Nuclear Deterrence and Conventional Conflict
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*Use the Notes to Answer the Questions. Asia: •The Vast Continent of Asia Has Many Different Mountain, Desert, and Water Features
*Use the notes to answer the questions. Asia: •The vast continent of Asia has many different mountain, desert, and water features. •Icy mountain ranges are located in the north, while steamy rainforests lie in the south. •A large part of Asia is desert, yet much of southern and eastern Asia receives massive amounts of rain each year. •These features impact trade and affect where people live. IMPACT OF MOUNTAINS: Himalayas: •The Himalayas are a mountain range with some of the tallest peaks in the entire world. •They have a significant impact on life in southwest China and northwest India. •Hydroelectric power plants have been built on glaciers throughout the Himalayas continued: •India is separated from the rest of Asia on three sides by mountain ranges. •On India’s side of the Himalayas, the high mountains trap rain clouds, so rainforests and grasslands can be found. •The Chinese side of the icy Himalayas receives very little rainfall and the population is much lower here. Tibetan Plateau: •The Tibetan Plateau covers the majority of western China and is the world’s highest plateau at 14,800 feet above sea level. •Because of the region’s extremely high elevations, it has been nicknamed “the roof of the world”. •Many of Asia’s major rivers begin in the Tibetan Plateau, and are fed by more than 30,000 glaciers that are located here. •In this region, summers are very short and winters are long and extremely cold. •During the few warmer months, farmers are able to let livestock graze in the region’s grasslands. -
Environmental Consequences of Nuclear War
Environmental consequences of nuclear war Owen B. Toon, Alan Robock, and Richard P. Turco A regional war involving 100 Hiroshima-sized weapons would pose a worldwide threat due to ozone destruction and climate change. A superpower confrontation with a few thousand weapons would be catastrophic. Brian Toon is chair of the department of atmospheric and oceanic sciences and a member of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Alan Robock is a professor of atmospheric science at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey. Rich Turco is a professor of atmospheric science at the University of California, Los Angeles. More than 25 years ago, three independent research ber of potential fatalities from a nuclear war and in the like- groups made valuable contributions to elaborating the conse- lihood of environmental consequences that threaten the bulk quences of nuclear warfare.1 Paul Crutzen and John Birks pro- of humanity. Unfortunately, that assumption is incorrect. In- posed that massive fires and smoke emissions in the lower at- deed, we estimate that the direct effects of using the 2012 ar- mosphere after a global nuclear exchange would create severe senals would lead to hundreds of millions of fatalities. The short-term environmental aftereffects. Extending their work, indirect effects would likely eliminate the majority of the two of us (Toon and Turco) and colleagues discovered “nuclear human population. winter,” which posited that worldwide climatic cooling from stratospheric smoke would cause agricultural collapse that Casualty and soot numbers threatened the majority of the human population with starva- Any of several targeting strategies might be employed in a tion. -
Cyber Warfare a “Nuclear Option”?
CYBER WARFARE A “NUCLEAR OPTION”? ANDREW F. KREPINEVICH CYBER WARFARE: A “NUCLEAR OPTION”? BY ANDREW KREPINEVICH 2012 © 2012 Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. All rights reserved. About the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments (CSBA) is an independent, nonpartisan policy research institute established to promote innovative thinking and debate about national security strategy and investment options. CSBA’s goal is to enable policymakers to make informed decisions on matters of strategy, secu- rity policy and resource allocation. CSBA provides timely, impartial, and insight- ful analyses to senior decision makers in the executive and legislative branches, as well as to the media and the broader national security community. CSBA encour- ages thoughtful participation in the development of national security strategy and policy, and in the allocation of scarce human and capital resources. CSBA’s analysis and outreach focus on key questions related to existing and emerging threats to US national security. Meeting these challenges will require transforming the national security establishment, and we are devoted to helping achieve this end. About the Author Dr. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr. is the President of the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, which he joined following a 21-year career in the U.S. Army. He has served in the Department of Defense’s Office of Net Assessment, on the personal staff of three secretaries of defense, the National Defense Panel, the Defense Science Board Task Force on Joint Experimentation, and the Defense Policy Board. He is the author of 7 Deadly Scenarios: A Military Futurist Explores War in the 21st Century and The Army and Vietnam. -
Dominant Land Forces for 21St Century Warfare
