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SOCIAL STUDIES FOR TTC YEAR ONE STUDENT BOOK OPTIONS: SSE © 2020 Rwanda Education Board All rights reserved. This book is property of the Government of Rwanda. Credit must be given to REB when the content is quoted. FOREWORD The Rwanda Education Board is honoured to avail the Social Studies Student’s Book, Year one, for Teacher Training Colleges (TTCs) in SSE Option and it serves as official guide to teaching and Learning of Social Studies. The Rwandan education philosophy is to ensure that young people at every level of education achieve their full potential in terms of relevant knowledge, skills and appropriate attitudes that prepare them to be well integrated in society and exploit employment opportunities. The ambition to develop a knowledge-based society and the growth of regional and global competition in the job market has necessitated the shift to a competence-based curriculum. After a successful shift from knowledge to a competence-based curriculum in general education, TTC curriculum also was revised to align it to the CBC in general education to prepare teachers who are competent and confident to implement CBC in pre-primary and primary education. The rationale of the changes is to ensure that TTC leavers are qualified for job opportunities and further studies in higher education in different programs under education career advancement. I wish to sincerely express my appreciation to the people who contributed towards the development of this document, particularly, REB staff, lecturers, TTC Tutors, Teachers from general education and experts from Local and International Organizations for their technical support. I take this opportunity to call upon all educational stakeholders to bring in their contribution for successful implementation of this textbook. Dr. NDAYAMBAJE Irénée Director General REB. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to sincerely express my special appreciation to the people who played a major role in development of Social Studies student’s book for SSE Option, year one. It would not have been successful without the support from different education stakeholders. I wish also to thank Rwanda Education Board (REB) leadership who supervised the textbook writing process. I wish to extend my appreciation to REB staff, Lecturers, Tutors, Teachers from General Education, Experts from Local and International Organizations for their effort during the writing of this textbook. MURUNGI Joan, Head of Curriculum Teaching and Learning Resources Department / REB iv TABLE OF CONTENT FOREWORD ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... iv Introduction ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ix UNIT 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL STUDIES ................... 1 1.1 Meaning and importance of social studies ������������������������������������� 1 1.2. Components of social studies ������������������������������������������������������� 3 UNIT 2: FORMATION OF RELIEF FEATURES OF RWANDA .................. 7 2.1. General presentation of Rwanda and the relief regions of Rwanda .. 7 2.2 Geomorphological processes: ����������������������������������������������������� 13 UNIT 3: ROCKS IN RWANDA .................................................................. 20 3.1 Types of rocks in Rwanda and their characteristics �������������������� 21 3.2. Importance of rocks in Rwanda ������������������������������������������������� 24 UNIT 4: SOILS IN RWANDA �������������������������������������������������������������������� 26 4.1 Definition of soil, types of soils and where they are found ���������� 26 4.2 Soil erosion in Rwanda ��������������������������������������������������������������� 30 4.3. Soil conservation and management measures in Rwanda ��������� 32 4.4. Importance of soil in Rwanda ������������������������������������������������������ 33 UNIT 5: CLIMATE IN RWANDA ................................................................ 36 5.1. Climatic zones, Seasons and factors influencing climate in Rwanda ���36 5.2 Climate change and global warming ������������������������������������������� 42 UNIT 6: VEGETATION IN RWANDA ........................................................ 49 6.1. Types of vegetation, importance and factors influencing vegetation in Rwanda ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 49 6.2 Causes of the destruction and conservation measures of vegetation ���52 UNIT 7: DRAINAGE SYSTEM IN RWANDA ........................................... 55 7.1 Major rivers and the drainage basins. ������������������������������������������ 55 7.2. Major lakes and their mode of formation ���������������������������������� 57 UNIT 8: POPULATION IN RWANDA ........................................................ 61 8.1. Population concepts and Population structure ���������������������������� 61 8.2. Population growth in Rwanda ����������������������������������������������������� 65 8.3. Migration in Rwanda ������������������������������������������������������������������� 70 v UNIT 9: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENT IN RWANDA ................... 77 9.1. Rural settlement �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77 9.2. Problems and solutions associated with rural settlement in Rwanda ..80 9.3. Urban settlement in Rwanda ������������������������������������������������������� 83 9.4 Problems of the urban centres and their solutions ����������������������� 92 UNIT 10: ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN RWANDA ..................................... 