State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous

Home , Roof of the World

Reference 220 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 International International International International Convention Convention Covenant Covenant on on the on the on Civil and Economic, Prevention and Elimination Political Rights Social and Punishment of All Forms 1966 Cultural of the Crime of Racial Rights 1966 of Genocide Discrimination 1948 1965

Status of Africa Algeria p pu p1 p ratification Angola P p1 p of major Benin p p1 p international Botswana p p and regional Burkina Faso p p p1 p Burundi p p p p instruments Cameroon p p1 p relevant to Cape Verde p p p1 p minority and Central African Republic p p1 p indigenous Chad p p1 p Comoros p p P P rights Congo p p1 p as of 1 May 2014 Côte d’Ivoire p p p1 p p Ratification, accession Democratic Republic of the Congo p p p1 p or succession. Djibouti p p1 p P Signature not yet Egypt p p p p followed by ratification. Equatorial Guinea p p1 p

Eritrea p p p pu Ratification of Ethiopia p p p p ICERD and Declaration p p p p on Article 14. Gabon p p p1 p p1 Ratification of Gambia ICCPR and Optional Ghana p p p1 p Protocol. Guinea p p p1 p p! Ratification of Guinea-Bissau p p p1 p ICCPR and Signature of Kenya p p p Optional Protocol. Lesotho p p p1 p P! Signature of ICCPR p p p! p and Optional Protocol. Liberia Libya p p p1 p

Madagascar p p1 p

Malawi p p1 p

Mali p p p1 p

Mauritania p p p

Mauritius p p1 p

Morocco p pu p p

Mozambique p p p

Namibia p p p1 p

Niger p p1 p

222 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Convention Convention ILO 111 ILO 169 International ICC Rome African African on the on the Rights Discrimination Convention Convention on Statute of the Charter on Charter on Elimination of of the Child (Employment Concerning the Protection International Human and the Rights and All Forms of 1989 and Indigenous of the Rights Criminal Peoples’ Rights Welfare of the Discrimination Occupation) and Tribal of All Migrant Court 1998 2003 Child 1990 against Convention Peoples in Workers and Women 1979 1958 Independent Members of Countries Their Families 1989 1990

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State of the World’s Minorities Reference 223 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 International International International International Convention Convention Covenant Covenant on on the on the on Civil and Economic, Prevention and Elimination Political Rights Social and Punishment of All Forms 1966 Cultural of the Crime of Racial Rights 1966 of Genocide Discrimination 1948 1965

Status of Nigeria p p p p Rwanda p p p p ratification Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic of major São Tomé and Príncipe P P! P international Senegal p pu p1 p and regional Seychelles p p p1 p Sierra Leone p p1 p instruments Somalia p p1 p relevant to South Africa p pu p1 P minority and South Sudan indigenous Sudan p p p p Swaziland p p p rights Togo p p p1 p as of 1 May 2014 Tunisia p p p1 p p Ratification, accession Uganda p p p1 p or succession. United Republic of Tanzania p p p p P Signature not yet Zambia p p1 p followed by ratification. Zimbabwe p p p p

pu Ratification of

ICERD and Declaration on Article 14. p1 Ratification of ICCPR and Optional Protocol. Americas p! Ratification of p p ICCPR and Signature of Antigua and Barbuda Optional Protocol. Argentina p pu p1 p P! Signature of ICCPR Bahamas p p p p and Optional Protocol. Barbados p p p1 p

Belize p p p P

Bolivia p pu p1 p

Brazil p pu p1 p

Canada p p p1 p

Chile p pu p1 p

Colombia p p p1 p

Costa Rica p pu p1 p

Cuba p p P P

Dominica p p

224 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Convention Convention ILO 111 ILO 169 International ICC Rome African African on the on the Rights Discrimination Convention Convention on Statute of the Charter on Charter on Elimination of of the Child (Employment Concerning the Protection International Human and the Rights and All Forms of 1989 and Indigenous of the Rights Criminal Peoples’ Rights Welfare of the Discrimination Occupation) and Tribal of All Migrant Court 1998 2003 Child 1990 against Convention Peoples in Workers and Women 1979 1958 Independent Members of Countries Their Families 1989 1990

