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The Explanation of the Origin of Evil Based on Gahan1 * ** Khadije Rahmati Enshaallah Rahmati *** **** Mohammad Reza Adli Bakhshali Ghanbari

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The Explanation of the Origin of Evil Based on Gahan1 * ** Khadije Rahmati Enshaallah Rahmati *** **** Mohammad Reza Adli Bakhshali Ghanbari تکزین: راّبزد حکَهت اسﻻهی در تعاهل با اّل کتاب / 211 Religious Studies Vol. 9, No. 17, September 2021 (DOI) 10.22034/jrr.2021.252127. 1788 The Explanation of the Origin of Evil Based on Gahan1 * ** Khadije Rahmati Enshaallah Rahmati *** **** Mohammad Reza Adli Bakhshali Ghanbari (Received: 2020-08-04; Accepted: 2020-12-26) Abstract Gahan,considered as foundation of Zoroastrianism and due to its attribution to Zoroaster, is the most important and oldest text of Avesta. On the other hand ,the idea of choosing between good and evil is the main theme of Zoroastrian religion .Based on these two central issues and by exploring the works of prominent researches ,the present article seeks to offer its solution in explaning the origin of evil from the perspective of Gahan and their classification and the solution which relies on re-reading are re-considering the Gahan chapters .This؛analysis solution has two areas:The first area relates to Gahan itself and is that we don‘t concider Gahan as a theological text, but rather accept it as a text which has a moral nature,while researches have considered it as a theological text .The second area relates to reconsideration and revision of the nature of evil in Zoroasrianism.Accordingly, instead of accepting an existential nature for evil,we consider it non-existent,although in works and writings related to evil and its origion,the existential nature of evil is clearly emphasized. Keywords: Gahan, Evil Problem, Monotheistic Approach, Dualism Approach, Ritual Approach, Moral Nature. 