified the than diminish, the identity of physiology functions. Once my tasks were done, I notion of having the XXXV IUPS and IUPS. personally enjoyed the meeting and its Congress commence in advance of and In the interval between meetings in science and look forward to the 2009 then concurrently with EB 2005. Christchurch and San Diego, the tasks XXXVI IUPS Congress in Kyoto, Japan. At the start of the 20th century, phys- of the USNC/IUPS focused on the for- To the young members of the societies, if iology was the principle basic biomedical mation of the NOC, chaired by Chien, you are asked to serve on a liaison com- science. Over the century, it spawned and the actual task of hosting a meeting. mittee, its success or failure depends on disciplines whose US members joined The other articles highlight the roles your personal passion for your disci- with the American Physiological Society played by those participants. The pline, so if you have it, please take on to participate in EB 2005, including USNC/IUPS remained in touch with our the role of mortar between the bricks. ™ American Society for Biochemistry and home societies soliciting information,

Peter Agre, Allen Cowley, D. Neil Granger, and Virginia Huxley listen as Shu Chien addresses the Congress par- ticipants at the Opening Ceremony. 67 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Reflections on Planning the Program for the 2005 IUPS Congress Walter F. Boron, Yale University, New Haven, CT Chair, US Scientific Program Committee Chair, International Scientific Program Committee

The 2005 Congress is now, thankfully, which would largely be responsible for Programming Committee (JPC, which in my rear-view mirror. But before the funding the 2005 Congress, suggested includes the programming representa- Congress fades completely from view, that the 2005 IUPS Congress be moved tives of each of the Sections). At the first Shu Chien—the Chair of the National to occupy the niche normally occupied by meetings, I explained the mechanics of Organizing Committee (NOC)—has the APS at the annual EB Meeting, the programming process and the inter- asked me to share my thoughts on the which in 2005 was scheduled to be held action of the USSPC with the ISPC. I scientific program for the meeting. in San Diego. The rationale behind this also emphasized that the 2005 Congress My first involvement with the 2005 shift was to minimize the odds that the was their opportunity to play host to Congress came in 1998 when, as 2005 Congress would be a major finan- their international colleagues, and that I President-Elect of the American cial drain on the APS. There is no doubt hoped that traditional functions at the Physiological Society, I became one of that the proposal was bold and innova- APS annual meeting (e.g., Section the three APS representatives on the US tive. However, it was also controversial. Dinners, Distinguished Lectures, National Committee of the IUPS The IUPS rightfully worried that it Student Awards) would not only be (USNC/IUPS). This group, which is the might lose its identity at an APS-style retained but expanded to include inter- interface between the International meeting. On the other hand, many in the national participation. Although the Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) APS were concerned because, in 2005, APS Sections had no formal standing and the major American physiological they would not have an annual meeting with the IUPS, I urged them to get organizations, had recently learned that as such. involved early in making suggestions for it had received the bid to host the 2005 Once the IUPS approved the move to generating the scientific program within IUPS Congress. In 2000, the San Diego, the job of chairing of the the official NOC/IUPS structure. I also USNC/IUPS appointed a group of indi- USSPC became more complicated. From pointed out that several APS represen- viduals, including me, to the newly the outset, I had three goals for the sci- tatives would be among the members of formed NOC, and charged us with the entific program: quality, quality, and the USSPC, and at that first meeting multifaceted task of making local quality. Because I had carte blanche in announced the first such representa- arrangements for the 2005 Congress. To choosing the members of the USSPC, I tive—Curt Sigmund, the incoming chair me, the NOC assigned the job of chairing was confident that my colleagues could of the JPC. Finally, we agreed that it the US Scientific Programming assemble an exciting program. But could would be advantageous bringing togeth- Committee (USSPC), which would take we sell this program to an ISPC with er, as soon as possible, the IUPS the initiative in developing the scientific legitimate concerns about identity? And Commission representatives and their program for the Congress and play a key could we sell this program to APS counterparts in the APS Sections— role in the execution of this program. Sections with legitimate concerns about establishing IUPS-APS communica- According to the bylaws of the IUPS, the losing their 2005 meeting? In fact, I tions. Although some misgivings ultimate responsibility for developing actually had two jobs: 1) producing a remained, SAC and the JPC generally the program would lie in the hands of high-quality program and 2) building came out of those December 2001 meet- the International Scientific Program- trust between the IUPS and the APS ings with a very positive attitude toward ming Committee (ISPC), which is Sections. The first would not be possible the 2005 Congress. appointed by the IUPS Council. The without the second. Thus, a major goal 2002 ISPC consists of the chairs of the IUPS for me was to communicate with both Commissions as well as six representa- groups and eventually to establish close I was fortunate to be able to recruit a tives from the USSPC. As it turned out, and cordial communications between small group of extremely talented scien- in 2002 the IUPS Council, with Allen the two groups. It was my hope that we tists, with interests covering a wide Cowley as President, appointed me chair could blur the turf sufficiently that range of physiological subdisciplines, to of the ISPC as well, with Ole Peterson those with a stake in the 2005 form the USSPC (Table 1). A small sub- (Secretary General of the IUPS) as co- Congress—the IUPS Council, the ISPC, group would meet at the Lansdowne in chair. Although it is impossible to per- the USSPC, and the APS Sections January 2003 (see below) to forge the form the control experiment, I believe (whose meeting was being supplant- overarching philosophy of the meeting that the dual leadership role made it ed)—would forget which hat they were and also serve on the ISPC, thereby possible for me to do my job more effec- wearing and instead work together with serving as a vital link between the tively. each other to produce a successful scien- USSPC and the ISPC. Because many in tific program. In the end, it worked nice- the subgroup had been colleagues of 2001 ly. mine on the Editorial Board of The big switch. The original propos- The APS Sections. Beginning in Physiological Reviews, I reasoned that a al to the IUPS called for the US to host December 2001, I began a series of regu- healthy esprit de corps would develop the 2005 Congress in Washington, DC— lar meetings with the APS Section quickly and that the group would work in the heat of summer. In the spring of Advisory Committee (SAC, which well with each other. 2001, before the 2001 Congress in includes the chairs of each of the APS In 2002 a call went out to all national Christchurch, the Council of the APS, Sections), and with the APS Joint physiological organizations around the 68 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 world, inviting them or their members evolved as successfully as it did. We all program for the 2005 Congress. to make specific suggestions for the sci- owe a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Privately, I was counting on the blos- entific programming. Frank and Ms. Allen. soming of interpersonal relationships. The APS Council. In April and again The USSPC Lansdowne group also San Diego—The Mega-meeting. in November 2002, Shu Chien and I met decided to build the 2005 Congress Also at the EB meeting, the ISPC (Table with the APS Council to discuss our around a number of tracks, each of 2) met by itself, the USSPC met by itself, progress in developing the program which would revolve around an exciting and then both groups met jointly with The APS Sections. In December area of physiology. A track would com- the IUPS Council and JPC attending as 2002, I met again with the SAC and prise a series of related sessions that guests … perhaps 100 people in a small JPC. would take the attendees on a journey ballroom. It was at this joint meeting, I that examined the scientific problem at believe, that all parties—finally meeting 2003 the level of the proteins, comparative face to face—established a camaraderie, The Lansdowne Group. The small genomics, genetic manipulations, dis- took off their political hats, and began USSPC group met in January of 2003 in eases, modulation or adaptation, inte- working with a single, unified purpose. Lansdowne, MD. First, we decided that, gration at the level of the organ or whole Breakout groups—each consisting of in terms of meeting format (e.g., times animal, and environmental interactions. ISPC, USSPC, and JPC working togeth- and lengths of sessions, protected times Because not all the important topics er members—initiated the long process for posters), the 2005 Congress would would neatly fall into a track, we esti- of developing specific programming run like the APS portion of a typical EB mated that perhaps 40% of the program ideas for individual physiological disci- meeting. The programming elements would consist of free-standing ses- plines. Personal relationships continued would be symposia (four 30-minute lec- sions that were independent of the to develop as ISPC and IUPS Council ture slots), featured topics (one or two tracks. members interacted with USSPC and 30-minute lecture slots plus 10-minute In terms of meeting content, the APS members throughout EB 2003, both presentations chosen from among the USSPC Lansdowne group put consider- at scientific sessions and at Section submitted abstracts), lectures, and able effort into identifying some of the meetings and dinners. The lines of com- posters. Our philosophy was that most exciting areas of physiology—or munication were established, relations because we had only one chance to that should be physiology. In addition, it were most friendly, and at this point I organize the meeting, we would use the generated the first iteration of a “wish was confident that we would succeed in program format that the APS had suc- list” of potential speakers for the putting together an excellent meeting. cessfully honed over the preceding sev- Congress. One of the particularly refreshing eral years. Moreover, Martin Frank San Diego—The IUPS Council. In aspects of the Mega-meeting was how agreed that Linda Allen and her APS San Diego, just before the official start of the group decided to handle special lec- programming staff would provide the EB 2003, Shu Chien, Curt Sigmund, and tures. The APS Sections sponsor 12 administrative support for the 2005 I met with the IUPS Council. We reas- Distinguished Lectures each year, and Congress. Without this able support, the sured them that the IUPS would play its the Society sponsors a few more, includ- scientific program would never have proper role in organizing the scientific ing the prestigious Cannon Lecture. The Table 1. Scientific Program Committee Members. IUPS and some of its Commissions also have a tradition of US Scientific Program Committee and the US Scientific Program Committee Members sponsoring lectures, International Program Committee David Altshuler including the presti- Joint Members Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston gious Fenn Lecture, at Christine Baylis Barbara Block IUPS Congresses. University of Florida, Gainesville Stanford University, Pacific Grove Inasmuch as this was Hannah Carey William Chin an IUPS Congress we University of Wisconsin, Madison Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN were planning, the Sue Duckles David Clapham IUPS could have University of California, Irvine Harvard Medical School, Boston insisted that the APS Brian Duling Richard Lifton lectures be dropped. University of Virginia, Charlottesville Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Rather, the group Jack Feldman Roger Nicoll decided to enrich the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston University of California, San Francisco meeting by staging all Usha Raj Curt Sigmund but one of the APS University of California, Los Angeles University of Iowa, Iowa City and IUPS lectures. Christine Seidman Jo Rae Wright The lone exception Harvard Medical School, Boston Duke University, Durham revolved around H. Lee Sweeney August Krogh, after University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia whom both the APS Ronald Terjung and IUPS had named Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston lectures! The relevant David Wasserman parties decided to Vanderbilt University, Nashville have a single joint Krogh lecture. For all

69 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 of the APS Distinguished Lectures, the result of their June meeting. However, was to select the final tracks from a larg- group decided that the lecturers would the binder was only the beginning. At er number, and to decide on the number be chosen jointly by APS Sections (who each meeting, the group began with a of sessions per track. After much would make several nominations) and brainstorming session to produce a list thought, the group reduced the number their IUPS counterparts. The ISPC of the hottest topics (e.g., feeding, fuel, of tracks to less than ten. After second would make the final decisions. This and fat) in their particular subdiscipline thoughts, the number ramped up to 15. process worked very smoothly. (endocrinology and metabolism). The The ISPC assigned one member of the The role of the JPC. At EB 2003, goal was to develop one or more themes ISPC, USSPC, or IUPS Council to act as and refined at other meetings, we around which we could build exciting the organizer for each track. With more agreed that the JPC would play three track(s). In addition, we identified other or less six sessions per track and a lim- crucial roles. First, like others world- important topics that would fall outside ited number of Congress days and wide, the JPC and the APS Sections that the tracks. At this stage in the planning, Congress meeting rooms, not to mention they represented would have the oppor- the groups were more interested in top- a non-infinite budget, the tracks put a tunity to make suggestions of specific ics than particular speakers, although squeeze on the number of free-standing scientific sessions for the 2005 Congress. they identified a few key speakers. In sessions. Lansdowne II also finalized The deadline for submission of these some cases, the cluster group drew ses- most of the special lecturers for the ideas would be in the late spring of 2003. sion suggestions from the binder. In oth- Congress. Of the 20 lecturers on the Second, after these ideas had been sub- ers, the group merged two or even three final program, 10 were international mitted, the JPC would organize and suggestions to produce the session that and at least two more had immigrated to evaluate the ideas at their annual June it was looking for. In still other cases, the the US. (2003) meeting in Bethesda. The results group generated sessions entirely de 2004 of their efforts, which formed the basis of novo. In the end, each cluster group pro- much of the programming, were present- posed more tracks and more free-stand- The LAX meeting. Even after ed to the USSPC and the ISPC. Third, in ing sessions than we could afford to pro- Lansdowne II, our job was far from over. June 2004, the JPC would “grid” the pro- duce at the Congress. That would allow The tracks were set, and in some cases gram elements, assigning each a room the ISPC to do some picking and choos- we had a clear idea of individual ses- and a time. Finally, in December 2004, ing. sions. However, we needed to 1) reduce the JPC would assign the abstracts to Lansdowne II: The IUPS Council the number of sessions in most tracks; 2) sessions and, in consultation with the & ISPC. In November, the IUPS finalize session titles; 3) decide whether USSPC and ISPC, select from the Council and ISPC met in Lansdowne for individual sessions would be produced abstracts the 10-minute presentations three days to finalize the broad outline as symposia or featured topics, 4) select to be made as part of the Featured of the meeting. The most difficult job free-standing sessions (which had been Topics. Table 2. International Scientific Program Committee Members. The suggestions. Although the Mega-meeting in San Diego was a terrif- International Scientific Program Committee Chaired ic start, we still did not have even the Committee Members beginnings of a scientific program. In June 2003, the JPC, planned, organized Ole H. Petersen Vice Chair and evaluated the programming sugges- University of Liverpool, U.K. tions that had come into the IUPS web- Harold Atwood Neural Control site from around the globe. University of Toronto, Canada The Cluster Groups. I planned to Malcolm Gordon Comparative convene a three-day meeting of the University of California, Los Angeles USSPC during the summer of 2003. Peter Hunter Physiome Unfortunately, it was impossible to get University of Auckland, New Zealand even as many as half of this group Akimichi Kaneko Senses together at one time, despite the expert Seijoh University, Japan help of Linda Allen. Therefore, rather Jimmy Neill Endocrinology than trying to hold a single, poorly University of Alabama, Birmingham attended meeting, we decided to hold a Denis Noble Circulation series of seven “Cluster” meetings—two Oxford University, U.K. in San Francisco, two in Chicago, two in Edward M. Rubin Genomics Bethesda, and one in Boston—during Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley the late summer and fall. The cluster Bengt Saltin Locomotion groups consisted of members of the Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Denmark USSPC and—reaching out to the IUPS Irene Schulz Secretion but still keeping costs under control— Universitat des Saarlandes, Germany North American members of the ISPC. Ann Sefton Education Each cluster group had, as the basis for University of Sydney, Australia its deliberations, a large binder that con- Yoshihisa Kurachi IUPS 2009 Representative tained the suggestions that the JPC— Osaka University Graduate Medical School, with the skillful assistance of Ms. Japan Allen—had so nicely organized as the

70 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 ignored for lack of time at Lansdowne certain slots or because speakers checkerboard created and continuously II), and 5) generate a list of speakers. reneged on their commitment. Some updated by Linda Allen. These jobs were on the agenda of the pessimistic colleagues—including one The abstracts and featured topics. final meeting of the USSPC, held at a dear friend who occupies a particularly In December, the JPC—in consultation hotel in the shadow of Los Angeles high position at the APS central office— with the ISPC and USSPC—pro- International Airport. We more or less had warned me that, because we had grammed the abstracts and selected completed items 1–4, although we con- aimed so high in terms of speaker noto- from the abstract submissions the tinued to make adjustments for several riety, we would experience a flood of “no- speakers who would fill the 10-minute months afterward. shows” at the Congress. This turned out slots in the featured topics. The era of the Conference Call. not to be the case. To be sure, we had a 2005 With track organizers working inde- few cancellations about a month before pendently, and in a seemingly endless the meeting, and a few more last-minute In late 2004, we finalized the listing of series of conference calls, we gradually cancellations due to illness. However, the tracks and other sessions on the completed the work of adjusting the ses- the attendance by the invited speakers web, with the expert help of Linda Allen sion titles and speakers, as well as invit- was outstanding. I credit at least some at the APS office. In the months leading ing the speakers. The final program con- of our success in this area to our out- up to the Congress, we also developed a tained some sessions exactly as they standing USSPC—friends do not like to “cross-linked program” that identified appeared in the binder (i.e., as submit- disappoint friends. all sessions that might interest ted by physiologists around the world), Our goal was to achieve a 50-50 ratio Congress-goers with particular inter- some sessions resulted from our combin- of American to International speakers, ests. For example, we created a schedule ing two or more similar suggestions, as well as a high ratio of female to male of all sessions that dealt with hypoxia, some sessions came partly from the speakers. In the final analysis, we fell and another for genomics, and so on—a binder and partly from our own ideas, somewhat short of my goals on both total of 21 such groupings. In the weeks and some sessions that were entirely de counts, though not for lack of trying. I leading to the meeting, along with novo. Those who submitted program- presume that it was because the Martin Frank and Linda Allen, we made ming ideas—even if unrecognizable in Congress venue was far from both last-minute improvements in the sig- the final program—should feel comfort- Europe and the Pacific Rim that we had nage, including the signage in the hall- ed that we examined them all, and that a significantly lower success rate in con- ways and in front of the meeting rooms. almost every one contributed some- vincing international invitees (vs. And then the Congress happened. thing—either concrete or philosophi- American invitees) to accept our invita- After being so deeply involved in the cal—to the final program. tions. We also had a lower success rate program, I wanted to attend every ses- Most of our work was completed by with female (vs. male) invitees. sion. But, alas, I could see only a tiny the end of April. However, minor The “gridding.” In June, the JPC fraction of the exciting science that I had changes continued for many months assigned the times and rooms for each of heard so much about in the many plan- either because we had difficulty filling the Congress sessions, using an outsized ning meetings. The success of the scientific program at the Congress is the fruits of the labors of a long list of people— especially those in Tables 1 and 2, but also the IUPS Council, the APS Council, SAC, and JPC—who worked tirelessly and, for the most part, anonymously. For me, it was an honor to work with them, and I am touched that they gave so freely of their pre- cious time. To them I offer my sincerest thanks. In addition, the scientific program of the Congress owes it success to the staff of the APS, most espe- cially Martin Frank and Linda Allen. To them I also extend my thanks. And next time you need someone to organize the scientific program of an IUPS Congress, I urge you to contact one of my younger colleagues!

Peter Agre, Fenn Lecturer and Walter F. Boron, Chair, International Scientific Program Committee.

71 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Hosting International Physiologists in San Diego Frank L. Powell, University of California, San Diego In January 2002 I was invited by Shu everything we achieved depended upon ny as well. Probably the most fun was Chien, Chair of the NOC, to chair a Local their fine efforts. It quickly became clear Marty’s proposal involving a killer whale Arrangements Committee (LAC) for the that this IUPS Congress would differ at Sea World. The orca would take the 35th IUPS Congress in San Diego. from those we had attended in the past IUPS flag from Shu Chien, as chair of the Specific charges in that first request because of the affiliation with the USA NOC, swim a lap and then deliver it were to identify venues for the associat- Experimental Biology meeting. Not only to the chair of the Japanese NOC! ed social events, potential financial sup- did this provide an extremely strong sci- However, reason, and music, saved the porters and homes in which foreign sci- entific program, but it also provided day again and the Congress was closed entists could stay during the congress. access to the event planning expertise in with the premier performance of the sym- Fortunately, I was able to recruit an the FASEB Office of Scientific Meetings. phony “Body Notes.”. enthusiastic and committed group of Given the history of EB meetings in San Between these events, the LAC had a individuals representing the huge Diego, this made our job very easy—and hand in many other scientific and social breadth of research institutions in San made us very respectful of the hard work events. There were Satellite Symposia Diego. Kim Barrett, my colleague from that previous hosts put into successful and Section functions at local institu- the Department of Medicine at UC San IUPS Congresses. tions. Local contacts and knowledge even Diego provided the APS Council’s point The Fundraising Committee for the helped with the musical entertainment of view. Kurt Benirschke represented not NOC also made things easier for the at the Friday night Beach Party. The fab- only UC San Diego, where he is a LAC. We provided them with some ulous “Mar Dels,” who had people danc- Professor of Pathology, but the “world names and contacts but we did not make ing to their collection of 50’s to 70’s rock famous San Diego Zoo,” which is affiliat- any direct solicitations. Through the and roll, includes the lead singer who is a ed with the Center for Reproduction of generosity of donors and APS members, former administrative assistant in the Endangered Species. Floyd Bloom repre- there was a well-funded scholarship pro- UC San Diego Physiology Division! sented The Scripps Research Institute, gram to support visiting scientists from Finally, everyone on the LAC became which is the other institution awarding poorer countries. This eased the burden more familiar with our local dining and PhD degrees in biomedical sciences in on the LAC to find housing and the entertainment options as we scouted San Diego. Stephen Flaim, formerly with Congress relied primarily on the FASEB locations for different requests. Alliance Pharmaceuticals and now affili- housing office for all participants. One idea that did not make the pro- ated with the Bioengineering program at Thinking of ways to show off our home gram, but is definitely worth considering UC San Diego, provided us with addi- town was both energizing and satisfying. for the future was a “Biotech Beach Tour.” tional insights to the local biotech and The LAC had lots of good ideas, some of This was to be an auxiliary activity to pharmaceutical industries. Fred (Rusty) which made it into the program and oth- showcase San Diego as one of the three Gage represented the Salk Institute and ers that remain possibilities for future largest clusters of biotech companies in was a liaison to the Society for meetings. On March 30, in the evening the USA. It could be run by a university Neuroscience, which contributed to the before the start of the official program, extension program or one of the profes- IUPS Congress. Mary Sue Lowery repre- Shu Chien and his wife K.C. organized a sional companies that organizes other sented the University of San Diego, dinner party at their house for the IUPS tours but it would be guided by a profes- which is growing a strong program in Council, the Chairs of Commissions and sional who speaks “our” language. Several comparative physiology. Jeff Graham Program Committees and the NOC. This local university professors have started represented the Scripps Institution of provided a wonderful beginning to a successful companies and they could pro- Oceanography and Birch Aquarium at week of renewing and making new vide valuable insights to younger scien- UC San Diego. Last but not least, my col- friendships with colleagues from around tists trying to decide on career goals. We leagues Peter Wagner and John West the world. People who had collaborated also anticipated the enthusiastic partici- were extremely helpful. John knows the by Email on special events for the pation of the local biotech and pharma- history of IUPS, having attended every Congress finally got to meet and shake ceutical companies to show case their lab- congress since his first in Leiden in 1962, hands. All of the hard preparatory work oratories with tours. Some of the local and Peter’s very recent experience with had been done. The atmosphere at the research institutions are famous for their the American Thoracic Society in plan- party was filled with both excitement and architecture alone, such as the original ning their own international congress in relief as everyone anticipated the open- buildings at Salk, the lecture/concert hall San Diego in 2005 was invaluable. ing of the Congress the next day. at the Institute for Neuroscience and the The LAC met several times, including Trying to match the cultural aspects of central library at UC San Diego. Although meetings with Marty Frank and Linda opening ceremonies from previous this would be a city tour developed for sci- Allen during their trips to San Diego to Congresses became a particular chal- entists, it would probably be popular with finalize arrangements with the conven- lenge, given the “melting pot” nature and a segment of the general public too. tion center, hotels, concert halls and huge diversity of the USA. The solution It was an honor for all of the LAC to other venues. Marty and Linda took our was in the musical choice for the reception contribute to this IUPS Congress. After ideas and translated them into actions. after the opening remarks—jazz, which this experience, I know we will have even With all of their experience organizing has it roots in America but is appreciated more appreciation for the special pro- meetings in San Diego, they could have and continues to evolve around the world. grams and touches we look forward to organized an outstanding program with- At the other end of the program, we had enjoying at future IUPS Congresses. ™ out a local committee and certainly many creative ideas for a closing ceremo-

