Istrski Gradovi
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Srce Istre KULtura in DEDIščina Istre, raZVOJ čEZmeJnih turističnih itinerarJEV V urBanih in ruraLnih OBMOČJIH Istre JE ODOBren V skLOpu SOseDskega prOgrama SLOVeniJA – MADžarska – HRVAška 2004–2006 Heart of Istria CULture anD heritage OF Istria, DEVELOpment OF crOss BORDer TOU- RIST itineraries in urBan anD ruraL areas OF Istria, suppOrteD thrOugh the CON- INTERREG IIIA Sosedski program TEXT OF the NeighBOurhOOD prOgramme SLOVenia – HungarY – CROatia 2004–2006 Slovenija – Madžarska – Hrvaška 2004–2006 INTERREG IIIA Neighbourhood programme Slovenia – Hungary – Croatia 2004–2006 ISTRSKI THE gradoviCASTLES OF ISTRIA Projekt je sofinancirala Evropska unija Projekt je izvedla Istrska županija The project is co-financed by the European Union A project implemented by the Region of Istria Izid publikacije je finančno podprla Evropska unija. This brochure has been produced with the assistance of European Union. Za njeno vsebino odgovarja Istrska županija in ne izraža stališč Evropske unije. The contents of this brochure is the sole responsability of Region of Istria and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. TRST TRIESTE MILJE MUGGIA Osp Socerb KOPER IZOLA črni Kal Tinjan Podpeč Kubed Zanigrad Hrastovlje Glem Movraž Koštabona UMAG Gradin Rašpor Momjan BUJE BUZET Pietrapelosa Roč Hum RIJEKA NOVIGRAD Draguć Boljun Belaj PAZIN PoREč Kožljak Sv. Lovreč Kršan Dvigrad LABIN Savičenta ROVINJ Bale VODNJAN Mutvoran PULJ PULA OPISANI KAšTELI DESCRIBED CASTLES 0 5 10 km KAšTELI VREDNI OGLEDA CASTLES THAT ARE WORTH SEEING RIJEKA ISTRSKI gradovi 4 THE castles OF ISTRIA 5 Črni Kal 8 Črni Kal 10 Draguć 11 Draguć 13 Dvigrad 14 Dvigrad 16 Gradin 20 Gradin 21 Hrastovlje 22 Hrastovlje 23 Hum 24 Hum 26 Kožljak 30 Kožljak 31 Kršan 34 Kršan 35 Kubed 38 Kubed 39 Momjan 41 Momjan 43 Osp 44 Osp 46 Pazin 48 Pazin 50 Pietrapelosa 54 Pietrapelosa 57 Podpeč pri Črnem Kalu 58 Podpeč pri Črnem Kalu 59 Roč 60 Roč 62 Savičenta (Svetvinčenat) 64 Savičenta 65 Socerb 70 Socerb 71 Sv. Lovreč 74 Sv. Lovreč 75 76 77 0 5 10 km Zanigrad Zanigrad 78 78 viri literature heart of Istria 3 ISTRSKI Istrski srednji vek je v arhitekturi zaznamovan s kašteli (lat. castrum, vojaško naselje rimske vojske, utrjeno s stolpi in obzidjem). Fevdalizem srednjega veka karakterizira množica zemljiških posestnikov, lastnikov fevdov, ki so gradili obrambne utrdbe gradovi– kaštele, da bi v njih uživali in iz njih nadzirali svoje posesti. Kašteli niso bili neosvojljivi: ni takega, ki ni bil napaden, mnogi so bili osvojeni, požgani, zruše- ni, ponovno postavljeni in zopet razdejani. Njihovi vladarji so se menjali skladno z odnosi velikih sil, a so obstajali tudi pogumni, ki so trmasto kljubovali nadrejenim. Mnoge legende so vezane na istrske kaštele: po- gosto so bili primeri ugrabitev, prevar in podarja- nja kaštelov med fevdalci, tedanjo gospodo. Istrski fevdalci so bili pisan svet: prevaranti, nepridipravi in bivši zaporniki, intelektualci, vojskovodje in zemlji- ški posestniki, najvišji družbeni sloj, med katerimi je eden postal tudi beneški dož. Prvi pisni dokument o istrskih kaštelih izhaja iz leta 983, ampak pomembnejši je iz leta 1102, ko je Ul- rich II. Weimar – Orlamunde daroval večino svojih heart of Istria THE CASTLES OF ISTRIA Castles are the most recognisable architectural traces ment was written in 1102 when Ulrich II Weimar- from the Middle Ages in Istria (Lat. castrum, a fortified Orlamϋnd gave most of his Istrian castles as a gift to Roman military settlement with watchtowers and the Patriarchate of Acquileia. Castles were most inten- bulwarks). Medieval feudalism was characterised by a sively constructed during the Late Middle Ages, when great number of landowners: rulers of fiefs who built the borders between Venice and the Habsburgs oc- defensive strongholds – castles – to enjoy the noble casionally moved (Venice had always governed the life and govern their properties. But these castles were coastal Istria, whereas Austria controlled the Istrian not impregnable: every single castle was attacked, hinterland with the seat in the County of Pazin). many of them seized, incinerated, ravaged, then re- Istrian castles have numerous architectural similarities; built and very often destroyed again. Whenever the each castle was built of stone, consisting of a main tow- dominant authority changed, the ruler of the castle er, walls, a residential building, mercantile space and an changed too, but there were also brave landowners open courtyard. However, the size of a castle depended that obstinately defied their superiors. on its owner’s financial power.T he castles were situated There are many legends about Istrian castles. There at important strategic locations, often in inaccessible were frequent cases of