English Summary
February 2016
Korea Institute Center for Sustainable Development(KICSD)
Acknowledgements … i
I. Overview of Research … 01 II. Background of Sustainable Development in Korea … 01 A. Implementation System for Sustainable Development in Korea … 01 B. Basic Local Conditions for Sustainable Development in 24 research areas … 03 III. Linkage of LCSD’s Practices to International Goals and Targets for Sustainable Development … 04
A. SDGs and Local Practices … 06 B. New Urban Agenda and Local Practices … 06
C. Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Local Practices … 06
IV. Local Governance Capacity for Sustainable Development … 06
A. Status of Multi-stakeholder Groups in LCSDs ... 06
B. The Status of Awareness and Participation of Multi-stakeholder groups in LCSDs ... 07 V. Conclusion: Outcomes and Challenges … 09
Annex 1. 50 keywords extracted from 3 international goals and targets … 11 Annex 2. Ranges and Types of Practices per 50 keywords … 13
This report is supported by the consortium of 24 local councils for sustainable development(LCSD).
※ 24 Local Councils for Sustainable Development : (Metro/province) Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonggi-do, Jeollabuk-do (Local/district) Ansan, Anyang, Asan, Bucheon, Cheongju, Gangreung, Gimpo, Gunpo, Gwacheon, Gwangmyung, Hwaseong, Seongnam, Siheung, Suwon, Uiwang, Wonju, Nam-gu of Incheon
This report consists of 5 parts: 1) Introduction, 2) Background of Sustainable Development in Korea, 3) Linkage
of local sustainable development practices with internationally agreed goals and targets, 4) Capacity of local
major groups involved in sustainable development, and 5)
Conclusion with analytical features and suggestions. Apart
from the main report, 24 local reports and data coding This report, The Status Report of Local Sustainable materials are provided to each LCSD for their further policy Development Practices in Korea 2011-2015, aims to research at local level. understand what has been done at local level for the last 5 This research was launched by a research consortium of years, 2011-2015 in Korea in linkage to the Sustainable 24 LCSDs, and has been promoted for 6 months, July Development Goals, UN Habitat’s New Urban Agenda, and 15~December 14, 2015. 24 LCSDs are as bellows: Aichi Biodiversity Targets that have already adopted or will Ø Metropolitan & Provincial governments(7): Daegu, be adopted soon by UN agencies. Daejeon, Gwangju, Chungcheongbuk-do, Since 1995, local sustainability practices in Korea, led by Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonggi-do, Jeollabuk-do civil society groups and local governments, have been Ø Local & district governments(17): Ansan, developed along with the changes of domestic and Anyang, Asan, Bucheon, Cheongju, international political economic conditions. It will be good Gangreung, Gimpo, Gunpo, Gwacheon, that this research contributes to policy makers and activists, Gwangmyung, Hwaseong, Seongnam, not only local level but also national level, to understand Siheung, Suwon, Uiwang, Wonju, Nam-gu of recent local, national and international trends for sustainable Incheon development, and integrate them into their sustainable This report is published in 2 languages: Korean and development policies at each level. English. However, 24 local reports are only available in The research target is limited to the practices by the Korean and an electric version. local councils for sustainable development(LCSD) because they are an official partnership body among local major The year of 2015 was a meaningful not only groups for sustainable development to implement Local internationally but also nationally. Sustainable Agenda 21. Of course, there are many local practices that can development became mainstream in an international be categorized as sustainable development ones in a broader political economic arena through the adoption of the perspective. However, here it restricts only practices that SDGs, and at national level, it was 20 year-old explicitly aim for sustainable development and are based on experience for sustainable development in Korea. the participatory governance in the process of decision- The experience for sustainable development in making and implementation. Korea is unique in the world because the initiative has With a physical and time limitation for our research, this been driven in a bottom-up way, from local to national, report focuses on practices by 24 LCSDs, and the latest 5- and from civil movement to legalisation. Many Local year practices from 2011 to 2015. The 24 LCSDs consist of 7 Agenda 21 initiatives in the world had initiated by local regional governments and 17 local governments. and national governments, but since the mid of 2000’s
they had not been sustained because of political reasons. In addition, National Councils for Sustainable Development had been promoted actively once, but since the late of 2000’s, many of them became inactive, including in Korea. Unlike other countries, Local Agenda 21 movement as a civic initiative in Korea could maintain its engine even under local and national political dynamics. Of course, this does not mean that local sustainable development initiatives in Korea have reached a deep level of development over the last 20 years. Rather, they have struggled only to survive up to now. However, it could be said that thanks to civil society’s passion, it contributes to the legalization of local sustainable development governance system and capacity building of local governance based on government-civil society partnership. This is worthy in terms of the advance of the grassroots democracy. Nevertheless, we are saddened that this was not made known to the rest of the world, and its political and social value has still not been uncovered. It is hoped that this English version report contributes to world efforts for sustainable development as a referable case.