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Lessons From the Home of the Buckeyes Helen J. Cooke Ohio State University Member of the IUPS National Organizing Committee 2005

I was honored to be a member of the of the IUPS meeting (which are fading National Organizing Committee for the fast) are centered around scientific pro- IUPS Meeting held in San Diego, 2005. gramming. No matter how far in We had approximately five years to dis- advance we plan, there are always cuss submitted plans for this meeting. unpredictable changes in the scientific Our major tasks were to review a vast program by virtue of unanticipated array of reports of hard working com- emergencies or other circumstances that mittees necessary in planning a meeting result in speakers, who had previously the size of IUPS with its many con- committed to attending the meeting and stituencies, to oversee the development presenting, are suddenly drawn away. of the scientific programs and to have While this is inevitable in any meet- input on the social activities that would ing of this size, my memories were of accompany the scientific sessions. I panic when I discovered that three of believe the committee did an outstand- the four speakers in one of the symposia ing job in overseeing all aspects of this on the topic of my interest had medical meeting. emergencies or other unforeseen prob- The IUPS was five years in the mak- lems to tend to and would not be able to ing and a wonderful program resulted make the meeting. A colleague of mine from the many planning sessions by sev- who organized the symposium called me was not what was originally proposed eral levels of scientific programming for “help” and with relatively short although the audience may not have rec- committees. My thoughts and memories notice, I agreed to step in and give one of ognized this. the talks. With his help we were able to Maybe there are lessons to be learned identify two substitute speakers and a from being showered every weekend in substitute chair of the session. The sym- the autumn with Ohio State University posium went on as scheduled with only Football. The “Buckeyes” cannot predict one of the chosen speakers, and with when a player will be injured, but you three new speakers and a new chair. The can bet that in the event that happens, speakers did a superb job of pinch-hit- football Coach Jim Tressel has a game ting and the morning was saved. My plan with a substitute. stress levels were 10 on a score of 10. For certain, you can predict there will In talking to other participants of the be “no shows” at meetings, but you can- IUPS meeting, I learned of a situation not predict where breaches in the scien- that occurred in another section. In this tific program will be. Some mechanism case, a symposium that was sponsored for identifying alternates for the speak- by one of the sections turned out to have ers at the scientific planning sessions the original organizer, but the rest of the might be a good thing. That way, when scientific session was stacked entirely the roster of speakers is approved they with the organizer, a spouse who worked could also approve a potential list of in the lab and current or past trainees alternates who might be contacted in all working in the same laboratory. This the event speakers have dropped out. These people would be contacted only if drop outs occurred prior to the meeting. Several members of one of the scientific planning committees might serve as a subcommittee that would screen and approve the substitution when there was a cancellation. Coach Tressel, faced with making a substitution for an injured player, might not agree to “passing the buck” to a sub- committee of his staff , but if speakers drop out the day of the meeting because of medical or other emergencies, then I would suggest the organizers of the meeting do what the “Buckeyes” do best – PUNT. ™

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35th IUPS Congress—A Reminiscence William H. Dantzler University of Arizona My first serious consideration of the idea of the change in venue on some of truly set the non-scientific aspects of 35th IUPS Congress began with my my colleagues. My most senior col- this congress apart from all preceding appointment to the National Organizing league, who would have to retire in Congresses. It will be hard to top and Committee (NOC) for the Congress. My 2004, was considering going to the Marty really deserves plaudits for his first memories of the NOC meetings Congress in 2005 as a last international faith in Hector and belief in the success involve the choice of a theme and, with it, meeting. He knows the US well and, of the performance. an appropriate logo. We all readily agreed whereas Washington, DC, would have The second non-scientific aspect that that we wanted the theme to indicate the drawn him, he felt that San Diego would involved much discussion was the design full range of physiology from molecular not. He didn’t attend. My other col- of the medallion for the Congress. There genetics to the most complex integrative leagues were indifferent to the exact were many divergent (often diametrically studies. As I recall, the idea of “From venue in the US. Other factors were opposed) views on the design. Although Genomes to Functions” sprang from com- more important. Some attended; some Shu Chien guided this process and kept it ments from several people (Marty Frank didn’t. I personally believed that it was moving forward, I recall that it was being prominent among them) and was important that we get a good attendance Ginger Huxley who suggested the pat- readily accepted, although the discussion and I thought that the relationship with tern for the two figures on the obverse about whether “genomes” and “functions” EB, with both the Congress and EB side of the medallion. In any case, we should be plural or singular was quite maintaining sufficient independence. finally reached agreement on a design lively. I’ve often thought that the chosen could be worked out. As we all now that came out very well (particularly in theme does not have a particularly melo- know, it was and the venue worked the silver version). In this process, I, for dious or memorable ring to it, but I’ve beautifully. one, particularly enjoyed meeting with been unable to think of any other, more Since I was not directly involved in the engraver and discovering how medal- striking way of conveying the concept the scientific programming (which lions are created. It was a real bonus for that everyone agreed on. In any case, it turned out to be excellent), I remember our work on the committee. worked after all and I think that we all most two non-scientific areas that pro- I’ve dealt mainly with the run up to have tended to remember it. Agreeing on voked major NOC discussions. The first the congress and some deliberations of the logo took much longer and I remem- involved the very controversial idea of the NOC. I’ve also mentioned the suc- ber several complex versions that were commissioning Hector Rasgado-Flores cess of the closing ceremony, which was sent for everyone to review. to write his symphonic suite, “Body truly memorable. What about the con- As we were just beginning to settle on Notes,” for performance at the Closing gress itself? There were, of course, the theme and logo, however, the ques- Ceremony. I remember that I thought numerous talks by scientists from many tion of the change in venue really took that it was an intriguing idea to have a countries that would not have occurred center stage for all of us. I remember talented composer, who was also a phys- at the usual EB meeting. I also learned very well when the concept was brought iologist and APS member, write music a great deal from a satellite meeting in to our attention via email in the summer dedicated to the beauty of physiology for San Diego that would not have occurred of 2000. I was in Germany doing the congress. It would certainly be a without the congress. There was also a research at the time and I tried out the unique non-scientific contribution to the discussion with colleagues from abroad congress and would about possible collaborative work that set it apart from any took place only because the congress other. However, even brought us together. In addition, with some prelimi- because of the arrangement of the pro- nary excerpts, no one gramming, I found myself interacting could say with cer- with a biomedical engineering colleague tainty how good such from my own university, whose poster a composition would suggested an area on which we might be. And as the cost to collaborate. We know each other well, perform the piece but had not realized that specific became obvious, aspects of our work might benefit from a many of us had sec- collaborative effort. Finally, there were ond thoughts. If it the interesting chance meetings, espe- hadn’t been for cially during the social events. I remem- Marty Frank’s con- ber one discussion with a woman from viction that this New Zealand, a cell biologist who did not would be a successful even consider herself a physiologist, event, I don’t think during the “beach party.” She only came that the NOC would to the congress because she was an have approved it. As invited speaker but said that she was we all know, “Body learning a lot. I’m sure that there were Notes” exceeded our many similar stories. ™ highest hopes and 74 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

The Benefits of Supporting Young Investigators at International Conferences Nora Terwilliger, University of Oregon, Charleston, OR; and Lou Burnett, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC IUPS 2005 National Organizing Committee, Society for Integrative and Comparative Physiology We served on the National Organizing ferent species of fish. They have Genomics of Macromolecular Damage Committee for IUPS 2005. In response exchanged techniques and remain in Responses and Environmental Stress to a request from us, the Society for contact about a potential collaboration. Adaptation” was one of the most broadly Integrative and Comparative Physiology Another example of the benefits of comparative symposia of IUPS. It was (SICB) contributed $10,000 earmarked encouraging our young scientists to par- chaired by George Somero, director of for one of the comparative physiology ticipate in the IUPS Congress is a strong the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford symposia and for travel support for research collaboration now underway University and a member of the young investigators. We are pleased to which was initiated at the San Diego National Academy of Sciences. The sym- report that one of the people supported meeting between a graduate student posium focused on genomic and func- by the IUPS 2005 travel money is a from Oregon and an assistant professor tional responses of organisms as diverse young postdoctoral fellow from Buenos from the University of Florida. Although as yeasts, nematodes, and fishes. The Aires, Argentina. She is very grateful for their individual studies are on organ- symposium was a marvelous example of the opportunity that she was given to isms from very different habitats, the what we can learn from asking broad attend the meeting in San Diego, where questions overlap. We look forward to questions about basic functions, using she presented two posters on her hearing about the results. These con- an approach similar to that of August research. During her poster presenta- tacts and collaborations will benefit all Krogh in which the different organisms tions, she discussed her research with of the individuals, and travel funds from serve as an experimental variable. ™ another young woman from Germany IUPS 2005 and SICB were the catalyst. working on a similar project but in dif- The symposium on “Functional

IUPS Travel Award Program

The 35th IUPS Congress National commented “This experience of participa- 37% of the awardees combined their Organizing Committee allocated funds tion in the 35th IUPS Congress opened a attendance at the Congress with a visit for a travel award program to encourage new window for me. It helped me to get a to a research laboratory or attendance the participation of young scientists in new understanding of America and sci- at a satellite meeting, over 78% used the the Congress. The goal of the program ence. I got to know so many excellent sci- Congress as an opportunity to develop was to provide travel grants to physiolo- entists and what they were doing. At the collaborative research projects with col- gists from developing countries, as well same time I was moved by warm-hearted leagues. Similarly, 70% used the as women and under-represented Americans.” Congress as a means of identifying minorities who were within 15 years of After the Congress, award recipients opportunities to work in another labora- receiving their doctoral degrees. The were asked to complete a survey to help tory. IUPS received 413 applications for the the National Organizing Committee to As noted in Table 1, the largest group travel award program and were able to assess the value of the travel award pro- of applications came from the make awards to 167 applicants. The gram. Of the 119 respondents to a Post- Asian/Oceanan region which includes awards ranged in amount from $1,500 to Congress Travel Award Recipient India (31 applications), Pakistan (8 $500. Unfortunately, because of finan- Survey, 56 award recipients were gradu- applications), China (29 applications), cial difficulties and visa problems, only ate students and 37 received their doc- Japan (7 applications), and Australia (13 140 candidates were actually able to toral degrees between 2000 and 2004. applications). From Europe, the partici- attend the Congress. The respondents were asked how they pation was greatest from the United For those who were able to attend, their would rate the 35th IUPS Congress, Kingdom (13 applications), Russia (14 participation in the Congress was eye- 87% or 104 rated the Congress as an 8 or applications), and Hungary (9 applica- opening and life changing. As noted by higher (with 10 being best). While only tions). From Africa, Nigerian physiolo- one award recipient, “The fruitful discus- Table 1. Distribution of IUPS Travel gist submitted 26 applications and 9 sion with other participants gave us all Applications and Awards. were submitted by Egyptian scientists. new research ideas and new collaboration Applications Awards Mexico (7 applications), Venezuela (6 connections. The scientific sessions were Africa 56 26 applications), Brazil (10 applications) simply excellent, bringing the frontier of Latin America 36 18 and Argentina (4 applications) con- science. The IUPS congress is one of the Asian 135 53 tributed the most applications from most important congresses I attend. I will Europe 104 44 Latin America. Overall, 40% of 413 start new projects and apply new grants Canada 16 5 award applicants received awards to based on the ideas I had in the congress. I United States 66 21 attend the Congress. ™ also got some personal feedback from my Total 413 167 presentation.” Another award recipient 75 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 Travel Award Recipient Recounts IUPS Experience Volodymyr and Olena Bogdanov Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv, Ukraine Our participation in the International Transduction Enzymes In Lymphoid Cells analysis, electrophysiology and Union of Physiological Sciences and Under Conditions Of Different microscopy.We are encouraged to produce Experimental Biology in San Diego, CA, USA, Pathological States Development.” This biochemical and behavioral investigations March 31–April 5, 2005 meeting was possible problem is very interesting, and we hope of stress reaction of laboratory animals, because of the XXXV IUPS Congress Travel that solving it will help us to know the and their effect on the digestive system in Grant Program, and an affiliate travel grant mechanism of pathological function our labs. It is clear, that we should devel- program of The Physiological Society of Great changes of molecules, which are closely op a series of scientific projects in the spe- Britain. We want to express our deep grati- linked to physiology of lymphoid tissue; cific mentioned direction that could be tude for supporting both my wife and myself. this knowledge may be used in searching useful for our institution, as they have We both won travel grants ($1,500 each), and for prophylactic and healing methods. been for some American organizations. used them for both travel (it was rather During her poster presentation, she met Only in such cases will our ideas be suc- long–approximately 15 hours flight), and A. A. Gashev. We had a very interesting cessfully realized. accommodations in San Diego during the conversation and we keep in touch with With this experience, we have received Congress. Dr. Gashev to this day. We both met with an opportunity to see the sights of San Unfortunately, the economics of our coun- Dmitriy Ostanin. We spent a great deal of Diego, a wonderful town of a wonderful try is unable to cover travel expenses for time together and became good friends. country. Our housing was good and com- young scientists, as we are, so grants were the Lecture attendance brought us new fortable, with a friendly, international only source of funding for our trip to the USA. knowledge in various areas and atmosphere. Sunny and delightful weath- The spirit of nobility has nearly started to enlarged our scientific understanding of er allowed us to see this nice cultural and become extinct among scientific professionals, problems discussed. harbor city with large streets, new impres- and, as we were able to learn, our task is to The oral communications gave us new sive buildings, historical center and quay bring the best experience from the most ideas, which we planned to use in our and, I believe, the world’s best, the San developed and powerful countries to support future work. We learned some new exper- Diego Zoo; we were breathing oceanic air building a progressive and democratic society imental approaches and hope they can be of the Pacific Beach, that was really full of in the Ukraine. used in our studies. Especially, we want to romance in the sunset. So attractive were Participation in the XXXV IUPS share our impressions from several sym- the San Diego trolleys, not only clean and Congress brought us a number of bene- posia, which were very interesting, knowl- comfortable, but also providing exciting fits. First of all, we presented theses of edgeable and understandable. The follow- travel and a beautiful view of the harbor. our scientific work. It is of great impor- ing is a list: “Sex and Gender Differences Without exaggeration, your public trans- tance for us to display our results and in Pain and Analgesia,” Chaired: Karen J. portation system commands respect. discuss them with scientists from the Berkley); “International Collaboration: I was impressed by the variety of entire world during this type of meeting. Science Knows No Boundaries,” Chaired: Mexican cultural features, from pictur- My poster was “Individual Typological Melinda R. Dwinell and Francisco H. esque red-tiled houses to authentic Aspect Of Human Psychophysiological, Andrade); “How Do Emotions and Mexican food that we tried for the first Psychophysical, Psychological And Motivations Interact with Autonomic time in our lives. In the first day of our Autonomic Functions.” My studies have Functions?” Chaired: Ruud M. Buijs;, and stay, it was really difficult to understand one principal aim—to improve the level of especially interesting for us was visiting the terminology of all those “burritos,” life by making deeper our understanding NIH Grant Seminar Workshops: Grants “tacos,” and “tortillas.” of the mechanisms underlying individual (Part Two, Grant Writing for Success). We want to express our thanks to APS behavior properties. This meeting has Sexual differences, locomotor, sensory and IUPS for our participation in this brought to us a fresh view of our results and autonomic functions, as well as emo- interesting and cognitive meeting, espe- and made us more critical in estimating tional features should also be getting con- cially to APS President, Neil Granger, the quality of our conclusions. sideration. Our simple measurements of APS Executive Director, Martin Frank, The conversations with both internation- reaction time, skin potential level, sensory and Meetings Assistant, Sarah George ally known scientists and junior investiga- thresholds should be enriched by such who helped us. ™ tors were unexpected and highly stimulat- modern technologies as ing. Discovering numerous mistakes in my transcranial magnitostim- speculations surprised me, but it was really ultion with evoked poten- useful for writing my PhD thesis. Also, I tials; FMRI, in addition to met some interesting, nice people and had the most advanced, in our discussions with them. They were: Virginia opinion, field of American Huxley, Karen Sogaard, Bikash Medhi, science—scientific manage- Vladimir A. Golovko, Heidi L. Shafford, W. ment. So we still have much Michael Panneton, Dmitri Zaretsky,Wesley to learn from our colleagues Miner, Manuhina Evgenia Borisovna; Fred from APS. Downey, H.D. Critchley. I collected copies of Visiting exhibitions, we their scientific papers and planned to use noticed some new method- them in my future studies. ological approaches and My wife’s poster was “Effect Of Various recent technical equipment Martin Frank, Olena Bogdanov, Neil Granger, Drugs Administration On Signal in the field of biochemical Volodymyr Bogdanov, Sarah George.

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Experience, Thought and Impact From Attendance at the XXXV IUPS Congress, San Diego, California, USA Christopher Ladipo University of Lagos Lagos, Nigeria Preamble Impression ed. The posters of interest were visited, I am a graduate student and a junior No doubt, much preparation went into explanations to some unfamiliar con- faculty staff member at the College of the hosting of this Congress. This was cepts and methods were presented, and Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, evidenced by the apparent ease in which it was also an avenue of creating con- Nigeria. I was privileged to be one of the the organizers catered to thousands of tacts for possible networking. recipients of the XXXV International participants at the event. Programs Pre- and post-symposia were organ- Union of Physiological Sciences Travel went on smoothly and on schedule, too. ized during the congress to address Award for a Congress which took place There were many activities going on at focused issues. One of them was the at San Diego from March 31-April 7, the same time, and for one to get the IUPS Teaching Workshop at Pali 2005. Also, I was lucky to secure a visa best out of all these, a daily guide was Mountain which I attended. Issues bor- to attend the Congress. Hence, my needed. Even with this, it is always a dering on Laboratory Resource Manual, expectation before the Congress was to difficult task drawing up a guide Curriculum Planning and Design, make the best use of a rare opportunity. because choices have to be made Information Technology, and Issues in This is pertinent because the conference between two or more competing events. Classroom Teaching of Physiology were came at a time when I, like many other The atmosphere was set right with discussed. Distinguished teachers of young researchers in developing coun- the opening lecture and dinner. The lec- physiology were in attendance, and it tries, was yearning for exposure to new ture, which addressed the theme of the was a tremendous learning experience. areas of interests in modern research congress (“From Genomes to This translated to a better personal and the techniques involved. This expe- Functions”), was very educational and development which will also be benefi- rience is necessary to be able to compete thought provoking. This lecture gave cial to my students. In addition, some for slots in international journals. It was insights into what to expect during most instructional materials were given by also an opportunity to be able to interact of the symposia. The dinner was a mem- APS to participants, especially those with other researchers, do a personal orable occasion, filled with lots of fun. from developing countries. assessment, and plan for the future. There were nice meals, drinks and There was a Placement Service games, and a wonderful band that sang (Career Center) provided at the San famous tracks from every part of the Diego Convention Center (the venue of globe. A comic life-portrayal of partici- the congress). This offered a unique pants by the San Diego Artists Associa- opportunity for graduate students and tion is a wonderful souvenir that depicts young researchers to know about vari- the fun of the day. Indeed, the dinner ous opportunities available, and how gave participants an enabling environ- they can prepare for and sustain a suc- ment to interact with each other and cessful career. I attended some seminars exchange ideas. Even language differ- on personal developmental issues and ences were no barrier on that night and had my resume critiqued by an expert. a breathtaking display of fireworks Various scientific industries exhibited ended the day. their new products; there were demon- The role and participation of the City strations on how they work, and some of San Diego is also commendable. Not free sample software, journals, books, only was a day declared in honor of the etc., were given to participants. International Union of Physiological Sciences, every establishment and outlet Lesson Learned/ Potential Impact made provisions to warmly welcome of My Attendance: guests to the city for the event. It was a I learned from my attendance at the first hand experience of attributes that conference that the focus is more on made San Diego and the whole of molecular or cellular mechanism of var- California one of the leading tourist ious concepts/mechanism of actions. locations of the world. However, there is the need to integrate these molecular studies with whole ani- Programs Benefited From mal data, hence, the importance of ani- The APS/FASEB had in place sym- mal research. Also the need for network- posia on various fields, and researchers ing among scientists was stressed, and with meritorious findings were given there is much effort in this direction. the opportunities to present their works. There is a wide difference in the Notable scientists presented oral sophistication of research from the reports; explanations and paradigms developed country and developing coun- were given for new concepts, and percep- tries, especially Africa. This is mainly tive views on various areas were provid- due to a lack of funds and equipment. 77 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Most of the equipment on sale at the exhibition was way-out of the reach of most universities in my country. In fact, the price of some single equipment was more than the yearly budget of a college or university. My view of the sit- uation is that this gap was created over a long period of educational neglect in developing countries. I also couldn’t help but wonder where most of the equipment used in developed countries went to after they were replaced. Couldn’t it be possible to get them to developing countries that are interest- ed, even if they had to pay a small price? The world is not only a global vil- lage economically or politically, but also educationally. Developed countries have many restrictions on the use of laboratory animals; this is getting increasingly severe, while the obedi- ence of basic guide and rule on care and usage of animals is required in develop- ing countries. Definitely, there are many areas of possible networking ulators in place of animal experiments. ually change curriculum to fit each par- between developing and developed coun- Also, online tutorials (e.g., lectures, inte- ticular situation. tries. This will only be possible if dis- grative and animation), provide access to I have acquired more knowledge crepancy in research quality is not too up to date information on various con- about the field of physiology after the much. cepts. My university now has a CD-ROM congress than I could have ever imag- The use of information technology pro- Committee (which I am a member), to tap ined. I am very grateful to APS for the vides a very good opportunity for the into this. However, there is the need for Travel Grant and opportunity to present developing country to close the gap and educators/instructors to know where my research work at the congress. It has correct the deficiencies in the teaching these instructional materials are avail- led to tremendous career development; methods due to funds or equipment. The able. Information technology if properly my university has benefited from this, restrictions placed on animal usage have used, will provide a meeting point. In and my students are the better for it. ™ led to the development of practical stim- addition, there might be the need to grad-