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American Additional Convention on Protocol to Human Rights the American 1969 Convention on Human Rights in the area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1988

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State of the World’s Minorities Reference 225 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 International International International International Convention Convention Covenant Covenant on on the on the on Civil and Economic, Prevention and Elimination Political Rights Social and Punishment of All Forms 1966 Cultural of the Crime of Racial Rights 1966 of Genocide Discrimination 1948 1965

Status of Dominican Republic P p p1 p Ecuador p pu p1 p ratification El Salvador p p p1 p of major Grenada p p p international Guatemala p p p1 p and regional Guyana p p1 p Haiti p p p p instruments Honduras p p p1 p relevant to Jamaica p p p p minority and Mexico p pu p1 p indigenous Nicaragua p p p1 p Panama p p p1 p rights Paraguay p p p1 p as of 1 May 2014 Peru p pu p1 p p Ratification, accession Saint Kitts and Nevis p or succession. Saint Lucia p P P Signature not yet Saint Vincent and the Grenadines p p p1 p followed by ratification. Suriname p p1 p

Trinidad and Tobago p p p p pu Ratification of United States of America p p p P ICERD and Declaration p pu p1 p on Article 14. Uruguay p pu p1 p p1 Ratification of Venezuela ICCPR and Optional Protocol. p! Ratification of Asia ICCPR and Signature of Afghanistan p p p p Optional Protocol. Bangladesh p p p p P! Signature of ICCPR Bhutan P and Optional Protocol. Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia p p p! p

China p p P p

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea p p p

India p p p p

Indonesia p p p

Japan p p p

Kazakhstan p pu p1 p

Kyrgyzstan p p p1 p

Lao People’s Democratic Republic p p p p

226 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Convention Convention ILO 111 ILO 169 International ICC Rome American Additional on the on the Rights Discrimination Convention Convention on Statute of the Convention on Protocol to Elimination of of the Child (Employment Concerning the Protection International Human Rights the American All Forms of 1989 and Indigenous of the Rights Criminal 1969 Convention on Discrimination Occupation) and Tribal of All Migrant Court 1998 Human Rights against Convention Peoples in Workers and in the area of Women 1979 1958 Independent Members of Economic, Social Countries Their Families and Cultural 1989 1990 Rights 1988

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State of the World’s Minorities Reference 227 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 International International International International Convention Convention Covenant Covenant on on the on the on Civil and Economic, Prevention and Elimination Political Rights Social and Punishment of All Forms 1966 Cultural of the Crime of Racial Rights 1966 of Genocide Discrimination 1948 1965

Status of Malaysia p Maldives p p p1 p ratification Mongolia p p p1 p of major Myanmar p international Nepal p p p1 p and regional Pakistan p p p p Philippines p p p1 p instruments Republic of Korea p pu p1 p relevant to Singapore p minority and Sri Lanka p p p1 p indigenous Tajikistan p p1 p Thailand p p p rights Timor Leste p p p as of 1 May 2014 Turkmenistan p p1 p p Ratification, accession Uzbekistan p p p1 p or succession. Vietnam p p p p P Signature not yet followed by ratification.

pu Ratification of

ICERD and Declaration Europe on Article 14. Albania p p p1 p p1 Ratification of p pu p1 ICCPR and Optional Andorra Protocol. Armenia p p p1 p p! Ratification of Austria p pu p1 p ICCPR and Signature of Azerbaijan p pu p1 p Optional Protocol. Belarus p p p1 p P! Signature of ICCPR Belgium p pu p1 p and Optional Protocol. Bosnia and Herzegovina p p p1 p