This report cannot be launched without the 24 LCSDs consortium. We highly appreciated their prompt initiative. And also, we warmly thank our 3 research assisstants for their devotion for the completion of this research.
February 2016
Korea Institute Center for Sustainable Development
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※ LCSDs’ Practices and Major Groups with Numbers and Keywords
SD in 24 research areas; 2) Linkage of local practices with SDGs, New Urban
This report, The Status Report of Local Sustainable Agenda and Aichi Targets;
Development Practices in Korea 2011-2015, aims to 3) Analysis of the distribution of multi-stakeholder understand what practices for sustainable development have groups involved in LCSDs and their understanding been done at local level for the last 5 years, 2011-2015 in on ‘Sustainable Development’ and ‘Governance’;
Korea in linkage to the Sustainable Development Goals, and Habitat’s New Urban Agenda, and Aichi Biodiversity Targets 4) Conclusion with suggestions. that have already adopted or will be adopted soon by UN For the analysis of practices and multi-stakeholder groups, agencies. it was examined annual reports of 24 LCSDs from 2011-2015.
The research is focused on the practices done by 24 Local Moreover, an e-mail survey on the awareness of SD and
Councils for Sustainable Development(LCSD) from 2011-2015 governance was done for around 40 days. which consists of 7 regional governments and 17 local governments. The practices are categorized and analysed according to 3 key international goals and targets: UN
Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs), UN Habitat’s New
Urban Agenda, and Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In addition, it A. Implementation System for Sustainable would be examined what and how many local stakeholder Development in Korea groups are involved in LCSDs, and what extent they Since 1992, sustainable development has been introduced understand ‘sustainable development’ and ‘governance’ and discussed by civil society groups, rather than government through participation in LCSDs. in Korea. The Local Agenda 21 movement was initiated by 24 LCSDs are as bellows: local NGOs as a local autonomy1 and an environment
Ø Metropolitan & Provincial governments(7): Daegu, movement in 1995. The implementation system for
Daejeon, Gwangju, Chungcheongbuk-do, sustainable development at local level has been varied because it has been directed by not national government but Chungcheongnam-do, Gyeonggi-do, Jeollabuk-do local civil society groups. Ø Local & district governments(17): Ansan, Depending on the political will of local government and the Anyang, Asan, Bucheon, Cheongju, capacity of civil society groups, local governments established Gangreung, Gimpo, Gunpo, Gwacheon, their Local Agenda 21 for Sustainable Development and even Gwangmyung, Hwaseong, Seongnam, partnership bodies to implement Local Agenda 21. As of Siheung, Suwon, Uiwang, Wonju, Nam-gu of 2015, 210 of 243 local governments, 86.4%, made their Local Incheon Agenda 21, and around 100 local governments established The research consists of 4 parts: their councils for sustainable development, a public-civil 1) Introduction of the Implementation system for SD society-business partnership body for implementation.
in Korea, and basic local conditions to implement 1 The first local election was done in 1995.
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The principle of implementation is the open involvement organization. Therefore, they have a relationship with the in decision-making and implementation processes for Local LCSDs in terms of the cooperation with NGOs, rather than a Agenda 21. The general organisational structure consists of 4 local governance system for sustainable development that units for decision-making: a general assembly as a top must be embraced as a national governance system for decision-making body, a co-presidents group, a steering sustainable development. In addition to the lack of committee, and thematic working groups based on their local awareness on new governance, it seems that there are sustainable development goals and tasks. The co-president several complicated political reasons around the governance group is more like symbolic and consists representatives from system: power games between government and civil society 3 major actors: local government, civil society, and business groups, and between the ruling party and the opposition group. The steering committee is made up of 1~2 party.2 representatives of working groups, and as ex officio members, a secretary general of LCSD and a director of the department
Environment. The features of implementation system for sustainable There is no clause to link national and local implementation development in Korea are: system in the law. Until 2010 there had been a reciprocal 1) Bottom-up systemization and legalization for the cooperation, but after then it have weakened. Now the implementation sustainable development: local to cooperation for several projects is only sustained but policy national, and civil movement to governmental cooperation. For example, a representative of LCSDs do not legalization; involve in NCSD. Despite 20 year history, national and local governments, particularly national government, regard LCSDs 2 The establishment of PCSD in 2000 and of the Framework Act on SD in 2007 were promoted by the democratic party, but the as a kind of non-governmental organization or intermediary Framework Act on Low Carbon and Green Growth in 2010 was enacted by the conservative party.
