Practical Workbook MY-302: Non Ferrous Extractive Metallurgy Name
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Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste and Existing Industrial Routes: a Review and Australian Perspective
Resources 2014, 3, 152-179; doi:10.3390/resources3010152 OPEN ACCESS resources ISSN 2079-9276 www.mdpi.com/journal/resources Review Metal Extraction Processes for Electronic Waste and Existing Industrial Routes: A Review and Australian Perspective Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad Akbar Rhamdhani *, Geoffrey Brooks and Syed Masood Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (G.B.); [email protected] (S.M.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-9214-8528; Fax: +61-3-9214-8264. Received: 11 December 2013; in revised form: 24 January 2014 / Accepted: 5 February 2014 / Published: 19 February 2014 Abstract: The useful life of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has been shortened as a consequence of the advancement in technology and change in consumer patterns. This has resulted in the generation of large quantities of electronic waste (e-waste) that needs to be managed. The handling of e-waste including combustion in incinerators, disposing in landfill or exporting overseas is no longer permitted due to environmental pollution and global legislations. Additionally, the presence of precious metals (PMs) makes e-waste recycling attractive economically. In this paper, current metallurgical processes for the extraction of metals from e-waste, including existing industrial routes, are reviewed. In the first part of this paper, the definition, composition and classifications of e-wastes are described. In the second part, separation of metals from e-waste using mechanical processing, hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical routes are critically analyzed. -
Principles of Extractive Metallurgy Lectures Note
PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY B.TECH, 3RD SEMESTER LECTURES NOTE BY SAGAR NAYAK DR. KALI CHARAN SABAT DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING PARALA MAHARAJA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, BERHAMPUR DISCLAIMER This document does not claim any originality and cannot be used as a substitute for prescribed textbooks. The information presented here is merely a collection by the author for their respective teaching assignments as an additional tool for the teaching-learning process. Various sources as mentioned at the reference of the document as well as freely available material from internet were consulted for preparing this document. The ownership of the information lies with the respective author or institutions. Further, this document is not intended to be used for commercial purpose and the faculty is not accountable for any issues, legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this document. The committee faculty members make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this document and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. BPUT SYLLABUS PRINCIPLES OF EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY (3-1-0) MODULE I (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Pyro metallurgy: Calcination and roasting, sintering, smelting, converting, reduction, smelting-reduction, Metallothermic and hydrogen reduction; distillation and other physical and chemical refining methods: Fire refining, Zone refining, Liquation and Cupellation. Small problems related to pyro metallurgy. MODULE II (14 HOURS) Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy: Leaching practice: In situ leaching, Dump and heap leaching, Percolation leaching, Agitation leaching, Purification of leach liquor, Kinetics of Leaching; Bio- leaching: Recovery of metals from Leach liquor by Solvent Extraction, Ion exchange , Precipitation and Cementation process. -
Study on New Desilication Technology of High Silica Bauxite
2016 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering (SEEE 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-408-0 Study on New Desilication Technology of High Silica Bauxite Hai-yun XIE 1, Chao DING 1, Peng-fei ZHANG 1,2 , Lu-zheng CHEN 1, and Xiong-TONG 1 1Faculty of Land Resource Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China 2State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization, Kunming 650093, China Keywords: High silicon bauxite, Desilication, Gravity separation, Froth flotation. Abstract: There are abundant diasporic bauxite resource in China. The gravity separation and flotation process are utilized for treating this kind of ore. When the ore grinding fineness is -200 mesh 80%, the qualified bauxite concentrate can be obtained, and it contains Al 2O3 71.62%, SiO 2 8.94%, and its Al 2O3 recovery rate is 75.43%, A/S is 8.02.Compared with single flotation process, it can be reduced for the dosage flotation reagent and the cost of mineral processing. Introduction China's bauxite resources are rich, the amount of resources of 1.914 billion, ranking the fifth in the world, but more than 80% are medium and low grade ore, Aluminum silicon ratio (A/S) between 4 to 7 of the bauxite accounted for 59.5%. These minerals can not meet the basic conditions for the production of alumina by Bayer process. (A/S>8) [1]. The vast majority of China's bauxite belong to high-alumina, high-silicon, fine-grained embedded diaspore-type bauxite, so the bauxite is difficult to concentrate. -