Bulgaria p pu p1 p

Croatia p p p1 p

Cyprus p pu p1 p

Czech Republic p pu p1 p

Denmark p pu p1 p

Estonia p pu p1 p

Finland p pu p1 p

France p pu p1 p

Georgia p pu p1 p

228 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Convention Convention ILO 111 ILO 169 International ICC Rome on the on the Rights Discrimination Convention Convention on Statute of the Elimination of of the Child (Employment Concerning the Protection International All Forms of 1989 and Indigenous of the Rights Criminal Discrimination Occupation) and Tribal of All Migrant Court 1998 against Convention Peoples in Workers and Women 1979 1958 Independent Members of Countries Their Families 1989 1990

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European Framework Charter for Convention for Regional or the Protection Minority of National Languages Minorities 1992 1995

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State of the World’s Minorities Reference 229 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 International International International International Convention Convention Covenant Covenant on on the on the on Civil and Economic, Prevention and Elimination Political Rights Social and Punishment of All Forms 1966 Cultural of the Crime of Racial Rights 1966 of Genocide Discrimination 1948 1965

Status of Germany p pu p1 p Greece p p p1 p ratification Holy See p of major Hungary p pu p1 p international Iceland p pu p1 p and regional Ireland p pu p1 p Italy p pu p1 p instruments Latvia p p p1 p relevant to Liechtenstein p pu p1 p minority and Lithuania p p p1 p indigenous Luxembourg p pu p1 p Malta pu p1 p rights Monaco p pu p p as of 1 May 2014 Montenegro p pu p1 p p Ratification, accession Netherlands p pu p1 p or succession. Norway p pu p1 p P Signature not yet Poland p pu p1 p followed by ratification. Portugal p pu p1 p

Republic of Moldova p pu p1 p pu Ratification of Romania p pu p1 p ICERD and Declaration p pu p1 p on Article 14. Russian Federation p pu p1 p p1 Ratification of San Marino ICCPR and Optional Serbia p pu p1 p Protocol. Slovakia p pu p1 p p! Ratification of Slovenia p pu p1 p ICCPR and Signature of Spain p pu p1 p Optional Protocol. Sweden p pu p1 p P! Signature of ICCPR p pu p p and Optional Protocol. Switzerland The former Yugoslav Republic p pu p1 p of Macedonia

Turkey p p p1 p

Ukraine p pu p1 p

United Kingdom of Great Britain p p p p and Northern Ireland

Middle East

Bahrain p p p p

Iran (Islamic Republic of) p p p p

230 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Convention Convention ILO 111 ILO 169 International ICC Rome European Framework on the on the Rights Discrimination Convention Convention on Statute of the Charter for Convention for Elimination of of the Child (Employment Concerning the Protection International Regional or the Protection All Forms of 1989 and Indigenous of the Rights Criminal Minority of National Discrimination Occupation) and Tribal of All Migrant Court 1998 Languages Minorities against Convention Peoples in Workers and 1992 1995 Women 1979 1958 Independent Members of Countries Their Families 1989 1990

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State of the World’s Minorities Reference 231 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 International International International International Convention Convention Covenant Covenant on on the on the on Civil and Economic, Prevention and Elimination Political Rights Social and Punishment of All Forms 1966 Cultural of the Crime of Racial Rights 1966 of Genocide Discrimination 1948 1965

Status of Iraq p p p p Israel p p p p ratification Jordan p p p p of major Kuwait p p p p international Lebanon p p p p and regional Oman p Palestine p p p p instruments Qatar p relevant to Saudi Arabia p p minority and Syrian Arab Republic p p p p indigenous United Arab Emirates p p Yemen p p p p rights as of 1 May 2014 p Ratification, accession Oceania or succession. Australia p pu p1 p P Signature not yet Cook Islands followed by ratification. Fiji p p

Kiribati pu Ratification of Marshall Islands ICERD and Declaration on Article 14. Micronesia (Federated States of) p1 Ratification of Nauru P P! ICCPR and Optional New Zealand p p p1 p

Protocol. Niue p! Ratification of Palau P P P ICCPR and Signature of p p p p Optional Protocol. Papua New Guinea Samoa p P! Signature of ICCPR and Optional Protocol. Solomon Islands p p Tonga p p

