Cahier No43 = L'histoire Du Rwanda Sous La Colonisation
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UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins Committee in charge: Professor Stephan F. Miescher, Chair Professor Mhoze Chikowero Professor Erika Rappaport Professor Leila Rupp June 2014 The dissertation of Sarah E. Watkins is approved. _____________________________________________ Mhoze Chikowero _____________________________________________ Erika Rappaport ____________________________________________ Leila Rupp ____________________________________________ Stephan F. Miescher, Committee Chair May 2014 Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 Copyright © 2014 by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While responsibility for the end result of this work rests with me, its creation would not have been possible without the support and dedication of many others. For their intellectual and moral support through the preparation and writing of this dissertation, I want to thank Stephan Miescher, my advisor, and Mhoze Chikowero, Erika Rappaport, and Leila Rupp, for agreeing to shepherd me through this process. Writing a dissertation can be excruciating, but having such a supportive and engaged committee makes all the difference. For their mentorship during my research and writing in Rwanda, I want to thank David Newbury, Catharine Newbury, Rose-Marie Mukarutabana, Bernard Rutikanga, and Jennie Burnet, as well as the Faculty of History at the National University of Rwanda. Their insights have sharpened my analysis, and consistently challenged me to engage more deeply with the sources, as well as to consider the broader context of the stories with which I am so fascinated. -
Cahier No45 = Rwabugili Le Dernier Monarque Du Rwanda Pre-Colonial
CAHIER NO45 = RWABUGILI LE DERNIER MONARQUE DU RWANDA PRE-COLONIAL 0.1 Introduction Le roi Kigeli IV Rwabugili est le 24ème de la dynastie des Abanyiginya et le dernier avant la colonisation du Rwanda. Son testament dynastique l’obligeait à être un roi guerrier. Il était fils du roi Mutara II Rwogera et de la reine-mère Nyirakigeli IV Murorunkwere, fille de Mitari, du clan des Abakono. Son histoire se divise en quatre parties : 1. Les événements de son règne, 2. Ses expéditions militaires, 3. Ses victimes, 4. Divers événements sous son règne. Tel est le plan de la présente étude. Avant d’entrer dans le vif du sujet, lisons son ode guerrière qui nous introduit excellemment dans l’histoire de ce monarque. 0.2 Ode guerrière de Rwabugili Cette ode a été composée par Biraro, fils de Nyamushanja, celui-ci fils de Rwakagara, qui loue les prouesses guerrières de Kigeli IV Rwabugili dans l’expédition du Butembo (Alexis Kagame, Introduction aux grands genres lyriques de l’ancien Rwanda, Butare, 1969, p.20). Elle nous montre que l’histoire du monarque a été, du début à la fin, un continuel combat. Le premier combat eut lieu à l’intérieur de son pays pour asseoir son autorité royale contre ses opposants et le deuxième à l’étranger pour agrandir son pays. Le testament de son règne en faisait justement un monarque guerrier. Voilà pourquoi introduire l’histoire de ce roi par le poème qui exprime ses prouesses vient à point nommé. Ce genre poétique, pour l’apprécier à son juste titre, il faut le placer dans son contexte historique, lequel est aujourd’hui plus ou moins suranné. -
Ubumwe Bw'abanyarwanda : Mbere Y'abazungu N'igihe Cy'ubukoloni