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The XXXV IUPS Congress in San Diego: My Impressions Andrei. A. Gruzdkov I.P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) St. Petersburg, Russia The XXXV International Congress of attend the congress. And I am thankful, ”Glucose Sensors and Transporters in Physiological Sciences in San Diego was also, to Sarah George, Meetings the Small Intestine.” C. Cheeseman had the second congress which I attended. Assistant of the American Physiological reported very interesting data concern- The first one had been eight years ago in Society. She helped me with my accom- ing dietary regulation of two novel facil- St. Petersburg, but, I think, it is hardly modations in San Diego which were itated glucose transporter proteins in reasonable to compare these meetings. rather comfortable and modestly priced. the rat intestine. The other speakers on Certainly, St. Petersburg is a very beau- This was vital for me. the Featured Topics (T.J. McWhorter, tiful city with great intellectual potency, Surely, the most important part of the D.M. Casirola, M. Merit, and I. referred by many scientists as the so congress was the science. In October Sukhotnik), also introduced quite useful called “capitol” of Russian physiology. 2004, Professor Ronaldo P. Ferraris of information about various aspects of However, there were rather hard times (the New Jersey Medical School, intestinal adaptation. in Russia in 1997, both politically and Newark), having been informed about It was very interesting for me to meet economically. That could not but reflect my previous published works, kindly once again those physiologists whom I on the work of the XXXIII IUPS proposed that I participate in the XXXV got to know in St. Petersburg eight years Congress. On the contrary, the organiza- IUPS Congress and take part in the ago: C. Cheeseman (Canada), R.K. tion of the IUPS congress in San Diego Featured Topic “The Nature of Intestinal Buddington (USA), and J.M. Planas was, in my opinion, excellent in many Adaptations: Cellular Diversity and (Spain). This time we met during the respects. Versatility.” This occurred to be a right Poster Session as old friends, and we It was a good idea, I think, to combine choice for me and L. V. Gromova, my col- had (especially with Cheeseman), rather the EB 2005 and the IUPS Congresses league and a co-author. We presented long discussions. I am sure that these and to rent the beautiful building, the our report “Short-term Adaptation of the personal contacts will be useful in our San Diego Convention Center. This Gut to High Glucose Loads” as poster future research, because the fresh infor- made it possible to locate all functions of and oral presentations. In particular, we mation exchange is one of the important the meetings (lectures, symposiums, fea- have shown that under normal condi- parts of scientific work. tured topics, and poster sessions), in one tions, the short-term of adaptation of Needless to say, I have unforgettable place and to supply them with efficient, glucose absorption in the small intestine impressions from this beautiful place, modern equipment. is mainly achieved due to high efficiency San Diego, and, of course, from the I was deeply impressed by the hospi- of the glucose active transport (rather Philharmonic Concert. tality of the organizing staff of the con- than the facilitated diffusion via Unfortunately, only a few participants gress. Every question for help was read- GLUT2), and adequate regulation of of the XXXV IUPS Congress arrived ily answered. I felt I was welcomed, both gastrointestinal motility including “ileal from Russia. The main reason, I think, is in the congress, and in the USA. brake” mechanism. It was very pleasant quite clear: a rather long distance. It First of all, I am thankful, of course, to for us to see that some of our results and was most valuable, that two representa- the authorities of the IUPS Travel assumptions were in good agreement tives of the I.P. Pavlov Institute of Award Program. The financial support, I with the modern views presented by E. Physiology RAS in St. Petersburg (Yu. P. received, made it possible for me to M. Wright (USA), in his excellent report Gerasimenko and myself), attended the Congress. We have brought with us to the Institute the CDs with the abstracts and other materials of the congress. And we reported to our colleagues our impressions of the congress. Unforgettable was my brief visit to J.R. Pappenheimer in Cambridge on my way to San Diego. I got to know him ten years ago, when he responded to a letter with a reprint of our paper published in Doklady RAN in 1995. Since then, we have corresponded via letters and Emails and discussed many disputable problems of the membrane digestion and absorption of nutrients. Being 90 years old, he has preserved a splendid intellect, a vital interest in life (especial- ly in science), and a good humor. It is my good luck to be acquainted with this out- standing scientist on the world scale. And I was happy to meet him. ™

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An Unforgettable Experience From the IUPS Congress Jianliang Zhang Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong; China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China

Thanks to the Travel Award from the aroused very good responses, which ture treatments, is an attractive prob- American Physiological Society (APS), acknowledged the opportunities for lem waiting for further investigation. and the International Union of interdisciplinary exchanges were the Since my PhD study is focusing on the Physiological Sciences, I attended the primary objectives, and not the objective acupuncture relieving epilepsy, I grew 35th International Congress of to save resources. strongly interested in this topic, as both Physiological Sciences, held in San Funds and posts. As we know, funds hypertension and epilepsy management Diego, California, USA, from March 31 are crucial for all scholars to carry out are beneficial from the same or similar to April 5, 2005. Prior to the general con- their studies. How to get the financial mechanism. gress, I participated in the symposium support, however, is really a difficult All in all, the US trip broadened my on “Acupuncture Mechanism in the achievement. Owning to the vivid and vision and enriched my knowledge relat- Treatment of Diseases,” chaired by J. C. detailed introduction by APS lecturers, I ed to research. Through this academic Longhurst, P. Li, and T. Lundeberg, of acquired some techniques in applying activity, I have established several inter- the University of California, Irvine. for the grants. In addition, for young national channels of communication Though it was a short stay, I was scholars, work posts and opportunities with peers in other countries, and, this rewarded much more than I had expect- for further study are constantly wel- in turn, helps me keep abreast with ed, and this, in turn, produced a strong comed. Fortunately, I grasped important what is new in science worldwide. ™ impetus on both my current study and information from the post board at the future undertakings. conference. The points which deeply impressed The acupuncture symposium made me are as follows: me understand the current status con- Perfect organization. Unlike other cerning the acupuncture mechanisms large scale conferences I have attended research worldwide, particularly from before, one thing which was very special peers outside of China. I was especially about this congress, at least in my opin- impressed by the thorough and system- ion, was the joint organization with atic studies by Longhurst’s team on the other guest societies. This keeps in har- central mechanisms underlying mony with the title of the Conference, acupuncture treatment of cardiovascu- “From Genomes to Functions,” not in lar diseases, such as acute myocardial words but in actions. I have introduced, ischemia, hypertension, etc. The prolong in detail, to my colleagues and adminis- inhibition by electroacupuncture (EA) as tration officers in Hong Kong and they reported, an important phenome- Beijing about this unique format and non manifested in almost all acupunc-

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Science and Music; Music and Science; The Science of Music; The Music of Science (and the making of "Body Notes," a Symphonic Suite About Human Physiology).

Héctor Rasgado-Flores1, Marc S. Abel1, Maria Cristina Galvez Correa2, Cecilia Peña-Rasgado1 and Victor Rasgado3

1Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, IL

2Universidad de los Andes, Colombia.

3Center for Research and Musical Studies, Tlamatinime. Mexico D.F.

environment and to explain how every- grad" symphony (1941) could only be Prologue thing works. Thus, the end goal of the created by him while serving as a fire- Let’s face it: we are immersed in a scientific method is to discover. man during the siege of Leningrad hav- great mystery. Thus, the single most ing lived 35 years, suffering his pains, important purpose of our brain is to Creativity experiencing his joys and anguishing make understandable sense of the To catalyze the process of adaptation, through the second world war. extreme complexities that constitute us survival and growth, our brains are also Shostakovich, packs all this information and our universe. This is accomplished endowed with a supplemental but differ- in 85 minutes of symphonic music, and for three basic purposes: to adapt, to sur- ent capacity than our ability to discover: delivers it to us driven by an unstop- vive, and to grow. To fulfill these goals, our power to create. Creativity plays a pable need to ascertain his survival of a our brain—via our senses—picks significant role in the discovery process war and of life itself. amongst the ever-changing myriad of during the generation of hypotheses, the information impinging upon us, ana- design of experiments, and the invention The Link Between Creativity and lyzes only the essence that is pertinent, of novel methodologies for testing the Survival and manages it to make it appear stable hypotheses, and for interpreting the Since creativity results from the need and meaningful. With this information, experimental results. However, there of a creator to share with his/her fellow it creates an image of ourselves and our are clear-cut differences between the humans his/her assertion of being alive, surroundings which is artificial and lim- processes of discovering and creating. it is no surprise that many of the most ited, but sufficient to allow us to interact Since the essence of discovering is to significant breakthroughs in creativity with each other and to modify our envi- unveil either information or a mecha- have been accomplished during serious ronment to better accomplish the afore- nism ever present in nature waiting to personal crisis of the creators; they have mentioned three basic purposes. be unveiled, it can be accomplished been attained in situations under which In this context, how does the apparent simultaneously by numerous individu- their own existence has been threat- luxury of conducting science and mak- als in different environments seeking to ened. A few examples follow: ing music fit with our brain’s essential answer the same question and using The first modern novel, Don Quixote purposes?; and what are the possible either similar or different methodolo- de la Mancha, introduces for the first relationships between these two seem- gies. In contrast, creativity is our capac- time everyday speech to a literary con- ingly very different human activities? ity to generate a product that only an text. It was written in a prison in La individual, as a result of his/her particu- Mancha (1605) by Miguel de Cervantes Discovery lar experiences, knowledge, sensitivity, after having experienced a thorny life Curiosity is an essential component of and interpretation of life, can produce. A which included losing in battle his left our survival, adaptation and growth, creation results from the irrepressible arm and being a slave of the Turks for addressing our need to unveil the laws, need that a creator has to produce a five years. the forces and the mechanisms that reflection of the assertion of being alive, Beethoven began breaking the rigid make everything happen. This informa- relevant, and unique. The creative expe- structures of the classical style of com- tion empowers us not only to under- rience is enhanced when other humans position and started composing in new stand, but to manipulate nature to bet- engage the creative object, and their musical forms with novel harmonies as ter accomplish our goals. To rob nature own feelings and life experiences res- he learned that Napoleon betrayed the of its many secrets, we first ask perti- onate with those of the creators. This is French Revolution by declaring himself nent questions, propose likely answers often reflected, for example, during the emperor (1804) and as he began to con- (hypothesis), develop methodologies to improvisational moments of jazz per- front his ever increasing deafness. test the predictions of the proposed formance. At those moments, the specta- The traumatic experience of the pre- hypothesis, and establish the best tor becomes an accomplice of the creator mature death of his lover, Duchess answer as the leading interpretation of and enriches his/her life with the experi- Cayetana de Alba (1802), and the inva- the underpinnings of a particular phe- ence of the creator as revealed by his/her sion of Spain by the Napoleonic army nomenon. This explanation remains creation. Thus, the same creative prod- (1807) deeply affected the physical and valid until challenged by a newer better uct cannot be generated simultaneously mental health of Francisco de Goya. As a one. This process—the scientific method by different individuals; it is a personal response, he began painting very dark —is the best tool at our disposal to and intimate assertion of the life of a images (Los Caprichos and Los desas- uncover the laws that govern us and our creator. Dmitri Shostakovich’s "Lenin- tres de la Guerra) and arguably became

81 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 the first impressionistic painter in histo- Second. In the early 20th century, of the cord. Further, he discovered that, ry. Pablo Picasso and his good friend by dividing the cord in certain propor- While being unjustly imprisoned in Georges Braque realized that, independ- tions it produced musical intervals some Peru, Cesar Vallejo wrote Trilce (1921), a ently and simultaneously, both arrived of which were pleasant to be heard while book of poems which changed the course to an identical novel style of painting: others were not. Thus, he performed the of poetry writing in the Spanish lan- Cubism, a style in which natural forms remarkable breakthrough of relating guage. The poems break with the norms are reduced into geometrical shapes. numbers with the appreciation of beau- of depictions of time and grammatical Therefore, this style of painting is also ty. During the middle ages, musicians structures and constituted a prelude to the result of discovery. became highly skilled and were required the surrealistic revolution. to study mathematics, geometry and An appalled and enraged Pablo astronomy. In 1631, Athanasius Kircher Picasso revolutionized mural painting “The object of science is to (1602-1680) published Musurgia when he composed his masterpiece, Universalis. In this book he explains the Guernica (1937), a depiction of the first discover; the object of cre- possibilities of creating music by estab- airplane-driven bombardment on a civil- lishing relationships between different ian population in history. He painted the ativity is to share with our notes (counter-point) from a mathemati- mural when he learned that the Basque cal perspective and established the town of Guernica was destroyed by Nazi fellow humans the joy of numeric patterns of music intervals, planes training for the Second World scales, and harmonies. Further, he War with the blessing of Fascist General invented a numerical "machine" to make Francisco Franco. enduring life.” music (Musarithmica Mirifica) which In sum, some of the most intense can be used by non-composers to make expressions of creativity arise as a music which follows all the counterpoint response, as a fight against set-backs, Third, Anton Webern (1883-1945) dis- rules of the style of his time. He also pain, anguish, death and dying. covered that the 12-tone method of invented new musical instruments and Creativity, therefore, is at its best, a music composition (see below) can be scored the songs of birds. The mathe- defense mechanism by which our brain used to create sonic geometric patterns matical basis for music making was fur- protects itself of losing its sensible and which can be appreciated by the brain as ther explored by the members of the stable interpretation of our reality. It is beautiful. This finding influenced Pierre Societat der Musikalischen Wissen- an essential tool for conveying a sense Boulez (1925- ) to discover that precise schaften (founded by Lorenz Christoph and purpose for living, especially when control of each of the musical parame- Mizler in 1738) which included GP our well being or survival is being ters (frequency, amplitude and harmon- Telemann, GF Handel and JS Bach. threatened. ics) by the composer can lead to music of Research of the latter composer in this great interest. society led him to write several pieces When Discovery Appears whose structure are almost entirely as Creativity The Science of Music based on mathematical proportions of The object of science is to discover; the A musical composition can lie any- sounds, including "A Musical Offering" object of creativity is to share with our where between being an exclusive exer- and the "Art of the Fugue." The develop- fellow humans the joy of enduring life. cise in discovery or a true creative prod- ment of the former piece, for example, is At the end, both processes share the uct as the case of Shostakovich men- entirely based on a few measures which same three basic goals mentioned above: tioned above. The strong component of are played by the musicians backwards, adaptation, survival, and growth. discovery in music originates from two inverted, doubling the timing, changing Although both activities are in essence main reasons: 1) sound production is the key or starting at a different place in quite different, they are so closely inter- governed by physical laws described by the score. This approach to music by twined that sometimes it is difficult to mathematics; and 2) music, being a lan- Bach explains why he considered art differentiate them. Three examples fol- guage conveyed by our sense of hearing, making as a rational construction low: is appreciated and interpreted by our process. Subsequently, in 1757 a disciple First. A few years ago, a bitter inter- brain subject to its rules, mechanics and of Bach, Johan Phillip Kirnberger pub- national fight arose between two purposes and, as will be discussed below, lished his Ever-Ready Composer of Origami masters participating in an is intimately related to speech. Polonaises and Minuets, a practical international competition working in Until the end of the baroque period, guide to write music based on mathe- different parts of the world. The dispute music was strictly considered a science matics and chance in which musical arose when they both presented to the pertaining to mathematics. Pythagoras decisions were made by the throwing of jury exactly identical intricate paper discovered that plucking a string makes a dice. structures. Investigation of claimed it vibrate in its entirety as well as in Music making as a discovery process international espionage revealed that halves, thirds, and so on. The lowest has intensely been expanded by contem- both masters attained the same struc- vibration (fundamental) is generated by porary composers. Bela Bartok (1881- tures while working completely inde- the vibration of the whole string and 1945), developed a numeric series pendently. Thus, both masters simulta- conveys the pitch of the sound; the other (Fibonacci scale) in which tones are neously discovered the geometric vibrations are its harmonics. Pythagoras given numbers and the series is formed arrangements necessary to make the established the mathematical relations by summing up the values of the previ- same figure. Thus, origami production of how different pitches can be attained ous two numbers (i.e., 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, results from a discovery process. by varying the length, width and tension 21,. .). He used this technique to write

82 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 numerous compositions including his to rhythms and patterns is that they pitch of sounds in which the fundamen- “Music for Strings, Percussion and empower us to predict events in time. tal frequency has been artificially Celesta.” Likewise, he used the geomet- When the predictions are fulfilled, like removed and only the higher harmonics ric proportion ratio known as Aurea sys- when the arm of a ballerina comes down are present. Thus, even if there are no tem to derive the construction of his after having been raised, it produces spectral similarities between the two melodies and harmonies (1). Arnold pleasure; when the predictions are sounds, both are similarly recognized by Schoenberg (1874-1951) developed a unfulfilled, it produces an array of reac- the brain. This property, known as find- system in which all 12 tones of the west- tions ranging from surprise or instabili- ing the missing fundamental, demon- ern music scale have the same impor- ty, to plain laughter, as when a walking strates that pitch-perception is an tance as established by a number of tone man suddenly falls down in a comic film. abstract perceptual property derived series (dodecaphonic scale, see Figure 1). The component of rhythm in music pro- from, but not physically identical to the In 1940, Joseph Schillinger published a vides it with a sense of continuity and characteristics of the perceived sound. mathematical system to compose music steadiness. It is reported that the great Two additional examples illustrate the (“Kaleidophone”) which was used by success of Reggae music resulted from subjective nature of sound perception: 1) George Gershwin (1898-1937) to write the fact that its rhythm is identical to changes in the frequency of a sound of some sections of Porgy and Bess and by that of a healthy adult heart at rest. constant intensity elicit the appearance Heitor Villalobos (1887-1959) to make When the rhythm in music is complex of a change in intensity; and 2) identifi- piano music. In 1955, Lejaren Hiller and/or broken, as in Stravinsky’s "Rite cation of the timbre in a sound (e.g., published the suite Illiac, the first musi- of Spring," it generates a sense of whether a tone with the same frequency cal composition entirely made by a com- unsteadiness and awakening. and intensity is either produced by a puter using Markov chains. Iannis Pitch: Pitch is physically determined piano or a violin), involves deciphering Xenakis (1922-2001) founded in 1966 by sound waves which posses basic (fun- of the envelop of the multiple sound the School of Mathematical and damental) frequency and periodic (har- waves implicated in the onset of the Automated Music. He developed a new monic) frequencies. Thus, sounds lack- given sound (i.e., starting transient). style of composition in which clouds of ing periodicity (e.g., thunder or a cas- This is easily demonstrated by listening sounds are produced and are subse- cade) have no pitch. Interestingly, pitch- to an audio tape of a piano played back- quently analyzed using stochastic statis- containing sounds are almost exclusive- wards. Because the onset of an organ tics. He applied several mathematical ly produced in nature by animals. sound involves some similar character- models to generate clusters of sounds. Hence, pitch perception is very relevant istics to the sound waves involved dur- (e.g., Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions for survival and communication, and the ing the offset of a piano sound, the sound and Markov chains). brain must possess mechanisms to dif- perceived while listening to the piano ferentiate sounds with pitch from those tape played backwards is perceived as The Music of Science lacking it (i.e., noise, see Ref. 2). Perhaps an organ. Likewise, when the very brief Perhaps like no other art, music is for this reason pitch perception is sub- attack of one instrument is electronical- capable of eliciting strong human emo- jective and not strictly determined by ly cut-off and is then attached to the sus- tional reactions and has played a key physical parameters. Two examples tained sound of a different instrument, role in the development of civilization. illustrate this fact. First, changes in the it is the attack that dictates the percep- Confucius (500 BC) reasoned that music intensity of a pure tone elicit in a listen- tion of which instrument is being possesses a moral force able to generate er the appearance of a change in pitch. played. For example, a listener perceives goodwill and harmony between families Second, primates (3) can identify the a trumpet when a few milliseconds of a and communities. Plato in his Republic Figure 1. Music Scales. states that music can either make better or worse citizens, and in classic Greece, the adjective "musical person" was reserved for highly educated and kind individuals. The reason why music can be so influential on human behavior and feelings lies in the fact that it is consti- tuted by three components deeply enrooted in human physiology: rhythm, pitch, and harmony. Rhythm: The philosopher Henri Bergson (1859-1941) did not need to be a scientist to realize that our brain searches and finds pleasure in discover- ing patterns since the discovery of regu- larity provides us with a sense of stabil- ity and well being. Desmond Morris (1928- ) reported that people uncon- sciously often counteract nervousness by producing rhythmic movements of body parts. Bergson also realized that an additional component of our attraction