Tuvalu

Vanuatu p

Number of states parties 145 (1 sig) 177 (54 Art 14) 168 (115 op) 162 (7 sig)

Compiled by Eglantine Leblond Sources: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/ http://treaties.un.org/Pages/Treaties. Statusfrset?OpenFrameSet aspx?id=4&subid=A&lang=en http://www.iccnow.org/?mod=romesignatures (http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/docs/ http://www.achpr.org/ RatificationStatus.pdf this has been fully updated as of http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/Sigs/b32.html 2006 so above link more relevant) http://www.cidh.oas.org/

232 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Convention Convention ILO 111 ILO 169 International ICC Rome on the on the Rights Discrimination Convention Convention on Statute of the Elimination of of the Child (Employment Concerning the Protection International All Forms of 1989 and Indigenous of the Rights Criminal Discrimination Occupation) and Tribal of All Migrant Court 1998 against Convention Peoples in Workers and Women 1979 1958 Independent Members of Countries Their Families 1989 1990

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188 (2 sig) 194 (2 sig) 172 22 47 (18 sig) 122 (31 sig)

http://conventions.coe.int/ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig. http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=&CL=ENG http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/convdisp1.htm http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/b-32.html http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-52.html

State of the World’s Minorities Reference 233 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Who are minorities? Selected abbreviations

Minorities of concern to MRG are disadvantaged ACHPR – African Commission on Human and Peoples’ ethnic, national, religious, linguistic or cultural Rights groups who are smaller in number than the rest ADL – Anti-Defamation League of the population and who may wish to maintain AHRC – Asian Human Rights Commission and develop their identity. MRG also works with AU – African Union indigenous peoples. CEDAW – Committee on the Elimination of All forms Other groups who may suffer discrimination are of of Discrimination Against Women concern to MRG, which condemns discrimination on CERD – UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial any ground. However, the specific mission of MRG Discrimination is to secure the rights of minorities and indigenous CRC – UN Convention on the Rights of the Child peoples around the world and to improve cooperation ECHR – European Convention on Human Rights between communities. ECtHR – European Court of Human Rights EHRC – European Human Rights Commission EU – European Union FCNM – Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities FRA – European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights HRW – Human Rights Watch IACtHR – Inter-American Court of Human Rights ICC – International Criminal Court ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ICERD – International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination IDP – internally displaced person ILO – International Labour Organization LGBT – lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender NGO – non-governmental organization OCHA – UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ODIHR – Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights OECD – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OHCHR – Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights OSCE – Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe TJRC – Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission UDHR – Universal Declaration on Human Rights UN – United Nations UNHCR – UN High Commissioner for Refugees UPR – Universal Periodic Review USCIRF – US Commission on International Religious Freedom.

