DOCSLIB.ORG

“Sharing Is Over!” a Case Study on Sharing Norms in the Namibian Resettlement Projects of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
“Sharing Is Over!” a Case Study on Sharing Norms in the Namibian Resettlement Projects of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis 8 Jonathan H. M. Kempen “Sharing is over!” A Case Study on Sharing Norms in the Namibian Resettlement Projects of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis Edited by the Cologne African Studies Centre Cologne 2016 Jonathan H. M. Kempen “Sharing is over!” A Case Study on Sharing Norms in the Namibian Resettlement Projects of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN AFRICA SERIES Edited by the Cologne African Studies Centre Issue 8 2016 Preface Jonathan Kempen behandelt in seiner MA Arbeit ein klassisches Thema der Sozialethno- logie: wie sind Normen des Teilens, Moralität und Alltagshandeln miteinander verknüpft. In der Ethnologie ist „Teilen“ ein prominentes Thema insbesondere in der Ethnographie egalitärer, vor allem wildbeuterischer Gesellschaften. Ethnographien arbeiten sich dabei meist an zwei Positionen ab: während die einen das Teilen als einen Akt reziproken Aus- tauschs verstehen, als Gabe auf die stets eine Gegengabe folgt, betonen die anderen, dass Teilen vor allem als moralischer Akt verstanden wird und in einem ökonomischen Sinne keine Gegengaben verlangt. Kempen gelingt es sehr gut diese unterschiedlichen Positionen herauszuarbeiten und für seine eigene Arbeit in angemessene Fragestellun- gen zu überführen. Er stellt dabei heraus, dass „sharing“ sich in der Ethnographie meist auf das Teilen von Nahrungsmitteln bezieht, während reziproker Tausch deutlich eher mit dem Austausch von Nicht-Lebensmitteln verbunden ist. Seine dreimonatige Feldarbeit führte Kempen auf zwei namibischen Resettlement Farmen in der Omaheke Region durch. Beide Resettlement Farmen werden hauptsächlich von San bewohnt, aber auch Mitglieder anderer ethnischer Gruppen siedeln dort. Auf vorbildli- che Art und Weise generiert Kempen Daten aus teilnehmender Beobachtung, offenen Interviews, einer Netzwerkanalyse (egozentrierte Netzwerke), einfachen Verfahren der kognitiven Ethnologie und Extended Case Studies. Kurz stellt er auch seine Versuche mit experimentellen Situationen dar. Es gelingt Kempen sehr gut, aus den empirischen Daten neue Erkenntnisse abzuleiten. Dabei ist seine Ausgangshypothese in dem Ausruf „Sha- ring is over!“ – Teilen spielt in der heutigen Gemeinschaft der Resettlement Schemes kei- ne Rolle mehr – klar formuliert. Kempen untersucht in seiner Arbeit, auf welchen Ebenen Teilen in einer post-jägerischen Gesellschaft weiterhin von Bedeutung ist; denn schon erste Interviews zeigten ihm, dass über Teilen auch weiterhin sehr viel gesprochen und diskutiert wird – und Teilen zumindest als Norm- und Wertidee weiterhin sehr präsent ist. ii Abstract One very popular field of investigation in hunter-gatherer research is normative sharing as a means to sustain egalitarian structures within hunting and gathering societies. It has been hypothesized that such sharing practices may inhibit economic development in these societies as they are based on immediate-return strategies. In a world that is in- creasingly based on delayed-return subsistence and long-term planning the sharing norms that are widely associated with the San groups of Southern Africa may be an ob- stacle to their economic performance. However, it remains to be evaluated to what extent such norms are still a part of their daily life and whether their sedentarization together with other groups has caused a change in their sharing behavior. Looking at two Namibian resettlements with a considerably large number of San, this case study evaluates the role of sharing among former hunter-gathers in relation to neighboring ‘Non-San’ groups. It finds that there is no substantial difference in the performance and likeliness of sharing between San and ‘Non-San’ in Skoonheid and Drimiopsis, but it continues to play a strong discursive role in both fractions. This dissonance between the absence of normative shar- ing practices and the continuity of sharing as a discursive tool reveals the actual dilemma. iii - Dedicated to my mother - Acknowledgements This thesis was conducted in the context of a research forum at the University of Cologne named “Advancing common-pool resource management in heterogeneous groups”, which aims at establishing fields of joint research between social anthropologists and behavioral economists. Its participants and contributors provided me with academic, logistical and financial support in the course of my studies. Professor Dr. Michael Bollig and Dr. Arne Weiß were the forum’s main supervisors of my field research. Ute Dieckmann from the Legal Assistance Centre (LAC) in Windhoek provided me with academic input and knowledge on the San of Namibia and she established contact to the Desert Research Foundation of Namibia (DRFN). Erik Dirkx from DRFN introduced me to the resettlement projects in Omaheke Region and provided my field research with official support as