HPS: Annual Report 2014-2015
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Fcaglp, Unlp, 2018
Scientific Philosophy Gustavo E. Romero IAR-CONICET/UNLP, Argentina FCAGLP, UNLP, 2018 Epistemology Episteme, as distinguished from techne, is etymologically derived from the Ancient Greek word ἐπιστήμη for knowledge or science, which comes from the verb ἐπίσταμαι, "to know". In Plato's terminology episteme means knowledge, as in "justified true belief", in contrast to doxa, common belief or opinion. The word epistemology, meaning the study of knowledge, is derived from episteme. Plato Epistemology is the general study of cognitive processes and their outcome: knowledge. Knowledge is the product of cognitive operations made by an inquiring subject. It is not a thing or a substance, but a series of brain changes in the knower. Knowledge is not independent of the knowing subject, although we often feign it is for practical reasons. Knowledge is different from belief: I can know a story, for instance, but do not believe it. Belief implies a psychological adherence to some propositions. It is possible to believe something without understanding it, so belief is not necessary associated with neither truth nor justification. Knowledge acquisition requires a modification of the brain of the knower. This can be done in different ways, hence there are different kinds of knowledge. (i) Sensory-motor knowledge: the result of learning from actions. (ii) Perceptual knowledge: the result of perceiving events, either internal or external to the subject. (iii) Conceptual or propositional knowledge: the result of ideation, conjecturing, testing, correcting. Notice that not all knowledge is beneficial: we can learn trivialities, falsehoods, or highly harmful habits The three kind of knowledge are interrelated: conceptual knowledge can improve motor skills and perception; perception is used to evaluate conjectures; motor skills can help to improve perception and build instruments such as books, that enhance the ability to learn. -
Strategic Surveillance for Food Safety Designing a Surveillance Approach and Considerations for Implementation
Strategic Surveillance for Food Safety Designing a surveillance approach and considerations for implementation Jon Freeman, Nathan Ryan, Julian Glenesk For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR2519 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif., and Cambridge, UK © Copyright 2019 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. RAND Europe is a not-for-profit research organisation that helps to improve policy and decision making through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org www.randeurope.org Preface This document reports on RAND Europe’s study into the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) strategic surveillance programme. The FSA commissioned the study in February 2018. The aim of the project is to design a high-level end-to-end approach for strategic surveillance, identify relevant analytic tools and methods, and develop an implementation plan for the programme. The report’s intended audience is the FSA, the programme’s senior responsible officer (SRO), those involved in the current practice of food surveillance and the nascent strategic surveillance team (SST). -
Realism for Realistic People
Realism for Realistic People Author(s): Hasok Chang Source: Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2018) 31-34. Published by: The University of Toronto DOI: 10.4245/sponge.v9i1.27002 EDITORIALOFFICES Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology Room 316 Victoria College, 91 Charles Street West Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1K7 [email protected] Published online at jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/SpontaneousGenerations ISSN 1913 0465 Founded in 2006, Spontaneous Generations is an online academic journal published by graduate students at the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology, University of Toronto. There is no subscription or membership fee. Spontaneous Generations provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Focused Discussion Invited Paper Realism for Realistic People* Hasok Chang† Why should anyone care about the seemingly interminable philosophical debate concerning scientific realism? Shouldn’t we simply let go of it,in the spirit of Arthur Fine’s “natural ontological attitude” (NOA) (Fine 1986, chs. 7-8)? To a large extent I follow Fine, especially in relation to the endless arguments surrounding realist attempts to show that the impossible is somehow possible, that empirical science can really attain assured knowledge about what goes beyond experience. It is time to face the fact that we cannot know whether we have got the objective Truth about the World (even if such a formulation is meaningful). Realists go astray by persisting in trying to find a way around this fact, as do anti-realists in engaging with that obsession. -
Horizon Scanning
