Det Usannsynlige Som Virkemiddel

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Det Usannsynlige Som Virkemiddel Det usannsynlige som virkemiddel En undersøkelse av transtekstualitet og ungdomsaspekter i tre moderne fantasy- trilogier Betine Mjølid Tømran Masteroppgave i nordisk, særlig norsk, litteratur- og språk ved Lektorprogrammet Det Humanistiske Fakultet UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Våren 2014 1 Takk Takk til veileder Sten-Olof Ullström for tålmodighet, gode råd og inspirerende veiledningssamtaler. Takk til positive holdninger fra venner, medstudenter, familie og samboer. Takk for at dere har lyttet og støttet meg, og takk for oppmuntringer og positivitet rundt det faktum at jeg fordyper meg i fantasy for ungdom. 2 © Forfatter: Betine Mjølid Tømran År: 2014 Tittel: Det usannsynlige som virkemiddel. En undersøkelse av transtekstualitet og ungdomsaspekter i tre moderne fantasy- trilogier Forfatter: Betine Mjølid Tømran http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo 3 Sammendrag I oppgaven fokuserer jeg på intertekstualitet og ungdomsaspekter i tre moderne fantasy-trilogier for ungdom. Problemstillingen er: hvilken rolle og betydning har transtekstualitet i Halvgudene-trilogien, Alvetegnet-trilogien og Engelsfors-trilogien? Disse tre seriene kategoriserer jeg som low fantasy, og undersøker også begrepets betydning i forhold til intertekst. I tillegg undersøker jeg ungdomslivet og utfordringene hovedkarakterene møter, samt samfunnsmessige problemer som tas opp. I undersøkelsene tar jeg for meg trilogiene hver for seg, men påpeker likheter eller ulikheter underveis. Jeg forholder meg til Gerard Genettes (1997) begreper om intertekst, og bruker transtekstualitet, hypertekstualitet og paratekstualitet. Først og fremst legger jeg vekt på transtekst, som er den generelle sammenhengen mellom tekster. Deretter analyserer jeg paratekstene, i denne forstand forsidene på bøkene. Jeg legger stor vekt på hypertekst, og ser direkte koblinger mellom trilogiene og andre spesifikke tekster. Alle bøkene har berøringspunkter til andre tekster, og varierer med alt fra koblinger til religion og kulturelle strømninger, men også til spesifikke tekster som Narnia- bøkene, Harry Potter og Carrie. I den andre delen av analysene fokuserer jeg på ungdomsaspekter og samfunnsmessige utfordringer, som karakterene møter. Det er tydelig at det er spesifikke temaer som gjentar seg, som identitetssøken, selvfølelse, kjærlighet, venner og familie. I tillegg møter karakterene utfordringer knyttet til samfunn som krig, styresmakter, styringsorganer og sekter, men også aktuell problematikk knyttet til klimapolitikk og miljøutfordringer. Mine undersøkelser viser at trilogiene er kompleks litteratur for ungdom. De bruker alle eldre litteratur, noe som kan skape nysgjerrighet og gi nye lag i forståelsen hos leseren. Det at trilogiene er low fantasy gir også en nærhet til litteraturen. Det er også tydelig at trilogiene belyser viktig tematikk innenfor ungdommers liv, noe som kan gi en gjenkjennende leseopplevelse. I tillegg problematiserer trilogiene dagsaktuelle temaer og noe som skaper en unik leseopplevelse. Det fantastiske og det realistiske blandes sammen, og det som er usannsynlig blir et viktig virkemiddel. 4 Forord Inspirasjon og motivasjon til oppgaven hentet jeg blant annet fra min tidligere deltidsjobb i Ark Bokhandel på Bekkestua. Der møtte jeg både barn og ungdom som viste stor interesse for den stadig utviklende fantasysjangeren. For meg var det interessant hvordan fantasybøkene fikk større og større plass på torgene i butikken, og hvordan spesielt trilogiene ble ettertraktet. Mye av grunnen til at generelt serier og trilogier fungerer, tror jeg er at leserne kan fortsette å lese om karakterer de har blitt kjent med, og slippe å starte helt på nytt. Etterhvert så jeg hvordan den fantastiske litteraturen dreide noe vekk fra Ringenes Herre, og vi møtte vanlige ungdom med vanlige liv som får sin verden snudd på hodet med fantastiske innslag. Jeg har også møtt foreldres skepsis til fantastisk litteratur, og har fått høre at ikke er «ordentlig litteratur». Mitt personlige prosjekt har vært å inspirere barn og ungdom til å lese, og informere om koblingen til eldre litteratur, og dermed snu foreldrenes oppfatning. Det viktigste med lesing er jo at barn og ungdom leser noe de liker! Spesielt gøy har det da vært når foreldrene har kommet innom igjen for å få fortsettelsene på seriene. 5 Innholdsfortegnelse Sammendrag.......................................................................................................4 Forord.................................................................................................................5 Innholdsfortegnelse............................................................................................6 Del 1...................................................................................................................9 Bakgrunn for oppgaven......................................................................................9 Innholdet i oppgaven.........................................................................................10 Genrediskusjon barne- og ungdomslitteratur....................................................14 Hva er barne- og ungdomslitteratur.......................................................14 Barnelitteratur: historisk tilbakeblikk....................................................15 Ungdomsromaner..................................................................................16 Ungdomsromaner: utvikling..................................................................16 Hvor går skillet mellom barne- og ungdomslitteratur...........................17 Barne- og ungdomslitteraturens funksjon.............................................19 Barnelitteraturforskning....................................................................................20 Et nytt forskningsområde......................................................................20 Sjangerbestemmelse..............................................................................21 Adaptasjonsteori...................................................................................22 Henvendelse til leseren.........................................................................24 Diskusjon om barnelitteraturens egenart...............................................25 Fantastisk litteratur............................................................................................26 Hva er fantastisk litteratur.....................................................................26 Fantastisk litteratur i historien, Norge og omegn.................................27 Forskning om fantastisk litteratur.....................................................................28 Tzvetan Todorov...................................................................................29 Rosemary Jackson................................................................................30 Kathryn Hume.......................................................................................31 Åsfrid Svensen......................................................................................32 Ulike inndeling av fantastisk litteratur..............................................................32 Den fantastiske litteraturens funksjon...............................................................34 Intertekstualitet..................................................................................................35 6 Del 2...........................................................................................................39 Halvgudene-trilogien................................................................................39 Innledning...................................................................................................39 Norrøn mytologi.........................................................................................40 Den norrøne gudeverdenen.............................................................40 Norrøne guder………………………………………….………...41 Et middelaldersk gudesamfunn..................................................................45 Middelalders frykt......................................................................................48 Identitet og selvfølelse på et ukjent sted....................................................50 Identitet, kjærlighet og familie.......................................................51 Fordommer og fremmedfrykt....................................................................54 Avslutning..................................................................................................56 Alvetegnet-trilogien..................................................................................57 Innledning...................................................................................................57 Folkediktningen..........................................................................................58 Helt eller antihelt............................................................................60 Tilstedeværende folketro............................................................................63 Det kjente og det ukjente................................................................64 Folketro og overtro.....................................................................................67 Identitet og roller........................................................................................71 Naturvern, sivilisasjonskritikk og klimakatastrofe....................................73 Avslutning..................................................................................................75
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