1. This article is taken from: Khadijeh Rahmati, "A Comparative Study of Evil in Zoroastrianism and Islam Based on the Books of Shikand-gumanig Vizar = (A Report to Dispel Suspicion) and Tafsir al-Mizan", 2019, PhD Thesis, Supervisor: Enshallah Rahmati and Mohammad Reza Adli, Faculty of Literature, Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. * PhD Student in Comparative Religions and Mysticism, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author), [email protected]. ** Professor, Department of Philosophy, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]. ***Assistant Professor of Comparative Religions and Mysticism, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]. **** Associate Professor, Department of Comparative Religions and Mysticism, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, [email protected]. 270 / پژٍّصّای ادیاًی، سال ًْن، ضوارُ ّفذّن ژپوه شاهی ادیان ی سال نهم، شماره هفدهم، بهار و تابستان 0011، ص569ـ595 »مقاله پژوهشی« تثییيخاستگاُضزتزاساسگاّاى1 * خذیدٍ رحمتی **** *** ** انؽبءاهلل رحمتی محمذرضب ػذلی ثخؼؾلی لىجزی ]تاریخ دریافت: 01/12/0911؛ تاریخ پذیزش: 0911/01/08[ چکیذه گبّبى ثِ عٌَاى ثٌیبى ٍ قیطاظُ زیي ظضزقتی ٍ ثِ زلیل اًتؿبة ثِ ظضزقهت، هْهن تهطیي ٍ لسیوی تطیي هتي اؾٍتب اظ یه ؾَ، ٍ عمیسُ اًتربة هیبى ذیط ٍ قط ثهِ عٌهَاى هْهن تهط یي هؿئلِ زیي یبزقسُ اظ ؾَی زیگط، زٍ هحَضی اؾت وِ ایي همبلِ ثط اؾهبؼ آًْهب زض نهسز اؾت ثب وٌىبـ زض آثبض هحممبى هُطح زض ظهیٌِ تجییي ذبؾتگبُ قهط ثهط اؾهبؼ گبّهبى ٍ زؾتِثٌسی ٍ تحلیل آًْب ضاُحل پیكٌْبزی ذهَز ضا عطيهِ وٌهس؛ ضاُ حلهی وهِ هتىهی ثهط زٍثبضُذَاًی ٍ تأهل ثط یؿيّبی گبّبًی ٍ زاضای زٍ ؾبحت اؾت: اٍل ؾبحتی وهِ هطثهٌَ ثِ ذَز گبّبى اؾت ٍ آى ایٌىِ گبّبى ضا هتٌی وﻻهی ًساًین، ثلىِ ثپصیطین وهِ هتٌهی ثهب هبّیتی اذﻻلی اؾت، حبل آًىِ هحممبى، آى ضا هتٌی وﻻهی زاؿًتِاًهس . زٍم ؾهبحتی وهِ هطثٌَ ثِ تدسیس ً ط زض هبّیت قط