83 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 trumpet attack (splat) precede the sus- human perception is a function of the in half produces an interval of three tained tone of a piano. Therefore, the frequency of the sound being higher at whole tones (tritone). With a computer it appreciation of pitch and timbre at the low frequencies. e.g., it is of a ¼ of a tone is possible to generate tones whose pitch auditory temporal cortex is rather com- for a middle La (430-450 Hz) and of a are clearly identifiable (e.g., Do) but plex and must be subjected to influences whole tone for a low Sol (89-109 Hz). their position in the scale is uncertain and regulation from other parts of the The seminal work of Dr. Diana Deutch (e.g., middle Do or low or high Do). When brain involving training and experience. has revealed the desperate need that such a tone is presented to a subject fol- For some scholars the history of music our brains have to make sense of pitch- lowed by its tritone (e.g., DoÆFa#), making corresponds to that of how com- containing sounds. Influenced by the he/she clearly reports hearing either an posers use pitch to produce scales. hemispheric side predominance and by ascending or descending interval. Figure 1 shows the arrangements of the language and accents used while Interestingly, the perception of the inter- some of the key scales used in music. growing up, our brains fabricate order val is not determined by musical train- The diatonic major and minor scales where there is none. This is illustrated ing since professional musicians can involve seven sounds and were definite- by the following three examples (4): report opposite patterns, but is deter- ly established by Bach with his writing Octave Illusion: listening through mined instead by the maternal language of the “Well Tempered Clavier.” stereo headphones on the right ear to a and specific accents to which the indi- Interestingly, the major scale is the clos- note pattern of an octave (e.g., high vidual has been exposed while growing est to the natural harmonics of a given SolÆlow Sol) while simultaneously lis- up. This is supported by the fact that tone since it appears as such from har- tening on the other ear to the inverted identical patterns are reported by indi- monics 8 to 16. Further, the accidentals pattern (i.e., low SolÆhigh Sol) produces viduals having grown up in similar (sharps, flats or naturals) of the keys in the great majority of listeners a sim- regions of a given country and hence closest to a major scale (subdominant plified pattern in which one ear hears: sharing the same accent. and dominant) also appear in the har- low SolÆsilenceÆlow Sol; while the In sum, connections between language monics of a tone. Various cultures in his- other hears: silenceÆhigh SolÆsilence. and music perception are so strong that tory have used different scales including Thus, the subject perceives a high and a some scholars consider music as a natu- the pentaphonic and modal. C. Debussy low Sol alternating from one ear to the ral evolution of speech. Language and (1862-1918) and A. Schoenberg revolu- other. Regardless of the position of the musicality develop simultaneously in tionized music writing by introducing earphones, right-handed individuals the brain and can in fact compete with their whole tones and dodecaphonic hear the opposite pattern than left- each other. Two month old babies can scales, respectively. Some cultures (e.g., handed ones. imitate the pitch, volume and melody of India) have traditionally used micro- Scale Illusion: if different note pat- their mother’s songs; at four months of tones (i.e., quarter, thirds, eights of a terns are presented simultaneously to age, they can also imitate their rhythm. whole tone) to make music. This tech- each ear and neither of them contains a Furthermore, when they reach two and nique has also been applied in western scale, but if a combination of alternate a half years of age, they explore with music by the middle-ages composer C. notes from the patterns presented to novel intervals and begin creating their Gesualdo (1566-1613) and more recently each ear does constitute either an own songs mixed with those of their by J. Carrillo (1875-1965). Contempo- ascending or descending scale (diatonic mothers. But when they reach three to rary composers use synthesizers to gen- or chromatic), the brain of the subject four years old, at the time when the abil- erate and manipulate all of the sound will rearrange the perception of the ity to speak flourishes, the melodies of frequencies that our brain can perceive notes leading to the actual “hearing” of a the songs in their respective cultures (20 to 20,000 Hz), but it is pertinent to scale in each ear. predominate and the creation of their note that the pitch uncertainty for Tritone Paradox: dividing an octave own songs disappears (5). Many pianists and violinists, as are any non musicians, can simultaneously talk and perform numerous other activities. However, it is very difficult for them to talk while play- ing their instrument. The similarities and competencies between speech and music may result from the fact that both use pitch as one of their primary compo- nents. Hence both partially function by using similar brain structures, neuronal pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Harmony: In music, harmony is the simultaneous combination in a chord of two or more different notes. As men- tioned above, Pythagoras established that the frequency ratios of pleasant pairs of sounds played simultaneously are uncomplicated (e.g., 1:1; 1:2; 2:3; 4:5, etc) while the unpleasant ones are com- Conductor Nuvi Mehta leads the San Diego Chamber Orchestra in the per- plex (e.g., 15:16; 30:59). We now know formance of Body Notes. that the oscilloscope traces of pleasant

84 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

each person produces very dif- planets have the sun." An illustrative ferent sound patterns. experiment dealing with this issue con- Likewise, our brain can be sisted of alternately exposing six-month trained to understand people old human babies to tonal (e.g., Mozart) talking with strong accents. and atonal music (e.g., Stockhausen) Thus, it should come as no sur- and analyzing their responses. The prise that looking at the oscillo- results showed that the babies paid sig- scope recordings of sounds pro- nificantly more attention to the music of duced during a performance of the former and disregarded the second the second movement of composer. This suggests that early in Beethoven’s fifth symphony our lives our brains are wired to recog- and of the noise of the audience nize tonal music as pleasant and/or that before the performance, it is they learn to recognize as enjoyable the virtually impossible to differen- harmonies and melodies to which they tiate them. Hence, our brain have been exposed via their maternal has the capability of selecting language and songs. sounds from the environment Very recently, however,Victor Rasgado and conferring upon them wrote a children’s opera entitled "El meaning because they contain Conejo y el Coyote" (The Rabbit and the pitch and because they are Coyote, 2003). This piece is constructed compared with our memories of using atonal music but is based on sonic sounds of instruments, chords geometric symmetric designs. This and previously elicited sensa- arrangement allows the children to sub- tions. These considerations consciously discover logic in the har- may help to explain why our monies and sonic sequences leading brain reacts emotionally to a them to enjoy the composition without very limited number of sound sophisticated training. frequency combinations. These combinations may elicit emo- Summary tions of joy (major keys), elation There are numerous and intricate Cecilia and Hector Rasgado-Flores. (consonant intervals), sadness links between music and science. One of pairs of sounds are much simpler (i.e., (minor keys), intrigue (difficulty in iden- the most relevant is that music writing their waves repeat exactly after a very tifying the key), unsettledness (lack of short interval) than the unpleasant ones harmonic resolution), or repulsion (dis- (i.e., it takes a long time for their waves cordant sounds). to repeat). Furthermore, a rather inter- Western music can be divided into two esting pattern is found if a diagram is major types: tonal and atonal. Tonal built of all the series of harmonics natu- music is constructed based either on a rally produced when two pure tones are major, minor or modal scale in which simultaneously played when one is only a given number of intervals can be maintained stationary while the other is used as determined by the key of the changed from the frequency of the sta- piece (e.g., Do major, la minor). Thus, the tionary one to the double of that fre- key of the composition determines which quency (i.e., one octave higher) passing tone serves as the center of gravity and by all the intervals in between (Figure makes all other tones its subordinates. 2). The Figure shows that when the Most of all occidental music written ratios of the two sounds are simple, thus until the post-romantic era is tonal. producing a pleasant sound (as in points Wagner (1813-1883) revolutionized a, c, d and g), the pattern of harmonics is music writing by introducing composi- also simple. In contrast, when the ratio tions (e.g., Tristan und Isolde) in which is complicated (as in points b, e and f), there are no precise tonality. Schoenberg Figure 2. Diagram illustrating the the harmonics pattern is also complex. broke the barriers of tonal music by harmonic sound frequencies elicited These observations suggest that our writing music in which all 12 notes in a when a pure tone is maintained constant brains find it easier to deal with simpler chromatic scale have the same impor- (horizontal dark line) while another tone sound ratios as compared to complex tance. The structure of this music is so is changed in frequency starting at the ones. However, as mentioned above, different than all the music previously same frequency of the stationary tone when dealing with the perception of written, that its appreciation requires until reaching one octave higher (dark pitch, there is no strict direct physical significant motivation and training from inclined line). Both the abscissa and relationship between the sound waves the listener. The contemporary composer ordinate are sound frequencies. The and the perception which they elicit. An Alan Hovhaness (1911-2000) argued ratio of the sound frequencies at the var- example of this is that we can under- against atonal music stating: "To me, ious points indicated with letters are: stand the same word pronounced by dif- atonality is against nature. There is a a=1:1; b=15:16; c=4:5; d=2:3; e=20:31; ferent people in spite of the fact that center to everything that exists. The f=30:59; g=1:2. (From Ref.6).

85 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 implies a strong component of discovery. ing for a small chorus and orchestra the support of the senior administrators The fact that music plays such a rele- which he conducted in Mexico City when and staff of the American Physiological vant social, cultural, and emotional role he was 15 years old. He had even won, Society, the inspiration of his family, may be because it uses similar means on several occasions, the music composi- friends and colleagues to whom each and is interpreted by related mecha- tion contests of the National School of movement was dedicated, and the col- nisms and neuronal structures as lan- Music in Mexico, but he never dreamed laboration with his brother, Victor guage, and language is critical for our of writing a piece of the magnitude of a Rasgado, one of the most distinguished survival, adaptation and growth. For symphonic suite. and accomplished young contemporary this reason, music can also elicit pro- Being a scientist and musician, the composers. They both had previously found and immediate emotional composer had crossed on several occa- collaborated in family concerts with responses from the listener. In so doing, sions the thin boundaries that separate their father, Rodrigo Rasgado (a noted it empowers its creator with a com- both endeavors. He taught for several violinist and plastic surgeon), as well as pelling means for manifesting his/her years the section on sensory processing in professional concerts in Mexico, but survival and helps us all adapt better. to medical students and followed the lit- they had never worked on anything of After all, what better form of adaptation erature about the neurosciences of this magnitude together. and survival could there be than enjoy- music listening and music making, and Completion of the project required ing our being alive? Further, there is a in fact, in 1996, he gave a lecture for the three years. The series of events complicated balance for music apprecia- Sigma Xi Scientific Society at his involved in the process was as follows: tion and enjoyment between nature and Institution entitled "Music and Hector developed the musical ideas nurturing, which remains to be fully Physiology: Interrelationships and which occupied his mind as a kind of established. Numerous contemporary Enigmas." On that occasion he present- "damnation" since it was impossible to academic composers are aiming to dis- ed a summary of the current knowledge be rid of them until they were written cover how atonal music can be appreci- of how our brains interpret language down as a piano version. Subsequently ated and enjoyed as it is being built and music, gave several examples using he gave the scores to the wife of his using a logical and coherent system a small musical ensemble, and even car- brother, Cristina Galvez Correa, who based on the physical and mathematical ried out an experiment with the audi- edited and wrote them for a computer nature of music sound. Another main ence about musical perception. program. Victor then proceeded to challenge ahead of us lies on identifying Once the composer accepted the offer orchestrate them. On numerous occa- the mechanisms and pathways by which to write the piece for the IUPS Congress, sions the two brothers and their wives our brain interprets sounds and attrib- he thought that it would make sense to met in Mexico and Chicago to discuss utes to them an emotional content. combine music and physiology into a and modify the orchestration. The wife single project. Physiology is the science of the composer served as the final judge …And the Making of "Body Notes," A that poses the questions of how organ- of how an audience of scientists would Symphonic Suite About Human isms work: how do we hear music? How appreciate the translation of the physio- Physiology do we create it? How do we play an logical ideas to the orchestral version. In the summer of 2002, the recently instrument? How do we dance? etc. In The suite is composed of 13 move- renamed Rosalind Franklin University consequence, it is the discipline that ments and lasts for about 1 hour. The of Medicine and Science hosted the lends itself best to create links between movements are: Midwest section of the American science and creativity. He thought that Negentropy: A depiction of the Physiological Society meeting. The physiologists would appreciate and ensemble of biomolecules into forming organizer of that symposium, Celia enjoy such a concept. Furthermore, he cells. Sladek asked Héctor Rasgado-Flores to wanted to think of this project, together Beating: The activity of a human perform a concert for the closing event. with his scientific He accepted and performed several of publications, as his compositions for piano and for piano his legacy as a and cello accompanied by an excellent physiologist. So medical student cellist. Among the peo- the project grew ple in the audience were Martin Frank to become "Body (Executive Director of the American Notes: A Physiological Society, APS) and Allen Symphonic Suite Cowley Jr. (President of the about Human International Union of Physiological Physiology." Sciences, IUPS). After the concert and a Realization of brief chat between them, they the project approached the composer and asked him involved several whether he would write a symphonic critical issues. piece for the XXXV Congress which, The support of after nearly 40 years, was going to be his wife and his held in 2005 in the US. The composer three children, consulted with his wife, and the follow- the support of his ing day he agreed to carry out the proj- Chairman and of ect. At that time, he had already written the President of about 50 pieces since he began compos- his Institution, The Rasgado-Flores family.

86 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 heart in a fetus while the tissues are the body it controls which is ready for References: formed. closure as they face the programmed Loving: The dance and angst of an closing of a life. 1. Erno Lendvai (1971). Bela Bartok. An adult heart as it tries to find reciproca- The style of the composition was Analysis of his Music. Humanities tion in love. thought to be pleasant to the scientific Press. Working: The action of a heart while audience. Therefore, it encompasses sev- 2. R. J. Zatorre. (2005). Finding the miss- performing strenuous exercise. eral composition styles from the baroque ing fundamental. Nature. 436:1093- Movement’s Movement: The control to post-impressionism. The most modern 1094. and beauty of skeletal muscle perform- movements are the ones describing the 3. D. Bendor & X. Wang. (2005). The neu- ance. interaction between neurons (Right ronal representation of pitch in primate Right Connections: The frantic com- Connections) and the release of some auditory cortex. Nature. 465: 1161-1165 munication between neurons. hormones (Saraband 3). In this Suite 4. Diana Deutsch. (1995) Musical Saraband 1: The dance of hormones the composer did not try to challenge the Illusions and Paradoxes. Philomel released during a sensation elation. audience to listen to the music but to Records. La Jolla CA. With you: The feeling of happiness of think instead of the physiological ideas 5. H. Gardner (1993). Multiple sharing time with loved ones. being described. Intelligences. New York. Basic Books. Saraband 2: The release of hor- The suite had its world premiere dur- 6. C. Taylor. (1992). Exploring Music. mones involved in the response of anger. ing the closing ceremony of the IUPS Institute of Physics Publishing. Bristol Injustice: The inner dialog and justi- meeting in the city of San Diego on April & Philadelphia fication of feeling angry. 5, 2005 performed by the San Diego Saraband 3: The indifference of hor- Chamber Orchestra conducted under mones in the blood stream which are maestro Nuvi Mehta. involved in the feelings of frustration The booklet accompanying the CD and sadness. contains a detailed description of the Without You: The mood of longing ideas behind each movement. The CD and quietness while being lonely. can be purchased at the American Apoptosis: A dramatic dialog Physiological Society web site. between a brain who wants to live and

87 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

A Medal for the IUPS 2005 Congress Ralph R. Sonnenschein, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles For the 35th International Congress Shu Chien, Professor at the San Diego the revised design. Pictures of this were of Physiological Sciences held in San campus of the University of California, circulated to the Committee which gave Diego March 31-April 5, 2005, a medal who was Chairman of the Planning its approval. The medals were produced commemorating this auspicious occa- Committee for the Congress. I showed at The Golden State Mint (San sion was designed and minted. Why a him my collection of previous congress Bernardino, CA) and were then made medal for the congress? Such an item medals. He became quite enthusiastic available to participants at the congress can stand now and for the future as a about the prospect of such a medal for and later, through the American commemoration of the spirit, as well as the San Diego Congress, and in due time Physiological Society, to any interested the content, of a gathering of people presented this proposal to the Planning persons. from around the globe, together for for- Committee, including Martin Frank. I mal and informal discussions of new also had recommended Alex Shagin as ideas and scientific findings, as well as designer of the medal. strengthening of personal friendships. Shagin, a Santa Monica resident, has With this in mind, sponsoring of such won highest honors as a medallic artist. commemorative medals was decided by The proposal was accepted by the organizers of several of the earlier IUPS Committee, and at one of its meetings in Congresses, and their predecessors, the Los Angeles, Shagin presented his ini- 1926, Stockholm (front and back) International Physiological Congresses tial design of the medal, based largely on (1). the already accepted logo of the I have had a long-time interest in, and Congress. Much discussion ensued, collection of, medals commemorating including several suggestions for alter- people and events in physiology and ing the design. These were accepted, and related medical and natural sciences, the Committee decided that final including all of the previous Physiology approval would depend on their seeing Congress medals. So, I naturally 1929, Boston (front and back) thought of such a memento for the con- gress to be held in our backyard, San Diego. About two years before the Congress, I first broached this idea to

1910, Vienna (front and back)

1932, Rome (front and back)

1901, Torino (front and back) 1913, Groningen (front and back)

1935, Leningrad-Moscow (front and back)

1920, Paris (front and back) 1904, Brussels (front and back)

1956, Brussels

1907, Heidelberg (front and back) 1923, Edinburgh (front and back)

88 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

1980, Budapest (front and back) 1965, Tokyo (front and back) 1993, Glasgow (front and back)

1977, Paris (front and back) 1989, Helsinki (front and back)

89 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

(Almost) a Week in the Life of an IUPS Delegate

Peter Brown, University of Manchester, UK 88 hours in San Diego and reflecting on a meeting that was all positive and threatened to swamp Experimental Biology

Saturday league (name deleted in return for a Tuesday Arrive in San Diego appropriately jet- mixed case of wine) appears late, looking The day of the symposium I am coor- lagged after 16 hour journey. Another particularly pale. He defends himself by ganising. Have never quite figured out one of those “good news ... bad news” sce- claiming his attendance is, in fact, an the etiquette of being a symposium narios. The good news: an upgrade to example of heroic endurance—appar- organiser. The million dollar question: to business class on the transatlantic leg— ently the people he was partying with be a speaker—or not to be? I was always only my second upgrade in 25-odd years last night haven’t made it to present taught not to invite myself to speak, on of air travel. The bad news: on arrival in their posters at all. Score one for the the basis that it makes you look self- Atlanta, rumours of shoe X-rays, strip British constitution. No, not that British important. On the other hand, a former searches and four hour lines at the air- constitution, the other one. Head of Department of mine once told port prove only slightly exaggerated. At the coffee break, a friend who has me firmly that I was a fool NOT to be a After 90 min wait at Immigration been meeting non-science acquaintances speaker in any symposium I was organ- miss connecting flight to San Diego and in San Diego tells me he has witnessed a ising. ‘Get those b*!*dy Esteem arrive cursing three hours late. (It could key West Coast ritual—‘waiting for the Indicators stacked up,’ he said. ‘If you have been worse, though. I later find out green flash’. To experience this, you don’t think you’re good enough, who the about a Manchester colleague who found stand on the beach staring out to the *!!* else will?’ Have reached a personal the US visa procedure so convoluted and Pacific and watch the sun go right down. compromise solution—speaker last time timeconsuming that, when it emerged The idea is that, as it dips completely I was organiser, chairman (but not the only way to get a visa would be to below the horizon, the last sunlight is speaker) this time. turn up at the US Embassy in London at shining through water to reach the The symposium draws a decent audi- 7 a.m. and stand in a five hour queue, he observer and it looks like a flash of ence of around 60 or so—not bad for the simply gave up. The whole thing makes green light. My informant swears there final day of a meeting. Having missed a me rather doubtful about ‘biometric were several dozen people standing big chunk of the meeting it is difficult to passports’ and ID cards, but that’s waiting, many of whom were veteran say what the highlights were, but I get another story). flash-watchers, and insists he heard one the feeling that the organisers have surfer type say: “Totally awesome flash, saved the best for last: The Journal of Sunday dude.” Decide he has been watching too Physiology sponsored session on TRP Emerge jet-lagged and struggle down many episodes of The OC. channels onTuesday afternoon is excel- to registration. I did mean to get here for For someone who spent two years in lent for the most part: innovative sci- the 8 AM talks (honestly), but by the time LA as a postdoc in the 1980s, and has ences with well-paced and witty presen- I have navigated my way around the holidayed in California several times, tations. conference centre a couple of times to this surprisingly is my first visit to San reach registration, abstract book collec- Diego. To be honest, no one in LA ever Wednesday tion etc. etc. I find my first talk is in mentioned the place: San Francisco, Take-off at lunchtime. Have been here David Sheppard’s 10.30 a.m. session on Yosemite, Death Valley, King’s Canyon, exactly 88 hours. Since the journey “The Molecular Basis of Epithelial Monterey… but never San Diego! My out here took 16 hours, and the journey Disease.” As with all the sessions I check first impressions are that, while maybe back will be another 12, this means a out during the meeting, the talks are not the most exciting place in the world, stay-to-transit time ratio of 3.14. nicely presented and well-attended. Pity it is well-appointed for a large confer- Shouldn’t complain about this, though— a few more Brits hadn’t made the effort ence: excellent conference center, plenty my choice. to be here, though. of bars, restaurants and hotels all with- Like most people, I used to take more Sunday evening meal out with some in walking distance, and a wonderful cli- extended conference trips when I was in friends from my LA days—a curry. mate. my 20s and early 30s, with no family to Eating out in Southern California has a San Diego also seems to celebrate its get back to and a budget that didn’t lot of good points, including restaurants Spanish/Mexican heritage more than stretch to long-haul holidays other than with terraces overlooking the sea and LA although, of course, parts of LA are ones that were “conference-assisted.” the climate to make use of them, but heavily Spanish-influenced. I particular- But these last few years 4-5 days is my they still don’t seem to have got the ly remember going to the wedding of an usual limit. There is a tricky balancing hang of cooking a really decent curry. English friend of mine called Nigel in act to accomplish here, though. I remem- When it comes to chicken Dhansak, Downtown LA in the 80s, where the offi- ber sniggering at one (now ex-) South Manchester beats Southern cial in charge insisted on calling him Manchester professor who told me he California every time. “Miguel” throughout the ceremony! flew annually to Florida for only two Although, on reflection, that tells you days for a high-powered American meet- Monday more about how few Nigels there are in ing and had mastered the routine. “I’ve Browse round the poster session. San the US than about anything else. figured out how to beat the jet-lag,” he Diego’s evening attractions have been Anyway, the Mexican-American cuisine said. ‘What I do is stay in the lecture keeping some of the delegates busy and here is first rate, and I sample it a cou- theatres all day, never go out in the day- a few look pretty shaky today. One col- ple of times during the meeting. light, and go to bed straight after sup-

90 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 per. That way I can stay on UK time and good, as was the science. I don’t usually cells/organs/animals. never start to adapt. And it means I like huge meetings, but any fears that wake up at 4 a.m. so I have lots of time IUPS would be swamped by Thursday to read the abstract book.” I tell myself Experimental Biology/FASEB failed to 9 AM Manchester time—touch-down. that, as long as my stay-to-transit time materialize. If anything, IUPS seemed Good to be home, though the drizzle pro- ratio never gets below 2.0, I can keep to be swamping EB! Finally, it was great vokes a slight lingering hankeringfor believing I haven’t reached that point. to see that many of the “Big Players” in California sun! May see you in Kyoto for The flight home gives time to reflect structure-function have returned to IUPS 2009…™ on some general points about the meet- their physiological roots and want to ing—all positive. The organisation was study the function of proteins in real