Bioleaching for Copper Extraction of Marginal Ores from the Brazilian Amazon Region
metals Article Bioleaching for Copper Extraction of Marginal Ores from the Brazilian Amazon Region Dryelle Nazaré Oliveira do Nascimento 1,†, Adriano Reis Lucheta 1,† , Maurício César Palmieri 2, Andre Luiz Vilaça do Carmo 1, Patricia Magalhães Pereira Silva 1, Rafael Vicente de Pádua Ferreira 2, Eduardo Junca 3 , Felipe Fardin Grillo 3 and Joner Oliveira Alves 1,* 1 SENAI Innovation Institute for Mineral Technologies, National Service for Industrial Training (SENAI), Belém, PA 66035-405, Brazil; [email protected] (D.N.O.d.N.); [email protected] (A.R.L.); [email protected] (A.L.V.d.C.); [email protected] (P.M.P.S.) 2 Itatijuca Biotech, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil; [email protected] (M.C.P.); [email protected] (R.V.d.P.F.) 3 Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (Unesc), Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil; [email protected] (E.J.); [email protected] (F.F.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 5 December 2018; Accepted: 8 January 2019; Published: 14 January 2019 Abstract: The use of biotechnology to explore low-grade ore deposits and mining tailings is one of the most promising alternatives to reduce environmental impacts and costs of copper extraction. However, such technology still depends on improvements to be fully applied in Brazil under industrial scale. In this way, the bioleaching, by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, in columns and stirred reactors were evaluated regarding to copper extraction of a mineral sulfide and a weathered ore from the Brazilian Amazon region. -
Characterization and Recovery of Copper from Smelting Slag
CHARACTERIZATION AND RECOVERY OF COPPER FROM SMELTING SLAG A. P. GABRIEL*, L. R. SANTOS*, A.C. KASPER*, H. M. VEIT* * Materials Engineering Department, Engineering School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazi SUMMARY: 1. INTRODUCTION. 2. EXPERIMENTAL. 2.1 Hazardousness test. 2.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 2.3 Leaching 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Hazardousness Test. 3.2 Chemical and mineralogical characterization. 3.3 Leaching. 4. CONCLUSION. REFERENCES. 1. INTRODUCTION The generation of industrial solid waste constitutes an environmental problem that requires efforts for adequate disposal. Currently, in Brazil, solid waste management is standardized, with a classification determining the management according to its hazardous characteristics. ABNT NBR 10004 is a Brazilian Standard to solid waste and classifies its as: Class I (hazardous), Class II - A (non - hazardous and non - inert) and Class II - B (non - hazardous and inert) according to the concentration of elements that have potential risks to the environment and public health (ABNT NBR 10,004, 2004) A process with a large generation of wastes is the production of copper. Several studies in the last decades investigated routes to recovery copper and other metals of interest from the slag (solid waste from the foundry). In the case of primary production, the slag has copper contents between 0.5 and 2% and the volume generated is twice the refined metal (Schlesinger et al., 2011) In addition to primary copper production, there is a significant rate of the copper production from scrap/waste metal. Secondary copper production in Brazil in 2014 reached 23,600 tons, representing around 9% of domestic production. -
Extraction of Copper at Elevated Feed Concentrations R.E
SGS MINERALS SERVICES TECHNICAL PAPER 2003-07 2003 EXTRACTION OF COPPER AT ELEVATED FEED CONCENTRATIONS R.E. MOLNAR, N. VERBAAN –– SGS ABSTRACT A number of flowsheets have been designed and operated, or are currently being considered, to extract copper from leach solutions having much more copper than the 4 g/L levels typically found in heap leach liquors. Dealing with these solutions has required that the envelope for “normal” copper solvent extraction be pushed beyond the usually considered limits. Others have published information on flowsheets to recover copper from leach liquors containing over 25 g/L copper. Secondary solvent extraction circuits are often required to attain satisfactory overall recoveries. This paper reviews some of the issues faced in three pilot plant circuits that were operated by SGS Lakefield Research to produce cathode copper from solutions containing 8 to 20 g/L Cu. The primary objective was to maximize copper extraction using one solvent extraction circuit. The role of feed acidity and the disposition of impurities such as iron and chloride are considered. The challenges of running short SX piloting campaigns are discussed. INTRODUCTION In more recent years hydrometallurgy is finding wider application in the treatment of complex ores that contain copper. Very often, the plant will need to process a Copper solvent extraction was originally sulphide concentrate rather than an oxidised copper ore that is readily leached at developed in the 1960’s to recover ambient conditions. It is probably going to be using more aggressive oxidative leaching copper from relatively dilute leach methods, for example, oxygen pressure leaching. Higher percent solids are employed solutions, typically heap leach liquors in the leaching stages both to keep plant sizes as small as practically possible, and to with copper tenors in the 1 to 4 g/L ensure that the heating requirements of the process are being fully met by oxidising range. -
