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Nižší Mytologie Ve Skandinávii

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Nižší Mytologie Ve Skandinávii UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA BAKALÁŘSKÁ PRÁCE 2011 ANEŽKA JIRÁKOVÁ UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV ETNOLOGIE ANEŽKA JIRÁKOVÁ SKANDINÁVSKÁ NIŽŠÍ MYTOLOGIE (TRPASLÍK, OBR A ELF V PROMĚNÁCH) FOLK RELIGION IN SCANDINAVIA (DWARF, GIANT AND ELF IN CHANGES) PRAHA, 2011 DOC. PHDR. BOHUSLAV ŠALANDA, CSC. PODĚKOVÁNÍ Poděkování patří panu Doc. PhDr. Bohuslavu Šalandovi, CSc. za odborné rady poskytnuté při psaní práce, dále pak vyučujícím z Ústavu etnologie i z Ústavu skandinavistiky za veškeré poskytnuté informace a v neposlední řadě také mé rodině a blízkým za pomoc a podporu. PROHLÁŠENÍ Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracovala samostatně, že jsem řádně citovala všechny použité prameny a literaturu a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze dne 28. 4. 2011 Anežka Jiráková ABSTRAKT (ČESKÝ JAZYK) Práce nazvaná Lidová víra ve Skandinávii s podtitulem Trpaslík, obr a elf v proměnách je zaměřena na vývoj tří bytostí skandinávské nižší mytologie – trpaslíka, obra a elfa. Úvodní, teoretičtější část textu je věnována rozboru mluveného a psaného slova a jeho aplikaci na staroseverskou mytologii. Další kapitola je zaměřena na popis nejstarších dochovaných pramenů germánské mytologie. Těžiště textu tvoří charakteristika vývoje a proměn trpaslíka, obra a elfa, a to od nejstarších dochovaných zmínek až po současnost. V průběhu celé práce je kladen důraz na etymologii slov. Součástí bádání byl kromě studia literatury také výzkum provedený mezi čtyřmi dánskými respondenty. Jeden z dotazníků je přiložen za textem, stejně jako obrazová část práce. ABSTRAKT (ENGLISH) The bachelor thesis called Folk Religion in Scandinavia with the subtitle Dwarf, Giant and Elf in Changes is focused on the development of three supernatural beings – dwarf, giant and elf. More theoretical first part is focused on the analysis of spoken and written word and its application on the scandinavian mythology. The main topic is the characterization of development and changes of dwarf, giant and elf from the earliest surviving references to the present. The emphasis on the etymology of words is seen throughout of this text. The thesis includes research conducted among four danish respondents. One of the questionnaries is included in the text, as well as the part with pictures. OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ..................................................................................................................................... 7 2. LITERATURA, STAV BÁDÁNÍ ......................................................................................... 8 3. GERMÁNI A GERMÁNSKÁ MYTOLOGIE ................................................................. 11 3. 1. GERMÁNSKÁ MYTOLOGIE – PRAMENY .................................................................................... 11 3. 1. 1. DOKLADY O DOBÁCH BEZ PÍSMA, TJ. NEJHLUBŠÍ KOŘENY SEVERSKÉ MYTOLOGIE ........................... 11 3. 1. 2. PRVNÍ PÍSEMNÉ ZMÍNKY O SEVERSKÉ MYTOLOGII, TEXTOVOST ................................................... 16 3. 1. 3. NEJVÝZNAMNĚJŠÍ PRAMENY – TZV. EDDY .............................................................................. 19 4. LIDOVÁ VÍRA VE SKANDINÁVII ................................................................................. 23 4. 1. POJMY ................................................................................................................................ 23 4. 2. TRPASLÍK, OBR A ELF V NEJSTARŠÍCH PŘEDSTAVÁCH ................................................................ 24 4. 2. 1. TRPASLÍCI ........................................................................................................................ 24 4. 2. 2. OBŘI .............................................................................................................................. 34 4. 2. 3. ELFOVÉ ........................................................................................................................... 37 4. 3. PROMĚNY TRPASLÍKA, OBRA A ELFA, DALŠÍ VÝVOJ ................................................................... 39 4. 3. 1. TRPASLÍK VE STŘEDOVĚKÉ LITERATUŘE .............................................................................. 39 4. 3. 2. ELFOVÉ ............................................................................................................................ 42 4. 3. 3. OHLASY ........................................................................................................................... 43 4. 4. TRPASLÍK, OBR A ELF V POHÁDKÁCH ...................................................................................... 45 4. 4. 