REPUBULIKA Y'U RWANDA PEREZIDANSI YA REPUBULIKA UBUMWE BW'ABANYARWANDA ~ MBERE Y'ABAZUNGU N'IGIHE CY'UBUKOLONI ~ MU GIHE CYA REPUBULIKA YA MBERE KIGALI, KANAMA 1999 1 IBIRIMO IRIBURIRO CH.1 IMIBANIRE Y’ABANYARWANDA MBERE Y’ABAZUNGU N’IGIHE CY’UBUKOLONI 1.1 Ubumwe mbere y’Abazungu 1.1.1 Ubumwe bwari bugizwe na bande? 1.1.2 Ibyarangaga ubumwe (ibishyitsi by’ubumwe) 1.1.3 Ibyari bibangamiye ubumwe 1.2 Ubumwe mu gihe cy’Ubukoloni 1.2.1 Ubwami 1.2.2 Ubutegetsi bwite bwa gikoloni 1.2.3 Amadini 1.2.4 Amashuri CH.II IBIKORWA BY’AGAHATO MU GIHE CY’UBUKOLONI BW’ABABILIGI 2.1 Akazi (corvée/forced labour) 2.2 Uburetwa 2.3 Shiku 2.4 Umugogoro 2.5 Ikawa 2.6 Umusoro 2.6.1 Umusoro w’Abazungu 2.6.2 Ububi bw’umusoro wa gikoloni (1916-1962) 2.7 Ibihano ku batubahirije ibikorwa by’agahato 2.8 Ubuhake 2.8.1 Ubuhake mbere y’ubukoloni 2.8.2 Ubuhake mu gihe cy’ubukoloni 2.9 Ubukonde CH.III INZIRA YO KWIGOBOTORA UBUKOLONI (1952-1962) 3.1 Uruhare rw’abaturage 3.2 Abategetsi b’Abanyarwanda 3.3 Abategetsi b’Abakoloni 3.4 Abize (élites/elites) 3.4.1 Mise au point 3.4.2 Manifeste des Bahutu 2 3.5 O.N.U 3.6 Uruhare rwa Kiliziya 3.7 Amashyaka CH.IV INKOMOKO N’IMIBANIRE Y’ABAHUTU, ABATUTSI N’ABATWA 4.1 Inkomoko 4.2 Ubuhutu, Ubututsi, n’Ubutwa mbere y’abazungu 4.3 Ubuhutu, Ubututsi n’Ubutwa igihe cy’Ubukoloni UMUSOZO Ibitekerezo ku bikorwa by’ingenzi byatuma ubumwe bugaruka Umugereka 1. -
The Unity of Rwandans Before the Colonial Period and Under The
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC THE UNITY OF RWANDANS - BEFORE THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND UNDER THE COLONIAL RULE - UNDER THE FIRST REPUBLIC Kigali, August 1999 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE .........................................................................…………………………... l CHAPTER I. RELATIONS BETWEEN RWANDANS BEFORE THE COLONIAL PERIOD AND UNDER THE COLONIAL RULE .................................................…………...4 1.1. Unity before the Colonial Period ...........................................…………………4 l. l. l. Who were constituting unity ?.............................................. ………………….4 1.1.2. Unity characteristics (unity stocks)......................................………………….. 4 1.1.3. Obstacles to unity...........................................................……………………... 7 1.2. Unity under the Colonial rule................................................ ………………….7 1.2.1. Monarchy...................................................... ……………………7 1.2.2. Colonial administration.....................................……………….. 10 1.2.3. Religions ....................................................... ………………….14 1.2.4. Schools......................................................... …………………..16 CHAPTER II. FORCED LABOUR UNDER THE BELGIAN COLONIAL RULE.............................................. …………………..20 2.1. Forced labour ......................................................... ………………….20 2.2. Corvée ..............................................................……………………….22 2.3. Cultivating fallow -
Cahier No 35 = Ubucurabwenge
CAHIER NO 35 = UBUCURABWENGE ----------------------------------------------------- UBUCURA-BWENGE Le laboratoire du savoir INTRODUCTION Dans notre programme d’étudier les sources traditionnelles de l’histoire du Rwanda, nous en sommes à la deuxième étape. La première visait la source principale constituée par le Corpus des Ibisigo = les Poèmes historiographiques. Huit monographies ont été consacrées à ce sujet. S’il plait à Dieu, nous aurons un numéro consacré au Bwiru = le Rituel royal, Dans le présent numéro, Ubucura-bwenge va retenir notre attention. Ce texte a été présenté par Alexis Kagame dans trois de ses ouvrages : La notion de génération, Un abrégé de l’ethno-histoire et Inganji Karinga. Les informations de base que nous allons utiliser viennent de cette source. Notre travail consiste d’abord à les rassembler, à les organiser ensuite et à les passer au crible de la critique scientifique. Si notre informaterur était encore en vie, probablement qu’il ferait lui-même ce travail d’unifier, compléter et harmoniser toutes ses informations sur ce sujet. Le faire à sa place est pour nous un hommage de fidélité qui lui est rendu. Nous allons parcourir divers aspects de ce sujet en trois étapes. La première concerne des informations préliminaires. La seconde concerne la présentation du texte modèle tel qu’il fut publié par Alexis Kagame dans son luvre Ingnji Karina,I (Kabgayi, 1959). La troisième étape sera faite de l’analyse de de ce texte officiel. Allons-y lentement mais sûrement. I. LES PRELIMINAIRES Parmi les questions préliminaires, il y a le titre du Document lui-même. Il y aura ensuite celle des auteurs et enfin celle de la date de composition. -