Copper Hydrometallurgy and Extraction from Chloride Media
COPPER HYDROMETALLURGY AND EXTRACTION FROM CHLORIDE MEDIA JAN SZYMANOWSKI SK96K0015 Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PI. Sktodowskiej-Curie 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland The development of copper hydrometallurgy is presented and various processes proposed for copper recovery from sulphide concentrates are discussed. Leaching, extraction and stripping are considered, including reagents and processes. The extraction of copper from chloride solutions is discussed. Various extractants are presented and their use for copper transfer from chloride solutions to the organic phase and back to chloride and to sulphate solutions is discussed. Hydrometallurgy is used for copper recovery for more than 300 years. Already in 1670 the mine waters were treated with iron to precipitate copper. However, two hundred years were needed to process oxide ores by vat leaching and copper cementation with iron. The development most important to copper hydrometallurgy, both with respect to the growing number of its applications and for its future potential, has been solvent extraction (SX). 1 It started in 1968 in a small scale and in about 1974 in a large scale of about 100 000 tones/year copper. These operations have served as a stimulus for at least of 30 copper plants, recovering nearly 800 000 tonnes/year of copper with the application continuing to increase. New processes are now developed to recover copper from sulphide ores and concentrates, including CLEAR Process and CUPREX Process. Chloride-based processes play a key role in the metallurgical and chemical industries. 2 One of the most important factors responsible for the significant role of chloro-based processes is the ease of chlorine recycling. -
AN EXERGETIC COMPARISON of COPPER EXTRACTION from CHALCOPYRITE CONCENTRATES by PYROMETALLURGY and HYDROMETALLURGY by Paul Mather
AN EXERGETIC COMPARISON OF COPPER EXTRACTION FROM CHALCOPYRITE CONCENTRATES BY PYROMETALLURGY AND HYDROMETALLURGY by Paul Mather A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Purdue University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Materials Engineering West Lafayette, Indiana December 2020 THE PURDUE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL STATEMENT OF COMMITTEE APPROVAL Dr. Matthew J. M. Krane, Chair School of Materials Engineering Dr. Kenneth H. Sandhage School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Dr. Kevin P. Trumble School of Materials Engineering Dr. Neera Jain School of Mechanical Engineering Approved by: Dr. David F. Bahr 2 Dedicated to my beautiful wife Madelyn 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe more than I can say to my wife, parents, and friends. A large deal of gratitude is owed to the Freeport-McMoRan Inc. (our funding source) and the FMI Tucson Technology Center staff, namely Dr. Jodie Robertson and Tom Bolles, as well as the FMI Miami Smelter staff, namely David Jones, Brandon Steinborn, Avi Nanda, and Alex Piatkiewicz, for making this work possible. Finally, I can’t say enough in gratitude to the Order of Preachers, namely the St. Tom’s staff and Fr. Donald Bramble of the Western Province. Laudare, benedicere, praedicare! 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................... -
Lead Dross Bismuth Rich (Updated 15.11.2019).Xlsx 1
Lead Dross, Bismuth Rich Substance Name: Substance Information Page: Lead, dross bismuth rich https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/14687 Legend Decisive substance sameness criterion Indicative substance sameness criterion Substance description: EC description: A scum formed on the surface of molten lead during the process of removing No substance sameness bismuth by the addition of calcium and magnesium. It consists of lead containing calcium and criterion magnesium bismuthides. Original / SIEF description: Lead, dross bismuth rich is formed when calcium and/or magnesium are added to molten lead bullion to remove bismuth. Lead dross, bismuth rich consists of variable amounts of lead, zinc, silver, bismuth and other metals in either alloy form or as compounds such as oxides. Substance Identity EC/list name: Lead, dross, bismuth SMILES: not applicable rich IUPAC name: InChl: not applicable Other names Type of substance: UVCB EC/List no.: 273-792-0 origin: Inorganic CAS no.: 69029-46-5 Molecular formula: not applicable Substance listed SID parameters Sameness criteria Indication of variability (fixed, low or high variation) Sources (input materials) The main starting material is lead, bullion (EC 308-011-5) typically from the primary sector but Low may include lead, bullion produced from non-battery scrap and other secondary sources. The lead, bullion starting material has usually been desilverised via the Parkes Process and dezinced by vacuum distillation, as required); calcium and/or magnesium are added to the molten lead bullion bath. Process The manfacture of 'lead, dross, bismuth rich' relies on the formation of high melting point Fixed intermetallic compounds which have lower density than lead via the Kroll-Betterton process in a refining kettle. -