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2) Participatory governance: partnership among local B. Basic Local Conditions for Sustainable government, civil society, and business groups in Development in 24 research areas decision-making process of planning,
implementing and evaluation; Population 3) Lack of linkage between local and national The population in the research area covers 47.36% of the sustainable development implementation system total population in Korea. The average population size is structurally and politically; and around 500,000. The biggest is around 12 million of 4) Limitation to coordinate and integrate economic Gyeonggi-do, while the smallest is around 70,000 of and social agenda resulted from the jurisdiction of Gwacheon city. the environment department.
Category Regional/local areas Megacity
Economic Conditions
The gross regional domestic production(GRDP) of the
research area covers 50.02% of the total GRDP in Korea. As
a result from analysing GRDP and GRI(gross regional income),
the economy of 24 areas tends to depend on the
GRI per capita which means the economic activities in 24 areas are done more by people and companies in other cities.
In addition, GRI and PI show that the average GRI and PI of 24
areas are lower than the national average. However, the rate of PI of 24 areas is higher than the one of national average
which means the distribution of GRI to individuals is better.
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※ Data Source: Korean Statistical Information Service
Fiscal Self-Reliance Ratio of Local Governments The fiscal self-reliance ratio of 24 regional and local governments is 37.09%, considerably low, and even quite lower than national average, 50.5%.
50 keywords are extracted from 17 SDGs, Habitat’s 22 New Urban Agenda, and 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets except several keywords referring to goals and targets at national and international level. Every project from 2011 to 2015 done by 24 LCSDs were listed up, and classified with
maximum 5 keywords per project according to its purpose ※ Data Source: Korean Statistical Information Service and program of the project. With the methodology, 24 LCSDs
practices are featured as follows: Budget of LCSDs 1) Capacity building of grass root and channel of The average annual budget of 24 local governments for citizens’ participation in local governance: 50% of LCSDs is around 320 million won(USD266,045) and it covers total activities are education on environment and just 0.22% of the total budget of the department who is in Sustainable Development, and governance charge of sustainable development tasks. process;
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2) Informal and non-formal arena of Education for Sustainable Development; 3) Environment-centred activities, while community building and social economy issues get growing gradually; 4) Less difference of major activities between regional and local governments; and
5) Less diverse practices: generally 19 keywords practices were done per a LCSD.
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A. SDGs and Local Practices C. Aichi Biodiversity Targets and Local Practices Practices related to 4 SDGs are in active: 1) SDG 4 Quality Practices related to Target 1 Raise of Awareness, Target 10 Education, 2) SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities, 3) Climate Change, and Target 14 Services of Ecosystem are SDG 15 Life on Land, and 4) SDG 16 Peace, Justice and carried out actively. Largely, education activities are to raise Strong Institutions. However, activities for SDGs in economic awareness of youths on climate change and services of and social area, and partnership are weak, especially, poverty, ecosystem. Many education activities generally focus more health and welfare, gender equality, job creation, innovative on the environmental protection than its sustainable use industry, and finance and monitoring system. which is a contemporary issue in environment movement.
B. New Urban Agenda and Local Practices
Activities in 5 urban agendas are largely promoted: 1) UG 5 Urban Rules and Legislation, 2) UG 6 Urban Governance, 3) UG 16 Urban Ecosystems and Resource Management, 4)
UG 17 Cities and Climate Change and Disaster Risk, 5) UG 18 A. Status of Multi-stakeholder Groups in LCSDs Infrastructure and Basic Services. However, the projects in To analyse what multi-stakeholders involve in LCSDs, all the area of social cohesion and equity, urban economy, members of LCSDs in 24 areas are classified as total 17 groups: urban spatial development, and municipal finance are UN’s 8 major groups(except indigenous people) and further 9 vulnerable. groups such as community groups, local politicians, national campaign organizations, religious groups, culture & art groups, the media, educational groups, public service organizations and agencies, and others. 4 major groups are majority in LCSDs: NGOs, Business & Industry, Local Governments, and Science & Technology. Compare to the high portion of business & Industry group, workers and trade union group is insignificant. And also women and youth groups are minority. Unlike at regional LCSDs, at local level, the involvement of community groups stands out.