Horizon Scanning Process Updated: April 2015 Version 1.0 REVISION HISTORY Periodically, this document will be revised as part of ongoing process improvement activities. The following version control table, as well the version number and date on the cover page, is to be updated when any updates or revisions are made. Section Revision Date Description/Changes Made Number Horizon Scanning: Process 2 Effective Date: April 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS Revision History ....................................................................................................................... 2 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................... 4 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 About Horizon Scanning .............................................................................................. 5 1.2 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Audience ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Primary Audience: ............................................................................................ 5 1.3.2 Secondary Audience ........................................................................................ 5 1.4 Purpose and Application for Decision-Making ............................................................. -
SH Thesis Upload Copy
The Conspicuous Body: Science and Fashion in Early Modern England Sadie Harrison UCL Volume I Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 DECLARATION I, Sadie Harrison, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature: Date: 2 Abstract This thesis examines the relationship between science and fashion in the early modern period. It brings together the disciplines of fashion history and the history of science to understand the complicated role that proper appearances played in the signalling of credit in seventeenth and eighteenth-century England and France. In the Renaissance, clothing was an ornament used to display virtue and signal learning, often through textiles and accessories showing natural objects from flowers to sea-monsters. In the seventeenth century, this culture of fashion was challenged when members of the Royal Society were complicit in the introduction of the three- piece suit and a new notion that men should dress in a sober style. The Society was complicit in positioning ornament and fashion in opposition to this sobriety associated with proper masculinity and proper knowledge-making, The thesis argues that this opposition between ‘fashion’ and science became a commonplace in the eighteenth century. Various authors attacked those who engaged in fashionable dress as improper or unreliable thinkers. Many accusations were levelled against women. However, women resisted these changes and asserted their status as knowers of nature. They used textile design to express their natural knowledge. -
The Library and Community Guide to Citizen Science
The Library and Community Guide to CitizenUnderstanding, p lanning,Science and sustaining ongoing engagement in citizen science at your library. EDITORS: Darlene Cavalier School for the Future of Innovation in Society at ASU, SciStarter Caroline Nickerson SciStarter Robin Salthouse Maricopa County Library District, Adult Services Supervisor, Southeast Regional Library, Gilbert, November 2019 Arizona Dan Stanton Arizona State University Library, SciStarter ADVISORS: Kelli Ham Master of Library and Information Studies, Community Engagement Librarian, National Network of Libraries of Medicine Pacific Southwest Region Theresa Schwerin Master of Library and Information Science, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies The Librarian’s Guide to Citizen Science was made possible with support from: (IGES) The Institute of Museum and Library Services, under grant number LG-95-17-0158-17. IMLS is the DESIGNER: primary source of federal support for the nation’s libraries and museums. IMLS advances, supports, Emily Maletz and empowers America’s museums, libraries, and related organizations through grantmaking, research, and policy development. Their vision is a nation where museums and libraries work SPECIAL THANKS TO: together to transform the lives of individuals and communities. To learn more, visit www.imls.gov. Cynthia Randall Executive Director of Cornerstones of Science, Developed resources reported are supported by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), National for providing the foundation for this Guide and Institutes of Health, under Cooperative Agreement number UG4LM012341 with the UCLA Louise for her professional guidance in supporting M. Darling Biomedical Library. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not public libraries as vibrant community hubs for necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. -
Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises* Mustakim Arıcı** Translated by Faruk Akyıldız***