234 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Contributors

Dawood Ahmed (Afghanistan and Pakistan) is a at MRG, most recently as Head of Conflict lawyer working on constitutional reform projects Prevention. Chris has published a number of in Afghanistan at the Max Planck Foundation articles and reports on indigenous and minority for International Peace and the Rule of Law. rights, conflict prevention and transitional He is also a doctoral candidate in constitutional justice. From 1995–2000 Chris worked in law at the University of Chicago and regularly conflict resolution, human rights monitoring and writes on issues related to human rights and journalism in Haiti and Guatemala. democratization in Muslim countries. Cecil Shane Chaudhry (Pakistan case study) is Electra Babouri (Turkey) is the Coordinator Executive Director for the National Commission of the Equality and Diversity Forum, the for Justice and Peace in Pakistan. He has a UK’s network of NGOs working on equality background in event management and social and and human rights. She has a background in disaster relief project work. international law and indigenous rights as well as human rights in a European context. She has Antonio Cicioni (South America) is an substantial experience working for human rights Argentinean researcher and blogger specializing NGOs in a research, policy and parliamentary in economic and media policy. His current capacity in countries including Australia and focus is on elites’ control of mass media and the New Zealand. resulting weakening of developed and developing democracies. Abul Basar (Bangladesh case study) is a Bangladeshi activist working on a variety of Lucy Claridge (Using the law to protect against development and human rights issues in the hate crimes) is Head of Law at MRG and runs country. His focus has been on addressing the the legal cases programme. A practising human marginalization of Dalit and socially excluded rights lawyer with an MA in International Peace communities. He studied anthropology at and Security from King’s College London, UK, Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh. she was Legal Officer and then Legal Director at Kurdish Human Rights Project between Susan Benesch (Defining and diminishing hate 2004 and 2009, where she litigated an array of speech) is a human rights lawyer and an expert minority rights cases before the European Court on hateful speech. She founded the Dangerous of Human Rights. She has also worked at Speech Project five years ago, to find methods for Liberty and as Deputy Director of British Irish countering speech that can inspire group violence Rights Watch. – while protecting freedom of expression. She also teaches at American University in Anastasia Denisova (Russia participatory Washington, D.C. and serves as Faculty Associate research) is a member of Coordinating Council at the Berkman Center for Internet and Society of the International Youth Human Rights at Harvard University. Movement, and project manager and social worker at the NGO Civic Assistance, Russia. Chris Chapman (The role of hate speech and She has been working with ethnic minorities hate crime in the escalation of identity conflict) and forced migrants since 2004. Her key areas is Adviser/Researcher on Indigenous Rights of interest include forced labour, hate crimes at Amnesty International, where he supports and hate speech prevention and human rights research and advocacy on land rights, free prior education. and informed consent, and extractive industries, among other issues. From 2000 to 2013 he was Irene Fedorovych (Ukraine case study) is Project

State of the World’s Minorities Reference 235 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Coordinator for the No Borders Project (Social Lancaster University Law School, UK. He has Action Centre) in Ukraine and previously been researching, writing and teaching about worked for Amnesty International. Her hate crime for more than a decade. Most of his professional interests include human rights, anti- research has been conducted in collaboration discrimination and human rights education. with, or commissioned by, NGOs and the equalities sector in the UK and internationally. Phyllis Gerstenfeld (North America) is Professor and Chair of Criminal Justice at California Rita Izsák (Foreword) is the UN Special State University, Stanislaus. She has a JD and Rapporteur on minority issues. Prior to this, she a PhD in Psychology from the University of worked with a variety of minority and human Nebraska–Lincoln. She has researched and rights organizations in various European countries, written extensively on hate crime; her other in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Somalia. She research interests include juvenile justice and jury served as Chief of Staff at the Ministry of Justice decision-making. and Public Administration of Hungary. She was President and CEO of the Tom Lantos Institute Nicole Girard (Gender-based hatred against (TLI) in Budapest, Hungary. Rita holds a Masters minorities and indigenous peoples – impacts and in Law diploma from the Péter Pázmány Catholic ways forward and South Asia) is the Programme University, Hungary. Coordinator for the Asian component of MRG’s Minority Realities programme. She has been Eszter Jovánovics (Hungary case study) is a researching and writing on issues facing minority lawyer and Head of the Hungarian Civil Liberties communities in Asia for more than a decade. Union’s (HCLU) Roma Programme. She regularly deals with the issue of hate crimes in Peter Grant (Editor) is Commissioning Editor Hungarian legislation and in the practice of law- at MRG. He also works as a freelance researcher enforcement authorities and courts. She represents and writer on urbanization, climate change the HCLU in a Hungarian NGO coalition called and migration. He holds an MSc in Violence, the Working Group against Hate Crimes. Conflict and Development from the School of Oriental and African Studies, UK. Gabriel Lafitte (East Asia) is editor of www. rukor.org and teaches Asian studies at Monash Sajjad Hassan (India participatory research) is a University, Melbourne. He has worked with Senior Fellow at the Centre for Equity Studies, Tibetan communities for the past 37 years, most New Delhi, India, a policy think tank that works recently as a trainer for Tibet Policy Institute. In on issues of social and economic justice and 2013, Zed Books published Spoiling Tibet: China equity. He is currently leading a civil society and Resource Nationalism on the Roof of the World, campaign on justice and reconciliation for his book on mining and modernity in Tibet. He victims of the recent sectarian violence in western has published over 100 articles on ethnicity and Uttar Pradesh, India. culture in Inner Asia.