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B. The Status of Awareness and Participation of Multi- According to the survey, before joining LCSDs, many stakeholder groups in LCSDs respondents were aware of the term of sustainable An e-mail survey was done from 23 September-30 development and governance through the attendance to October, 2015 in order to examine the understanding on workshops and conferences, or their own work. sustainable development and governance, and the extent of They understand the concept of sustainable participation of multi-stakeholder groups in LCSDs. Total 640 development, and local agenda 21 and its implementing members of 24 LCSDs replied. The features of respondents system well enough to explain other people. However, they are largely over 40’s high-educational men with the above have less knowledge on national and international bachelor’s degree who largely work for NGOs, educational sustainable development system. groups and LCSD’s secretariats. In average, respondents have joined LCSDs for 5.2 years, relatively a short period compared to 20 year history of LCSDs.
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Regarding governance, it is basic understanding of the concept, the difference between participatory governance and good governance, and the difference between civil movement and governance as a partnership. However, many of them have a difficulty in describing the differences of LCSDs from other governance bodies.
In the survey of the participation in the decision-making process of LCSDs, it is a little bit high at the phases of goal
setting, planning and implementation of project, but at the Most respondents said there was a remarkable change in evaluation it is a bit low. It is actually because of lack of a their understanding on sustainable development and monitoring system in LCSDs. governance after joining LCSDs.
In addition, through LCSDs, many members have more chances to participate in policy committees of government and other community governance activities such as citizens’ roundtable forum for government policies. In brief, the outcomes of LCSDs’ governance are: 1) High contribution to raise members’ understanding of sustainable development and governance: Education for Sustainable Development;
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2) Provision of multi-stakeholders in LCSDs with Suggestions diverse chances or channels to involve in their city For a further step, it is suggested several things to do at governance: an incubator of the governance for local level and national and international level. sustainable development; and The initiatives at local level are: 3) Advance to a governance for implementation 1) To invite social and economic issue groups in order from a governance for policy advices: Capacity to integrate those issues in local SDGs referring to building of local autonomy for sustainable international goals and targets; development. 2) To expand target projects of local government coordinated by LCSDs up to 1% of the total budget of local government including social and economic areas. This can be a key motive for social and
economic groups to involve in LCSD; Features 3) To establish a local sustainable development goals As a result of the study, the outcomes of local sustainable and indicators referring to international goals and development practices in Korea are: targets, and monitoring system; 1) Arena of education for sustainable development 4) To develop an urban governance indicators to as an Informal and non-formal education; encourage a participatory governance. Since 2014, 2) Arena of horizontal partnership among diverse ‘Urban Sustainability Evaluation’ has been done by actors as the biggest civil society-government the Ministry of Land, Transport and Infrastructure, network at local level: Civil-Civil, Civil-Business, and but there is no ‘governance’ indicator. Civil-government; and 5) To write an annual and project report linking with 3) Arena of capacity building of participatory government policies based on scientific data governance. including separate statistics depending on gender,
However, there are still several limitations as follows: ages, and so on;
1) Lack of practices in the area of social and economic 6) To change the department in charge of local areas; government: from the department of 2) Lack of concrete goals and indicators to monitor environment to the coordination one; and
local practices for sustainable development; 7) To establish an online database of local NGOs’ 3) Insufficient quantitative data and statistics for a practices: online NGOs dictionary like a Wikipedia policy review; system in which anybody writes and edits articles 4) Lack of linkage of LCSD’s practices with anywhere and anytime. It aims to raise the government policy; awareness of general people on civil movement by 5) Structural limitation in jurisdiction of environment making them visible and accessible. Moreover, the department; and data will be used for civil network, educational 6) Systemic limitation of linkage of national and local purposes, academic research and policy SD implementing system. development etc.;
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The suggestion for strategic actions at national and international level is:
1) To publish an annual policy review report on local sustainable development in order to facilitate and
lead a national policy on local sustainable development;
2) To cooperate with national government, national assemblymen and civil society groups for the establishment of the bottom-up implementation
system for sustainable development; 3) To cooperate with a national network of mayors
and civil society groups for decentralization in order to strengthen local autonomy system; and
4) To network and cooperate with international organizations and NGOs for the capacity building through joining major international meeting such
as World Urban Forum, ICLEI Congress and others, and network for particular issues.