زض زیي ظضزقتی اؾهت، ثهِ ایهي هعٌهب وهِ ثهِ خهبی پصیطفتي هبّیت ٍخَزی ثطای قط، ثطای آى هبّیت عسهی لبئل قَین، زض حبلی وِ زض آثهبض ٍ ًَقتِّبی هطثٌَ ثِ قط ٍ هجس آى، انطاض ثط هبّیت ٍخَزی وبهﻻً آقىبض اؾت. کلیذواژههب: گبّبى، هؿئلِ قط، ضٍیىطز یىتبثهبٍضی، ضٍیىهطز زٍگبًهِ ثهبٍض ی، ضٍیىهطز آییٌی، هبّیت اذﻻلی. 1 . ثزگزفتٍ اس: خذیدٍ رحمتی، ثزرعی تطجیمی ؽز در دي دیه سردؽتی ي اعشﻻ، ثشب تکیشٍ ثشز مشته کتشبة ؽشک ىذ گمبویک يسار ; )گشارػ گمبن ؽکه( ي تفغیز المیشان، رعشبلٍ دکتشزی ادیشبن ي ػزفشبن تطجیمشی، اعشتبدان راَىمشب: انؽبءاهلل رحمتی ي محمذرضب ػذلی، داوؾکذٌ ادثیبت، داوؾگبٌ آساد ياحذ تُزان مزکشی، تُزان، ایزان، 1398. * داوؾدًی دکتزی ادیبن ي ػزفبن تطجیمی، داوؾگبٌ آساد اعﻻمی، ياحشذ تُشزان مزکششی، تُشزان، ایشزان )وًیغشىذٌ مغئًل( [email protected] ** اعتبد گزيٌ فلغفٍ، داوؾگبٌ آساد اعﻻمی، ياحذ تُزان مزکشی، تُزان، ایزان [email protected] *** اعششتبدیبر ادیششبن ي ػزفششبن تطجیمششی، داوؾششگبٌ آساد اعششﻻمی، ياحششذ تُششزان مزکشششی، تُششزان، ایششز ان [email protected] **** داوؾششیبر گششزيٌ ادیششبن ي ػزفششبن تطجیمششی، ياحششذ تُششزان مزکشششی، داوؾششگبٌ آساد اعششﻻمی، تُششزان، ایششزان [email protected] تبییي خاستگاُ ضز بز اساس گاّاى / 271 مقذمه ٕىز دٖىيیيٌ ىٍ ٙىبهز ََ ىیه ایه إز ٽٍ اُ اٝچی سیَیه ډىجی٬ آن، یٮىیی ٽیﻻڇ ي ثیبنِ آيٍويٌ آن ٽمټ ځَٵز. اډب يػًى ٵبٝچٍ ُډبوی ډیبن ډلٺٸ ي دیبڇآيٍ آن ىییه، ٽیٍ ىٍ هًى سلًڃ ُثبوی ٍا ویِ ثٍ َمَاٌ ىاٍى، ویبُ ثٍ ډﻻك٪بر سبٍیوی ي ُثبنٙىبهشی ثَا: ىٍٻ دیبڇ ٍا ١َيٍ: ډی ٽ ى ی ي ؛ ي ؿ ی ً ن ٵ ُ ی ڈ َ ی َ ى ی ی ه ى ٍ ځ ی َ ي ه ی ً ا و ٘ ي ى ٍ ٻ ډ ی ش ه ثٍ ػب:ډبويٌ اُ دیبډجَ آن إز سﻻٗ ډلٺٺبن ىٍ ايڅیه ځبڇ ثبیي َٝٳ سؤییي اٝبڅز ډشه، ي سبٍین سييیه ډشه ىیه ًٙى. اُ ایهٍي، ىٍ سجییه ي ٙیىبهز هبٕیشڂبٌ ٙیَ ثیَ ډجىیب: ځبَبن، اثشيا ثٍ سبٍین ٙپڄ ځیَ: ايٕشب، ٽٍ ځبَبن ثوٚی اُ آن إز، ډی دَىاُیڈ ي دیٔ اُ آن ځبَبن ي ىیيځبٌَب: ٍا٬ػ ثٍ آن ٍا، ٽٍ ډ٫ً١ً اٝچی إز، ډیٽبيیڈ. تاریخاٍستا اوشٚبٍ ٽشبة ډٺيٓ ایَان ٹيیڈ )ايٕشب( ٽٍ اُ َىييٕشبن ثٍ ىٕز آډيٌ ثیًى ي ثیٍ َمیز آوپشییڄ ىي