Silent Sources of the History of Epidemics in the Islamic World: Literature on Ṭāʿūn/Plague Treatises* Mustakim Arıcı** Translated by Faruk Akyıldız*** Abstract From 1347 onwards, new literature emerged in the Islamic and Western worlds: the Ṭā‘ūn [Plague] Treatises. The literature in Islamdom was underpinned by three things: (i) Because the first epidemic was a phenomenon that had been experienced since the birth of Islam, ṭā‘ūn naturally occurred on the agenda of hadith sources, prophetic biography, and historical works. This agenda was reflected in the treatises as discussions around epidemics, particularly plague, as well as the fight against disease in general in a religious and jurisprudential framework. (ii) Works aimed at diagnosing the plague and dealing with various aspects of it tried to explain disease on the basis of Galenic-Avicennian medicine within the framework of miasma theory, thus deriving their basis from this medical paradigm. (iii) Finally, the encounter with such a brutal illness prompted a quest for all possible remedies, including the occultist culture. This background shaped the language and content of the treatises at different levels. This article first evaluates the modern studies on plague treatises written in the Islamic world. Then, it surveys the Islamic historical sources in order to pin down the meaning they assign to the concepts of wabā’ [epidemic disease] and ṭā‘ūn [plague]. Certain medical works that were the resources for medical doctrines and terminology for plague treatises are also evaluated with a focus on these two concepts. Thus, the aim of this survey is to understand the general conception of epidemic disease and plague in the Islamic world before the Black Death (1346-1353). -
Daf Ditty Eruvin 103- Papyrus As Bandage
Daf Ditty Eruvin 103: Papyrus, Bandaging, Despair The Soul has Bandaged moments The Soul has Bandaged moments - When too appalled to stir - She feels some ghastly Fright come up And stop to look at her - Salute her, with long fingers - Caress her freezing hair - Sip, Goblin, from the very lips The Lover - hovered - o'er - Unworthy, that a thought so mean Accost a Theme - so - fair - The soul has moments of escape - When bursting all the doors - She dances like a Bomb, abroad, And swings opon the Hours, As do the Bee - delirious borne - Long Dungeoned from his Rose - Touch Liberty - then know no more - But Noon, and Paradise The Soul's retaken moments - When, Felon led along, With shackles on the plumed feet, And staples, in the song, The Horror welcomes her, again, These, are not brayed of Tongue - EMILY DICKINSON 1 Her bandaged prison of depression or despair is truly a hell from which no words can escape, whether a call for help, a poem, or a prayer. 2 3 Rashi . שדקמ but not outside of the בש ת on שדקמה ב י ת may wrap a reed over his wound in the הכ ן A If he ימג יסמ - the ימג and, wound the heals פר ו הא תבשב ובש ת ה י א . ;explains, as the Gemara later says . אד ו ר י י את א י ס ו ר because it’s an , שדקמ in the סא ו ר is trying to draw out blood, it is even MISHNA: With regard to a priest who was injured on his finger on Shabbat, he may temporarily wrap it with a reed so that his wound is not visible while he is serving in the Temple. -
Radio 4 Listings for 10 – 16 April 2021 Page 1 of 17
Radio 4 Listings for 10 – 16 April 2021 Page 1 of 17 SATURDAY 10 APRIL 2021 A Made in Manchester production for BBC Radio 4 his adored older brother Stephen was killed in a racially motivated attack. Determined to have an positive impact on SAT 00:00 Midnight News (m000twvj) young people, he became a teacher, and is now a motivational The latest news and weather forecast from BBC Radio 4. SAT 06:00 News and Papers (m000v236) speaker. The latest news headlines. Including the weather and a look at Tiggi Trethowan is a listener who contacted us with her story of the papers. losing her sight. SAT 00:32 Meditation (m000vjcv) Ade Adepitan is a paralympian and TV presenter whose latest A meditation following the death of His Royal Highness Prince series meets the people whose lives have already been affected Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, led by the Rev Dr Sam Wells, Vicar SAT 06:07 Open Country (m000twh9) by climate change. of St Martin-in-the-Fields, in London. Canna Alice Cooper chooses his Inheritance Tracks: Train Kept a Rollin’ by The Yardbirds and Thunderclap Newman, Something Canna is four miles long and one mile wide. It has no doctor in the air SAT 00:48 Shipping Forecast (m000twvl) and the primary school closed a few years ago. The islanders and your Thank you. The latest weather reports and forecasts for UK shipping. depend on a weekly ferry service for post, food and medical Producer: Corinna Jones supplies. Fiona Mackenzie and her husband, Donald, have lived on the island for six years. -
Understanding Perspectivism
