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Spiders and Ants Associated with Fallen Logs in Forillon National Park of Canada, Quebec

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Spiders and Ants Associated with Fallen Logs in Forillon National Park of Canada, Quebec Spiders and Ants Associated with Fallen Logs in Forillon National Park of Canada, Quebec Hirondelle Varady-Szabo Department ofNatural Resource Sciences McGill University, Montreal August 2004 A thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science ©Hirondelle Varady-Szabo, 2004 Library and Bibliothèque et 1+1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-494-12560-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-494-12560-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans loan, distribute and sell th es es le monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, électronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. ln compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privée, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont été enlevés de cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. ••• Canada TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ......................................................................................... .iv List of Figures ..........................................................................................v List of Appendices .................................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ..................................................................................viii Preface ................................................................................................. x Contributions of Authors ............................................................................xi Abstract ............................................................................................... xii Résumé ............................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ... ..... 1 Biodiversity, conservation and dead wood ................................................ 1 Dead wood characteristics and invertebrate assemblages ............................... 3 Dead wood characteristics and predator assemblages ................................... 5 Spiders in forest ecosystem .................................................................. 8 Ants in forest ecosystem .................................................................... 10 General objectives and research questions ................................................ 13 References ................................................................................... 15 Connecting Statement ................................................................................ 26 11 CHAPTER 2. USE OF DEAD WOOD BY GENERALIST ARTHROPOD PREDATORS AND THEIR RESPONSE TO DEAD WOOD CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................ 27 Abstract. .....................................................................................27 Introduction ................................................................................. 28 Materials and methods ..................................................................... 31 Results ....................................................................................... 36 Discussion ...................................................................................40 References ................................................................................... 47 Connecting Statement. ..............................................................................69 CHAPTER 3. EFFECTS OF FOREST TYPE ON DEAD WOOD USE BY GENERALIST ARTHROPOD PREDATORS .............................................. 70 Abstract. ..................................................................................... 70 Introduction ................................................................................. 71 Materials and methods ..................................................................... 74 Results .........................................' .............................................. 80 Discussion ................................................................................... 84 References ................................................................................... 88 CHAPTER4. GENERAL CONCLUSION ................................................. 109 References ................................................................................. 112 111 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Results from one-way ANOVA and KruskaIl-Wallis tests for the effects of pitfall trap placement (on log surface, ON; adjacent to log, ADJ; away from log, AWAY) and litter sample placement (ADJ, A W A Y) on overall spider species richness and spider species which represented > 2% of the total catch. Data presented as means (n = 24) ± SE. Post-hoc comparisons ofmeans were made using the least significant difference (LSD), with significant differences (P < 0.05) indicated by different letters .............................. 57 Table 2.2. Results from two-way ANOVA and Scheirer-Ray-Hare two-way ANOVA testing effect ofwood type (coniferous 'CON' and deciduous 'DEC') and decomposition stage oflogs (decomposition stage two 'DSII', decomposition stage three 'DSIII') on overall spider species richness as weIl as on species which represented > 2% of the total catch. Data presented as means (n = 12) ± SE .................................................. 58 Table 3.1. Table 3.1. Site positions for each forest site within Forillon National Park of Canada, Quebec, Canada ........................................................................... 96 Table 3.2. Two-way ANOV A and Scheirer-Ray-Hare two-way ANOVA testing the effect of different forest type and (A) pitfall trap placement (on log surface, ON; adjacent to log, ADJ; away from log, A W A Y) on total number of spider specimens and species richness as weIl as on number of ant species and frequency, and testing the effect of different forest type and (B) litter sample placement (ADJ, A W A Y) on number of spider specimens and species. Means for placement ofpitfall trap or litter samples (n = 12), for forest type (aspen and fir n = 4, maple n = 3) presented with ±SE. Post-hoc comparison of means was made using the least significant difference (LSD), with significant differences (P < 0.05) indicated by different letters .......................................................... 97 IV LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 2.1. Location of Forillon National Park of Canada, and location ofsugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) study site ('La Chute' 48°50'44.0" N, 64°16'02.6" W) ................ 59 Fig. 2.2. Rarefaction estimates of expected number of spider species, E (s) by sub-sample size (number of individuals) for total number of spiders collected by different placements of (A) pitfall trap locations (on surface of log, ON; adjacent to log, ADJ; away from log, AWAY); (B) litter collections (ADJ, AWAY) and for; (C) web-building and hunting species of different pitfall trap locations. Error bars are ± 1 SD ....................•.••..•••••.••.•• 60 Fig. 2.3. Venn diagram representing the number of spider species collected at different pitfall trap placements (on surface oflog, ON; adjacent to log, ADJ; away from log, AWAY) ............................................................................................... 61 Fig. 2.4. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination (axis 1 and 2) plot of 80 species of spiders collected in 24 pitfall traps placed on log surface (ON), adjacent from logs (ADJ) and away from log (AW A y) ...................................................62 Fig. 2.5. Rarefaction estimates of expected number of spider species, E (s) by sub-sample size (number of individuals) for different decomposition level (DSII, DSIII) on (A) total number of spiders and (B) hunting and web-building spiders, as weIl as for different log type (coniferous, deciduous) on (C) total number of spiders and (D) hunting and web­ building spiders. Error bars are ±1 SD .•..•...........•.............•........•..•..•...•......•... 63 Fig. 2.6. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination (axis 1,2 and 3) plots of 69 species of spiders collected by pitfall trapping on 6 logs
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