Principles of Metallurgy
Chapter 13 Principles of Metallurgy In class 8 you have studied about certain properties of metals like, malleability, ductility, sonarity etc. Metals play an important role in our daily life. We use various metals for various purposes like gold and silver as jewellary, copper, iron, alluminium for making conducting wires and for making utensils etc. We use many house hold articles made up of metals and their alloys at our home. • Can you mention some articles that are made up of metals? • Do metals exist in nature in the form same as that we use in our daily life? • Have you ever heard the words like ore, mineral and metallurgy? • Do you know how these metals are obtained? To understand these questions you need to know about metallurgy. In this chapter we discuss various concepts related to metallurgy and the process by which we are able to obtain the pure form of metal that we use in our daily life. “Metallurgy is the process of extraction of metals from their ores”. Human history in terms of materials had the Bronze Age and Iron Age pertaining to the metals they started to use the bronze (an alloy of copper and tin) and iron. Now we have more than 75% metals among the elements available. Occurrence of the metals in nature • How the metals are present in nature? The earth’s crust is the major source of metals. Sea water also contains some soluble salts such as sodium chloride and magnesium chloride etc. 286 X Class Principles of Metallurgy Some metals like gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) are available in nature in free state (native) as they are least reactive. -
Iron Recovery from Bauxite Tailings Red Mud by Thermal Reduction with Blast Furnace Sludge
applied sciences Article Iron Recovery from Bauxite Tailings Red Mud by Thermal Reduction with Blast Furnace Sludge Davide Mombelli * , Silvia Barella , Andrea Gruttadauria and Carlo Mapelli Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, via La Masa 1, Milano 20156, Italy; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (C.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-02-2399-8660 Received: 26 September 2019; Accepted: 9 November 2019; Published: 15 November 2019 Abstract: More than 100 million tons of red mud were produced annually in the world over the short time range from 2011 to 2018. Red mud represents one of the metallurgical by-products more difficult to dispose of due to the high alkalinity (pH 10–13) and storage techniques issues. Up to now, economically viable commercial processes for the recovery and the reuse of these waste were not available. Due to the high content of iron oxide (30–60% wt.) red mud ranks as a potential raw material for the production of iron through a direct route. In this work, a novel process at the laboratory scale to produce iron sponge ( 1300 C) or cast iron (> 1300 C) using blast furnace ≤ ◦ ◦ sludge as a reducing agent is presented. Red mud-reducing agent mixes were reduced in a muffle furnace at 1200, 1300, and 1500 ◦C for 15 min. Pure graphite and blast furnace sludges were used as reducing agents with different equivalent carbon concentrations. The results confirmed the blast furnace sludge as a suitable reducing agent to recover the iron fraction contained in the red mud. -
PRODUCTION and REFINING of METALS (Electrolytic C25); PRETREATMENT of RAW MATERIALS
C22B PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS (electrolytic C25); PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Metallurgical or chemical processes for producing or recovering metals from metal compounds, ores, waste or scrap metal and for refining metal. Included in this subclass are processes drawn to: the production of metal by smelting, roasting or furnace method; the extraction of metal compounds from ore and concentrates by wet processes; electrochemical treatment of ores and metallurgical products for obtaining metals or alloys; apparatus thereof; preliminary treatment of ores, concentrates and scrap; general process for refining or remelting metals; apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals; obtaining specific metals; consolidating metalliferous charges or treating agents that are subsequently used in other processes of this subclass, by agglomerating, compacting, indurating or sintering. Relationship between large subject matter areas This subclass covers the treatment, e.g. decarburization, of metallferrous material for purposes of refining. C21C, C21D and C22F provide decarburization of metal for modifying the physical structure of ferrous and nonferrous metals or alloys, respectively. C22B also possesses groups for obtaining metals including obtaining metals by chemical processes, and obtaining metal compounds by metallurgical processes. Thus, for example, group C22B 11/00 covers the production of silver by reduction of ammoniacal silver oxide in solution, and group C22B 25/00 covers the