1. DÁNSKÉ A NORSKÉ POHÁDKY ............................................................................................... 45 4. 4. 2. ISLANDSKÉ, FAERSKÉ POHÁDKY ............................................................................................ 49 4. 5. TROLL, TRPASLÍK A ELF V NEJNOVĚJŠÍ DOBĚ ........................................................................... 56 4. 5. 1. VÝZKUM .......................................................................................................................... 57 4. 5. 2. TROLL / OBR .................................................................................................................... 60 4. 5. 3. ELFOVÉ, TRPASLÍCI ............................................................................................................ 63 4. 5. 4. SHRNUTÍ .......................................................................................................................... 66 5. ZÁVĚR ................................................................................................................................. 68 SEZNAM LITERATURY ...................................................................................................... 70 PŘÍLOHA 1 ............................................................................................................................. 77 PŘÍLOHA 2 ............................................................................................................................. 82 1. ÚVOD Předkládaná bakalářská práce je zaměřena na původ, proměny a současný stav lidové víry ve Skandinávii. Toto téma se mi nabízelo v podstatě samo, a to zejména díky tomu, že poskytuje vhodný prostor k uplatnění obou studovaných oborů, tj. Etnologie a Dánských studií. Dánština ovšem v tomto případě nehraje zásadní roli, zpracované téma se týká celé Skandinávie, přesněji řečeno celé oblasti, která byla představami, jež mají svůj původ v severské mytologii, zasažena. Studovaný skandinávský jazyk mi tedy posloužil především jako vodítko při orientaci v seversko-jazyčných zdrojích. Nyní se pokusím objasnit, co svou bakalářskou prací sleduji: Mým prvním cílem je charakterizovat prameny, se kterými jsem při studiu skandinávské vyšší i nižší mytologie pracovala. Součástí této charakteristiky je také popis základních mytologických představ Germánů (především starých Skandinávců) a hlubší pojednání o vybraných jevech lidové víry. Dalším, dle mého názoru ambicióznějším cílem je postihnout teoretičtější a méně popisné aspekty lidové víry, tj. její oralitu a textovost. Jelikož rozsah bakalářské práce neumožňuje téma pojmout v jeho plné šíři, bude dle mého názoru lepší zaměřit se v rámci lidové víry pouze na tři vybrané jevy, konkrétně na postavu trpaslíka, obra a elfa. Proto jsem ke své práci zvolila podtitul Trpaslík, obr a elf v proměnách. Výběr právě těchto tří bytostí není náhodný. Jedná se totiž o hlavní stvoření, která se vyskytují jak v nejstarších pramenech germánské mytologie, tak ve sbírkách pohádek sesbíraných v převážné většině v 19. století. Zároveň se jedná o bytosti, jejichž odkaz je ve Skandinávii živý dodnes. Proces průběžného vývoje je na nich tedy nejvíce patrný a nejlépe popsatelný. Na závěr bych ráda okomentovala členění práce. V úvodním textu se pokouším jednak o zhodnocení literatury a internetových stránek, které se k tématu vztahují, jednak o stručnou charakteristiku dosavadního bádání v popisované oblasti. V další kapitole se zabývám teorií médií, a to pochopitelně nikoliv v plné šíři, pouze v rámci, který mi poskytuje zkoumané téma. Snažím se vybírat ty jevy, které lze aplikovat na germánskou mytologii, pokouším se nezabřednout do přílišných podrobností. Po teoretickém začátku následuje popisnější část sestávající z charakteristiky pramenů germánské mytologie a germánské mytologie jako celku. Vrcholem a zároveň nejdelším úsekem práce je text zaměřený na proměny bytostí trpaslíka, obra a elfa, a to od nejstarších dob po současnost. Na konci práce uvádím zmiňovaný dotazník, seznam literatury a přílohu. 7 2. LITERATURA, STAV BÁDÁNÍ Práce je vystavěna především na literatuře. Při psaní jsem používala literaturu napsanou vedle češtiny, angličtiny a němčiny též v dánštině a islandštině. Nejvýznamnějším zdrojem byla ovšem literatura česká, a to nejen díky jazykové srozumitelnosti, ale i díky hluboké erudici českých nordistů. Významnou osobností české nordistiky je Doc. PhDr. Helena Kadečková, CSc., jež kromě důkladně komentovaného překladu Edd (Edda a Sága o Ynglinzích a Edda, kde upravila a okomentovala překlad významného nordisty Ladislava Hegera) sepsala i velkou část sekundární literatury, o kterou se ve svém textu opírám (např. Dějiny severských literatur aj.). Překvapilo mě, že v češtině vyšlo i relativně velké množství severských pohádek (např. Norské pohádky – výběr z díla Ch. Asbjörnsena a J. Moe, nebo Mrtvému nože netřeba.
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