No. 73 SEPTEMBER 2009 Dominant Land Forces for 21st Century Warfare Edmund J. Degen A National Security Affairs aperP published on occasion by THE INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY Arlington, Virginia Dominant Land Forces for 21st Century Warfare by Edmund J. Degen The Institute of Land Warfare ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY AN INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE PAPER The purpose of the Institute of Land Warfare is to extend the educational work of AUSA by sponsoring scholarly publications, to include books, monographs and essays on key defense issues, as well as workshops and symposia. A work selected for publication as a Land Warfare Paper represents research by the author which, in the opinion of ILW’s editorial board, will contribute to a better understanding of a particular defense or national security issue. Publication as an Institute of Land Warfare Paper does not indicate that the Association of the United States Army agrees with everything in the paper, but does suggest that the Association believes the paper will stimulate the thinking of AUSA members and others concerned about important defense issues. LAND WARFARE PAPER NO. 73, September 2009 Dominant Land Forces for 21st Century Warfare by Edmund J. Degen Colonel Edmund J. Degen recently completed the senior service college at the Joint Forces Staff College and moved to the Republic of Korea, where he served as the U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) J35, Chief of Future Operations. He is presently the Commander of the 3d Battlefield Coordination Detachment–Korea. He previously served as Special Assistant to General William S. -
NATO and NATO-Russia Nuclear Terms and Definitions
NATO/RUSSIA UNCLASSIFIED PART 1 PART 1 Nuclear Terms and Definitions in English APPENDIX 1 NATO and NATO-Russia Nuclear Terms and Definitions APPENDIX 2 Non-NATO Nuclear Terms and Definitions APPENDIX 3 Definitions of Nuclear Forces NATO/RUSSIA UNCLASSIFIED 1-1 2007 NATO/RUSSIA UNCLASSIFIED PART 1 NATO and NATO-Russia Nuclear Terms and Definitions APPENDIX 1 Source References: AAP-6 : NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions AAP-21 : NATO Glossary of NBC Terms and Definitions CP&MT : NATO-Russia Glossary of Contemporary Political and Military Terms A active decontamination alpha particle A nuclear particle emitted by heavy radionuclides in the process of The employment of chemical, biological or mechanical processes decay. Alpha particles have a range of a few centimetres in air and to remove or neutralise chemical, biological or radioactive will not penetrate clothing or the unbroken skin but inhalation or materials. (AAP-21). ingestion will result in an enduring hazard to health (AAP-21). décontamination active активное обеззараживание particule alpha альфа-частицы active material antimissile system Material, such as plutonium and certain isotopes of uranium, The basic armament of missile defence systems, designed to which is capable of supporting a fission chain reaction (AAP-6). destroy ballistic and cruise missiles and their warheads. It includes See also fissile material. antimissile missiles, launchers, automated detection and matière fissile радиоактивное вещество identification, antimissile missile tracking and guidance, and main command posts with a range of computer and communications acute radiation dose equipment. They can be subdivided into short, medium and long- The total ionising radiation dose received at one time and over a range missile defence systems (CP&MT). -
The Effects of Nuclear War
The Effects of Nuclear War May 1979 NTIS order #PB-296946 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-600080 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D C, 20402 — Foreword This assessment was made in response to a request from the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations to examine the effects of nuclear war on the populations and economies of the United States and the Soviet Union. It is intended, in the terms of the Committee’s request, to “put what have been abstract measures of strategic power into more comprehensible terms. ” The study examines the full range of effects that nuclear war would have on civilians: direct effects from blast and radiation; and indirect effects from economic, social, and politicai disruption. Particular attention is devoted to the ways in which the impact of a nuclear war would extend over time. Two of the study’s principal findings are that conditions would con- tinue to get worse for some time after a nuclear war ended, and that the ef- fects of nuclear war that cannot be calculated in advance are at least as im- portant as those which analysts attempt to quantify. This report provides essential background for a range of issues relating to strategic weapons and foreign policy. It translates what is generally known about the effects of nuclear weapons into the best available estimates about the impact on society if such weapons were used. It calls attention to the very wide range of impacts that nuclear weapons would have on a complex industrial society, and to the extent of uncertainty regarding these impacts. -
Understanding NBC Warfare