Hanna Hindstrom (South East Asia) is a Mark Lattimer (Peoples under Threat) is the freelance journalist and human rights activist, Executive Director of MRG. Formerly he worked specializing in Burma and South East Asia. She with Amnesty International. Recent publications has reported from the region since 2011. include (as editor) Genocide and Human Rights (Ashgate 2007). Paul Iganski (Europe) is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice in the Yuliana Metodieva (Bulgaria case study) is

236 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 a human rights expert currently working on a Mexican civil society organization. She has Marginalia, an independent human rights conducted research on human rights, gender website. Previously she was a member of the violence and accountability. She has worked for Bulgarian Helsinki Committee and a chief editor various international organizations including the of the organization magazine Obektiv. International Development Research Centre in Canada and the UN Development Programme- Brilliant Mhlanga (Southern Africa) holds a Mexico. PhD from the University of Westminster, UK. He is currently a member of the Mass Media Glenn Payot (Middle East and North Africa) is a and Communications Group and a Senior former delegate to the UN for the International Lecturer in Media Cultures at the University of Federation for Human Rights (FIDH). He Hertfordshire, UK. He has published extensively graduated in international relations, Arab on ethnic minority and identity issues. studies and international law (LLM) from the Institute of Political Studies, France, and from Ioana Moraru (Morocco case study) has a degree the Graduate Institute of International Studies, in Politics and International Relations and is Switzerland. He currently works as UN Advocacy currently studying an MSc in Human Rights at Officer for MRG. the London School of Economics, UK. She has previously worked in diplomacy at the Romanian Barbara Perry (Hate crime: contexts and Embassy in Madrid, Spain, and in human rights at consequences) is Professor and Associate Dean of the Fundación Ciudadanos del Mundo, Argentina. Social Science and Humanities at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Canada. She Fiyaz Mughal OBE (UK case study) is the has written extensively on hate crime, including founder and Director of Faith Matters and Tell several books on the topic. MAMA, a hate crime monitoring project. He has worked for over 16 years in the community Katya Quinn-Judge (Central Asia) is an MA and voluntary sector and has also been an elected candidate at Georgetown University’s School municipal councillor for six years in Oxford and of Foreign Service, United States. Previous the London Borough of Haringey, UK. publications include works on conflict prevention and youth attitudes towards political Lailah Nesbitt-Ahmed (Japan case study) participation in Central Asia in collaboration Lailah Nesbitt-Ahmed holds a BA in Politics with the NGO Saferworld. She has also worked and Economics and an MSc in International as a performance artist in Philadelphia, United Development. She is interested in conflict, armed States, and in Osh, Kyrgyzstan. violence and identity politics, particularly in West Africa. Livia Saccardi (Bangladesh and Dominican Republic case studies) is a human rights Paul Oleyo Longony (South Sudan participatory researcher with a background in international research) is a minority and indigenous rights law. She holds an MA in Peacekeeping and activist in South Sudan. He is one of the Security Studies. She works for the Minority founders of the Pibor Development Initiative and Realities Programme at MRG as well as for the founder of the Boma Development Initiative. the Research and Crisis Response Programme at the International Secretariat of Amnesty Janet Oropeza Eng (Honduras and Mexico) International. is the Knowledge Management Coordinator in Fundar, Center for Analysis and Research, Inga Thiemann (Southern Africa) is a human