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Annex 1. 50 keywords extracted from 3 international goals and targets
Area No Keywords SDGs Urban Agenda Aichi ec 1 Agriculture SG2 UG10 IG7 ec 2 Consumption/Production SG12 UG16 IG4 ec 3 Energy SG7 UG17 ec 4 Fisheries SG14 IG6 ec 5 Forestry/Aquaculture SG14/SG15 IG7 ec 6 Informal Economy UG14 ec 7 Innovative Industry SG9 UG12 ec 8 Labor/Employment SG8 UG13 ec 9 Local Economy UG12 sc 10 Education SG4 UG18 IG1 sc 11 Equality SG10 UG1 sc 12 Gender SG5 UG1 sc 13 Health care SG3 UG18 sc 14 Housing UG20 sc 15 Immigrants/Refugees SG10 UG1 sc 16 Informal Housing UG22 sc 17 Infrastructure SG9 UG18 sc 18 Land Use SG11 UG9 sc 19 Nutrition SG2 UG18 sc 20 Poverty SG1 UG20 sc 21 Public space SG11 UG11 sc 22 Resilience SG13 UG15 sc 23 Safety SG11 UG3 sc 24 Senior people SG4 UG1 sc 25 Transportation SG11 UG19 sc 26 Urban Culture/Heritage SG11 UG4 sc 27 Urban Planning/Design SG11 UG8 sc 28 Urban-Rural Linkage SG2 UG10 sc 29 Water/Sanitation SG6 UG18 IG14 sc 30 Youth SG4 UG1 en 31 Biodiversity SG15 UG16 IG13 en 32 Climate Change SG13 UG17 IG10 en 33 Ecosystem restoration SG15 UG16 IG15 en 34 Ecosystem service SG15 UG16 IG14 en 35 Endangered species SG15 IG12 en 36 Invasive species SG15 IG9 en 37 Land ecosystem SG15 UG16 IG14 en 38 Natural habitats SG15 IG5 en 39 Protected area SG15 IG11 en 40 Reduced Pollution SG6 UG16 IG8 en 41 Sea ecosystem SG14 UG16 IG10
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Area No Keywords SDGs Urban Agenda Aichi gv 42 Civil Participation SG16 UG6 gv 43 Finance SG17 UG7 IG20 gv 44 Incentives IG3 gv 45 Integrative Development Plan SG17 IG20 gv 46 Legal Justice SG16 gv 47 Legalization SG16 UG5 gv 48 Science & Tech. SG17 UG21 IG19 gv 49 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity IG17 gv 50 Traditional Knowledge IG18 ※ ‘ec:’ economic area, ‘sc:’: social area, ‘en’: environmental area, ‘gv’: governance area
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Annex 2. Ranges and Types of Practices per 50 keywords
Area No Keywords Ranges and Types of Practices ec 1 Agriculture Eco-friendly farming, Farmers markets etc. ec 2 Consumption/Production Recycling & Reusing of wastes, Consumer Cooperatives etc. ec 3 Energy Renewable energy, Saving electricity etc. ec 4 Fisheries Eco-friendly fishing, Products, Markets etc. ec 5 Forestry/Aquaculture Eco-friendly harvesting, Products, Markets etc. ec 6 Informal Economy Illegal street vendors, Food trucks etc. ec 7 Innovative Industry Eco-friendly enterprises, Social economy etc. ec 8 Labor/Employment Job creation, Permanent contract, Workers’ welfare etc. ec 9 Local Economy Self-reliance economy, Traditional Market, local currency etc. sc 10 Education School, Lifelong Learning, informal & non-formal education etc. Affordable & Accessible services for the social weak, Gap between the rich sc 11 Equality and the poor etc. sc 12 Gender Women’s rights, Sexual violence, Sexual minority etc. sc 13 Health care Community-based healthcare system, Public sports facilities etc. sc 14 Housing Affordable housing, Social housing etc. sc 15 Immigrants/Refugees Immigrant workers, International marriage, North Korean defectors etc. sc 16 Informal Housing Vinyl houses, Dosshouses, Shanty town etc. sc 17 Infrastructure Roads, Water supply and drainage, Electricity, Heating etc. sc 18 Land Use Zoning for commercial, residential, and green park etc. sc 19 Nutrition Organic food, Healthy eating habits etc. sc 20 Poverty Minimum cost of living, Homeless etc. sc 21 Public space Neighbourhood parks, community centre, Library etc. sc 22 Resilience System to recover a community socially and physically from disasters etc. sc 23 Safety Security from crimes, Trustship etc. sc 24 Senior people Welfare, Job creation, Social programs for Seniors etc. sc 25 Transportation Green transport, Low carbon vehicles, Public transportation etc. sc 26 Urban Culture/Heritage Community history, Historical Heritage, Cultural arts etc. sc 27 Urban Planning/Design Community development/regeneration, Universal design etc. Neighbourhood exchange programs, Linkage between urban service and sc 28 Urban-Rural Linkage ecosystem service etc. sc 29 Water/Sanitation Integrated water management, Toilet etc. sc 30 Youth Rights for Youth, Children care, Culture centre for youth etc. en 31 Biodiversity Search of biodiversity, protection of biodiversity etc. en 32 Climate Change Reduction of CO2 emission, Adaptation etc. en 33 Ecosystem restoration Recovery of degraded forest and river etc. en 34 Ecosystem service Urban gardening, Parks, Eco tourism, General environmental education etc. en 35 Endangered species Protection and restoration of the endangered species en 36 Invasive species Research and control of invasive species, Education etc en 37 Land ecosystem Reserve and pollution of mountain, River, Forest, Green field etc. en 38 Natural habitats Protection and restoration of natural habitats etc. en 39 Protected area National parks, Reserve zone etc. en 40 Reduced Pollution Reduced pollution of air, water, and land etc. en 41 Sea ecosystem Reserve of marine resources, diversity etc.
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Area No Keywords Types of Practices Participate in forums, project and decision-making gv 42 Civil Participation process as an actor(except joining events as a visitor) gv 43 Finance Taxes, Public Fund, Public bond etc. Support to implement SDGs and Aichi targets: financing, tax exemption, tax reduction, gv 44 Incentives withdrawal of incentives against SDGs and Aichi targets etc. Integrative plan of urban development plan and gv 45 Integrative Development Plan environment management plan Accessible and affordable lawsuit, Citizen Juries gv 46 Legal Justice etc. Establishment of ordinances, a Process to discuss gv 47 Legalization of legalization and policy(Policy Forums, Public hearing etc) gv 48 Science & Tech. Academy, R&D etc. Establishment of local strategic action plan for gv 49 Strategic Plan for Biodiversity biodiversity Development, database, and protection of gv 50 Traditional Knowledge traditional knowledge etc.
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Status Report of Local Sustainable Development Practices in Korea 2011-2015 English Summary
ⓒ Korea Institute Center for Sustainable Development(KICSD), 2016
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.
Published and printed in February 2016 By Korean Institute Centre for Sustainable Development
(Head office) Rm.203, #44, Jungang-ro 121, Jun-gu, Daejeon, 34838, Korea South (Seoul office) 5F, #39, Worldcup-ro 26, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 03969, Korea South Tel. 02-706-6179 Email. [email protected] Website. www.kicsd.re.kr
Registration No. 25100-2013-000010
Written by Denise K.H. YOON, Director of KICSD Advised by Prof. Sugil OH, the Cyber University of Korea Research Assisted by Sinae KIM, Junior Researcher of KICSD Undrakhbayar TSOLMONG, MA student of the Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University Ramhu MUNKNARUNG, PhD student of the Graduate School of Social Welfare, Yonsei University Proofread by Lloyd Tsui,
ISBN 978-89-960370-3-3 95060(Set)
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Status Report of
Local Sustainable Development Practices in Korea 2011-2015
English Summary
“…Since 1995, local sustainability practices in Korea, led by civil society groups and local governments, have been developed along with the changes of domestic and international political economic conditions. It will be good that this research contributes to policy makers and activists, not only local level but also national level, to understand recent local, national and international trends for sustainable development, and integrate them into their sustainable development policies at each level…”
“…The experience for sustainable development in Korea is unique in the world because the initiative has been driven in a bottom-up way, from local to national, and from civil movement to legalisation…”
“…It is hoped that this English version report contributes to world efforts for sustainable development as a referable case…”
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