FM 3-100/MCWP 3-3.7.1 The end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the antipathy toward the US — may use WMD to Warsaw Pact introduced a complex strategic escalate the conflict. So, potential use of these environment. That environment is multi-polar, weapons has become a major cause of destabilization interdependent, and regionally oriented. Emerging in regional conflict. powers are rapidly transforming the strategic The lessened chance of global confrontation and a landscape and exhibiting new trends. One such trend concomitant rise in regional instability and conflict is the changing nature of regional conflict. It is an are new realities. We cannot say the threat of WMD alarming prospect that developing nations, with in Europe is extinct. We can only say that it is hostility towards the US, may have nuclear, lessened by the contemporary political climate. While biological, and chemical (NBC) munitions — traditional superpowers no longer have political aims weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The growth of that would justify using these weapons, widespread these weapons increases the chance that many nations growth in developing nations increases their could use them. So, potential use of WMD likelihood of use. dramatically alters the nature of regional conflict across the continuum of operations. The growth of WMD in the developing nations is an arms race within an arms race. Major world powers The premises of the Cold War, rooted in superpower continue to reduce their inventory of conventional adversarial relationships, give way to a new strategic weapons and WMD. However, a significant number pragmatism based on diversified, regional threats that of developing.“ nations maintain ambitious arms may have WMD. -
Atomic Bomb I INTRODUCTION II FISSION and FUSION III
Atomic Bomb I INTRODUCTION Atomic Bomb, extremely powerful explosive weapon whose force is fuelled by the splitting, or fission, of the nuclei of specific isotopes of uranium or plutonium (uranium-235, uranium- 238, and plutonium-239) in a chain reaction. The process of fission releases enormous energy in the form of extreme heat and a massive shock wave. A slow, carefully controlled fission reaction generates power for electricity companies worldwide, but in an atomic bomb the release of energy continues unabated until all fissile material is exhausted. In addition to its virtually limitless destructive effects —flash burns, and widespread destruction through pressure waves, and high winds—a nuclear explosion also produces deadly radiation in the form of gamma rays and neutrons, which destroy living matter and contaminate soil and water. II FISSION AND FUSION Atomic bombs are nowadays called nuclear weapons, which are of two general types: fission or fusion. Fission weapons were the first atomic bombs to be developed, tested, and used in war, when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan in 1945, at the end of World War II. Fusion bombs, also called hydrogen or thermonuclear bombs, are vastly more powerful than fission bombs. They were developed and tested in the early 1950s, but these have never been used in warfare. A thermonuclear device depends on a fission reaction to produce extreme heat that causes hydrogen isotopes of deuterium and tritium to come together, or fuse. This process yields energy many times greater than that of fission-type devices. Most nuclear weapons in present-day stockpiles are thermonuclear devices. -
Unconventional Warfare: a Historical Perspective
Unconventional Warfare: A Historical Perspective NAGAO Yuichiro 1. Preface By definition, a war is fought between sovereign states, and this has become a normative concept when we talk about war. There was a historical background for this. It was the brainchild of political and intellectual leaders of the 17th and 18th centuries who sought to settle differences among people in a civilized manner, and other forms of armed conflict were severely restricted. As the years rolled on into the 20th century, however, unusual armed conflicts have steadily increased. Notwithstanding the paradigm of war between sovereign states has not yet lost its relevance. Meanwhile, the acts of terrorism committed in the United States on September 11 shook the world. Words such as “new war” and “asymmetric war” have since gained currency and have come to be used in various contexts. With these in mind, this paper will survey the history of wars between states and examine in light of these developments the significance that unconventional warfare takes on in armed conflict as a whole. 2. What is Unconventional Warfare? To start with, it is necessary to define the concept “unconventional warfare,” the subject of this paper, to clarify the points of argument contained herein. The antonym of unconventional warfare is conventional warfare, which means a battle between states’ regular armed forces. Therefore, unconventional warfare is a generic term that covers all military and quasi-military operations other than conventional warfare. More specifically, one dictionary lists under the heading “unconventional warfare” revolutionary wars and its constituents, subversion and guerrilla; command raids and other and special operations; terrorism and counter-terrorism. -
Cyber War and Deterrence Applying a General Theoretical Framework