hosting organization and by introducing it to the Ministry of Lands and Reset- tlement (MLR), known as the Ministry of Land Reform since 2015. Marvin Sisamu from the MLR gave me permission to conduct my research in Skoonheid and Drimiopsis while Gabs Siyaya and Lenin Uaendere, as the ministry’s local representatives, provided me with all the information that they had available. Special thanks go to Siyaya who opened his doors to me, provided me with food and ac- commodation and became a close friend during my stay in Skoonheid. I admire his knowledge about the people of Skoonheid and his devotion to their everyday needs, which essentially enhanced the quality and quantity of the gathered data and made my stay even more enjoyable. The people of Skoonheid welcomed me in their community and made me feel comfortable among them. Together with the people of Drimiopsis they gladly gave me information about their lives and the community. My main translators Maria Tjoei (Skoonheid) and Amanda Araes (Drimiopsis) provided me with more than just their language skills as they also introduced me to their world and the people that play an important role in their lives. Further translation and research assistance was provided by Nikki Gamgawases, Jan Tjoei, Frederik Gariseb, Jacob Karstens (all Skoonheid), David Araeb and Chrisjan Naub (both Drimiopsis). I thank the development committee members of Skoonheid and Drimi- opsis and also Chief Frederik Langman for their hospitality. I thank all those who offered their proofreading skills. I thank my Afrikaans teachers Bar- bara Scharfbillig and Peppe Polera. Furthermore, I want to thank Muremi John and Christi Mutota from DRFN’s office in Gobabis for their constant support. Sebastian Schneiders gave me valuable lessons in statistics. Further financial support was provided through the iv PROMOS stipend, which the University of Cologne allocates in cooperation with the Ger- man Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Finally, and most importantly, I thank my family and close friends for their constant sup- port and loyalty. v Table of Contents List of Graphs and Illustrations ....................................................................................vii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................... viii 1. Introduction – An Explanation of the Title ................................................................ 1 1.1 The Role of Sharing in Hunter-Gatherer Societies ................................................... 3 1.2 Post-Independence Resettlement in Namibia’s Omaheke Region ........................... 6 1.3 Research Question .................................................................................................10 2. The Research Setting and the Applied Methods .....................................................12 2.1 Participant Observation ..........................................................................................13 2.2 Wealth Ranking ......................................................................................................14 2.3 Open/Semi-structured interviews ............................................................................16 2.4 Free-listing .............................................................................................................17 2.5 Ego-centered Network Analysis ..............................................................................17 2.6 Statement-Agreement Survey ................................................................................18 3. Results and Discussion .............................................................................................20 3.1 The Emic Discourse: What is Sharing and Where Does It Come From? ................22 3.2 Data on Actual Behavior: What is the Role of Reciprocity and Moral Economy? ....32 3.3 Rights and Obligations: Demand Sharing, Personal Property and Tolerated Theft .44 3.4 A Conflict of Systems: Sharing Avoidance ..............................................................49 3.5 Searching for Norms: Are There Sanctioning Mechanisms? ...................................52 3.6 Economic Consequences: The Same Destiny as the Ik? ........................................54 3.7 Apartheid’s Legacy: Ethnic Divides Block Sharing and Progress ............................58 4. Two Experiments and a Conclusion .........................................................................62 5. Cited Literature ..........................................................................................................68 vi List of Graphs and Illustrations 1.2.1 Map: Research area 9 2.2.1 Graph: Wealth ranking results for Skoonheid 14 2.2.2 Graph: Wealth ranking results for the Kanyembas
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Scraping the Pot”: San in Namibia Two Decades After Independence Bibliography