The XXXVth IUPS and Physiology Discipline

Hiroko Nishimura University of Tennessee Health Science Center

My major contribution to the XXXVth learn many advanced technological niques into physiology, due to increasing International Congress of Physiological techniques from studies done in mam- difficulty in undertaking whole Sciences (IUPS) was to organize a sym- malian species. I myself learned in the animal/organ studies because of the ani- posium with Kenneth Gross, Roswell early 1970s from Dr. Shu Chien, the mal rights movement, and perhaps due Park, Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, President of the XXXVth IUPS, who was to a tendency to award more research entitled “Phylogeny and Ontogeny of the at that time a professor of physiology at grants for molecular/cellular mechanis- Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS).” The Columbia University College of tic studies, the direction and focus of our aim of the symposium was to determine Physicians and Surgeons, how to meas- research have tended to shift to intracel- whether the molecular and functional ure blood volume using 131I as a mark- lular signal transduction mechanisms, evolution of the RAS coincides with the er. Although application of the tech- cell interactions, and gene regulation, structural advancement of the kidney nique he was using in rats to the meas- rather than studies on the control of during these two time-dependent urement of blood volume in eels some- complex biological systems. More recent- processes. The symposium comprised what puzzled him, the method worked ly, however, the importance of integrated speakers from Japan, France, and the beautifully. organ physiology and physiological and USA and an audience representing var- We are lucky, and grateful to the pro- pathological phenotypes linked to genet- ious countries. We had superlative pre- gram committee, to have had this oppor- ic information has become the focus of sentations and fruitful discussions. tunity to express our thoughts on phylo- attention. This rediscovery appears to There were a number of excellent ses- genic and ontogenetic development of be a consequence of the facts that: 1) sions on comparative and evolutionary the RAS. I was also very lucky because, physiologists and physicians interested physiology at the XXXVth IUPS, attend- in spite of the change to daylight savings in the regulation of bodily functions ed by physiologists from both nonmam- time on the day of our symposium, all understand the critical role of genes and malian and mammalian fields. The the speakers gathered on time! Indeed, their products in unraveling the under- major aims of comparative physiology, I I and another foreign speaker did not lying mechanisms of disease, and 2) believe, are to determine the evolution of know about the time change; but thanks functional genomics elaborate a new physiological functions and processes to some unknown inspiration, we went understanding of the roles of genes in and their adaptation to changing envi- to the meeting room one hour earlier cell and organ biology, and in disease ronments, and to find unique and than the scheduled time. In this regard, processes. Such linkage of genomes and sophisticated experimental models with it would have been very helpful if a large gene products to proteomes and further conservative traits that provide insight notice had been placed on the front linkage to “metabolomes” and “phys- into underlying mechanisms. Indeed, entrance door, or if the security guards iomes” may be themes in the next IUPS many experimental models using inver- who were checking our name tags had meetings. In this context, it would be tebrates and vertebrates, including crus- reminded us of the start of daylight sav- important to identify global strategies to tacean neuronal systems, insect ings time. facilitate and link functional genomics Malpighian tubules, aglomerular kid- The XXXVth IUPS was a well organ- and proteomics to integrated physiology neys, frog skins, and toad bladders have ized and carefully thought-out meeting. by organizing national and internation- contributed to the discovery of new The program contained diverse subjects al systems for research informatics and physiological concepts. Thus, the IUPS and yet was well integrated into the aim intercommunication in terms of avail- meetings provide ideal occasions for sci- of this congress, “from genomes to func- able resources, a standardized method- entists from a variety of physiological/ tion.” For the last 30 years, research in ology and terminology, and unified data biological disciplines to interact and physiology disciplines has been signifi- acquisition and analyses. ™ exchange information. Likewise, com- cantly changing. Due to the rapid intro- parative physiologists/biologists can duction of molecular and cellular tech-

91 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

XXXV International Congress of Physiological Sciences

Geri Swindle, FASEB, OSMC, Bethesda, MD March 31-April 5, 2005 San Diego, CA The XXXV International Congress of of currency, location and hours of regis- reception followed the Fenn Lecture on Physiological Sciences was held in San tration and other details to ensure the the San Diego Convention Center Terrace Diego in 2005 as a joint meeting with the success of the Congress. overlooking San Diego Harbor. annual meeting of Experimental Biology, As plans for the Congress were being a multi-society interdisciplinary, scientific finalized, it came to our attention that Beach Party meeting with an attendance of over there was a strong possibility that ani- The IUPS Beach Party featured typi- 14,000 scientists. Although the planning mal rights activists would attempt to dis- cal Southern California beach music and process for any annual meeting is com- rupt the meeting specifically targeting games, a picnic that included hamburg- plex, an international congress requires the IUPS. Since they often use tactics ers, hot dogs, chicken and more. The three to four years of preparation under that involve intimidation, harassment, grand finale was a magnificent fire the auspices of an international body. property damage and physical attack a works display. Organization for this Congress was par- plan to deal with a disruption was devel- ticularly challenging since it would be oped. The convention center, hotels, and Closing Ceremony held as part of a larger meeting that had all participants were notified of the IUPS participants enjoyed a very already been booked in San Diego. In potential for demonstrations and given memorable evening. A reception and addition to renegotiating contracts with suggestions on how to avoid conflict. dinner was held at the Convention the convention center and hotels to Additional security was provided both Center following the final session of the accommodate the increased attendance outside and inside the convention center. Congress. Participants were then trans- and space requirements it was necessary In addition to a superb scientific pro- ported to the Copley Symphony Hall for to plan a “congress within a meeting.” It gram, the social activities were an inte- the transfer of the IUPS flag from the was also essential that the identity of the gral part of the Congress schedule and United States to Japan, the 2009 host Congress not get lost in the large provided a total experience combining country. Following the flag ceremony, Experimental Biology Meeting. To accom- professional and personal interests for the San Diego Chamber Orchestra with plish this, the Congress was promoted as all those who attended. The social pro- Maestro Nuvi Mehta performed the a joint meeting with Experi-mental gram included: works of Samuel Barber, Aaron Copland Biology. Scientific session rooms, poster and Hector Rasgado-Flores. In com- area and an exhibit area were set aside Opening Ceremony memoration of the XXXV International and identified with signage specifically The evening session opened with the Congress of Physiological Sciences in for the Congress. presentation of colors by the University of the United States, the American The International Congress of Physi- San Diego ROTC. Greetings were provid- Physiological Society (APS) commis- ological Sciences was developed to ed to Congress attendees by the Chair, sioned Hector Rasgado-Flores, Ph.D. to ensure that participants had an educa- IUPS 2005 National Organizing compose a symphonic suite entitled tional forum for the exchange of scientif- Committee, President of the American “Body Notes” which describes some ic information, to learn of recent Physiological Society, and the President of aspects of human physiology. The piece advances in both broad and specialized the International Union of Physiological is entirely original, is written for a full areas, and to make personal contact Sciences. Following the opening welcome, orchestra and had its world premiere with scientists from all over the world. Peter Agre, 2003 Nobel Laureate present- during the closing ceremony of the There were many detailed steps that ed the Wallace O. Fenn Lecture. A dinner International Congress. ™ needed to be completed and decisions made to assure the success of the Congress. These required the utilization of specialized systems, tools, techniques, and the dedication of the staff members of the American Physiological Society and the FASEB Departments. The offices worked together to develop a timeline and budget for the Congress as well as contracting and finalizing all logistical arrangements for oral and poster presentations, exhibits, registra- tion, and accommodations. Complete advance information was provided to participants about the Congress activities and deadline dates, submission of abstracts, payment of reg- istration fees, hotel reservations, visa regulations for entry into the country, transportation from airports, exchange The Mar Dels entertain at the IUPS Beach Party. 92 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

The IUPS Congress and Experimental Biology: An Experiment That Worked!

Paul A Insel Chair, Experimental Biology Board, 2005 University of California, San Diego

Although most attendees at the approve both prospective and retrospec- and series of ways in which attendees to Experimental Biology meeting (also tive budgets for the meeting. Thus the both meetings would profit from this called “EB” or “FASEB,” the latter term EB board devotes much of its efforts to novel arrangement, which could be preferred by those with [fond] memories topics that include fee structures for described as akin to two partially over- of meetings from the last millennium) abstract submissions, registration, lapping Boolean circles (an image par- are blissfully unaware, the official over- exhibitors, etc., and the distribution of ticularly attractive to the more mathe- sight of this meeting is performed by income (assuming such exists) among matically minded members of the EB representatives of each of the scientific the participating societies. Board). The initial meeting was very cor- societies that participate. These individ- This background provides a frame- dial but as diplomats sometimes say, it uals, who include both the Executive work in which to appreciate the “shock was also “frank” because certain issues Secretaries and volunteer representa- to the system” that occurred when repre- were raised that required revision of ini- tives of each of the major participating sentatives of the IUPS 2005 Congress tial plans by the IUPS Congress repre- scientific societies, constitute the approached the EB Board in 2001, sentatives. In spite of these minor kinks, Experimental Biology Board. This Board requesting a face-to-face meeting to pro- the EB Board was highly enthusiastic approves and oversees organizational, pose that the EB Meeting in 2005 par- about the proposed arrangement but financial and certain programmatic tially overlap chronologically and inter- there being no precedent, in true scien- aspects of the Experimental Biology act in a major way scientifically (in par- tific spirit, it was labeled “an experi- meeting. Each of the major societies par- ticular, by co-sponsoring joint scientific ment.” The EB Board thus worked with ticipating in the EB Board often invites sessions) with the Congress. The origi- the IUPS Congress officials to create a the participation of smaller societies nal request to the EB Board stated that schedule that accommodated the needs with complementary interests, thereby “the proposed plan will increase the of all participants, in part by tweaking increasing the breadth and depth of attendance in San Diego in 2005, but the the Boolean (chronologic) relationships. information presented at the meeting, number will not be so large as to change Did the experiment work? From my as well as increasing the number of par- the character of the EB meeting.” personal point of view and that of those ticipants. Much of the EB Board’s offi- Representatives of the IUPS Congress, with whom I have spoken, including sci- cial responsibilities involve discussions in particular Shu Chien, Chair of the entists who have interests that focus on and decisions regarding location of the National Organizing Committee of the either EB or IUPS, the answer is annual meeting and financial issues IUPS Congress 2005, met with EB unquestionably “yes.” Most importantly, since this entity is empowered to Board and presented a cogent rationale the scientific content was of high quali- ty, providing meeting participants with an expanded profile of presentations as well as increased opportunities for inter- actions with colleagues from outside the United States. The American scientific societies have prided themselves, espe- cially in recent years, in having increased participation of non-US scien- tists in the EB meeting but the incorpo- ration of the IUPS Congress dramatical- ly increased the international “feeling” of the EB meeting. In effect, and highly appropriate for the location in San Diego, the rising tide of science lifted all boats. Although only an n=1, the experi- ment seems to have been a success. I hope that this success encourages other international scientific congresses to consider joint meetings with Experimental Biology—perhaps even IUPS at some future time!. ™

D. Neil Granger, Allen W. Cowley, Jr., Peter Agre, Virginia Huxley, and Shu Chien at the Opening Ceremony.

93 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Computational Physiology: From Genome to Physiome

Andrew McCulloch1, Peter Arzberger1 and Peter Hunter2 University of California San Diego1, La Jolla, CA and the University of Auckland2, Auckland, NZ

As databases of biological structure trainees. Twenty-three invited speakers 2001, and the Physiome Project was des- and function grow, there is an increasing and over 20 posters spanned a range of ignated by the IUPS executive as a demand for computational methods that topics from bioinformatics, systems biol- major focus for IUPS during this decade. integrate information from diverse ogy, metabolic engineering and compu- The Physiome Commission of the IUPS sources, reconstruct biological networks, tational cell biology to multi-scale imag- was created in 2000 and later combined predict the physiological functions of cel- ing and modeling of tissue, organ and with the Bioengineering Commission lular networks, and integrate struc- system physiology in health and dis- into the IUPS Physiome and turally across scales of biological organ- eases. Bioengineering Committee, co-chair by ization from molecule to organism. The satellite marks the latest in a Peter Hunter and Aleksander Popel. On March 28-30, 2005 at the series of international workshops on the Since the Physiome Project was Catamaran Hotel in San Diego’s Mission theme of the “Physiome Project,” a con- launched by IUPS, many of the annual Bay, we hosted a two-day satellite meet- cept that was first presented in a report meetings of bioengineering societies ing to the 2005 International Congress from the Commission on Bioengineering have included physiome tracks in their of Physiological Sciences. The meeting, in Physiology to the IUPS Council at the programs. entitled, “Computational Physiology: 32nd International Congress in Glasgow The satellite meeting in Mission Bay From Genome to Physiome,” was organ- in 1993. The term “physiome” comes continued to advance the physiome con- ized under the auspices of the National from “physio” (life) + “ome” (as a whole), cept and its goals by exploring the inter- Biomedical Computation Resource and and is intended to provide a “quantita- face between in-silico systems biology the Physiome and Bioengineering tive description of physiological dynam- and multi-scale computational biology. Committee of the IUPS. Major sponsor- ics and functional behavior of the intact During the first day of the meeting, ship was provided by the NIH through organism”1. A satellite workshop “On Shankar Subramaniam (UCSD) and the National Center for Research designing the Physiome Project,” organ- Giovanni Paternostro (The Burnham Resources, and additional funding was ized by James Bassingthwaighte, Chair Institute) described new progress in the received through generous educational of the then IUPS Commission on systems biology of complex phenotypes grants from Dell, IBM (USA and NZ) Bioengineering in Physiology, was held including diabetes and aging using and Pfizer Global Research and in Petrodvoretz, Russia, following the bioinformatic and genome-scale pheno- Development. 33rd International Congress in St typing methods. Jeffrey Hasty (UCSD), The meeting was attended by over 80 Petersburg in 1997. A synthesium on the Jeremy Rice (IBM Research) and Trey scientists from 10 countries in the Physiome Project was held at the 34th Ideker (UCSD) described the recon- Americas, Asia, the Pacific and Europe International Congress of the IUPS in struction and modeling of networks of including a strong representation of Christchurch, New Zealand, in August protein-DNA and protein-protein inter- graduate studies and postdoctoral actions. Bernhard Palsson (UCSD)

Attendees at the IUPS Satellite on Computational Physiology enjoyed lunch outside by the beach in San Diego’s Mission Bay.

94 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 introduced a comprehensive reconstruc- Centered Database5 and MCell6. closer than ever before, and future meet- tion of the human mitochondrial meta- Denis Noble (Oxford University) led ings should be encouraged. More infor- bolic network and the use of constraint- the session on cardiac cell modeling with mation on the satellite, including based models to analyze metabolite flux- a survey of computational models of car- abstracts of presentations and posters, es in genome-scale models. This set the diac myocyte ion currents and their can be found at http://nbcr.net/phys- stage for presentations by James application to unraveling arrhythmia iome/. Bassingthwaighte (University of mechanisms. He was followed by Donald References: Washington), Satoshi Matsuoka (Osaka Bers (Loyola of Chicago) and Jeffrey Bassingthwaighte JB. Strategies for University), and Nicolas Smith the Physiome Project. Annals of Saucerman (UCSD) who focused on (University of Auckland) on kinetic mod- Biomedical Engineering 28, 1043-1058, modeling cardiac myocyte excitation- els of mitochondrial energy metabolism 2000. contraction coupling, intracellular Ca and myocardial ischemia. The day ended Hunter P J, Borg, T. Integration from handling and the signaling pathways with a dinner cruise on Mission Bay. Proteins to Organs: The Physiome that regulate them. Peter Hunter (University of Auckland) Multi-scale analyses at the tissue, Project, Nature, 4(3), 237-243, 2003. introduced the second day with an organ and whole body scales, their appli- Lloyd CM, Halstead MD, Nielsen PF. update on the progress of the Physiome cation to diagnosis and therapeutic CellML: its future, present and past. project with special emphasis on the mechanisms and the power of visualiza- Prog Biophys Mol Biol.85(2-3):433-50, development of XML-based “markup tion in these settings were discussed by 2004 languages” such as CellML as standard- Craig Henriquez (Duke University), Slepchenko BM, Schaff JC, Macara I, ized encodings of cell systems models Alan Garfinkel (UCLA), Natalia Loew LM. Quantitative cell biology with and the growing databases of models3 Trayanova (Tulane), Yoram Rudy the Virtual Cell. Trends Cell Biol. available using these languages. Dan (Washington University) and 13(11):570-6, 2003 Cook (University of Washington) and Christopher Johnson (University of Martone ME, Zhang S, Gupta A, Qia Brian Athey (University of Michigan) Utah). X, He H, Price DL, Wong M, Santini S, expanded on this theme discussing The satellite succeeded in demon- Ellisman MH. The cell-centered data- ontologies and frameworks for integra- strating the new degree of integrative base: a database for multiscale structur- tive modeling and infrastructure and physiological understanding that is al and protein localization data from strategies for team science. becoming possible with the latest light and electron microscopy. Leslie Loew (University of advances in computational biology from Neuroinformatics 1(4):379-95, 2003 Connecticut), Maryann Martone genome to physiome. A special issue of Coggan JS, Bartol TM, Esquenazi E, (USCD) and Tom Bartol (The Salk Experimental Physiology with selected Stiles JR, Lamont S, Martone ME, Berg Institute) spoke in a session on multi- papers from the meeting will be pub- DK, Ellisman MH, Sejnowski TJ. scale models of single cells in which they lished soon. The goal of predicting phe- Evidence for ectopic neurotransmission described community software and data notype from the combination of geno- at a neuronal synapse. Science resources such a Virtual Cell4, the Cell- type and environmental influences is 15;309(5733):446-51, 2005. ™

Shu Chien taking first place in the keg race with Animal rights demonstrators protesting the presence Martin Frank during the IUPS Beach Party. of the IUPS Congress in San Diego.

95 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Biophysical and Biomechanical Adaptation and Bioinspired Engineering: A Satellite Symposium

Malcolm S. Gordon, University of California, Los Angeles, and

Morteza Gharib, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA

Introduction both subfields. Both subfields con- (University of Southern California), A satellite symposium having the tribute importantly to understanding Richard Zimmer (UCLA). Staff support: same title as this article surveyed recent how organisms work in their own envi- Option of Bioengineering, Caltech. important developments in the compar- ronments and how organisms may be Logistics support: Conference Services, ative, environmental, ecological, and used as model systems valuable in a Caltech. evolutionary aspects of biophysics, bio- range of other contexts. 6) Cosponsoring organizations: mechanics, and bioengineering (exclu- The symposium was innovative in Commission on Comparative and sive of genetic engineering and nan- that it explicitly brought together these Evolutionary Physiology (IUPS); otechnology) as part of the scientific pro- aspects of biophysics and bioengineer- National Science Foundation (US); gram of the 35th International Congress ing, which are usually separate from Office of Naval Research (US); American of Physiological Sciences of IUPS. The each other. The scientific program pre- Physiological Society (US); and symposium took place March 28-30, sented a sampling of important recent Company of Biologists (UK). The organ- 2005 on the campus of the California results from a variety of cutting edge izers thank each of these organizations Institute of Technology (Caltech), research programs in both subfields. for their generous support. Pasadena, CA. About 60 people partici- There were both invited papers and con- 7) Agenda: 23 invited papers present- pated, including a substantial number of tributed posters. Invited speakers were ed in four single sessions, morning and graduate students and recent postdoc- asked to make presentations that high- afternoon each of two full days. Poster toral researchers. lighted both the interdisciplinary session for 10 contributed papers first The 23 invited speakers included in aspects of their work and the opportuni- afternoon. the scientific program were divided into ties for new and stronger research syn- 8) Themes for invited paper sessions: four groups, each of which considered ergies that derive from their results. Locomotion and Motility; Muscle; aspects of one of the symposium’s four Participants in the symposium had Internal Flows; Materials. main themes: Locomotion and Motility; many informal opportunities to meet 9) Publication: scientific program is Muscle; Internal Flows, and Materials. and confer with colleagues, fellow stu- summarized here. Abstracts are posted There was also a group of 10 contributed dents, and others from a wide variety of on the symposium website (http://www. papers (presented as posters) that dis- teaching and research institutions both its.caltech.edu/~iupscit; website to be cussed other aspects of these thematic domestic and international. These net- maintained for one year after conclusion areas. working opportunities were among the of the conference); they are also included This article summarizes major fea- most important contributions that the on a CD-ROM provided to all partici- tures of the organization and scientific conference made to enhancing and pants. Copies of the CD-ROM may be program of the symposium. improving scientific, engineering, and available for interested people. Please educational activities. make a request by email to the Goals and Objectives Conference Coordinator, Martha The evolutionarily developed adaptive Organization and Agenda Salcedo: [email protected]. properties of organisms, both plants and 1) When: three days, March 28 - 30, animals, are based upon physical princi- 2005. Invited Speakers and Titles of Their ples and properties as well as upon 2) Where: California Institute of Presentations chemical principles and properties. Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA. This list is arranged according to the Studies of these biophysical and biome- 3) Number of attendees: approximate- four themes for sessions. Names are in chanical adaptations form the evolution- ly 60 people. the order in which presentations were arily based, ecologically relevant sub- 4) Target audiences: active research made. fields of biophysics and bioengineering. and teaching personnel in the areas of There is much that is useful that we biophysics, bioengineering, comparative Locomotion and Motility can learn from nature. Organisms form and biomedical physiology, functional Daniel Grunbaum (Biological a huge natural library of well-tested, morphology, and anatomy; undergradu- Oceanography, University of sophisticated approaches and, some- ate and graduate students and postdoc- Washington): “Ecological consequences times, solutions to many of the design toral researchers in these areas; inter- of biomechanical constraints on swim- and process problems faced by human ested media people. ming and sensing in protists;” engineers. Reverse engineering of natu- 5) Organizing Committee: Malcolm S. John Dabiri (Aeronautics and ral systems can be highly instructive Gordon (UCLA) and Morteza Gharib Bioengineering, Caltech): “Jellyfish and informative. (Caltech), co-chairs; Michael Dickinson swimming and the dynamics of animal The full development of these parts of (Caltech), Jay R. Hove (University of vortex wakes, revisited;” bioengineering requires active study in Cincinnati), Geoffrey Spedding Michael Dickinson (Option of

96 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Bioengineering, Caltech): “The control of Materials University of California, Los Angeles): aerodynamic maneuvers in fruit flies;” Stanislav Gorb (Biological Microtri- “Reflection in the squid Euprymna Z. Jane Wang (Theoretical and bology, Max Planck Institute of Devel- scolopes is achieved by structural Applied Mechanics, Cornell University): opmental Biology): “Bioinspired attach- platelets composed of a highly unusual “Fore and hind wing interactions in ment devices: what we can learn from family of proteins called reflectins;” dragonfly flight;” evolution;” M.N. Dean and A.P. Summers Geoffrey Spedding (Aerospace and Cheryl Hayashi (Biology, University (University of California, Irvine): Mechanical Engineering, University of of California, Riverside): “Spider silk: “Uniform strain in broad muscles: a new Southern California): “The aerodynam- design, performance, and evolution;” twist on tendons;” ics of small wings: performance meas- John Gosline (Zoology, University of A. Garza-Gossett, C.Y. Li, and V.A. urements and analysis;” British Columbia): “Spider silk or hag- Ravi (California Polytechnic Institute, Naomi Kato (Marine Design and fish silk, that is the question: alternate Pomona): “Spider silk-moisture interac- Engineering, Tokai University): “Median routes to the production of high perform- tions;” and paired fin controllers for biomimetic ance protein fibers;” D.I. Goldman, J.C. Spagna, R.J. Full, marine vehicles;” Margaret McFall-Ngai (Medical P.C. Lin, and D.E. Koditschek Microbiology and Immunology, (University of California, Berkeley and Muscle University of Wisconsin, Madison): Fiat University of Pennsylvania): “Arthropod Andrew Biewener (Concord Field lux: convergence in the biochemical and locomotion on a challenging substrate Station, Harvard University): “Muscle molecular design of eyes and pho- using a distributed foot;” dynamics during locomotion: from active tophores;” L.K. Jordan (University of Califor- power modulation and force economy to Adam Summers (Ecology and nia, Los Angeles): “Batoid feeding behav- passive dynamics;” Evolutionary Biology, University of ior: prey preference, detection, and cap- Graham Askew (Biology, University California, Irvine): “Building for ture mechanics;” of Leeds): “Power modulation in bird strength and stiffness with a viscoelas- B.W. Kot (University of California, flight muscles;” tic material - secrets of the cartilaginous Los Angeles): “Bolus rebound kinematics Hans Hoppeler (Anatomy, Universi- skeleton;” during engulfment feeding in the ty of Berne): “Functional, structural and David A. Tirrell (Chemistry and rorqual whales;” molecular consequences of eccentric Chemical Engineering, Caltech): “A bio- D.V. Lauritzen, M.S. Gordon, and muscle work;” engineering approach to materials syn- A.M. Wiktorowicz (University of Robert Full (Integrative Biology, thesis and design.” California, Los Angeles): “Swimming University of California, Berkeley): biomechanics and kinematics in ara- “Biological inspiration: artificial muscles Contributed Papers canin boxfishes;” and robotics;” These papers are listed alphabetically G. Ribak, D. Weihs, and Z. Arad Douglas Swank (Biology, Rensselaer by names of first authors. (Technion-Israel Institute of Technolo- Polytechnic Institute): “Designing A. Cammarato, J.A. Suggs, C.M. gy): “Dynamic control of thrust in the molecular motors: myosin structural Dambacher, and S.I. Bernstein (San paddling of cormorants during horizon- regions that determine muscle mechani- Diego State University): “Alternative tal submerged swimming” cal properties;” versions of the myosin S2 hinge affect A.M. Wiktorowicz and M.S. Gordon V. Reggie Edgerton (Physiological the functional and structural properties (University of California, Los Angeles): Sciences, University of California, Los of indirect flight muscle;” “Biomechanics and kinematics of swim- Angeles): “Elements of recovery of loco- W.J. Crookes-Goodson, L. Ding, J. ming in two species of pufferfish, Diodon motion following spinal cord injury.” Horwitz, and M.J. McFall-Ngai holocanthus and Arothron hispidus.” ™ (University of Wisconsin, Madison and Internal flows N. Michele Holbrook (Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University): “Masters of microfluidics: hydrodynamics of fluid transport in trees;” Keith A. Mott (Biology, Utah State University): “Information processing by stomatal networks;” S. Laurie Sanderson (Biology, College of William and Mary): “Biological vs. industrial crossflow filtra- tion: ways to avoid a dead end;” Jay Hove (Integrative Genomics, University of Cincinnati): “Flow- induced cardiac development;” Ghassan Kassab (Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine): “A bioengineering model of coro- nary circulation.” Activity at the APS booth at the IUPS Congress. 97 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Report on a Satellite Symposium to the XXXV International Congress of Physiological Sciences