State of the World’s Minorities Reference 237 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 rights campaigner and researcher on issues of (OHCHR), where she has supported the work gender and racial discrimination, as well as sexual of the UN Special Rapporteur on migrants violence. She is a PhD researcher at University and the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights College London, UK, working on human of indigenous peoples and worked for the trafficking and migration. She holds postgraduate OHCHR Indigenous Peoples and Minorities qualifications from Johns Hopkins University Unit. Prior to her work at the UN she has SAIS, Italy, and King’s College London, UK. worked as a human rights lawyer on a range of international indigenous rights cases in a variety Cecilia Toledo (Guatemala) has a Master’s of international and domestic forums, including degree in Human Rights from the Universidad for the NGO EarthRights International. The Iberoamericana (UIA) and Bachelor’s degree views expressed in the chapter are those of the in International Relations at the Instituto author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM). the UN. She is an expert on human rights, especially gender-based violence and children’s rights. She worked for nine years in the legislative branch of the Mexican government, first at the Mexican Congress as policy advisor and then as Chief of Staff at the North American Relations Committee of the Mexican Senate. Currently, she is a researcher in Knowledge Management.

Natalia Torres (South America) is an Argentinean researcher specializing in transparency and access to public information policies. She works as an international consultant for government agencies, multilateral organizations and civil society groups.

Paige Wilhite Jennings (Central and West Africa) has worked with inter-governmental organizations and NGOs in Central Africa, Central and South America and the Caribbean on a range of human rights concerns. In recent years her work has focused particularly on minority and children’s rights.

Laura A. Young (East Africa) is an attorney and independent consultant focused on human rights and rule of law issues in Africa, with a specific interest in women’s rights; minorities and indigenous peoples; and transitional justice. She lives and works in Nairobi, Kenya.

Jacqui Zalcberg (Oceania) is a human rights lawyer and works at the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights

238 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Acknowledgements

With thanks to Carl Soderbergh for considerable editorial input, Jasmin Qureshi for production coordination, publications interns Ioana Moraru, Lailah Nesbitt-Ahmed and Matthew Yates for all their wonderful research support, Sophie Richmond for copy editing, Jacqui Lewis for proofreading and Tom Carpenter for design. In addition to the MRG staff who provided their feedback on earlier drafts, we would like to thank and acknowledge the following individuals who have contributed their thoughts, comments, advice and expertise to this edition of State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples: Floride Ahitungiye, Saman Ataurehman, Sophia Ayele, Bram Hanekom, Eglantine Leblond, Kaz Obuka, Chantal Refahi, Alexandra Veloy and Thao Vu Phuong.

State of the World’s Minorities Reference 239 and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Minority Rights Group International

Minority Rights Group International (MRG) World Directory of Minorities and is a non-governmental organization (NGO) Indigenous Peoples working to secure the rights of ethnic, religious The internet’s leading information resource on and linguistic minorities and indigenous peoples minorities around the globe: worldwide, and to promote cooperation and www.minorityrights.org/Directory understanding between communities. Our activities are focused on international advocacy, training, publishing and outreach. We are guided by the needs expressed by our worldwide partner network of organizations which represent minority and indigenous peoples. MRG works with over 150 organizations in nearly 50 countries. Our governing Council, which meets twice a year, has members from nine different countries. MRG has consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), observer status with the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights, and is registered with the Organization of American States. MRG is registered as a charity and a company limited by guarantee under English law. Registered charity no. 282305, limited company no. 1544957.

Discover us online:

MRG website Visit our website for news, publications and more information about MRG’s work: www.minorityrights.org

Minority Voices Newsroom An online news portal that allows minority and indigenous communities to upload multimedia content and share their stories: www.minorityvoices.org

Peoples under Threat MRG’s annual ranking showing countries most at risk of mass killing is now available as an online map: www.peoplesunderthreat.org

240 Reference State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014

State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014 Events of 2013

Across the world, minorities and indigenous peoples are disproportionately exposed to hatred. From intimidation and verbal abuse to targeted violence and mass killing, this hatred often reflects and reinforces existing patterns of exclusion. The impacts also extend beyond the immediate effects on individual victims to affect entire communities – in the process further marginalizing them from basic services, participation and other rights. This year’s edition of State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples highlights how hate speech and hate crime, though frequently unreported or unacknowledged, continue to impact on every aspect of their lives. The volume also documents many of the initiatives being taken to promote positive change and the different ways that governments, civil society and communities can strengthen protections for minorities and indigenous peoples.

ISBN 978-1-907919-47-3