abduction, fraud and castles as terrain close to a stream, a river or some other source of gifts among the feudal lords. The Istrian feudal world water. If it were possible, castle access would be across was varied – one could find a crook, an ex-convict, a a drawbridge or a well-defended entrance. criminal, but also an intellectual, a general, and a mem- The importance of castles began to decrease dur- ber of landed gentry, the highest social class. One of ing the Renaissance – in the 16th century – due to the these feudal lords even became a doge of Venice. emergence of firearms. Tall, narrow, square watchtow- The first written documents about Istrian castles ers made easy targets for cannon balls. Numerous comes from 983 AD, but a more noteworthy docu- castles were abandoned, and their refugee popula- heart of Istria istrskih kaštelov oglejskemu patriarhu. V poznem sre- topovske izstrelke. Takrat so kaštele večinoma zapuščali, dnjem veku so Benetke in Habsburžani, katerih meje a prebivalstvo je v njihovi neposredni bližini ali okoli njih so se neredko premikale (Benetke so posedovale obalo gradilo naselja, ki so kasneje prerasla v mesta. Nekateri in morje, Avstrija notranjost Istre s središčem v Pazinski kašteli so bili takrat zapuščeni za vedno, a tisti, ki so imeli kneževini), beležili najintenzivnejšo gradnjo kaštelov. pomemben strateški položaj, so bili obnovljeni v novem renesančnem slogu (le nekaj v Istri), z nižjimi in bolj zao- Kašteli imajo številne arhitekturne podobnosti; vsi so kroženimi stolpi, da jih topovske krogle ne bi poškodo- grajeni iz kamna, sestavljeni so iz glavnega stolpa, ob- vale. Istrski kašteli so oznaka časa, arhitekture, kulture in zidja, stanovanjskega in gospodarskega poslopja ter običajev srednjega veka. zaprtega dvorišča, a njihova velikost je bila odvisna od lastnikove finančne moči. Nahajajo se na strateško Ko se sprehajamo po zapuščenih obzidjih istrskih ka- pomembnih točkah, dostikrat na precej nedostopnem štelov, se nam zgodovina ponuja na dlani: opazujemo terenu, v bližini potoka, reke ali izvira vode. Če je bilo pokrajino in vidimo boje, slišimo konjski galop, vidimo fevdalce v razkošnih oblačilih, občutimo kmetovo bo- mogoče, je bil dostop do kaštela preko dvižnega mosta lečino v kamniti utrdbi. V kaštelih-mestih nas prevevajo ali skozi dobro varovan vhod. drugačne misli: zakaj je prav ta kaštel ohranjen in zakaj Upadanje pomembnosti kaštelov se je začelo v rene- se je okoli njega zgradilo prav to mesto, zakaj so v neka- sansi, v 16. stoletju, ko so s pojavom strelnega orožja terih mestih kašteli popolnoma ohranjeni, medtem ko tudi ozki in visoki kvadratni stolpi postajali lahka tarča za so v drugih kradli kamenje za izgradnjo hiš?... SEZNAM ISTRSKIH KAŠTELOV: Nekateri izmed naštetih kaštelov niso bili zgrajeni v sre- Bale, Barban, Belaj, Beligrad, Beram, Boljun, Brioni, Brseč, dnjem veku, del njih so postali mesta, medtem ko drugi Buje, Buzet, Čepić, Červar, Črni Kal, Črnigrad, Draguć, Dvi- niso ohranjeni, temveč so omenjeni v pisnih dokumentih. grad, Glem, Gologorica, Gračišće, Gradin, Gradina, Gradinje, No, vsak izmed njih je omembe vreden, in če imate mo- Grožnjan, Hrastovlje, Hum, Kašćerga, Kaštel, Kostanjica, Ka- žnost , si jih vsekakor oglejte. štelir, Koštabona, Kožljak, Kršan, Kubed, Labin, Lindar, Loka, SEZNAM OBRAVNAVANIH KAŠTELOV: Lupoglav, Momjan, Motovun, Movraž, Mutvoran, Novigrad, Oprtalj, Osp, Paz, Pazin, Pietrapelosa, Plomin, Podpeč, Po- Črni Kal, Draguć, Dvigrad, Gradin, Hrastovlje, Hum, Kožljak, reč, Pulj, Račice, Rašpor, Roč, Rakalj, Rakitovec, Rovinj, Sa- Kršan, Kubed, Momjan, Osp, Pazin, Pietrapelosa, Podpeč, vičenta(S vetvinčenat), Sipar, Socerb, Sv. Ivan, Sv. Ivan od Roč, Savičenta (Svetvinčenat), Socerb, Sv. Lovreč, Zanigrad. Šterne, Sv. Juraj, Sv. Lovreč, Sv. Martin, Sovinjak, Šumber, Našteti kašteli so obravnavani zaradi svoje reprezentativ- Tinjan, Trviž, Umag, Vižinada, Vrh, Vodnjan, Vrsar, Završje, nosti in zgodovinske pomembnosti. Z relativno majhnim Zanigrad, Zelengrad, Žminj. številom smo poskušali podati osnovne značilnosti istrskih kaštelov: zgodovino, vladarje, arhitekturno oblikovanje, mite, legende in zanimivosti. heart of Istria tions founded settlements in the immediate vicinity or castles, it is not hard to feel this historical period so around the castle, subsequently growing into towns. vividly: looking at the landscape, we can see battles, Some castles were completely deserted, while those hear a horse gallop, observe the feudal lords wearing with a good strategic position were rebuilt in the new expensive clothing or feel the sufferings of peasants Renaissance style (only a few were rebuilt in Istria), with amidst the massive stone walls. Being amid the cas- smaller, rounded towers which could repel cannon tle-town, various questions come to mind: why has