Scott Thomson, University of California and VASDHS “Science is built up of facts, as a and active transport. The passive com- and cytoskeletal associated proteins house is with stones. But a collec- ponent is driven by a local decrease in away from the base and toward the tip of tion of facts is no more a science mixing entropy achieved through active apical microvilli. than a heap of stones is a house.” removal of glucose and bicarbonate from Glomerulotubular balance (GTB) is a Henri Poincare the tubular fluid. The active component process through which proximal reab- employs apical anion exchange to raise sorption tracks the glomerular filtration The kidney guards the volume and the intracellular chloride above its equilibri- rate. Historically, proximal GTB has composition of the body fluids against um potential. Peter Aronson (Yale) pre- been ascribed to physical factors affect- outside influences that would otherwise sented an update on the apical and ion ing Starling forces or hydraulic perme- make life untenable. The machinery for exchangers responsible for the active abilities and to limited availability of this is complex and links together vascu- component of proximal chloride reab- some filtered solutes such as glucose. lar function, cellular metabolism, sorption. Recent evidence is that the But new evidence reveals that changes epithelial transport, diffusive and “chloride-formate exchanger” (CFEX), in tubular flow velocity, per se, elicit par- osmotic fluxes, special membrane per- through which apical entry of chloride allel changes in proximal reabsorption meabilities, and countercurrent anato- occurs, operates in various “modes” by a mechanosensory mechanism. my. Much information about these com- allowing chloride uptake in exchange for Increasing the tubular flow velocity ponents has been catalogued through either formate or oxalate. Chloride-for- applies a torque to the tips of microvilli, efforts at dissecting them into smaller mate exchange operates in parallel with which have long moment arms. This and smaller parts. However, the critical NHE3, which provides a pH gradient torque is transduced through the emergent behaviors of the kidney that necessary to recycle formate from lumen cytoskeleton to increase the activity of govern the body fluids are not apparent to cell. Chloride-oxalate exchange oper- NHE3 and proton ATPase which, in from looking at these individual parts. ates in parallel with a sulfate-oxalate turn, drive sodium bicarbonate reab- To achieve the ultimate goal, which is to exchanger and sodium-sulfate co-trans- sorption. This was discussed by Tong understand the human organism, its porter that don’t require sodium-hydro- Wang (Yale). physiology, and pathophysiology and to gen exchange. A problem remains in Some have espoused that the tradi- use this understanding to improve that a high basal rate active chloride tional approach to describing complex human health requires that we explain transport seems to persist in CFEX processes with systems of partial differ- the relationships between the parts. In knockouts. ential equations will be of limited use- this spirit, a satellite symposium to the Sodium-linked glucose transport is fulness to systems biology. Meanwhile, XXXV International Congress of electrogenic. Volker Vallon (UC San others forge ahead using this approach. Physiological Sciences convened for two Diego) presented a hypothesis that out- Alan Weinstein (Cornell) discussed his days in March 2005 on campus at the ward potassium flux through apical recent success at modeling epithelial cell University of California, San Diego. KCNQ1 potassium channels in the prox- homeostasis in the proximal tubule as a The symposium, titled “Coordinating imal tubule serve to offset the negative linear dynamical system incorporating Hemodynamic, Filtration, and Reab- lumen voltage that would otherwise 31 variables (concentrations, volumes, sorptive Functions of the Kidney,” was accrue and dissipate the free energy pressures) and 24 parameters of inter- attended by nearly 100 academicians available for additional glucose trans- est. and post-doctoral fellows, and included port. Supporting evidence was present- The next series of presentations relat- formal presentations from 26 interna- ed in the form of micropuncture data in ed to flow and transport beyond the tional experts in the fields of kidney mice lacking KCNE1. proximal tubule. One of the discussants, hemodynamics, mathematical modeling, Apical sodium-hydrogen exchange Alan Yu (USC), described the pore-barri- epithelial transport, urinary concentra- (NHE3) is an essential part of the er function of the various claudins, tion, tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), machinery for active bicarbonate and which are essential components of tight and blood pressure. chloride reabsorption. Since the free junctions along the nephron. The opening presentation by Peter energy for passive chloride reabsorption Several others spoke on matters per- Harris (Melbourne) addressed a model- is derived from active reabsorption of taining to the concentrating mechanism. ing perspective on reconciling integra- bicarbonate, NHE3 is also necessary for It has been 60 years since Henle’s loop tive concepts with quantitative data and this. Therefore, an economical way to was proposed to function as a counter- demonstrated some early work on the tune overall proximal reabsorption is to current multiplier. Yet controversy per- Kidney Simulation Project under devel- regulate the abundance and activity of sists over the source of free energy to opment in Melbourne as a teaching tool. NHE3. Alicia McDonough (USC) dis- run the inner medullary portion. Harold This was followed by a series of pre- cussed the regulation of proximal reab- Layton (Duke University) briefly sentations relating to the relationship sorption by angiotensin II using data reviewed several of the hypotheses that between filtered load and proximal obtained during captopril treatment to have been advanced over the years and tubular reabsorption. NaCl reabsorption show that angiotensin II tonically coax- discussed the functional significance of by the proximal tubule involves passive es NHE3 and NHE3-associated proteins computer-assisted 3-D reconstructions 98 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 of the inner medulla based on immuno- cussed interstitial fluid balance in the P. Darwin Bell (Alabama) described histochemical labeling of transport pro- extraglomerular mesangium, a region how a single amino acid difference in the teins. Mark Knepper (NIH) showed that that has traditionally been viewed as ubiquitous sodium-calcium exchanger urine volume becomes a slave to dietary closed-off from the tubule, vasculature, affects regulation of the exchanger by protein in mice lacking urea trans- and lymphatics. The distal afferent arte- PKC and contributes to the blood pres- porters in the inner medullary collecting riole is now shown to contain fenestra- sure phenotype in Dahl SS/SR rats. duct. He also discussed the Schmidt- tions facing into this area. These provide John Lorenz (Cincinnati) described a Nielsen peristaltic theory of urinary a pathway for substances to pass direct- phenomenon of anticipatory salt excre- concentration and proposed interstitial ly between the lumen of the afferent tion, which is mediated by guanylin pep- hyaluronan as a mechano-osmotic trans- arteriole and the basolateral side of the tides secreted by the gut as hormones. ducer to store free energy that is sup- macula densa. This opens up the possi- Rodger Loutzenhiser (Calgary) plied to the papilla by peristaltic con- bility of bypassing the traditional TGF described a novel role for myogenic vaso- traction of the ureteral pelvic wall. mechanism for passing information constriction in the kidney. The time Leon Moore (SUNY Stony Brook) from the glomerulus to the macula course of the myogenic response has led began with a rhetorical question: “What densa by way of Henle’s loop. Armin us to think of it as protection against is the purpose of modeling the thick Kurtz (Regensburg) discussed the bal- blood pressure disturbances below 100 ascending limb?” He answered by using ance between activators and inhibitors mHz. In contrast, Loutzenhiser a basic model of TAL transport and of renin release. Pamela Carmines observed that, while the response might backleak combined with TGF to explain (Nebraska) discussed the role of tyrosine take 10 seconds to reach steady state, it complex features of renal hemodynam- kinases in renal arteriolar vasoconstric- gets underway within the time frame of ics, then noted that these insights could tion. a single cardiac cycle. Furthermore, the not be obtained by experimentation Warwick Anderson (Monash response to a fall in blood pressure is alone. University) described differential inner- subtly slower than the response to a rise Susan Wall (Emory) pointed out the vation of renal structures by different in blood pressure. As a result, the over- importance of dietary chloride to salt- subtypes of sympathetic noradrenergic all renal vascular resistance will dependent hypertension and showed nerves and hypothesized that differen- increase when the pulse pressure that non-A type intercalated cells in the tial subtype innervation of pre- and increases, irrespective of the mean arte- cortical collecting duct reabsorb chloride post-glomerular arterioles could explain rial blood pressure. This will serve to in response to mineralocorticoid via why RBF declines during low-grade protect the glomerular capillary against upregulation of the apical anion hypoxia but glomerular capillary pres- systolic hypertension, but could also exchanger, pendrin (Slc26a4). As proof of sure only declines during a severe have the deleterious effect of shifting the importance of this system to home- hypoxia. the renal function curve rightward in ostasis, the pendrin deficient mouse is Janos Peti-Peterdi (USC) described an those with stiff arteries. Jane resistant to DOCP-salt hypertension. By intraglomerular precapillary sphincter Reckelhoff (Jackson, MS) discussed contrast, type A intercalated cells, which which is controlled by the macula densa potential mechanisms for the rightward predominate in the outer medullary col- and which may fatigue to account for the shift in the pressure-natriuresis curve lecting duct express chloride-bicarbon- resetting of TGF during a prolonged after menopause. Kate Denton (Monash ate exchangers on the basolateral side stimulus. The traditional way to University) discussed the programming and actually secrete chloride when stim- describe dynamic autoregulation in the of blood pressure in utero. Judith Miller ulated with mineralocorticoid. frequency domain is by short-term (Toronto) discussed findings related to Qualitatively, this latter mechanism Fourier transform. This method lacks renal hemodynamics and diurnal blood must work against chloride homeosta- resolution, but working with longer time pressure variability in human subjects sis, but its effect on blood pressure is too series doesn’t work because the dynamic with early type I diabetes. small to detect. properties of physiologic systems tend to The meeting was closed by Gabby It has been difficult to fully under- be non-stationary. Ki Chon (SUNY Navar (Tulane) with a theory to recon- stand the role of endothelin in salt and Stony Brook) described a method for cile the mutual culpability of water homeostasis because its vascular overcoming this problem by defining angiotensin and hypertension in injuri- and tubular effects can’t be affected one coherence as a function of both time and ous renal remodeling. Reconciliation is at a time by pharmacology. Donald frequency and combining feed-forward required because angiotensin normally Kohan (Utah) solved a big part of the and feedback time-variant coherence varies as the inverse of blood pressure. problem by demonstrating salt-sensitive functions to describe dynamic RBF According to the theory, deleterious hypertension in a collecting-duct specif- autoregulation in the rat. Jurgen remodeling occurs when intrarenal ic knockout of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Schnermann (NIH) reviewed several angiotensin persists in spite of high Collecting duct ET-1 is thereby shown to theories about the role of TGF in salt blood pressure. Hypertrophy/prolifera- contribute to negative feedback control balance and discussed the merits and tion results from additive or synergistic of the total body salt and blood pressure, shortcomings of several models in which hypertrophic/proliferative effects of presumably by a paracrine mechanism. these theories might be, or have been, angiotensin and ATP, the latter being Several talks pertained to the control tested. released into the renal interstitium as of renal function, most with emphasis on A final session was devoted to a dis- part of the RBF autoregulatory mecha- the juxtaglomerular apparatus. Laszlo cussion of homeostasis, blood pressure, nism to protect the glomerulus against Rosivall (Semmelweis University) dis- and pathophysiology. barotrauma. ™ 99 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Reflections on Satellite Symposium of XXXV IUPS Mechanisms of Acupuncture Treatment in Disease

John Longhurst University of California, Irvine

Integrative medicine (IM) concerns an area that is truly in an immature tific conferences, the center provides those areas of medicine that are not tra- stage of development with respect to our courses in evidence-based integrative ditionally taught in western medical understanding of its clinical role and medical practice, for example in schools. While there is a long history mechanisms of action and one that has acupuncture and herbal medicine for extending back for literally thousands of been only modestly embraced by the allopathic and CAM practitioners and years as an empirical science, only in the western medical/scientific communities. sponsors clinical research protocols in last 20-30 years have investigators One remedy for the lack of sophistica- its integrative medicine clinic, that fea- begun to separate fact from fable, actual tion and acceptance of IM is to bring the tures acupuncture. modality-related response from placebo best minds together to address the cur- On March 30, 2005 the Susan Samueli or biological mechanism from psycholog- rent status of our knowledge and to sug- Center for Integrative Medicine at the ical response using modern technologi- gest future productive avenues for University of California, Irvine spon- cal advancements. The National Center research. Such conferences can go a sored a satellite symposium for the 35th for Complementary and Alternative long way towards providing a prescrip- meeting of the International Union of Medicine (NCCAM) has grouped the tion that will begin to assuage doubts Physiological Sciences (IUPS). This was many areas of integrative medicine into and to introduce our students and post- the third such conference sponsored by seven categories, including: doctoral trainees to this discipline in a the Samueli Center, with the second 1. Mind-body intervention thoughtful manner. held as a satellite meeting of the IUPS, 2. Alternative systems of medical The Susan Samueli Center at the four years ago in Auckland, New practice University of California, Irvine, was cre- Zealand and the first two years before 3. Manual healing methods ated by a gift from Susan and Henry that in Irvine, California. 4. Pharmacological and biological Samueli in 1999. Henry Samueli, a res- The planning committee consisted of treatments ident of Orange County California, is Peng Li (UCI, USA), Thomas Lundeberg, 5. Bioelectromagnetic applications one of the co-founders of Broadcom, a (Karolinska Institute, Sweden) and 6. Herbal medicine chip manufacturing company. He and myself. Because of our past experience 7. Diet and nutrition his wife, Susan, are extremely philan- with previous conferences, our knowl- The science behind each of these prac- thropic, having provided gifts to many edge of the field of acupuncture and our tices is still very much in its infancy. charities and non-profit organizations. scientific contacts throughout the world Although this situation has been Susan Samueli has a degree in holistic in this area of research, we were able to improving slowly, in part due to increas- nutrition and practiced homeopathy for select a group of 12 speakers with an ing interest from the medical and scien- many years. The Susan Samueli Center interest in research on the mechanisms tific communities, as well as from fund- for Integrative Medicine has three major underlying acupuncture. In addition, ing provided by NCCAM and the more missions, including: we offered an engaging and interactive traditional institutes at NIH, and other 1. education to students, faculty, prac- poster session during which junior facul- funding agencies in the US and abroad, titioners and the lay public; ty, fellows and students had an opportu- there is still much that is not known and 2. research focused at the mechanis- nity to present their research. Faculty much skepticism that exists throughout tic level; from Fudan University, China; Nagasa- the established scientific communities. 3. clinical service in integrative medi- ki University, Japan; Tokyo Metropoli- This is, in part, due to the low quality of cine. tan Institute of Gerontology, Japan; much of the science that has been con- While the center conducts research in Showa University, Japan; Karolinska ducted in these non-traditional areas of several areas of IM, its focus is in the Institute, Sweden; Göteborg University, medicine, including absence of adequate area of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sweden; Massachusetts General Hospi- controls, use of outdated methods, non- particularly in the area of acupuncture. tal, USA and the University of Califor- randomized studies, lack of hypothesis Investigators in the center are support- nia, Irvine, USA, presented a wide range testing, inadequate statistical analyses, ed by grants from the NIH and volun- of topics. unblinded or partially blinded studies, tary health organization as well as fund- Hui discussed the latest research retrospective analyses and the tendency ing from private organizations. The using functional magnetic resonance for the results of so many investigations group conducting research includes a imaging to detect cerebro-cerebellar and to be positive, even in the absence of mix of physicians, scientists, practition- limbic regions of the brain influenced by supporting data. Funding agencies, such ers, students and postdoctoral fellows acupuncture. Lundeberg discussed the as NCCAM, while providing helpful from the US, China, Japan, and Korea influence of acupuncture on pain and funding to fuel research in many areas with a strong background of training in anxiety. Hisamitsu presented research of IM, have not always funded the best medicine and neuroscience, each of on acupuncture and moxibustion in science or conferences. This problem whom are dedicated to the careful appli- treatment of collagen-induced arthritis. exists partially because there is a lack of cation of the scientific method. The cen- Toda provided his understanding of the a sufficient cadre of scientists capable or ter uses its educational and clinical antinociceptive action of acupuncture in willing to provide adequate peer review. activities to further its research mission. the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Chen dis- Thus, CAM or IM can be best viewed as Thus, in addition to international scien- cussed the mechanism of acupuncture 100 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 treatment of the perimenopausal syn- Posters presented a wide range of top- excitation in the medulla and the result- drome. Stener-Victorin provided her ics, including evaluation of inflammato- ing cardiovascular responses. results on the response of the polycystic ry cytokine mRNAs in the ischemic rat During the day and evening of this ovarian syndrome to electroacupunc- brain after acupuncture, the induction symposium, discussion was lively and ture. Uchida discussed the influence of by acupuncture of c-Fos expression in probing. Thoughtful criticism was stimulating somatic afferents on uterine the medulla and midbrain and the rela- raised, some ideas were put to rest but and ovarian function. Li talked about tionship of these neurons to enkephalins many new and potentially productive the role of the hypothalamus and mid- and endorphins, the influence of areas were considered. I think the stu- brain in electroacupuncture-cardiovas- acupuncture in epilepsy with respect to dents were exposed to a level of science cular responses. Tjen-A-Looi provided its action on excitatory and inhibitory that set the stage not only for an under- an understanding of acupuncture’s point neurotransmitters, behavior changes standing of the current state of our specific action on the cardiovascular sys- caused by electroacupuncture in combi- knowledge but also for a belief that sci- tem. Jafari discussed herbals, acupunc- nation with antidepressants, inhibition ence still has a long way to go to fully ture and longevity. Cho discussed his of thalamic neuronal responses to vis- understand the neurophysiological imaging based data on the neurological ceral nociception by electroacupuncture, mechanisms underlying acupuncture. I mechanism of acupuncture in inflamma- somatic afferent and medullary neu- hope that productive collaborations will tion. I discussed the role of the medulla, ronal mechanisms underlying acupunc- result and that we will have an opportu- specifically the rostral ventrolateral ture modality and frequency-dependent nity to re-engage in four years to evalu- medulla, in regulation of blood pressure cardiovascular responses and the effect ate new knowledge and future direc- by electroacupuncture. of acupuncture on glutamate-related tions. ™

Group photograph of conference attendees. Those clearly identifiable in the picture are (listed alphabetically): Ella Ashabi, Stanley Behrens, Bo-Ying Chen, Zang-hee Cho, Debra Clydesdale, Liang-Wu Fu, Zhi-ling Guo, Tadashi Hisamitsu, An-Fu Hsiao, Lonela Hubbard, Kathleen Hui, Mahtab Jafari, Yu Jin, Mari Kimoto, An York Lee, Peng Li, John Longhurst, Thomas Lundeberg, Shulami Park, Yihong Peng, Heather Rice, Elisabet Stener-Victorin, Stephanie Tjen-A-Looi, Kazuo Toda, Sae Uchida, Angela Wang, Hiromi Yamamoto, Ru Yang, Jianliang Zhang, Hong Zhao and Wei Zhou. 101 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

International Teaching Workshop

Ann Sefton, University of Sydney, Australia Co-Chair, Education Committee, IUPS For many physiologists, teaching is workshops were held in 2001 at Lincoln “Laboratory resources,” was led by the major focus of their activities. (near Christchurch, New Zealand) and Dee Silverthorn and Joel Michael Indeed, from a global perspective, proba- in Pali Mountain, an idyllic location in (USA). The group initiated a major proj- bly most would fall into that group. the mountains behind Los Angeles and ect to develop online access to a data- Opportunities for research are not avail- San Diego in 2005. One feature of the base of good quality experiments that able to all, so many academic staff mem- tradition has been the faithful atten- require only simple equipment and bers focus on their educational roles. dance by a small but increasing group. resources. It updates an earlier book of Most will attempt to keep current by Indeed, at the recent workshop an “Simple Experiments” which is now reading new textbooks, journals and the impressive series of photographs record- dated and unobtainable; increasing numbers of online resources. ed the increasing numbers of “sur- “The use of information technology Teaching well is not just a matter of vivors” from each of the previous work- in teaching physiology” is a challenging being up to date with the content. shops. We were particularly pleased to issue for most teachers. The group was Educational research is growing rapidly; welcome two colleagues from Japan facilitated by Tom Nosek (USA) and it is providing us with a clearer under- where the next congress and teaching Usha Nayar (Bahrein); standing of effective strategies and workshop will be held. “Curriculum planning and design” approaches. Newer methods focus on At the workshop four groups dis- was led by Bill Galey (USA) and Beatriz teaching for understanding, recognizing cussed a range of issues in teaching Ramirez (Chile). The discussion focused that active learning—not passive memo- physiology. Each prepared formal on effective strategies for developing rization—is one of the keys. reports that are included in the full educationally effective curricula; and account of the most recent teaching “Issues in classroom teaching” was Workshop workshop. It is currently in press and facilitated by Barb Goodman (USA) and An international workshop on teach- will appear in the next edition of Kirsten Farrand (Australia). They pro- ing had become a feature of IUPS Advances in Physiology Education. It is duced many practical ideas to assist Congresses. The tradition started in available free online. In summary, there teachers in face-to-face encounters. Jenolan (Australia) in 1983; in 1986 in were four plenary sessions: “Inquiry Informal sessions in the evenings Vancouver one conference session was Laboratories,” Marsha Matyas (USA); included a memorable final event in included. Keith Cooper and later George “Are your students prepared to learn which the wearing of national dress was Somjen both worked actively to ensure physiology?,” Rob Carroll (USA); encouraged. (That always poses some- that the international educational “Evidence-based education,” Ann Sefton thing of a challenge for the Americans momentum was not lost. Thus, there (Australia); “Integrative vs. disciplinary and the Australians!) It was a colorful were workshops in Kuopio (Finland) in curricula: a debate,” Joel Michael (USA) affair, with a wonderful variety of cos- 1989, Inverness (Scotland) in 1993, and Arif Siddiqui (Pakistan). Posters tumes. In particular, those present will Repino (Russia) 1997. The leadership of were also displayed, but most of the never forget the Sumo wrestler facing the Education Commission (now activity was concentrated into ten inten- up to his much more formidable Turkish Committee) then passed to Ann Sefton sive hours of small group work. The four friend. and Penny Hansen, and very successful “tracks” were: The overall response from the partici- pants was that the workshop was very effective in stimulating their thinking about educational ideas. They valued the truly international nature of the event; many new links were made and older relationships renewed. Undoubt- edly the discussions led to a greater understanding of aspects of teaching physiology in different environments across the world, and new links were forged. The ratings from participants were exceptionally good. Perhaps the high point, however, came when we awoke one morning to find the site blan- keted in snow (new to some of the partic- ipants from tropical areas), with bear prints clearly visible close to the lodge. Many of the previous workshops had been held prior to the congress, allowing participants to meet in a smaller set- ting. Those present often developed Participants in the IUPS Teaching Workshop. mutual support, since the main con-