    Annex Annex A: Sites visited for the field research Region # of sites Sites Date Caprivi (eastern) 5 Marakavan, Bito, Waya Waya, Kyarecan and Mulanga 5-12 August 2012 Caprivi (western 4 Omega 1, Mushashane and Mushangara 23-31 October 2011 – i.e. Bwabwata National Park) Mashambo 31 May 2012 Kavango 4 Likwaterera and Wiwi 10-18 April 2012 Xeidang and Ndama 1-9 May 2012 Oshana 1 Okaukuejo 8-12 December 2011 Kunene 1 Outjo (Etosha Poort) 6-9 February 2012 Oshikoto 3 Oshivelo 16-20 July 2012 Tsintsabis and Farm Six (both visited twice) 16-18 April 2012 and 28-30 June 2012 Ohangwena 6 Ekoka and Ouholamo 22-29 April 2012 Oshikoha and Onane 21-28 May 2012 Omukukutu and Omiishi 18-25 June 2012 Omaheke 6 Skoonheid October 2011 Gobabis (Epako) 14-17 February 2012 Blouberg 2-5 April 2012 Corridors 13 and 17 3-9 June 2012 Otjinene 9-12 September 2012 Omusati 4 Okatseidhi and Amarika 3-10 July 2012 Okathakanguti and Okapya 18-26 September 2012 Otjozondjupa 8 Tsumkwe and Nyae Nyae Conservancy (||Xa|hoba and 7-15 November 2011 N‡animh) N‡a Jaqna Conservancy (Mangetti Dune, Luhebo and 30 January to Omatako) 5 February 2012 Vergenoeg 21-23 July 2012 Uitkoms 22 July 2012 Total 42 Field research period: 23 October 2011 to 26 September 2012 Bibliography 631 Annex B: Stakeholder interviews Name of Interviewee Institution and/or position Date Place Windhoek (Khomas Region) Lara Diez, Wendy Viall Nyae Nyae Development Foundation of Namibia (NNDFN) 7/12/2011 NNDFN office Sam Mayinoti Independent consultant 2/10/2012 LAC office Aaron Classe Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), Division of San Development 31/1/2013 OPM John Walters Ombudsman Namibia 25/2/2013 Office of the Ombudsman Nelago S.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrition and Food Security in the Resettlement Farms of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis, Namibia
    Nutrition and Food Security in the Resettlement Farms of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis, Namibia Evans Burford John Favreau Lauren Gergel Olivia O’Connell May 8th, 2009 ADVISOR: CXP PROJECT NUMBER: N097 DIVISION NUMBER: 49B Nutrition and Food Security in the Resettlement Farms of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis, Namibia AN INTERACTIVE QUALIFYING PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE BY EVANS BURFORD JOHN FAVREAU LAUREN GERGEL OLIVIA O’CONNELL DATE: 8 MAY, 2009 Food-security, APPROVED: Nutrition, PROFESSOR R. CREIGHTON PEET, MAJOR ADVISOR Resettlement PROFESSOR HOLLY K. AULT, CO-ADVISOR This report represents the work of four WPI undergraduate students. Submitted to the faculty as evidence of completion of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its website without editorial or peer review. i Abstract The purpose of this project was to assess community Food Security and Nutrition in relation to health and development on the resettlement farms of Skoonheid and Drimiopsis in Namibia. In living with the communities and conducting group based activities, we have developed a comprehensive understanding of issues including agriculture, animal husbandry, and marketing practices. From these findings we created recommendations on how to sustainably improve the livelihoods of farm residents in addition to a pictorial manual about proper nutrition. ii Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people and institutions: Our sponsoring agencies, The Desert Research Foundation of Namibia and the Fundación CEAR, for providing us with this research opportunity and supporting us. The Spanish Agency for International Development and the Namibian Ministry of Lands, Resettlement and Rehabilitation for funding our project.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa
    Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa An Introduction to the Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa James Suzman Legal Assistance Centre AN INTRODUCTION TO THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA i REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REPORT SERIES • Report No. 1 of 5 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA James Suzman LEGAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (LAC) Windhoek • April 2001 ii REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA © Legal Assistance Centre (LAC) 2001 Any part of this publication may be reproduced for educational or academic purposes, on condition that the authors, the publisher and the financial contribution of the European Community to the Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa are acknowledged. First printed April 2001 Printed by John Meinert Printing, Windhoek Publisher’s contact details: Street address: 4 Körner Street, Windhoek Postal address: PO Box 604, Windhoek, Republic of Namibia Telephone: (+264) (+61) 223356 Fax: 234953 E-mail address: [email protected] Web site: http://www.lac.org.na ISBN 99916-765-3-8 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA i PREFACE At the 22nd Session of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly held in Windhoek in March 1996, a resolution was passed recognising the “special difficulties encountered in integrating hunting and gathering peoples in agricultural industrial states”, and calling for “a comprehensive study of the San people … in the light of international conventions”.
