Rafael Wendel nascimento de melo

Do Digital ao impresso: experimentações gráficas com conteúDo Da internet

Brasília – DF

2016 Rafael Wendel nascimento de melo

Do Digital ao impresso: experimentações gráficas com conteúDo Da internet

trabalho de conclusão de curso apresentado junto ao curso de graduação de desenho industrial da Universidade de Brasília, orientado pelo Professor Evandro renato Peroto, como requisito parcial para obtenção do ttulo de Bacharel em design, na habilitação de Programação Visual.

Brasília – DF 2016 resUmo

o presente projeto foi desenvolvido como trabalho de conclusão de curso de graduação de design da Universidade de Brasília, na habilitação de Programação Visual. Visou-se apresentar o desenvolvimento do projeto de um livro impresso, onde são exploradas as possibilidades ofere- cidas pelo design editorial impresso. como base para a concepção do projeto, foram realizadas análises teóricas sobre a construção do livro convencional e a leitura não-linear presente nos textos digitais. numa segunda etapa, ocorreu o desenvolvimento do projeto, em que o conteúdo de um artgo da enciclopédia online Wikipédia, “Timeline of LGBT History” (linha do tempo da História lGBt, em português), foi adaptado para o formato de livro impresso. palavras chave: Design Editorial, Design Gráfco, História lGBT. sUmário

1. INTRODUÇÃO – 8 1.1. conTExTualização – 8 1.2. jusTiFicaTiva – 9 1.3. oBjETivos – 10 1.3.1 objetvo geral – 10 1.3.2. objetvos específcos – 11

2. MeTODOlOgIa PROjeTUal – 12

3. ReFeReNCIal TeÓRICO – 14 3.1. o livro – 14 3.1.1. História – 14 3.1.2. o futuro do livro – 17 3.1.3. o papel do designer – 18 3.1.4. componentes do livro – 19

3.2. ProjETo GráFico EDiTorial – 24 3.2.1. Formato e tamanho – 24 3.2.2. Grid – 25 3.2.3. Tipografa – 27

4. CONTeúDO – 28 4.1. a WikiPéDia – 28 4.2. o arTiGo “TimeLine of LGBT HisTory” – 32

5. DO DIgITal aO IMPRessO – 34 6. ReFeRêNCIas vIsUaIs – 36

7. DeseNvOlvIMeNTO DO PROjeTO – 40 7.1. Formato - 40 7.2. Grid – 40 7.3. Tipografa – 42 7.4. Padronizações – 44 7.5. impressão – 54 7.6. Encadernação – 55

8. CONsIDeRaÇões FINaIs – 57

ReFeRêNCIas BIBlIOgRáFICas – 58 aNeXO - PDF DO lIvRO “Timeline of lgbT hisTory” – 61 lista De figUras

Figura 1. livro desenvolvido para a matéria de Core studio Typography – 10 Figura 2. Etapas do método projetual – 12 Figura 3. Bíblia de Gutenberg – 16 Figura 4. o livro acabado – 19 Figura 5. a página – 21 Figura 6. o grid, ou grade – 22 Figura 7. Proporção áurea – 25 Figura 8. Elementos do grid – 26 Figura 9. logotpo da Wikipédia – 28 Figura 10. Página principal da Wikipédia – 30 figura 11. Print Wikipedia, a Wikipédia impressa – 31 Figura 12. o artgo “Timeline of LGBT History” na Wikipédia – 32 Figura 13. Exemplo de texto aonde cada fato histórico é dividido por parágrafo – 33 Figura 14. Exemplo de texto aonde os fatos históricos do mesmo ano são compilados no mesmo parágrafo, mas separados tanto por ponto fnal quanto por ponto e vírgula – 33 Figura 15. História do Design Gráfco e linha do Tempo do Design Gráfco no Brasil – 36 Figura 16. Exemplos da utlização de formatos diferentes dentro da mesma publicação e do- braduras – 38 Figura 17. Exemplos da utlização de encadernações diferenciadas – 38 Figura 18. Exemplos da utlização de materiais diferenciados – 39 Figura 19. Defnição do grid – 41 Figura 20. Fonte scala – 43 Figura 21. Fonte scala sans – 43 Figura 22. Fonte Politca – 43 Figura 23. Bandeira lGBT e cores do livro – 44 Figura 24. Exemplo de imagem antes e depois de tratada – 45 Figura 25. Primeiras alternatvas de aberturas de capítulo – 46 Figura 26. alternatva fnal de abertura de capítulo – 47 Figura 27. Primeiras alternatvas de página de texto – 48 Figura 28. alternatva fnal de página de texto – 48 Figura 29. Grid por trás de uma página fnalizada – 49 Figura 30. imagem e textos do livro em tamanho real – 49 Figura 31. alternatva do uso de folhas de tamanho menor para a inserção de conteúdo a mais – 50 Figura 32. uso de dobra para a inserção de conteúdo a mais no livro fnal – 51 figura 33. Uso de folhas de tamanhos diferentes para a inserção de conteúdo a mais no livro fnal – 52 Figura 34. Página de índice – 52 Figura 35. Título do livro – 53 Figura 36. Tela serigráfca gravada para a impressão da capa – 54 Figura 37. capa do livro impressa – 55 Figura 38. livro encadernado – 56 1. introDUção