CNLG Genocide a Kibungo Ok.Indd
Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 1 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 2 Le Génocide commis contre les Tutsi dans la Préfecture de KIBUNGO de 1990 à 1994 PREFACE Les deux premières Républiques qui se sont succédées depuis l’indépendance du pays en 1962 ont entretenu la haine envers les Tutsi, qui depuis 1959 furent discriminés, persécutés, massacrés et poussés à l’exil par le régime extrémiste de Kayibanda. Le génocide commis contre les Tutsi en 1994 tire son origine dans l’idéologie raciste et ethnisante mise en place par le régime de Grégoire Kayibanda et perpétuée par celui de Juvénal Habyarimana. Pendant plus de cent jours le Rwanda a connu un génocide d’une cruauté inimaginable. Plus d’un million d’hommes, de femmes, de vieillards et d’enfants furent systématiquement tués par des extrémistes Hutu uniquement parce qu’ils étaient Tutsi. Des militaires, des gendarmes, des policiers, des miliciens et des citoyens ordinaires prirent part dans ce génocide. Dans le but de mettre en évidence la réalité du Génocide commis contre les Tutsi, cette étude a pour but de mettre en lumière les caractéristiques principales de sa planification, de son organisation et de son exécution dans la Préfecture de Kibungo composée de 11 Communes : Kayonza, Rutonde, Muhazi, Rukara, Kabarondo, Kigarama, Birenga, Mugesera, Sake, Rukira et Rusumo. L’espace territorial de ces 11 Communes est actuellement couvert par quatre districts : Rwamagana, Kayonza, Ngoma et Kirehe. -
UC Santa Barbara Dissertation Template
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins Committee in charge: Professor Stephan F. Miescher, Chair Professor Mhoze Chikowero Professor Erika Rappaport Professor Leila Rupp June 2014 The dissertation of Sarah E. Watkins is approved. _____________________________________________ Mhoze Chikowero _____________________________________________ Erika Rappaport ____________________________________________ Leila Rupp ____________________________________________ Stephan F. Miescher, Committee Chair May 2014 Iron Mothers and Warrior Lovers: Intimacy, Power, and the State in the Nyiginya Kingdom, 1796-1913 Copyright © 2014 by Sarah Elizabeth Watkins iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS While responsibility for the end result of this work rests with me, its creation would not have been possible without the support and dedication of many others. For their intellectual and moral support through the preparation and writing of this dissertation, I want to thank Stephan Miescher, my advisor, and Mhoze Chikowero, Erika Rappaport, and Leila Rupp, for agreeing to shepherd me through this process. Writing a dissertation can be excruciating, but having such a supportive and engaged committee makes all the difference. For their mentorship during my research and writing in Rwanda, I want to thank David Newbury, Catharine Newbury, Rose-Marie Mukarutabana, Bernard Rutikanga, and Jennie Burnet, as well as the Faculty of History at the National University of Rwanda. Their insights have sharpened my analysis, and consistently challenged me to engage more deeply with the sources, as well as to consider the broader context of the stories with which I am so fascinated. -
Généalogies De La Noblesse (Les Batutsi) Du Ruanda
