Housing and Dwelling: Perspectives on Modern Domestic Architecture / Edited by Barbara Miller Lane
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Housing and Dwelling Housing and Dwelling collects the best in recent scholarly and philosophical writings that bear upon the history of domestic architecture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Lane combines exemplary readings that focus on and examine the issues involved in the study of domestic architec- ture. The extracts are taken from an innovative and informed combination of philosophy, history, social science, art, literature and architectural writings. The readings address, among other issues, the relation between the public and the private sphere, the gendering of space, notions of domes- ticity, the relation between domesticity and social class, the role of builders and prefabrication, and the relationship between architects and the inhabitants of dwellings. Uniquely, the readings in Housing and Dwelling underline the point of view of the user of a dwelling and assess the impact of varying uses on the evolution of domestic architecture. Housing and Dwelling is a valuable asset for students, scholars and designers alike. The book explores the extraordinary variety of methods, interpretations and source materials now available in this important field. For students, it opens windows on the many aspects of domestic architecture. For scholars, it introduces new, interdisciplinary points of view and suggests directions for further research. It acquaints practising architects in the field of housing design with history and methods and offers directions for future design possibilities. Barbara Miller Lane is Professor Emeritus in the Humanities, Professor Emeritus of History, and Mellon Emeritus Fellow at Bryn Mawr College. She founded the College’s Growth and Structure of Cities Program and served as its director from 1971 to 1989, and again in 1996 to 1997. She has published numerous books and articles on architectural and urban history. Housing and Dwelling Perspectives on Modern Domestic Architecture Edited by Barbara Miller Lane First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2007 selection and editorial matter: Barbara Miller Lane; individual chapters: the authors Every effort has been made to contact and acknowledge copyright owners, but the editor and publishers would be pleased to have any errors or omissions brought to their attention so that corrections may be published at a later printing. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Housing and dwelling: perspectives on modern domestic architecture / edited by Barbara Miller Lane. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Architecture, domestic. 2. Architecture—19th century. 3. Architecture—20th century. I. Lane, Barbara Miller. NA711O.H69 2006 728–dc22 2006012527 ISBN10: 0-415-34655-x (hbk) ISBN10: 0-415-34656-8 (pbk) ISBN10: 0-203-79967-4 (ebk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-34655-9 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-415-34656-6 (pbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-79967-3 (ebk) For Jon, who made my houses, and taught me about them Contents List of illustrations x Acknowledgements xii 1 Introduction 1 PART I Methods and interpretations 19 2 Who interprets? The historian, the architect, the anthropologist, the archaeologist, the user? 21 Nikolaus Pevsner, An outline of European architecture 21 Frank Lloyd Wright, Building the new house 23 Amos Rapoport, The nature and definition of the field 26 Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood, The world their household 32 Tony Earley, The hallway 40 3 What is home? 50 Martin Heidegger, Building, dwelling, thinking 50 Reyner Banham, A home is not a house 54 Mary Douglas, The idea of a home: a kind of space 61 bell hooks, homeplace: a site of resistance 68 4 Domestic spaces as perceptual, commemorative, and performative 74 Gaston Bachelard, The oneiric house 74 Yi-Fu Tuan, Architectural space and awareness 77 Beatriz Colomina, The split wall: domestic voyeurism 81 Sue Bridwell Beckham, The American front porch: women’s liminal space 86 Adina Loeb, Excavation and reconstruction: an oral archaeology of the deLemos home 94 viii Contents PART II Themes in modern domestic architecture 103 5 Living downtown: nineteenth-century urban dwelling 105 Elizabeth Collins Cromley, Alone together: a history of New York's early apartments 105 Elizabeth Blackmar, The social meanings of housing, 1800–1840 