1.1. contextUalização o mercado editorial impresso mudou a partr da Terceira revolução industrial, ou revolução da informação, que teve início em meados da década de 1940 e tem como principal caracte- rístca o uso de tecnologias avançadas nos sistemas de produção. a partr da década de 1990, com a consolidação do uso do computador, a forma como o designer atua na criação de livros se transformou após a criação de ferramentas que proporcionam formas mais fáceis de se trabalhar com a tpografa e a criação de layouts. com a transposição dos meios editoriais para outros suportes além do impresso, trans- formou-se também a forma como as pessoas interagem com esses produtos editoriais, que agora encontram-se amplamente disponíveis na forma digital. apesar de alguns terem con- siderado a mídia impressa morta com o surgimento da era digital, Fawcet-Tang (2007, p. 6) diz que “a combinação da revolução da editoração eletrônica com avanços na qualidade de impressão e o surgimento da economia global levou ao aumento na quantdade de ttulos publicados”. Para samara (2011), um dos motvos que levou a publicação impressa a ser ainda mais relevante após a revolução digital é o fato de que a forma tátl oferecida pelos impressos pode ajudar a promover sentmentos de conexão comunitária em um mundo cada vez mais frag- mentado devido ao uso solitário da internet. a era digital também trouxe uma alteração na leitura convencional, com a chegada dos que são hoje conhecidos como hipertextos, termo criado em 1963 por Theodor nelson, pio- neiro de tecnologia da informação, flósofo e sociólogo estadunidense, para denominar a for- ma de escrita/leitura não linear na informátca. Então, a leitura que antes era linear passou a ter seu fuxo narratvo sequencial alterado, proporcionando uma nova leitura sem fronteiras visíveis que oferece ao usuário uma maior interatvidade, através de hiperlinks e a capacidade de incorporação de outras mídias.

8 tendo em vista esse contexto, em que tanto a mídia impressa quanto a digital crescem a cada dia e cada uma delas oferece diferentes formas de se apresentar um texto ao leitor, esse trabalho tem como proposta realizar um projeto de design gráfco editorial, aonde um conteú- do pré-existente na forma digital será adaptado para a mídia impressa.

1.2. JUstificatiVa o interesse na adaptação de conteúdo do meio digital para o meio impresso surgiu após a rea- lização de um projeto no segundo semestre de 2014, na matéria de Core studio Typography (estúdio núcleo de tpografa, em tradução livre), do curso de Communicaton Design (design de comunicação) da faculdade Parsons The New School For Design, em nova York. Ministrada pelos professores jessica svendsen e Mathew chrislip, a matéria tem como intuito ensinar os alunos a entender as propriedades dos tpos, o seu contexto e como a tpografa auxilia os leitores a navegarem um texto. Dentre os projetos desenvolvidos durante o semestre, o últmo consista na criação de um livro impresso cujo conteúdo deveria ser o texto de algum dos mais longos artgos na língua inglesa do site Wikipédia, uma enciclopédia online com artgos dos mais variados temas. o artgo a ser utlizado no projeto deveria estar presente na página “Long Pages” (páginas longas) do Wikipédia, que lista os 500 maiores artgose em inglês presentes na enciclopédia, baseado nos tamanhos dos textos. o artgo escolhido para ser trabalhado foi o “Timeline of LGBT history” (linha do tempo da história lGBT), 39⁰ da lista na época (novembro de 2014), tema esse escolhido por ser o de maior interesse pessoal do realizador do projeto em compa- ração aos outros temas disponíveis. o tema também foi escolhido por fato de ser uma linha do tempo, diferindo dos outros artgos que em sua grande maioria não passavam de listas, como, por exemplo, lista de museus, de flmes, de pessoas etc.

o projeto havia uma limitação grande de tempo, com aproximadamente um mês para o desenvolvimento e impressão do livro, assim como uma limitação de como o produto seria produzido, já que o livro fnal deveria ser impresso através do site Blurb, um serviço online de

9 impressão e venda de livros e revistas sob demanda. Por conta do tempo reduzido, apenas metade do artgo do Wikipédia foi adaptado para o formato de livro, o que foi o sufciente para a disciplina.