95 10.1. AGRICULTURE ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95 10.2. FORESTRY IN RWANDA �������������������������������������������������������111 10.3. FISHING IN RWANDA ������������������������������������������������������������ 121 10.4 MINING IN RWANDA �������������������������������������������������������������� 128 10.5 POWER AND ENERGY IN RWANDA �������������������������������������� 137 10.6 INDUSTRIALISATION IN RWANDA ���������������������������������������� 144 10.7. TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION AND TRADE IN RWANDA .... 154 10.8. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION IN RWANDA AND TOURISM 172 UNIT 11: CIVILIZATION OF PRE-COLONIAL RWANDA ...................... 183 11.1. Social organization of the Pre-colonial Rwanda ��������������������� 184 11.2. Cultural organization ��������������������������������������������������������������� 190 11.3. Political and military organization �������������������������������������������� 193 UNIT 12: COLONIAL RWANDA ������������������������������������������������������������ 206 12.1. German occupation of Rwanda ���������������������������������������������� 206 12.2. German administration and its impact ������������������������������������ 210 12. 3. The coming of missionaries in Rwanda �������������������������������� 213 12.4. First World War in Rwanda ����������������������������������������������������� 216 12.5. Rwanda under Belgian colonization (1916 – 1962) ��������������� 218 UNIT 13: THE FIRST AND THE SECOND REPUBLICS OF RWANDA 241 13.1 Achievements of the first Republic ������������������������������������������� 241 13.2 Failures and downfall of the first Republic ������������������������������� 248 13.3 Achievements of the Second Republic ������������������������������������ 252 13.4 Failures and downfall of the second Republic ������������������������� 260 UNIT 14: THE 1990-1994 LIBERATION WAR IN RWANDA .................. 266 14.1 The causes of the 1990 – 1994 liberation war in Rwanda ������� 266 14.2 The course of the 1990 – 1994 liberation war in Rwanda �������� 270 14.3 The effects of the 1990 – 1994 liberation war in Rwanda �������� 279 vi UNIT 15: THE 1994 GENOCIDE AGAINST THE TUTSI ....................... 282 15.1. Causes of Genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda ������������������������ 282 15.2. Course of the Genocide against the Tutsi ������������������������������� 285 15.3. Effects of Genocide against the Tutsi ������������������������������������ 289 UNIT 16: BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMICS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 291 16.1. Meaning and origin of economics ������������������������������������������� 292 16. 2. Basic terms used in economics; �������������������������������������������� 296 UNIT 17: NATURE AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS ............................... 310 17.1: Economics as a science or an art. �������������������������������������������311 17.2: Normative and positive economics. ���������������������������������������� 312 17.3. Branches of economics ����������������������������������������������������������� 313 UNIT 18: FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS .................. 315 18.1 Definition of the fundamental principles of Economics: ����������� 315 18.2 The relationship between scarcity, choice and Opportunity cost ... 317 18.3: Production possibility frontier (PPF): �������������������������������������� 318 18.4. Economic questions ���������������������������������������������������������������� 323 UNIT 19: EQUATIONS AND FRACTIONS IN ECONOMIC MODELS ... 325 19.1 Equation in Economics ����������������������������������������������������������� 326 19.2 Fractions in economics ������������������������������������������������������������ 344 UNIT 20:THEORY OF DEMAND ............................................................ 353 20.1. Introduction to price
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  • Rwanda Journal, Series A: Arts and Humanities, Volume 1 (1), 2016

    Rwanda Journal, Series A: Arts and Humanities, Volume 1 (1), 2016

    Rwanda Journal ISSN 2305-2678 (Print); ISSN 2305-5944 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/rj.v1i1.3A Ndorwá Famous Women J. NYIRAHABIMANA, Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Education of Kibungo & J. C. NKEJABAHIZI, University of Rwanda Abstract This article focuses on famous women of Ndorwá region in North-East of Rwanda. It aims at drawing portraits of extraordinary heroines who marked the collective memory of Ndorwa region. Lives of women portrayed in this article are unique. It is this uniqueness that we highlight. Moreover, their portraits convey important information on social, cultural, political and economic organization of Ndorwa region. Key words: Rwanda, women, heroines, Ndorwá Introduction The Kingdom of Ndorwá was located to the North of the Kingdom of Rwanda, currently the southern area of the Republic of Uganda. It was governed by the dynasty of the Abashaambo clan, from which derived the phrase Ndorwá y‘Ábashaambo. It was conquered and occupied by King Kigeli III Ndabárasa (1706- 1741). The monarch‘s long stay in this region gave rise to famous poetical battle of wits: - Mbwiiré umwaámi ukó abaándi baámi baantumyé (Let me convey to the king the message from other kings) by poet Musaáre, son of Nyakayoonga. - Baateewe n’íikí uburaké (What made them furious) by poet Kibáraké son of Bagorozi. He composed this poem on the king‘s order. - Nóone kó wamazé ubuhiínge (Now, you have completed farm work) by poet Musaáre. In 1884, during the Berlin conference when the Western colonial powers shared out Africa and set new borders for African countries, the Kingdom of Rwanda lost a big part of Ndorwá territory.