108 Paul Groth, YMCAs and other organization boarding houses 113 Donald J. Olsen, Inside the dwelling: the Viennese Wohnung 117 Sharon Marcus, Seeing through Paris, 1820–1848 120 M. J. Daunton, Public place and private space: the Victorian city and the working-class household 128 Émile Zola, L'Assommoir 133 6 Victorian domesticity: ideals and realities 149 Mike Hepworth, Privacy, security and respectability: the ideal Victorian home 150 Robert Kerr, The gentleman's house (or, how to plan English residences) 155 Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood, The world their household 163 Susan Sidlauskas, Degas and the sexuality of the Interior 178 7 Rural memories and desires: the farm, the suburb, the wilderness retreat 196 Andrew Jackson Downing, What a farm-house should be 196 Willliam Barksdale Maynard, Thoreau’s house at Walden 199 Barbara Miller Lane, The home as a work of art: Finland and Sweden 211 Harvey Kaiser, Great Camps of the Adirondacks 221 Thomas C. Hubka, Pattern in building and farming 225 Mike Hepworth, Homes and gardens: the rural idyll 228 Dawni Freeman, Home and work: the use of space in a Nebraska farmhouse 231 8 Modernism, technology and utopian hopes for mass housing 237 Walter Gropius, Program for the founding of a general housing-construction company following artistically uniform principles 237 Gilbert Herbert, The dream of the factory-made house: Walter Gropius and Konrad Wachsmann 240 Susan R. Henderson, A revolution in the woman's sphere: Grete Lihotzky and the Frankfurt Kitchen 248 Barbara Miller Lane, Modern architecture and politics in Germany, 1918–1945 259 9 Mass housing as single-family dwelling: the post-war American suburb 272 John Keats, The crack in the picture window 272 Curtis Miner, Picture window paradise 280 David Smiley, Making the modified modern 285 Georges Teyssot, The American lawn: surface of everyday life 297 Sandy Isenstadt, The rise and fall of the picture window 298 Contents ix 10 Participatory planning and design: initiatives in self-help housing, renovation, and interior decoration 310 John Turner, Squatter settlement: an architecture that works 310 Alison Ravetz with Richard Turkington, Self-help housing 314 Peter Davey, S.T.E.R.N. work 319 Mats Egelius, The Byker wall 323 Alice Gray Read, Making a home in a Philadelphia neighborhood 326 Carolyn M. Goldstein, Do it yourself: home improvement in 20th century America 331 Alison J. Clarke, The aesthetics of social aspiration 335 11 Twentieth-century apartment dwelling, ideals and realities 350 Le Corbusier, The center of Paris 350 Alison and Peter Smithson, Urban structuring 353 Alison Ravetz with Richard Turkington, The high-rise estate 354 Anthony Burgess, A Clockwork Orange 360 J. S. Fuerst, High-rise living: what tenants say 365 David Popenoe, Vällingby 370 12 Some possible futures 383 Kathryn McCamant and Charles Durrett, with Ellen Hertzman, How cohousing works: the Trudeslund community 384 John Leland, A prefab utopia – what happens when a furniture company builds a community 390 Allan D. Wallis, Mobile homes: form, meaning, and function 392 John Brinckerhoff Jackson, The mobile home on the range 397 Pohlig Builders, Harriton Farm, Villanova PA, advertising brochure 401 Norbert Schoenauer, Residential conversions 402 13 Where is Home? 408 Yi-Fu Tuan, Attachment to homeland 408 Ilya Utekhin, Filling dwelling place with history: communal apartments in St Petersburg 415 Deborah Tall, Dwelling: making peace with space and place 424 Bo Emerson, The shelter people 431 Barbara Miller Lane, Edgar Reitz’s Heimat 435 Text source credits 440 Illustration source credits 445 Bibliography 447 Index 460 Illustrations 1 Sacré Coeur & Montmartre, Paris, aerial view 16 2 Edward L. Angell, row houses, New York City, 1887–8 16 3 Single-family dwelling, suburban Philadelphia, c. 1890 17 4 Chamberlin, Powell and Bon, Barbican, London, 1956–82 17 5 Jean Gottmann, Megalopolis, 1961 17 6 Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, aerial view, 1975 18 7 “I’m Mrs. Edward M. Barnes. Where do I live?”, cartoon, 1954 18 8 Seventeenth-century farmhouse in the Black Forest, Germany 73 9 Philip Johnson, Johnson House, New Canaan, Connecticut, 1945–9 73 10, 11 Adolf Loos, Moller House, Vienna, 1928 100 12, 13 DeLemos apartment, Yorkville, New York City 101, 102 14, 15 Richard Morris Hunt, The Stuyvesant Apartments, 1870 144 16 Railroad employee in his YMCA room, 1943 145 17, 18 Theophil Hansen, “Heinrichshof”, Vienna, 1861–3 146 19 Paris street, 1829