esm? V THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES LÉON DELMAS DES PÈRES BLANCS AU PAYS DU MWAMI MUTARA III CHARLES RUDAHIGWA GENEALOGIES LA NOBLESSE (LES BATUTSI) DURUANDA. Cinquantenaire de l'arrivée au Ruanda des Pères Blancs du Cardinal Lavigerie 1900 - 1950 Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/genealogiesdelanOOIeon LÉON DELMAS DES PÈRES BLANCS AU PAYS DU MWAMI MUTARA in CHARLES RUDAHIGWA. ( LES BATUTSI ) DU RUANDA. IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIllll DANS L'AFRIQUE CENTRALE RÉGION DU LAC KIVU, UNE DES SOURCES DU CONGO ET DU FLEUVE KAGERA, LA SOURCE DU NIL. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Cinquantenaire de l'arrivée au Ruanda des Pères Blancs du Cardinal Lavigerie 1900 - 1950 Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi. 7 PREFACE. Une poignante émotion m'étreint au moment où j'entame la rédaction de ces li- n'est plus! gnes: le Révérénd Père Lcon Delmas brève visite pour m'annoncer l'achève- Il était venu, il n'y a guère, me faire une demander de bien vouloir la présenter au ment de la monographie qu'on va lire et me était notre ultime rencontre. public. J'étais loin de pressentir que cette entrevue héroïque pha- Missionnaire dans toute la force du terme, il appartenait à cette hardiment au coeur d'une Afrique lange partie à l'aube de ce siècle pour s'enfoncer terreurs d'un paganisme haineux jusqu'alors hermétique, afin de l'arracher aux vaines et sans âme. consacrait le-, meil- Dieu a voulu rappeler à lui ce fidèle ouvrier, qui inlassablement les consolantes lumières de la leur de soi-même à répandre parmi les Banyarwanda charité. -
THE KINGS of Rwanda FATHERS of a NATION
The Kings of Rwanda Fathers of a Nation by Stewart Addington Saint-David a publication of The Royal Rwandan Association of Knighthood and Nobility 1 PART I The Eye of God: Rwandan Kings of the Pre-Colonial Age (ca. 1200-1895 AD) In an era of ten-second sound bytes and mass media, it is sometimes rather difficult to imagine a society founded on the notion of the political, administrative and religious centrality of a hereditary monarch. The various institutions of the Western world, largely the inheritance of the Enlightenment, have fixed firmly in the public mind a model of democratic government that has been cut to fit a wide range of national situations, often with very mixed results. Informed democracy, while certainly a major step forward in man's uneven progress toward self-realization, has not been the universal panacea promised by so many of the hopeful and far-thinking political philosophers of the 18th and 19th centuries. Many are the failed experiments in democratic government, frequently imposed or inspired by foreign powers, that have littered the African continent in particular since the middle decades of the 20th century. Long before the notion of democracy ever appeared on the shores of Africa, however, there existed the small southeastern kingdom of Rwanda, originally confined to the open savanna between Lake Victoria and Lake Kivu, and whose modern roots as a sovereign and independent nation date back to the 13th century. Rwanda constituted a triple exception in Africa, for she was a true nation-state. Comprised of three different and yet interrelated groups- the Twa, the Hutu and the 2 Tutsi- the Kingdom of Rwanda was not the random patchwork creation of some European colonial power which had simply imposed its will on a collection of tribes and/or regions, but rather a true nation in every sense of the word. -
Gakondo Royal Images
1 2 GAKONDO Images of Royal Rwanda from the Colonial Period STEWART ADDINGTON SAINT-DAVID © 2017 Editions Elgiad/The King Kigeli Foundation. All rights reserved. 3 IN MEMORIAM Quisquis enim hic felicem agit vitam, sicut nobilissimus meus pater fecit, habet certissimum iter in coelum. 4 Colonia Roma MEXICO, D.F. 20 December, 2017 As the various Members of the Household of His Late Majesty King Kigeli continue to mourn His passing more than one year ago, I am honored to be able to offer this further testimony of my abiding respect and deep admiration for the splendid historical culture of the Rwandan monarchy, and for the ongoing and ceaseless efforts of the present Head of the Royal House, H. M. King Yuhi VI Bushayija, to preserve and defend this vital national treasure. Tragically, the pages of Rwanda’s history have in recent decades been stained by the tears and bloodshed of internecine conflict, and as the country has slowly arisen from these heartbreaking struggles, and has endured the long path of halting recovery and partial renewal, one terrible gap, one salient and painful lacuna, has risen to the fore in the minds of Rwandans of every walk of life: the lack of its ancient and hallowed monarchy. In 1961, after almost nine centuries of strong and thoughtful rule, the nation’s traditional monarchy, with Umwami, The King, at its organizational apex, was hastily abolished by a few cynical political manipulators, who acted with the collusion of foreign powers to shatter with one blow the social, political, and inspirational keystone of the nation’s civil, military, and spiritual systems. -