    [Show full text]
  • PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT / Sheet 1 of 297
    PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT 7687 Lucero / PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT / sheet 1 of 297 UNCORRECTED PROOF Tseng 2006.6.21 09:30 Tseng 2006.6.21 09:30 7687 Lucero / PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT / sheet 2 of 297 UNCORRECTED PROOF PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT 7687 Lucero / PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT / sheet 3 of 297 Ideology, Ritual, and Power Lisa J. Lucero and Barbara W. Fash The University of Arizona Press Tucson UNCORRECTED PROOF Tseng 2006.6.21 09:30 7687 Lucero / PRECOLUMBIAN WATER MANAGEMENT / sheet 4 of 297 The University of Arizona Press © 2006 The Arizona Board of Regents All rights reserved This book is printed on acid-free, archival-quality paper. Manufactured in the United States of America 111009080706654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Precolumbian water management : ideology, ritual, and power / edited by Lisa J. Lucero and Barbara W. Fash. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8165-2314-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8165-2314-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Indians of Central America—Antiquities. 2. Indians of North America—Southwest, New—Antiquities. 3. Water-supply—Central America—Management—History. 4. Water-supply—Southwest, New—Management—History. 5. Water—Symbolic aspects—Central America. 6. Water—Symbolic aspects—Southwest, New. 7. Central America—Antiquities. 8. Southwest, New—Antiquities. I. Lucero, Lisa Joyce, 1962– II. Fash, Barbara W., 1955– F1434.2.W38P74 2006 333.91009720902—dc22 UNCORRECTED2006008686 PROOF Publication of this book is made possible in part by the proceeds of a permanent endowment created with the assistance of a Challenge Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities, a federal agency.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth, Race, and Envisioning the Postwar World, 1940-1960
    THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO FRANCE BETWEEN EUROPE AND AFRICA: YOUTH, RACE, AND ENVISIONING THE POSTWAR WORLD, 1940-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY EMILY MARKER CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2016 For My Parents TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iv Abbreviations v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Chapter 1 The Civilizational Moment: Postwar Empire and United Europe 37 Chapter 2 Rebuilding France, Europe and Empire: Wartime Planning for Education Reform from London to Brazzaville, 1940-1944 80 Chapter 3 The Culturalization of Christianity in Postwar Youth and Education Policy, 1944-1950 124 Chapter 4 Youth, Education, and the Making of Postwar Racial Common Sense, 1944-1950 175 Chapter 5 Encountering Difference in “Eurafrica”: Francophone African Students in France in the 1950s 217 Chapter 6 Global Horizons with Civilizational Boundaries: Cold War Youth Politics, Third Worldism, and Islam Noir, 1945-1960 276 Epilogue 310 Bibliography 323 iii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 Reprinted Photograph of a March at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 2 Reprinted Photograph of a Dinner at the Congress of European Youth, 1953 2 Fig. 3 Map of the European Economic Community in 1957 6 Fig. 4 Original Photograph of African Student Summer Program, 1960 11 Fig. 5 Reprinted Photograph of a Scouts de France Ceremony in Ziguinchor, 1958 108 Fig. 6 Reprinted Photograph of the Preparatory Session of the College of Europe, 1949 152 Fig. 7 Title Page of “De Jeunes Africains Parlent,” 1957 233 Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • A Gender Perspective on the Status of the San in Southern Africa
    Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa A Gender Perspective on the Status of the San in Southern Africa Silke Felton and Heike Becker Legal Assistance Centre A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA i REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA REPORT SERIES • Report No. 5 of 5 A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA Silke Felton Heike Becker LEGAL ASSISTANCE CENTRE (LAC) Windhoek • April 2001 ii REGIONAL ASSESSMENT OF THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA © Legal Assistance Centre (LAC) 2001 Any part of this publication may be reproduced for educational or academic purposes, on condition that the authors, the publisher and the financial contribution of the European Community to the Regional Assessment of the Status of the San in Southern Africa are acknowledged. First printed April 2001 Printed by John Meinert Printing, Windhoek Publisher’s contact details: Street address: 4 Körner Street, Windhoek Postal address: PO Box 604, Windhoek, Republic of Namibia Telephone: (+264) (+61) 223356 Fax: 234953 E-mail address: [email protected] Web site: http://www.lac.org.na ISBN 99916-765-4-6 A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON THE STATUS OF THE SAN IN SOUTHERN AFRICA iii PREFACE At the 22nd Session of the ACP-EU Joint Assembly held in Windhoek in March 1996, a resolution was passed recognising the “special difficulties encountered in integrating hunting and gathering peoples in agricultural industrial states”, and calling for “a comprehensive study of the San people … in the light of international conventions”.