102 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 gresses can be overwhelming to new- from the classroom to the teaching com- was outstanding. It included something comers and those with few local or munity,” led by Harold Modell, with of interest to all, but of course it is very national colleagues present. Partici- speakers Mary Pat Wenderoth, Stephen frustrating when an individual cannot pants, however, considered that the for- DiCarlo and Joel Michael (all USA). The be in two sessions at once. The venue is mat worked well and it is likely that the audience was very keen to participate in excellent, if a bit dauntingly large to same pattern will be used at the next both sessions; the discussion was partic- someone from a smaller population congress. Perhaps our Japanese hosts ularly lively and stimulating. base. Having the IUPS activities clus- might like to think about providing a Two featured topics were pro- tered made it easier to move between specially colored name tag, a bright dot grammed, both again well-attended. The sessions and helped to retain a sense of or some similar device to identify those first was “The many faces of problem- identity. Certainly I met few who were at the main congress who will be going based learning: A framework for inte- disappointed in any aspect, and that on to the workshop. The inclusion of grative physiology education,” with was usually because of a serious clash in some educational sessions in the pro- Usha Nayar (Bahrein) and Antonio personal interests or an inability to take gram will also assist newcomers. Rendas (Portugal), chaired by Penny in simultaneous oral and poster ses- Hansen (Canada). The second was sions, given the richness on offer. There At the Congress chaired by Dee Silverthorn (USA) and had been some concerns that IUPS For the first time, a series of sessions Maria Jose Alves da Rocha (Brazil): “The might be lost in the larger environment at the main Congress provided opportu- role of student practical laboratories in of EB, but to me the international nities for those interested in aspects of teaching physiology.” The speakers were flavour came though very clearly. It is education to participate. We hope that Dee Silverthorn and Norberto Garcia- the people who make these events, and the tradition will be continued into Cairasco (Portugal). Both topics generat- the opportunity to meet so many from future congresses, as the quality of the ed interest and lively discussion. all over the world remains a great privi- sessions was high, and they attracted I was delighted and honored to be lege. lively and interactive audiences. The offered the opportunity to deliver the The social program and the hospitali- pattern was similar to that well estab- Claude Bernard Distinguished Lecture ty were almost as daunting as the con- lished at Experimental Biology meet- on the topic “Charting a global future for gress itself! Those events were very well ings, and it is certainly a tradition that teaching physiology.” organized and memorable, from the should continue into future congresses. My overall impression of the joint beach party to the symphony. The sense Many individuals were, therefore, able meeting is that despite some earlier of international friendship and mutual to submit abstracts into an “education” anxieties, the program came together support was very clear. It is always won- section, and to display their posters at very well. Of course some who suggested derful to catch up with friends and col- the main Congress before taking them topics or issues that were not included leagues from so many countries in a on to the workshop, something that had will inevitably be disappointed, but, stimulating intellectual environment. happened only for the first time in after a somewhat tense start to the plan- San Diego is a wonderful location, and Christchurch. Previously, posters had ning discussions, the overall program the weather obliged us nicely. ™ been shown and discussed only at the workshop. Some used a “table-top” pres- entation from their own computers, again something that should be encour- aged in future congresses. We would cer- tainly recommend including an “educa- tion section” for all future congresses. The symposia and featured topics at the main congress were very well attended; discussion was both lively and well-informed at all sessions. We urge the inclusion at future congresses of similar opportunities for general discus- sions of important questions in physiolo- gy education. The first event from the education sec- tion was a refresher course on genomics led by Dan Lemmon and Anna Kwitek (USA); other speakers came from UK and Germany. The course was particu- larly well received and much praised by those who attended. Two educational symposia were held at the main congress: “Effective uses of information technologies in education,” with Simon Carlile (Australia), Thomas Nosek (USA) and David Dewhust (UK) D. Neil Granger presenting plaque to Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen Award recip- and “Research in physiology education ient Christin Carter-Su.

103 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

Breathless in San Diego

Andrew Binks & Robert Banzett, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Robert Lansing, University of Arizona The satellite meeting “Dyspnea: ers we enjoyed both short talks and escape responses during airway occlu- Mechanisms and Management” was posters of volunteer presentations as sion in lightly anesthetized cats. He held at the Joan Kroc Peace and Justice well as an historical after-dinner talk by went on to show exciting evidence of Center at University of San Diego the one of the pioneers in the field, Abe Guz beneficial effects on intractable dyspnea two days prior to the main IUPS meet- (Charing Cross Hospital, UK). Guz in selected clinical cases. In addition to ing. The meeting was held not only to pointed out that this was the first two- further informing us about the neural address the latest research investigat- day symposium focused entirely on dys- mechanism of air hunger relief, his pres- ing dyspnea, but also to discuss the pre- pnea since 1965, and that he was entation offered a possibility for an ani- vailing problems for research in this delighted to have attended both (along mal behavioral model of dyspnea, which field and the problems faced by patients with John Severinghaus). We shared all we currently lack. Julie Wenninger took who suffer this debilitating symptom. meals during the symposium, and the up the theme of animal models in her The beautiful campus setting at USD evening reception and dinner on the subsequent volunteer presentation on gave us a panoramic view of San Diego first day ensured that our meeting was ablation of the Pre-Boetzinger complex and the staff there did everything need- in accord with the etymology of the word in goats.. ed to make the meeting run smoothly. “symposium.” The second session was intended to “Shortness of breath” or “Dyspnea” is The symposium was opened by lead cover the mechanisms of sensations of a prominent symptom of serious dis- organizer Andrew Binks (Harvard work and effort to breathe. Paul eases of the lungs and heart. Dyspnea is School of Public Health, USA), who Davenport (University of Florida, USA) a powerful, very uncomfortable, and explained that the first three speaker pointed out that obstruction of the air- sometimes frightening sensation. Many sessions were organized to cover the dis- ways and the consequent increased people with chronic lung or heart dis- tinct physiological mechanisms underly- mechanical work of breathing is one ease become “respiratory cripples” ing the three currently identified dis- common cause of respiratory discomfort, because they alter their lives to avoid tinct sensations of dyspnea: the percep- but that ordinarily the load faced by the experiencing dyspnea, others cannot tion of the urge to breathe (air hunger), respiratory muscles is not consciously even escape dyspnea at rest, one of the the perception of increased work/effort perceived. He hypothesized that the worst problems for many people in the of breathing, and the perception of asth- transition from unconscious to conscious last weeks of their lives. Chronic lung matic tightness; the fourth speaker ses- perception of breathing is gated, and and heart diseases are increasing in our sion and two of the workshops were provided evidence using measurement society and half of the patients admitted devoted to clinical issues. of evoked potentials during external res- to major hospitals report dyspnea— In the session on physiology of air piratory loads. He described a model for –that’s equal to the number reporting hunger, the first speaker, Bob Banzett neural gating of afferent information pain. Dyspnea is reported by about 25% (Harvard School of Public Health, USA) from the lungs and respiratory muscles. of the general public over 40 years old made several key points: first, that Simon Gandevia (University of New making it one of the most common although air hunger is only one of sever- South Wales, Australia) spoke of the role symptoms that cause people to seek al sensations that can contribute to dys- of motor command, and the possibility medical care. The presence of dyspnea pnea, it is perhaps the most unpleasant that the disparity of mechanoreceptor predicts mortality with a relative risk of and frightening one. He then discussed feedback and motor command gives rise 2, equal to chest pain. Failure to ade- the probable neural origin of air hunger to breathlessness. He also discussed the quately perceive dyspnea has been in a corollary copy of respiratory center potential of C-fiber afferents innervat- implicated in the risk of asthma death. motor activity projecting to the cerebral ing the pulmonary parenchyma to give Despite the strong association of dysp- cortex. He presented several lines of evi- rise to respiratory sensations—-further nea with distress and mortality, under- dence showing that air hunger is dis- investigation in this important area standing of the neurophysiology of dysp- tinct from work/effort—-including data could lead to identification of a distinct, nea has lagged far behind the under- showing that ratings of work/effort are fourth form of dyspnea. standing of pain, with a consequent lag greatly increased during voluntary The third session on mechanism cov- in treatment options. To stimulate inter- hyperpnea under partial neuromuscular ered a more controversial area, the sen- disciplinary thinking and collaboration block, while air hunger remains at zero. sations of asthma and their mecha- about dyspnea we brought physiologists Finally he discussed the profound reduc- nisms. Two leaders in this field shared together with nurses, physicians, thera- tion of air hunger produced by tidal vol- different views on the origins of sensa- pists, and patients, many of whom had ume stimulation of pulmonary stretch tions experienced during an asthma not met together before. We had nearly receptors. Takashi Nishino (Chiba attack. Richard Schwartzstein (Harvard 60 attendees, with a wide range of scien- University, Japan) then spoke about the Medical School, USA) described the sen- tific backgrounds and countries repre- effect on dyspnea of inhaled aerosol sations involved with asthma and how sented. furosemide, which stimulates slowly he uses questionnaires to overcome The symposium covered physiology, adapting pulmonary stretch receptors. patient’s communication problems in psychology, and clinical issues in four He presented evidence that furosemide accurately describing the sensations speaker sessions and three discussion reduces air hunger during breath hold they experience during an asthma workshops. In addition to invited speak- in humans, and reduces behavioral attack. “Tightness” is prevalent sensa-

104 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 tion in asthma and is unique to asthma. and then described some of the recent usually rules out the label idiopathic Schwartzstein spoke about the possible findings. The data revealed neural acti- dyspnea, many pulmonary patients relationship between tightness and vations associated with air hunger in seems to suffer dyspnea disproportion- hyperinflation during bronchoconstric- the cingulate cortex, amygdala, thala- ate to their physiological deficit. The dis- tion. He pointed out the different inter- mus and hypothalamus, evolutionarily cussion considered the possible distinc- pretations that may arise depending on old areas of the cortex important in tions and similarities among idiopathic whether investigators ask patients or behavioral responses. Evans went on to dyspnea, hyperventilation syndrome, subjects to focus on “tightness” or on relate these activations to similar acti- and panic disorder. Several participat- more general terms such as breathing vations caused by pain and by anxiety. ing clinicians reported that patients discomfort or breathing difficulty. Lewis Adams (Griffith University, with idiopathic dyspnea commonly Schwartzstein presented evidence from Australia) led a workshop on measure- describe it as “unable to get satisfying both clinic and lab showing that “tight- ment of dyspnea, and covered a wide breaths.” Although it seems likely that ness” can occur in the absence of hyper- range of issues relating to measurement purely “neurogenic” dyspnea exists, dis- inflation. He went on to give evidence of clinical dyspnea, laboratory dyspnea, cussants pointed out that there is a lack that the sensation of “tightness” is how to compare the two, and what meas- of data on how much dyspnea someone derived from intrapulmonary receptors, ures might best assess the outcome of should feel for a given deficit in lung rather than from respiratory muscles treatments. The first important theme function, and that many patients proba- afferents. Denis O’Donnell (Queen’s to emerge was the desirability of meas- bly experience disproportionate dysp- University, Canada) described a role for uring dyspnea by the report of the nea. The patients in the audience lung hyperinflation and modified respi- patient or subject, rather than inferring described the role of situation or envi- ratory muscle activity in generating dis- dyspnea from functional outcomes such ronment in modulating their dyspnea; comfort in asthmatics. He discussed the as FEV1 or six-minute walk distance (as how the sense of lost control in some sit- increased load on inspiratory muscles at one discussant put it, a defining moment uations may induce a sense of panic that high lung volumes, and their reduced in pain care was the acceptance of the exacerbates dyspnea. Several partici- effectiveness at shorter working length. concept that “pain is what the patient pants discussed evidence that pul- He showed evidence that the increase in says it is”). From this arose a conversa- monary rehabilitation can desensitize a lung volume (or more specifically, the tion regarding how to better measure patient to dyspnea such that the same resultant decrease in inspiratory capac- what the patient or subject feels, includ- intensity of reported dyspnea causes ity) is the best predictor for increases in ing the need to measure the several dis- less anxiety or panic. The patient advo- dyspnea in obstructive disease. More tinct sensations covered in the first por- cates reported enthusiasm of COPD specifically, O’Donnell showed “tight- tion of the symposium, and in addition, patients for rehabilitation programs, ness” increases with worsening hyperin- the relatively unexplored concept that and the difficulty of obtaining health flation, and that tightness can occur quasi-independent dimensions of senso- insurance coverage for them. with hyperinflation in the absence of ry intensity and aversive emotional The latter part of the second day was bronchoconstriction. He posited that the response of dyspnea should be meas- mainly occupied with clinical issues, and sensation arises from neuro-mechanical ured. Bob Lansing (University of how they related to the foregoing physi- dissociation, or the discrepancy between Arizona, USA) led discussion on devel- ology. Jessica Corner (Southampton motor command and resultant afferent oping behavioral measures that could be University, UK), an expert in palliative feedback. Clearly, these apparently con- used to measure the aversiveness of dys- care, began the session on “Quality of flicting views need to be resolved with pnea in both humans and animals, such Life and Palliative Care” by emphasiz- data obtained in mutually agreeable as those that have been used in the ing the need for a broader approach to experiments. fields of pain, thirst, and hunger. It was symptom management that includes Recent advances in the understanding clear from the comments during this non-pharmacological intervention. She of the central mechanisms of dyspnea session that we need to be cognizant of described the efforts of her group and have been made using functional brain the difference between clinical dyspnea others to explore other therapeutic imaging techniques (fMRI and PET). and laboratory dyspnea, but there was strategies particularly those that recog- However, brain imaging studies pose also hope expressed that, by continuing nize the emotional, social and financial challenges for those investigating respi- to interact in meetings such as this one, impact of severe breathlessness that ratory physiology and psychophysics. clinical and laboratory scientists would occurs in late stage disease: family dis- Changes in blood oxygen and carbon create and use measures that better ruption, isolation, loss of employment, dioxide are common interventions for translate findings between the lab and depression, and anxiety. Corner the respiratory physiologist, but these clinic. reviewed recent research that demon- changes also cause fluctuations in cere- A problem faced by pulmonary physi- strates the value of integrated interven- bral blood flow unrelated to neural cians is the treatment of patients who tions including psychotherapy, pul- activity; therefore, they have the poten- report dyspnea without any apparent monary rehabilitation, and nurse man- tial to produced artifacts. Karl Evans underlying disease or condition to agement techniques. She reported suc- (Harvard Medical School, USA) is a psy- explain the symptom, i.e., “idiopathic cess in establishing a dyspnea manage- chiatrist and physiologist who is fully dyspnea,” the topic of the second work- ment protocol as recognized standard of aware of these problems after address- shop. Schwartzstein opened this session care in the UK. Research is needed to ing them in several studies investigat- with a description of the gray area independently evaluate the efficacy and ing neural correlates of dyspnea. Evans between physiological and psychological mechanisms of these and other forms of explained some fundamental principles, origin of dyspnea, pointing out that intervention and developing models for problems and solutions of brain imaging although presence of any lung disease combining them with pharmacological 105 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 interventions over the escalating course tilation” might reduce required seda- help those with dyspnea only on exer- of disease. Paula Meek (University of tion. Although some expressed doubts tion, and that opiates are a useful tool New Mexico, USA) presented arguments about the ability of such patients to com- for sustained dyspnea, especially in the in favor of different dyspnea measures municate what they feel, several clini- final weeks of life. There was practical for assessing the treatment of dyspnea cians in the group reported success discussion about what can be done to and its clinical impact. She outlined using yes-no questions or graphic indi- treat dyspnea when the ICU becomes a some of the difficulties in combining and cators the patient could point to. defacto palliative care unit, and philo- relating measures of immediate percep- Arguments against patient-centered sophical discussion about increasing pri- tion, common in laboratory studies ventilation included the difficulty of ority on addressing the dyspnea the using visual analog or Borg scales, and properly controlling increasingly com- patient feels, rather than fixating only the secondary effects commonly meas- plex ventilators, and the possibility of on attempts to reverse the pathophysiol- ured by life-impact scales. For example, lung damage in a subset of patients at ogy. as impairment worsens over time a risk for such problems. Another theme of One of the most important outcomes patient may maintain a low level of dys- this session was improvement of dysp- of this meeting was to foster conversa- pnea, but at the expense of progressive- nea in palliative care situations, which tion between scientists who had very ly reducing their daily activities. In the moderator categorized as threee different orientations and approaches to future studies there is a need to develop kinds: dyspnea only during exertion the study dyspnea. There was wide measures of the emotional or distressing that severely limits a person’s capacity agreement that the group should contin- dimensions of dyspnea particularly as to engage in daily life; paroxysmal dysp- ue to meet periodically, and should open they relates to symptom severity and nea that causes brief but very frighten- other channels of communication as the motivation to seek care. ing episodic discomfort; and sustained well. We have established a dyspnea John Hansen-Flaschen (University of dyspnea that cannot be escaped even at interest group mailing list that one can Pennsylvania, USA) led the final work- rest. The clinicians present agreed that join by emailing [email protected] shop on dyspnea in critical care and pal- current treatment options are limited, vard.edu. We profusely thank our host: liative care. One of the key themes of but that verbal counseling, breathing Sue Lowery, of the Biology Dept. at this workshop was using the patient’s training, and relaxation techniques USD; and our sponsors: IUPS, The level of comfort as an outcome criterion could be very useful in many circum- Physiological Society, and especially for adjusting mechanical ventilation. It stances if they are tailored to fit the Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals was posited that “patient-centered ven- case. In addition, reconditioning may who provided the bulk of the funding. ™ Research Priorities in Urothelial Cell Physiology: A Report on the IUPS Satellite Meeting

Lori Birder1, Anthony Kanai1, Monica Liebert2, and Ricardo Saban3 1University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Medicine 2American Urological Association, Inc. 3University of Oklahoma College of Medicine