La Casa Real De Ruanda
LA CASA REAL DE RUANDA José María de Montells y Galán Vizconde de Portadei Alfredo Escudero y Díaz-Madroñero Conde de San Andrés La Casa Real de Ruanda Edita el Noble Cabildo de San Jorge y Santiago Apóstol (Diputación de Titulados Extranjeros por Casas Reales no Reinantes) en colaboración con la Academia de Genealogía, Nobleza y Armas Alfonso XIII y la Fundación Lusíada © José María de Montells y Galán. © Alfredo Escudero y Díaz-Madroñero. Depósito Legal: Realización: Dayenu, Grupo de Comunicación DEDICATIO A S. M. el Rey Kigeli V Ndahindurwa, por su constante ejemplo de bonhomía Los autores El Rey Kigeli (sentado) junto al canciller de su Casa, Boniface Benzinge José María Montells y Galán y Alfredo Escudero y Díaz-Madroñero Prologo Ainda hoje me ecoam as extraordinárias palavras que me foram diri - gidas por Sua Majestade o Rei Kigeli V do Ruanda, aquando do nosso pri - meiro encontro: “Quero que cada ser humano seja tomado como igual e filho de Deus: aqui e no Ruanda”. A história deste homem bom conta-se rapidamente: quando o Rei Mu - tara Rudahigwa subiu ao trono do Ruanda implementou diversas reformas no sentido de dar coesão e solidariedade a sua nação – chegando em 1954 a distribuir terras às etnias Hutu e Tutsi, para que trabalhassem e convi - vessem em Paz - o que afrontou os interesses geoestratégicos da Bélgica na Região, preocupada com a afirmação de uma presença colonial. Tendo o Rei morrido em condições misteriosas, em 1959, sucedeu-lhe o seu irmão mais novo Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa, que sob o nome Kigeli V, assumiu o seu legado, promovendo, activamente, a politica de dialogo entre etnias. -
Social Studies for Ttc
SOCIAL STUDIES FOR TTC YEAR ONE STUDENT BOOK OPTIONS: SSE © 2020 Rwanda Education Board All rights reserved. This book is property of the Government of Rwanda. Credit must be given to REB when the content is quoted. FOREWORD The Rwanda Education Board is honoured to avail the Social Studies Student’s Book, Year one, for Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs) in SSE Option and it serves as official guide to teaching and Learning of Social Studies. The Rwandan education philosophy is to ensure that young people at every level of education achieve their full potential in terms of relevant knowledge, skills and appropriate attitudes that prepare them to be well integrated in society and exploit employment opportunities. The ambition to develop a knowledge-based society and the growth of regional and global competition in the job market has necessitated the shift to a competence-based curriculum. After a successful shift from knowledge to a competence-based curriculum in general education, TTC curriculum also was revised to align it to the CBC in general education to prepare teachers who are competent and confident to implement CBC in pre-primary and primary education. The rationale of the changes is to ensure that TTC leavers are qualified for job opportunities and further studies in higher education in different programs under education career advancement. I wish to sincerely express my appreciation to the people who contributed towards the development of this document, particularly, REB staff, lecturers, TTC Tutors, Teachers from general education and experts from Local and International Organizations for their technical support. I take this opportunity to call upon all educational stakeholders to bring in their contribution for successful implementation of this textbook.