    [Show full text]
  • Scraping the Pot: Chapter 04
    Part II Geographical Analysis Photo: A Hai||om elder with Hai||om children in Etosha. Chapter 4: Omaheke Region 37 A note about the arrangement of the regional chapters The regional chapters (4-11) are arranged in a 'circular' pattern and according to the area of habitation of the different San language groups, thus this arrangement provides for some continuity in reporting on San groups whose cultures and traditional practices are the same or similar. Starting in Omaheke (Chapter 4), we move north-west and then east, ending in Caprivi (Chapter 11). Ohangwena precedes Omusati in this pattern because the San in Ohangwena are Hai||om and !Xun, as in Kunene, Oshana and Oshikoto. For ease of reference and navigation, these chapters are colour coded as indicated in the map below. OMUSATI OHANGWENA Angola Zambia 8 7 9 10 CAPRIVI KUNENE OSHIKOTO KAVANGO 11 BWABWATA OSHANA NATIONAL 6 PARK Etosha OTJOZONDJUPA Pan 5 OMAHEKE 4 Botswana Atlantic Ocean South Africa 38 “Scraping the Pot”: San in Namibia Two Decades After Independence Chapter 4 Omaheke Region By Erik Dirkx and Maarit Thiem Ju|’hoan women carrying firewood for domestic use in Skoonheid, Omaheke Region (Photo by Velina Ninkova) 4.1 General background Omaheke Region consists of the former Gobabis District and the former homeland/reserve areas of Aminuis, Tswanaland and part of Hereroland East. Th e borders of the region enclose an area of about 84 981 km2. Th e bordering regions are Otjozondjupa Region to the north and north-east, Khomas Region to the west and south-west, and Hardap Region to the south; to the east Omaheke borders Botswana.
    [Show full text]
  • ECONOMIC ORGANISATION the Simple Societies of Different Places in the World Passed Through Various Stages of Socio-Economic Development in Due Courses of Time
    ECONOMIC ORGANISATION The simple societies of different places in the world passed through various stages of socio-economic development in due courses of time. It can be mentioned that hunting-gathering, horticulture, cattle herding, shifting cultivation, settled agriculture, etc. are different stages of socio- economic development among different tribes in India. Food gathering and hunting is said to be the oldest type of economic activity. During 2 to 5 million years of human existence on this planet Earth, 99 percent of the time was spent in food gathering, hunting and fishing. Agriculture is said to have originated some 10,000 years ago. Industrial economy is said to have been in existence for the past 400 years only. Human communities of the world practice various types of economic activities. When we say economic activity, it includes subsistence technologies, division of labour, organisation of labour, various customary ways of distribution of goods and services and consumption and utility and decision-making at various stages in the processes of production, distribution and consumption. Basing on the subsistence technologies, the economic activities can be broadly categorised into food collection and food production. Under food collection, hunting gathering, intensive foraging and fishing are the major activities. Under food production, we can include horticulture or incipient cultivation, pastoralism and intensive cultivation or plough cultivation. Many communities studied by anthropologists practice more than one of the above economic activities. Most of the tribes dwelling in the forest and hills like Kadar of Kerala, Birhor and Kharia of Bihar, Nagas of Nagalands, Kukis of Manipur, etc. depend on food gathering, hunting small games, fishing, shifting cultivation activities for their sustenance.