“Urothelial Cell Physiology in infection, inflammation, and immunity. barrier to ions/solutes, a number of Normal and Disease States” In addition, the participants sought to novel properties have been recently http://www.urothelium2005.com a identify new post-genomic research attributed to these cells. Studies have Satellite Symposium to the approaches. revealed that the urothelium is involved International Physiology, 2005 (San The symposium specific goals were to Diego- March 29-30, 2005). attract new scientists to this important in sensory mechanisms (i.e., ability to This was a well-balanced group of out- area of research and to stimulate the express a number of sensor molecules standing speakers who addressed key participation of postdoctoral fellows including TRPV1 or respond to thermal, issues of lower urinary tract physiology and graduate students by providing mechanical, and chemical stimuli) and and dysfunction. Thirty five speakers travel awards for selected poster pre- can release chemical mediators (nitric (21 males and 14 females) have partici- sentations. More than 100 attendees, oxide; ATP). Localization of afferent pated. Among those, 40 percent were mostly young investigators, participat- from abroad (Australia, Denmark, ed in this meeting and 43 posters were nerves next to the urothelium suggests France, Italy, Netherlands, Sweden, and presented. these cells may be targets for transmit- UK). A sensory role for the urothelium. ters released from bladder nerves or The symposium specific objectives A sensory role for the urothelium. that chemicals released by urothelial were to review bladder physiology and Lori Birder (University of Pittsburgh) cells may alter afferent excitability. to discuss the principal aspects of lower presented data demonstrating a sensory Research priorities: elucidation of mech- urinary tract dysfunction, including: function for the urothelium. Although anisms impacting on urothelial function detrusor instability, stress incontinence, the urinary bladder urothelium has may provide insights into the pathology interstitial cystitis, bladder cancer, classically been thought of as a passive 106 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 of bladder dysfunction. c-Jun in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Also neurological condition—or idiopathic— Role of the bladder urothelial cell discussed were the effects of a recombi- when there is no defined cause. in sensory signal transduction nant NGF sequestering protein Idiopathic detrusor overactivity now using interstitial cystitis as a (REN1820) on lower urinary tract replaces the term detrusor instability. human model. Toby Chai (University reflexes with cystitis. Research priori- Treatment options include conservative of Maryland) presented results indicat- ties: 1) Additional characterization of bladder retraining, biofeedback, electri- ing that human interstitial cystitis (IC) NGF and BDNF in sensory innervation cal stimulation, neuromodulation, phar- urothelial cells persist with an abnormal (afferent and urothelium) to the bladder macotherapy, and, as a last resort, sur- phenotype within a cultured in vitro sys- in the context of cystitis; 2) Additional gery. Pharmacotherapy is based on tem. The theory of augmented puriner- characterization of NGF and BDNF blocking bladder muscarinic receptors, gic signal transduction in IC bladder effects on the efferent limb of the mic- but unfortunately, antimuscarinic treat- urothelial cells has been supported by turition reflex; 3) Development of addi- ment is far from optimal. Research pri- several observations including augment- tional tools directed at neurotrophins orities: to define targets and mecha- ed ATP release and increased expression and neurotrophin receptors. nisms for effective therapeutic interven- of P2X3/P2X2 receptors. Patch-clamp Plasticity of bladder sensory and tions. electrophysiological studies of both nor- motor nerves: the role of neu- The cellular basis of contraction mal and IC urothelial cells revealed a rotrophins and steroids. Janet Keast in human detrusor smooth muscle persistent altered phenotype in IC (University of Sydney, Australia) from patients with stable and over- urothelial cells with decreased activity emphasized that in adult female rats active bladders. Chris Fry (U. College of Kir2.1 inward rectifying potassium many bladder afferent neurons express London, UK) reviewed the role of Ca2+ current in the IC cells. Research priori- estrogen receptors (ERs) co-localized channels, intracellular Ca-stores, ties: to determine whether the altered with TRPV1. This raises the possibility purinergic mechanisms, and interstitial phenotype in ion-channel function that estrogens affect bladder pain by cells in the over-active bladder. relates to increased bladder sensory sig- influencing sensory transduction. She Research priorities: the identification naling. presented results indicating that neur- and characterization of changes to P2X receptors and ATP regulation turin, a member of the GDNF family, human detrusor function associated of urinary bladder function. Debra plays a role in maintaining these neu- with bladder over-activity including: 1) Cockayne (Roche Bioscience) presented rons in adult mice. Research priorities: Characterization of the control of trans- results indicating that distension of the to reveal new drug targets for modulat- mitter function on the detrusor by pre- urinary bladder results in release of ing responses of bladder afferent and and post-synaptic mechanisms; 2) The ATP from the urothelium and excitation efferent neurons to tissue damage, mechanisms regulating intracellular of P2X receptors on adjacent primary inflammation or nerve injury. 3 Ca2+ homeostasis; 3) The interplay Central processing of nociceptive sensory neurons. More recently, the role between electrophysiological and chemi- input from the urinary bladder. of P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in urinary cal signaling pathways in regulating cel- Robert D. Foreman (University of bladder function was defined by using lular and intercellular mechanisms con- Oklahoma) recorded extracellular action P2X KO, P2X KO and P2X /P2X trolling detrusor contractility; and 4) 3 2 2 3 potentials of lumbosacral spinal neurons 2+ double KO mice. Activation of P2X3 to determine their responses to urinary The regulation of quantal Ca release from intracellular stores. and/or P2X2/3 receptors on bladder bladder distension in pentobarbital Overactive bladder and inconti- afferent terminals are important in anesthetized rats with an inflamed or nence in the absence of the large mechanosensation and represent a criti- normal colon. His results show that coli- conductance calcium activated cal step in sensing bladder filling infor- tis caused an increase in the sensitiza- potassium (BK) channel. Matthias mation under anesthesia, or following tion of lumbosacral spinal neurons Werner (University of Vermont) studied capsaicin or inflammation, suggesting receiving input from a “normal urinary the large conductance and calcium-acti- an important action of ATP acting via a bladder.” Research priorities: to deter- vated potassium (BK) channels in the c-fiber mediated reflex pathway. mine the basic neural and humoral urinary bladder smooth muscle cells of Research priorities: defining the role of mechanisms involved in visceral cross- sensitization and whether humoral Slo-/- mice; these mice lack calcium-acti- P2X3 and P2X2/3 receptors in mediating mechanisms may also have secondary vated BK currents, but exhibit normal sensory fiber dependent responses in effects on smooth muscle function. calcium transients and voltage-depend- models of bladder function and pain Detrusor Instability–Clinical ent potassium currents. In the absence transmission. Lastly, significant Perspective. Karl-Erik Andersson of BK channels, spontaneous and nerve- advances must be made in developing (Institute of Laboratory Medicine, evoked contractions of the urinary blad- safe and effective small molecule antag- Sweden) discussed the fact that detrusor der were significantly enhanced. onists to P2X receptors if preclinical 3 overactivity (DO) is an urodynamic diag- Consistent with this increased bladder research in this area is to advance to the nosis that may or may not be associated contractility, Slo-/- mice demonstrated a clinic. with the overactive bladder (OAB). DO marked increase in voiding frequency Cystitis-Induced Plasticity of is defined as “a urodynamic observation coupled with reduced bladder capacity. Micturition Reflexes. Margaret characterized by involuntary detrusor Furthermore the average bladder pres- Vizzard (University of Vermont) contractions during the filling phase -/- described effects of cyclophosphamide which may be spontaneous or provoked. sure was increased in Slo mice com- (CYP)-induced cystitis on two down- DO may be neurogenic (previously pared to controls, as well as the frequen- stream transcription factors, CREB and hyperreflexia)—when there is a relevant cy of oscillations in bladder pressure.

107 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006

These results revealed a central role for uniformly through the detrusor result- a key role in regulating the assembly of BK channels in urinary bladder func- ing in large amplitude (15-25 cm H2O) uroplakins to form AUM. tion, and indicated that BK channel dys- contractions. Gap junction blockade (10 Urothelial permeability. Simon function leads to overactive bladder and mM glycyrrhetinic acid) abolished spon- Lewis (University of Texas at Galveston) urinary incontinence. Research priori- taneous activity in transected and emphasized that the prime function of ties: in addition to electrophysiological obstructed mice, but not in adults. IHC the bladder epithelium is to act as a bar- studies on isolated myocytes and moni- revealed that connexin 43 is localized to rier between the urine and plasma. The toring of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, lamina propria myofibroblasts (LPM) key players in maintaining this barrier in vitro and in vivo approaches should and connexin 45 to detrusor smooth and those candidates that alter this be applied on transgenic mice lacking muscle cells. In transected and function such as reactive oxygen species the BK channel to clarify its role in the obstructed mice, only connexin 43 was (ROS) were reviewed. Although a num- urogenital tract. elevated. This suggests that in the ber of transgenic animals are available, Functional genomics of detrusor pathological bladder, organized sponta- methods for studying the urothelial smooth muscle. George J. Christ, neous activity spreads through gap junc- physiology of these animals is lacking. (Wake Forest University) emphasized tions interconnecting the LPM and not Research Priorities: what is the molecu- that functional Genomics provides an the smooth muscle cells. The LPM in lar basis for the low permeability of the important cornerstone for the new age of turn may communicate with urothelial luminal membrane and tight junctions molecular medicine, and lends itself to cells or nerves with which they are in of the urothelium? Does the urothelium identifying small molecules and genes close contact. Research priorities: to facilitate communication between the that may be of therapeutic utility. This better understand the mechanisms luminal compartment and the serosal approach was successfully used to iden- underlying detrusor overactivity: 1) The compartment? What receptor families tify targets for gene transfer of erectile involvement of the urothelium, afferent are present in the urothelium and what dysfunction and a similar strategy for nerves and smooth muscle cells; 2) The is their distribution? How does the the treatment of bladder overactivity is importance of gap junctions and their urothelium deal with the leak of urinary now being pursued. However, in severe- site of expression; and 3) The role of lam- constituents into the interstitial space? ly diseased tissues, pharmacological and ina propria myofibroblasts and sponta- What is the response of and the conse- gene transfer approaches may no longer neous bladder activity. quences to the urothelium of bladder be feasible, as the tissue damage is too Functional and Disease inflammation? extensive to permit pharmacological or Implications of Uroplakins: Lessons ATP and Purinergic Receptor- genetic manipulation. In such cases, tis- from Knockout Studies. Tung-Tien Dependent Membrane Traffic in sue-engineering approaches are utilized Sun (New York University) described Bladder Umbrella Cells. Gerard for total tissue/organ replacement. the apical surface of the mammalian Apodaca (University of Pittsburgh) Research priorities: identification of the urothelium which is covered by 16 nm described the umbrella cells lining the mechanistic basis of changes critical to protein particles packed hexagonally to urinary bladder as mechanosensors the improved understanding, diagnosis form 2D crystals of asymmetric unit which participate in the augmentation and treatment of bladder dysfunction membranes (AUM); this structure con- of the apical surface area during bladder leading to urinary incontinence. tributes to the remarkable permeability filling. His data indicated that increased Multidisciplinary, translational research barrier function of the urinary bladder. hydrostatic pressure stimulates the approaches are required to identify, He has previously shown that bovine release of ATP from the uroepithelium, develop and distribute the required AUMs contain four major integral mem- and that upon binding to P2X and possi- technologies. In this scenario, microar- brane proteins, i.e., uroplakins Ia, Ib, II bly P2Y receptors on the umbrella cells, ray (gene chip) technologies can be used and III, and that UPIa and Ib form het- mobilizes downstream Ca2+ and acti- to identify the genetic changes in erodimers with UPII and III, respective- vates protein kinase A. This promotes smooth muscle cells that are associated ly. Using a panel of antibodies recogniz- membrane insertion at the apical pole of with bladder dysfunction. ing different conformational states of umbrella cells. Research Priorities: to Urothelial-Smooth Muscle uroplakins, this demonstrates that the better understand membrane traffick- Communication as Revealed by UPIa-dependent, furin-mediated cleav- ing pathways in polarized epithelial Optical Imaging. Anthony J. Kanai age of the prosequence of UPII leads to cells, it is necessary to determine how (University of Pittsburgh) described the global conformational changes in umbrella cells sense changes in pressure use of optical imaging techniques to mature UPII, and that UPIb also and how these changes are translated study detrusor spontaneous activity. A induces conformational changes in its through secondary messenger cascades dual photodiode array system was devel- partner UPIII. These results indicate into vesicle fusion events followed by oped to simultaneously record action that tetraspanin uroplakins, and possi- membrane recovery through endocyto- potentials and Ca2+ transients from 256 bly other tetraspanin CD molecules, can sis. sites across the bladder wall. In adult induce conformational changes leading Signal Transduction in the to the ER exit, stabilization and cell-sur- Bladder. Michael R. Freeman mice, spontaneous Ca2+ transients are face expression of their associated, sin- (Harvard University) identified disorganized, arising at multiple sites gle-pass partner proteins. A model of heparin-binding epidermal growth fac- and resulting in low amplitude (2-5 cm AUM assembly was proposed in which tor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) as an H O) contractions. In spinal cord tran- 2 conformational alterations of integral urothelial cell and bladder smooth mus- sected or partially obstructed animals membrane proteins induced by differen- cle cell (SMC) mitogen that is synthe- however, pacemaker-like activity at the tiation-dependent glycosylation and the sized in both the bladder epithelial and dome initiates Ca2+ waves that spread removal of the prosequence of UPII play muscle tissue compartments. In pub- 108 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 lished studies it has been shown that be established. It is well known that trigonal mucosa may be related to an following a mechanical stimulus, HB- both the expression and functional early first desire to void. The presence EGF gene is upregulated by a mecha- importance of sensory peptides may of tachykinin NK2 receptor mRNA in nism involving angiotensin-, receptor change by disease. Future studies of detrusor is in accordance with previous tyrosine kinase- and mitogen activated such changes in animal models of, and in reports of high levels of the receptor pro- protein kinase- (MAPK-) dependent patients with lower urinary tract disor- tein. pathways. HB-EGF localizes to the cell ders, are necessary to reveal their roles Tachykinins as modulators of the nuclei of transitional cell carcinoma in the pathogenesis of disturbances of micturition reflex in the central (TCC); this histologic feature is an indi- bladder function, and for identifying tar- and peripheral nervous system. cator of poor prognosis in human blad- gets for possible therapeutic interven- Alessandro Lecci (Menarini Ricerche der cancer. Recent studies have tions. Firenze, Italy) presented evidence indi- employed DNA microarray, proteomics, The role of cysteinyl-leukotrienes cating that tachykinins (TKs) modulate and organ culture approaches to further in cystitis. Kirsten Bouchelouche the afferent arm of the micturition understand the signaling processes that (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) reflex by acting at the peripheral and drive pathologic cell and tissue growth presented evidence for the existence of spinal cord level. The target of in the bladder. Nuclear-localized HB- specific leukotriene D4 (LTD4) receptors supraspinal modulation remains to be EGF can be mobilized into an EGF in human detrusor smooth muscle cells. determined. In addition, clinical studies receptor-dependent autocrine loop in A role of cysteinyl-leukotrienes is sup- with TK receptor antagonists indicate response to the intracellular production ported by the increase in urinary excre- that blockade of this modulation is a of reactive oxygen species in TCC cells. tion of LTE4 in patients with interstitial suitable therapeutic approach for the Collectively, these studies have shown cystitis and detrusor mastocytosis com- treatment of bladder overactivity. that HB-EGF is an important signaling pared to healthy controls. A pilot study Interplay between tachykinin, peptide in the bladder in multiple phys- using the specific LTD4 receptor antago- muscarinic and purinergic recep- iologic and pathophysiologic contexts. nist SingulairÒ in IC patients with tors. Kate Moore (University of New Antiproliferative factor, heparin- detrusor mastocytosis, resulted in a sig- South Wales, Australia) presented an binding epidermal growth factor- nificant decrease in voiding frequency overview on idiopathic detrusor overac- like growth factor, and epidermal and pain. Future studies should be tivity, the second most common cause of growth factor in interstitial cystitis. focused on the role of these factors in urinary incontinence in women. Susan Keay (University of Maryland) mast cell recruitment and survival in Integrating the changes that occur in identified an antiproliferative factor in interstitial cystitis. tachykinin, purinergic, and muscarinic the urine of interstitial cystitis patients. Urothelium-derived inhibitory receptor expression in the urothelium APF is a small sialylated glycopeptide factor. Russ Chess-Williams (The and detrusor of IDO patients will lead to whose backbone peptide sequence bears Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK) pre- careful characterization of the clinical 100% homology to the sixth transmem- sented evidence for an urothelium and urodynamic features. In addition, it brane segment of frizzled 8. It is derived inhibitory factor (UDIF). Using will permit the classification of patients hypothesized that APF may cause the selective antagonists, it was shown that with predominantly afferent deficit or bladder epithelial abnormalities associ- the inhibition by UDIF is prevented in efferent deficit. ated with IC. It is propose that APF the presence of selective M2 but not M3 Visualization of lymphatic vessels may be useful as a noninvasive diagnos- muscarinic receptor antagonists. This through NF-kB activity. Ricardo tic biomarker for this disorder. Research confirms the importance of the M2 Saban (University of Oklahoma) using a priorities: identification or development receptor subtype in mediating UDIF transgenic mice with a reporter gene for of agents that inhibit the production or release. Research Priorities: to identify NF-kB activity (kB-lacZ) in combination activity of APF. the UDIF, to investigate whether its with immunohistochemical staining Role of sensory peptides on the release is altered in the overactive blad- with a specific lymphatic marker physiology of the lower urinary der, and to identify the cells types (LYVE-1), showed, for the first time, that tract. Karl-Erik Andersson (Institute of responsible for producing the factor. NF-kB is constitutively active in the Laboratory Medicine, Sweden) dis- Tachykinin and vanilloid recep- lymphatic endothelium of the urinary cussed the functional roles of many of tors in human urinary bladder. bladder (Blood 104: 3228-3230, 2004). the neuropeptides that have been Elizabeth Burcher (University of New This new mouse model permits the visu- demonstrated to be synthetized, stored, South Wales, Australia) presented alization of lymphatics and the defini- and released in the human lower uri- results on the density of capsaicin tion of the following research priorities: nary tract. Defining sensory peptides as (TRPV1) and substance P (neurokinin) 1) Determination of the mechanisms the peptides found in sensory nerves, receptors in the bladders of control and involved in lymphatic vessel prolifera- the functional effects of substance P sensory urgency (SU) patients. In con- tion, 2) Characterization of specific pro- (SP) and other tachykinins, calcitonin trol patients, there was a higher expres- and anti-lymphangiogenic factors, and gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive sion of TRPV1 in the mucosa compared 3) Determination of the role of lymphat- intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and pitu- with the detrusor. In sensory urgency ics in bladder obstruction, inflamma- itary adenylyl cyclase activating peptide (SU) patients, there was a higher tion, and cancer. (PACAP), have been the most widely expression in the trigone (mucosa) com- Functional analysis of the role of investigated. However, the importance pared with the body (mucosa). As the NF-kB in vivo using transgenic of VIP and also of PACAP, which is often trigone is embryologically different from mice. Sylvie Memet (Pasteur Institute, co-localized with VIP, for normal and /or the bladder body, it is hypothesized that France) described NF-kappab as a cru- disturbed detrusor function, remains to excessive afferent signaling from the cial transcription factor mainly involved

109 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 in immune and inflammatory responses, Transgenic Models of Urothelial notype appears to reflect a ‘normal’ cell growth and proliferation. This factor Transformation. Xue-Ru Wu (New response to an artificial in vitro environ- is upregulated in a number of human York University) presented research on ment, but the cells remain responsive to cancers and diseases. To analyze basal the development and characterization of exogenous regulatory factors. This has and inducible NF-kB activity and to several transgenic and knockout mouse important implications, both for the use understand the impact of its modulation models of bladder cancer. These includ- of in vitro systems as models of normal on immune and brain functions in vivo, ed mice with specific urothelial expres- human urothelial physiology, function several transgenic mouse models has sion of Ha-ras, epidermal growth factor, and pathogenesis, and ultimately for been developed. These various models, or Simian virus 40 large T antigen. using tissue engineering strategies to mice with a lacZ reporter gene under Research Priorities: in the next few restore urinary bladder function. the control of kB sites, knock-out mice years, the urothelial field will likely see Genomic approach in bladder for one or several IkBs, or mice over- a significant increase in the utilization cancer biology. Robert E. Hurst expressing in a conditional fashion a of transgenic and knockout approaches (University of Oklahoma) studied the transdominant negative mutant of NF- to study gene function and disease three-dimensional growth of normal and kB (super-repressor) were presented. pathogenesis. The focus of genes to be abnormal urothelial cells. The contribu- Research Priorities: conditional tissue- targeted will be shifted from globally tions of inherent malignancy and the specific expression of super-repressor acting to pathway-specific ones. Newer effect of extracellular matrix on pheno- molecules will permit the elucidation of models that allow not only urothelium- type in culture on gene expression were the role of NF-kB in bladder cancer and specific, but also temporally controlled also studied by combining modern inflammation. For this purpose, we gene expression and inactivation need to genomics with bioinformatics. This urgently need to develop new transgenic be developed, so that they more closely approach can be used to make sense of mouse models with a urothelial-targeted simulate the somatic events in humans. the almost bewildering richness of inducible super-repressor. Compound mice harboring multiple potential genes and pathways by identi- Cellular Hypoxia-Response genetic alterations will be extremely fying key promoter motifs and transcrip- Signaling Pathway and its useful for elucidating gene synergy and tion factors that may be active in a Implications for Human Bladder factors controlling cancer progression. process. These regulatory motifs are Function in Disease States. Ralph Finally, the mouse models will serve as compared to the correlational clusters Buttyan (Columbia University) dis- invaluable in vivo tools for identifying with the finding that a significant frac- cussed the role of hypoxia-inducible fac- and validating drug targets and evaluat- tion of genes whose expression is corre- tor (HIF) with regards to the obstructed ing chemoprevention strategies. lated share one or more regulatory bladder, presenting evidence linking In vitro models of human urothe- motifs. Research Priorities: the key activation of the bladder’s hypoxia lium: differentiation and function. problems of the 21st century will revolve response with the hypertrophy. It was Jenny Southgate (University of York, around integration of the huge amount shown that this early hypertrophy is UK) presented procedures to isolate and of experimental data and the develop- associated with increased bladder vas- propagate normal human urothelial ment of system-level models that can be culogenesis. A follow-up at longer peri- (NHU) cells. While normal urothelium used to understand diseases such as ods after outlet obstruction shows that in situ is mitotically quiescent and dis- cancer, interstitial cystitis, susceptibility the pro-angiogenic activity associated plays stratification into basal, interme- to infection, developmental defects, with the early bladder response to diate and specialized superficial cell regeneration, and the adverse effects of obstruction is replaced by progressively zones, monocultures of urothelial cells aging processes and trauma. For the increased expression of anti-angiogenic are highly proliferative and show little urothelium, learning how urothelial substances that might drive the bladder evidence of differentiation. A critical aim growth and differentiation are regulated into the decompensated state. Research has been to determine whether disrup- is important to the effective cure or Priorities: to determine whether bladder tion of urothelial tissue architecture management of interstitial cystitis, decompensation might be prevented by and/or removal of cells from the in vivo recurrent UTI and incontinence. blocking the expression of anti-angio- environment irreversibly compromises Building more realistic models of car- genic substances and on the potential the differentiation and functional poten- cinogenesis and progression that take long term effects of hypoxia on the dif- tial of urothelial cells. Results suggest into account genetic instability and ferentiated state of various bladder cell that in vitro-propagated NHU cells show selection and the interactions between components. a normal and reversible adaptive cells and stroma seems important to Caught in a storm but not without response to culture, adopting a prolifer- controlling bladder cancer. an umbrella: uropathogenic ative and migratory “wound-healing” Genomic and expression alter- Escherichia coli and cystitis. phenotype. Furthermore, the cells retain ations in bladder cancer. Dr. Patrick Seed (Washington University) the capacity to undergo urothelium-spe- Frederic Waldman (University of discussed the relationship of uropatho- cific differentiation and to form a func- California at San Francisco) used Array- genic Escherichia coli (UPEC) with the tional barrier urothelium. The NHU cell based comparative genomic hybridiza- bladder epithelium. This represents an culture system can, therefore, be used to tion (CGH) and cDNA expression arrays outstanding model for understanding study normal physiological mechanisms, to analyze a single sample set of bladder acute pathogen-mucosal interactions. It such as the regulation of proliferation tumors. A total of 97 tumors were ana- was also revealed that UPEC has the and cytodifferentiation, and may be lyzed by CGH, and 80 tumors by expres- capacity to invade the bladder superfi- adapted to study pathogenic processes, sion arrays, including both TCC and cial umbrella cells and reinitiate a cycli- including interstitial cystitis and cancer. SCC histology and all stages of superfi- cal pattern of infection. In conclusion, the NHU cell culture phe- cial and muscle-invasive disease. Both 110 The Physiologist IUPS Reminiscences Vol. 49, No. 1, 2006 unsupervised and supervised approach- the whole genome as well as at individ- urothelium. Dr. Massimo Lazzeri es were used to separate tumor sub- ual gene levels. The combination of the (Ferrara University, Italy) presented groups and identify gene loci. Array two array technologies has the power to results indicating the presence of CGH showed clear differences among highlight candidate genes implicated in TRPV1 on normal human urothelium pTa, pT1 and muscle-invasive tumors. bladder cancer development and pro- and showed a progressive loss of the Expression analysis showed a separa- gression. Genes showing altered copy expression of this receptor as the tion of the tumors into superficial versus number and/or expression have the tumoral stage increased. The value of muscle-invasive groups using unsuper- potential to be developed as biomarkers this finding remains unknown, and fur- vised hierarchical clustering and also leading to the development of new ther studies are mandatory in order to using Prediction Analysis of approaches to clinical management of confirm the results and suggest a Microarrays. There was excellent corre- bladder cancer. hypothesis on the role of TRPV1 as a lation between frequent copy number Immunohistochemical expression potential target for chemotherapy or alterations and expression at the level of of TRPV1 receptors in normal tumoral chemoprevention. ❖

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