Cyber War and Deterrence Applying a General Theoretical Framework Capt Isaac Nacita, USAF Lt Col Mark Reith, USAF, PhD Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed or implied in the Journal are those of the authors and should not be con- strued as carrying the official sanction of the Department of Defense, Air Force, Air Education and Training Command, Air University, or other agencies or departments of the US government. This article may be reproduced in whole or in part without permission. If it is reproduced, the Air and Space Power Journal requests a courtesy line. Introduction Military history, when superficially studied, will furnish arguments in support of any theory or opinion. —Paul Bronsart von Schellendorf In September 1870, after just six weeks of what many thought would be a pro- longed war, Prussian bystanders jeered Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte as he was carried to captivity in what is now Kassel, Germany. It was a fitting portrait of French na- tional disgrace.1 Their military structures before the war and lack of strategic plan- ning were partly to blame. National archivist Dallas D. Irvine points out, “it (the French system) was almost completely effective in excluding the army’s brain power from the staff and high command. To the resulting lack of intelligence at the top can be ascribed all the inexcusable defects of French military policy.”2 Never- theless, influenced by the idea that France had lost due to its lack of morale that an offensive approach would have provided, the military regrouped and refocused it- self, this time adopting “attaque á outrance.” This doctrine was French military strategy entering World War I, and it was almost immediately proved spectacularly wrong. -
Applying Irregular Warfare Principles to Cyber Warfare
Soldier from 3/187th Infantry, 101st Airborne Division, out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky, sets up SATCOM to communicate further with key rear elements as part of search and attack mission in area of Narizah, Afghanistan, July 23, 2002 (U.S. Army/Todd M. Roy) Applying Irregular Warfare Principles to Cyber Warfare By Frank C. Sanchez, Weilun Lin, and Kent Korunka he cyberspace threat exists in a cyberspace and cyberspace threats that and can foresee, rapidly respond to, realm that does not conform to are initiated by faceless, borderless, and and counter cyberspace threats, the T the physical limits of land, sea, sometimes nationless enemies. These U.S. military’s strategy and approach to air, and space. Unlike these traditional enemies manifest in a domain neither cyberspace must adapt and incorporate domains, cyberspace fosters an unpre- confined nor governed by the tradi- unconventional approaches and hybrid dictable threat that can adjust, morph, tional norms and rules of war, which warfare into its operational capability. and reproduce without a national the broader military has no experience Despite its importance, the Nation’s identity or face.1 The challenge of the undertaking. To ensure the United leaders, strategists, and military planners military is to posture its approach to States maintains cyberspace dominance struggle to understand how cyberspace operations (CO) fit into national security as an instrument of national policy. A Commander Frank C. Sanchez, USN, is an Action Officer on the Joint Staff J32, Intelligence, significant shortcoming is due to the Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Operations. Major Weilun Lin, USAF, is Chief of the Central and leaders’ lack of experience and basic South Asia Branch, Joint Cyberspace Center, U.S. -
Asia Treads the Nuclear Path, Unaware That Self- Assured Destruction Would Result from Nuclear War
The Journal of Asian Studies Vol. 76, No. 2 (May) 2017: 437–456. © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc., 2017 doi:10.1017/S0021911817000080 Asia Treads the Nuclear Path, Unaware That Self- Assured Destruction Would Result from Nuclear War OWEN B. TOON, ALAN ROBOCK, MICHAEL MILLS AND LILI XIA F THE NINE COUNTRIES known to have nuclear weapons, six are located in Asia and Oanother, the United States, borders the Pacific Ocean. Russia and China were the first Asian nations with nuclear weapons, followed by Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea. Most of the world’s nuclear powers are reducing their arsenals or maintaining them at historic levels, but several of those in Asia—India, Pakistan, and North Korea— continue to pursue relentless and expensive programs of nuclear weapons development and production. Hopefully, the nuclear agreement reached in July 2015 between Iran, the European Union, and the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council will be a step toward eliminating nuclear weapons throughout Asia and the rest of the world. As we will discuss below, any country possessing a nuclear arsenal is on a path leading toward self-assured destruction, and is a threat to people everywhere on Earth. Nuclear-armed countries are a threat to people everywhere partly because of the destructive power of single weapons—one weapon is enough to destroy a small city— and partly because of the growing ability of nations to launch missiles across the globe. Nuclear powers such as India and North Korea, the latter of which is thought currently to have a very small nuclear capability that is not in the form of useful weapons, are working on the means to deliver weapons globally.