This impressive collection is essential reading for appreciating the inevi- table contextualities of scientific knowledge. It explores how notions of “perspective” can illuminate the epistemic upshot of the sciences and how they are situated in their history, practices, representations, and sometimes competing aims, provocatively advancing debates about realism, pragma- tism, explanation, and modeling in the process, all through a wealth of cases from physics, biology, neuroscience, and medical science . —Anjan Chakravartty, University of Miami An excellent collection of essays on a topic rapidly establishing itself as an important interpretive programme in philosophy of science. One of the volume’s many merits consists in showing the diversity and versatil- ity of perspectivism while illustrating common features among its differ- ent varieties. The reader is thus provided an enormously rich foundation for evaluating the role of perspectivism in understanding science and its practices . —Margaret Morrison, University of Toronto Perspectivism is a fruitful metaphor for imagining alternatives to tradi- tional realism in philosophy of science. Massimi and McCoy have gath- ered ten essays which show how perspectivism is illuminating in areas such as molecular biology and measurement theory, and also explore the relationships between perspectivism and other recent accounts including pragmatism, structural realism, pluralism, and scientific modelling. There is an excellent balance of established and emerging scholars in the field. This volume is a superb, cutting-edge text to use in an advanced graduate seminar . —Miriam Solomon, Temple University Understanding Perspectivism This edited collection is the first of its kind to explore the view called perspectivism in the philosophy of science. The book brings together an array of essays that reflect on the methodological promises and scientific challenges of perspectivism in a variety of fields such as physics, biology, cognitive neuroscience, and cancer research, just for a few examples. -
Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and His Refutation Of
Galen’s Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology Petros Bouras-Vallianatos with contributions by Sophia Xenophontos ALEN’S RECEPTION in the Byzantine period has not so far been the subject of a systematic study, and readers Gare limited to short studies usually covering a broad period.1 This article aims to shed light on criticism of Galen and its context in the Byzantine medical literature. I have chosen to focus on the interesting case of Symeon Seth’s refu- tation of Galenic theories on physiology, as it is the sole example of a treatise of this kind in the Byzantine period. First I shall give a brief background on the role of Galenic medical knowledge in Byzantium and its various modes of reception; this is followed by an overview of Symeon’s corpus and activity. The main part of the paper consists of a commentary on Symeon’s criticism of Galen’s theories. The study is accom- panied by the first critical edition of the text and an English translation, which I hope will stimulate further interest in Galen’s presence in Byzantine medical texts. Galen in Byzantine medical literature Galenic works were continuously copied and circulated 1 For the reception of Galen in Late Antiquity see the relevant section in Oswei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy (Ithaca 1973) 51–94. Vivian Nutton, “Galen in Byzantium,” in Michael Grünbart et al. (eds.), Material Culture and Well-Being in Byzantium (Vienna 2007) 171–176, provides an overview of Galenic reception in the Byzantine period. -
The Road to Afghanistan
Introduction Hundreds of books—memoirs, histories, fiction, poetry, chronicles of military units, and journalistic essays—have been written about the Soviet war in Afghanistan. If the topic has not yet been entirely exhausted, it certainly has been very well documented. But what led up to the invasion? How was the decision to bring troops into Afghanistan made? What was the basis for the decision? Who opposed the intervention and who had the final word? And what kind of mystical country is this that lures, with an almost maniacal insistence, the most powerful world states into its snares? In the nineteenth and early twentieth century it was the British, in the 1980s it was the Soviet Union, and now America and its allies continue the legacy. Impoverished and incredibly backward Afghanistan, strange as it may seem, is not just a normal country. Due to its strategically important location in the center of Asia, the mountainous country has long been in the sights of more than its immediate neighbors. But woe to anyone who arrives there with weapon in hand, hoping for an easy gain—the barefoot and illiterate Afghans consistently bury the hopes of the strange foreign soldiers who arrive along with battalions of tanks and strategic bombers. To understand Afghanistan is to see into your own future. To comprehend what happened there, what happens there continually, is to avoid great tragedy. One of the critical moments in the modern history of Afghanistan is the period from April 27, 1978, when the “April Revolution” took place in Kabul and the leftist People’s Democratic Party seized control of the country, until December 27, 1979, when Soviet special forces, obeying their “international duty,” eliminated the ruling leader and installed 1 another leader of the same party in his place.