دیَين )Anquetil de Perron( ىٍ ٕیبڃ 1771 سػَمیٍ ي ؿیبح ٙیي ، سلیًڅی ىٍ ٙىبهز ُويځی سبٍیوی ډَىڇ َُٕډیه ایَان ایؼبى ٽَى. ايٕشب ىٍ ياٹ٬ ډؼمً٭ٍ ا: ډشى٫ً اُ ډشًن ىیىی إز ٽٍ ىٍ ىيٌٍ َب: ډوشچٴ ي ىٍ ډىب٥ٸ ځًویبځًن ثیٍ ىٕیز اٙیوبٛ ډوشچٴ ديیي آډيٌ إز )١ٍبیی ثبٯثییي:، 1388: 25(. سبٍین ثوَ٘ب: آن ي ډٖئچٍ ډپیبن، ي اي١ب٫ ي اكًاڅی ٽٍ ىٍ آن ډشه ايٕشب وًٙشٍ ٙيٌ یپی اُ ډٖبئڄ دیـیيٌ اییَان ٙىبٕیی إز )Hintze, 2015: 34-35(، ثٍ ٥ًٍ: ٽٍ ىٍ ایه ثبٌٍ و٪ََب: ٵَاياویی، ٽیٍ اٱچیت ویبٹ٠ یپيیڂَوي، اثَاُ ٙيٌ، ي َیؾ یټ اُ و٪ََب ي ٵ١َیٍ َب: ایٚبن ىٍ كبڃ كب١یَ دیٌیَٗ َمڂبوی ویبٵشٍ إز. ثب ایه َمٍ، ىٕزٽڈ ىي ځًی٘ ډشٶبير ٍا ډی سًان ىٍ آن ٙىبٕبیی 1 ٽَى: یپی ځًی٘ ايٕشبیی ٽُه یب ثٍا٦ٝﻻف، ځًی٘ ځبَبوی ي ىیڂَ: ځًی٘ ايٕشبیی ډشؤهَ یب ځًی٘ ػيیي )١ٍبئی ثبٯثیي:، 1388: 25(. َٕيىَب: ډىًٖة ثٍ ٍُىٙز، ځبطب )gāѳā(َب ییب ځبَیبن، ىٍ ثوی٘ َیب: ځبَیبوی ییب ايٕشب: ٹيیڈ ػب: ىاٍى. ځبَبن ډؼم٫ً یٖه َیب: 28 سیب 34، 43 سیب 51 ي 53 ي ػمٮیبب َٶيٌ َٕيى إز. ووٖشیه ٽٖی ٽٍ ځبَبن ٍا ثٍ ٭ىیًان اطیَ اكشمیبڅی هیًى ٍُىٙیز اُ ىیڂَ ثوَ٘ب: ايٕشب ػيا ٽَى ډبٍسیه ًَٿ (Martin Haug( آڅمبوی ىٍ ٹیَن ویًُىَڈ ثیًى )Haug, 1978: 146(. ًَٿ َٕيىَب: ځبَبن ٍا ثٍ ًٍٝر ٙیبڅًىٌ ا: ثیَا: اٍُییبثی ػيییي 272 / پژٍّصّای ادیاًی، سال ًْن، ضوارُ ّفذّن ىٍثبٌٍ آډًٌُ ٍُىٙز ىٍآيٍى (Stausberg, 2015: 8(. ايٕشب، ي ثیٍ سجی٬ آن ځبَیبن، ثیٍ ُثیبوی وًٙشٍ ٙيٌ إز ٽٍ ثب آوپٍ اُ ُثبن َب: ایَان ثبٕشبن إز اډب ومی سًان آن ٍا ثٍ َیؾ یټ اُ اٹًاڇ ٙىبهشٍ ٙيٌ ایَان وٖجز ىاى )١ٍبیی ثبٯثیي:، 1388: 25(. سمیبڇ آطیبٍ: ٽیٍ ىٍثیبٌٍ ُډبن ي ډپبنِ ٍياع ځًی٘ ځبَبوی ي ُډبن ي ډپبن ٍُىٙز ديیي آډيٌ اوي ثَ اطَ اكشمبﻻر ي ًٙاَي ُثبنٙىبهشی إز (Grenet, 2015: 21). ثب آوپٍ ځبطبَب ثٍ ىڅیڄ اوشٖبث٘ ثٍ ٍُىٙز ډُڈ سَیه ي ٹيیمی سَیه ډشه ايٕشب إز ي ثبﻻسَ اُ آن، ٥جٸ ٽشبة ًٕڇ ىیىپَى، ٽﻻڇ ي يكی )manѳra( اًٌٍَ ډیِىا هًاویيٌ ٙیيٌ ثیَ ٍُىٙز إز ي ثی٘ اُ ٕبیَ ثو٘ َب: ايٕشب سػَمٍ ي سٶٖیَ ٙيٌ اډب ثٍ ىڅییڄ دیبٌٍ ا: 4 3 2 ىًٙاٍ: َب: ُثبوی ي سبٍیوی، ي ٵٺيان آٙىبیی ٽبډڄ ثب ٍُىٙز ي اويیٍٚ َب: اي دی٘ اُ سلًڃ ىیه ایَاوی، سػَمٍَب ي سٶبٕیَ آن ٽبډﻻب ډشٶبير ي ځبٌ ډش٢بى إز. ٭ٺیيٌ اوشوبة ډیبن هیَ ي َٙ ثٍ ٭ىیًان ډُیڈ سیَیه ډٖیئچٍ ىٍ َٕإیَ سیبٍین ىییه ٍُىٙشی ٕجت ٙيٌ إز ځبَبن ثٍ ىڅیڄ اوشٖبث٘ ثٍ دیبډجَ ایه ىیه، ډشىی ثىیبى: ىٍ اییه ډ٫ً١ً سچٺی، ي ډَٽِ سػًُبر دْيَٚڂَان ًٙى. ثٍ ىﻻیچی ٽٍ ًٽَٙیبن ځٌٙیز، و٪یَ ډلٺٺبن ىٍ ثبة ډبَیز ځبَبن ي ٍيیپَىَب: ثَهبٕشٍ اُ آن ویِ ډشٶبير إیز ي ٕیجت ثَيُ ٭ٺبیي ډوشچٶی ىٍثبٌٍ ػبیڂبٌ »َٙ« ىٍ آن ٙيٌ إز. ثَ ایه إبٓ، ثیب وڂیبَی ثیٍ ٍيیپَىَب: ډوشچٴ ثَهبٕیشٍ اُ ډبَییز َیب: ډشٶیبير، ػٖیز يػیً ٍا ىٍ ىي كیًٌُ ډٖشَٚٹبن ي ډىبث٬ ثًډی )ډٖچمبوبن( دی ډ یځیَیڈ. 1. گاّاى ٍ هغتؾزلاى 1. 1. هاّیت اػتمادی گاّاى: رٍیکزد یکتاتاٍری ىاوٚمىيان ٱَثی اُ ډٖبٵَان ٕيٌ َٶيَڈ سب ثٍِٿ سَیه څٲًییبن ٕیيٌ ویًُىَڈ، ي ىٍ ایه ډیبن ٙوٞیز َب: اٝچی ډؼبىﻻر ٵچٖٶی ٕيٌ ؼَيَڈ، ډًاٵیٸ يػیٍ یپشبثیبيٍ: ډِىیٖىب ثًىٌ اوي. ایه ٍأ: سب ٭َٞ كب١َ ٱبڅت ثًىٌ ي آهَیه ثبٍ َیڈ وییًڅی )1980( آن ٍا ا٩ُبٍ ٽَىٌ إز )ٽچىِ، 1386: 26(. آوپشیڄ ىي دَين ٵَاوًٖ:، ډشیػَڈ ايٕیشب، آٱیبُځَ ثیبن یپشبثبيٍ: ثَهبٕیشٍ اُ ځبَیبن ثیً ى )ىيِٙیه ځییمَه، 1375: 27(. دیٔ اُ اي، َیًٿ ثیب تبییي خاستگاُ ضز بز اساس گاّاى / 273 ډﻻك٪ٍ ایىپٍ ځبَبن ػِ اُ هيا: یڂبوٍ وبڇ ومیثیَى ثیَ یپشبدَٕیشی دییبډجَ ي ٍيیپیَى سًكیي: ځبَبن ٝلٍ ځٌاٙز )Stausberg, 2015: 8(. ثٍ و٪َ ډیی ٍٕیي ىییيځبٌ َیب ي إیشيﻻڃ َیب: َیًٿ ىٍ اطجیبر یپشبثیبيٍ: ځبَیبوی اڅُبڇ ثو٘ ثٖیبٍ: اُ ډلٺٺبن ٙبهٜ ىٍ ایه كًٌُ، ډبوىي ځًَٙیؾ )1959(، ُوَ )1961(، ٽَیٖشىٖه )1385( ي ویًڅی )1390( ثًىٌ إز. إشيﻻڃ سًكیي ځبَبوی ٽیٍ اییه ډلٺٺی بن دٌیَٵشٍاوي، ډشپی ثَ یٖه َیب: 30، ثىیي 3 ي 47، ثىیي 2-3 إیز. ىٍ و٪َییٍ »ىي اٝیڄ ووٖشیه« )Haug, 1978: 303( )Two Primeval Principles( یب »ىي ٍيف« )Twin Spirits( )ٽچىیِ، 1386: 26( یب ا٦ًٌٍٕ ځیِیى٘ )ىيٙیه ځییمه، 1378: 55( ییب »ىي ځیًََ « )ٽَیٖشىٖیه، 1385: 106( ډٌٽًٍ ىٍ یٖه 30 ثىي ؿ ،3ىیه آډيٌ إز: »ىٍ آٱبُ آن »ىي ډیىً«: َمِاى ي ىٍ اويیٍٚ ي ځٶشبٍ ي ٽَىاٍ =یپی> ویټ ي =ىیڂَ:> ثي، ثیب یپیيیڂَ ٕیوه ځٶشىیي .
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