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cerro Trapiche and the Wari
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Cerro Trapiche and the Wari Frontier Experience in the Middle Moquegua Valley, Perú A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology by Ulrike Matthies Green Committee in charge: Professor Paul S. Goldstein, Chair Professor Guillermo Algaze Professor Geoffrey Braswell Professor Christine Hunefeldt Professor Elizabeth Newsome 2015 Copyright © Ulrike Matthies Green, 2015 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Ulrike Matthies Green is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form of publication on microfilm and electronically: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2015 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE ......................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Egalitarian Behavior and Reverse Dominance Hierarchy [And Comments and Reply] STOR ®
    Egalitarian Behavior and Reverse Dominance Hierarchy [and Comments and Reply] STOR ® Christopher Boehm; Harold B. Barclay; Robert Knox Dentan; Marie-Claude Dupre; Jonathan D. Hill; Susan Kent; Bruce M. Knauft; Keith F. Otterbein; Steve Rayner Current Anthropology, Vol. 34, No.3. (Jun., 1993), pp. 227-254. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204%28199306%2934%3A3%3C227%3AEBARDH%3E2.0.CO%3B2-9 Current Anthropology is currently published by The University of Chicago Press. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR' s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/aboutiterms.html. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www .j stor .org/journals/ucpress .html. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is an independent not-for-profit organization dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of scholarly journals. For more information regarding JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. http://www .j stor.org/ Tue Aug 8 11 :36: 15 2006 CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY Volume 34, Number 3, Tune 1993 © 1993 by The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultures of Development
    Cultures of Development The North Atlantic development establishment has had a blemished track record over the past 65 years. In addition to a sizeable portfolio of failure, the few economic success stories in the developing world, such as South Korea and China, have been achieved by rejecting the advice of Western experts. Despite these realities, debates within mainstream development studies have stagnated around a narrow, acultural emphasis on institutions or the size and role of government. Cultures of Development uses a contrapuntal comparison of Vietnam and Brazil to show why it is important for development scholars and practitioners to broaden their conceptualization of economies to include the socio-cultural. This smartly written book based on original, ethnographic research breathes new life into development studies by bringing cultural studies into conversation with develop - ment studies, with an emphasis on improving—rather than merely critiquing— market economies. The applied deployment of critical development studies, i.e., interpretive economics, results in a number of theoretical advances in both development and areas studies, demonstrating the economic importance of certain kinds of cultural work carried out by religious leaders, artists, activists, and educators. Most importantly, the reader comes to fully appreciate how economies are embedded within the subjectivities, discourses, symbols, rituals, norms, and values of a given society. This pioneering book revives development practice and policy by offering fresh insights and ideas about how development can be advanced. It will be of special interest to scholars and students of Development Studies, Sociology, Economics, Anthropology, and Area Studies. Jonathan Warren is Associate Professor of International Studies and Co-Director of the Center for Brazilian Studies at the University of Washington.
    [Show full text]
  • The Process of State Formation in Madagascar
    the process of state formation in Madagascar CONRAD P. KOTTAK-University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Most anthropologists agree that the state, as an ideal type, differs significantly from more “primitive” forms of sociopolitical organization. Fried (1 960:728), for example, views the state as an emergent form of sociopolitical organization whose primary functions are to maintain general order and to support socioeconomic stratification through special subsystems which fulfill a variety of secondary functions: population control, the disposal of trouble cases, the protection of sovereignty through military and/or police forces, and fiscal support. Carneiro (1970:733) defines a state as “an autonomous political unit encompassing many communities within its territory, having a centralized government with the power to collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and decree and enforce laws.” For Wright and Johnson (1975) a state is a society with specialized administrative organization and a decision-making hierarchy of three or more levels. Wright and Johnsonsuggest two lines of archeological evidence for the existence of state organization: a four-level settlement hierarchy and administrative artifacts. While perfectly acceptable for identifying the state as an ideal type, these, or any other, criteria are not useful for determining when a state actually emerges in a specific historical sequence. Wright and Johnson maintain that administrative artifacts, including counting devices, seals for stamping goods, and stampings themselves, typically occur both in the upper and lower levels of a settlement hierarchy, indicating a corresponding administrative hierarchy. Yet it is surely true that as the state matures such artifacts increase in type, number, and distribution.
    [Show full text]