Figura 1: livro desenvolvido para a matéria de Core studio Typography

Figura 1: livro desenvolvido para a matéria de Core studio Typography

fonte: autor

Para esse projeto de diplomação em design gráfco, foi escolhida uma retomada desse projeto anterior pois o seu realizador acredita que o conteúdo retrado de uma página de internet oferece possibilidades maiores de diagramação que diferem dos livros convencionais, seja através da encadernação, do tpo de papel utlizado, de dobraduras, etc. Propondo, assim, um resultado diferenciado, alcançado através de experimentações das possibilidades oferecidas pelas técnicas do meio editorial.

1.3. oBJetiVos

1.3.1. objetvo geral

Desenvolver um projeto editorial impresso com conteúdo retrado de uma enciclopédia online, através de uma experimentação das possibilidades de comunicação visual do material editorial e suas técnicas.

10 1.3.2. objetvos específcos

• Estudar o livro, a consttuição de seu projeto; • Explorar e experimentar novas possibilidades do design editorial impresso; • Defnir e adaptar um conteúdo pré-existente.

11 2. metoDologia projetUal

De acordo com Munari (1981), o método projetual não passa de um série de operações neces- sárias ditada pela experiência, cujo obejtvo é alcançar o melhor resultado através do menor esforço. o método projetual proposto por Munari (1981) em “Das coisas nascem coisas” pode ser sintetzado nas seguintes etapas descritas por Panizza (2004):

Figura 2: Etapas do método projetual

Fonte: Panizza, 2004

12 Tendo como base o modelo apresentado, foram defnidas as seguintes etapas para o desenvolvimento desse projeto: • Defnição do tema e objetvos; • Fundamentação teórica e coleta de dados; • Delimitação do conteúdo; • Geração de alternatvas; • seleção de alternatva; • ajustes; • Protótpo.

13 3. referencial teórico

tendo em vista um livro como objeto desse projeto, nesse capítulo serão apresentados de for- ma resumida alguns conceitos e característcas desse tpo de publicação com o intuito de uma melhor compreensão do trabalho.

3.1. o liVRo o termo livro deriva-se do latm líber, que pode ser traduzido literalmente como “tábua para escrita”, em referência ao primeiro suporte utlizado para a escrita. o livro, em seu formato essencial, é uma das formas mais antgas de documentação. Por muito tempo, os livros foram associados apenas a páginas impressas e encadernadas, mas isso mudou nas últmas décadas, com o surgimento dos livros digitais. além de ser apenas um objeto material, o livro serve também como registro de ideias e de crenças dos povos, como ferramenta para o conhecimento e como entretenimento (Haslam, 2010).

Podemos defnir o livro numa acepção mais ampla, como sendo todo e qualquer dispositvo através do qual uma civilização grava, fxa, memoriza para si e para a posteridade o conjunto de seus conhecimentos, de suas descobertas, de seus sistemas de crenças e os voos de sua imaginação (macHado, 2010, p. 110).

3.1.1. História com o desenvolvimento da sociedade, surgiu a necessidade de outras formas de disseminação do conhecimento além da forma falada. na antguidade, surge a escrita, e a primeira forma de se gravar o conhecimento encontrada foi a escrita em pedras ou tábuas de argila, utlizada pelos

14 saxões e os germânicos (HaslaM, 2010). já os egípcios utlizavam longas folhas planas de pal- meiras que mais tarde foram reformuladas e transformadas em papiros, por volta de 2.500 a.c. a escrita egípcia não era apresentada na forma de livro como ele é comumente conheci- do, mas sim em rolos, as folhas de papiro eram coladas umas às outras e enroladas em forma de cilindro que chegava a medir até 20 metros de comprimento (HaslaM, 2010). o papiro teve grande importância como suporte para a escrita e foi utlizado por todo o mundo antgo, inclusive por gregos e romanos. o papiro foi em pouco tempo substtuído pela inovação seguinte: o pergaminho. o per- gaminho era feito com peles de animais, como ovelhas, cordeiros, carneiros e cabras, que eram estcadas, secadas, branqueadas com giz e, por fm, polidas e alisadas com pedra-pomes. a pesquisa do uso de peles de animais como alternatva ao papiro, que teve sua exportação proibida por Ptolomeu Epifânio, de alexandria, provavelmente teve início com Eumênio ii, rei de Pérgamo (197-158 a.c.), na ásia Menor (HaslaM, 2010). o tamanho do pergaminho, sua menor fragilidade e maior fexibilidade foram algumas de suas propriedas que facilitaram o desenvolvimento do formato hoje conhecido como códex, aonde as folhas podiam ser ligadas borda com borda, dobradas e depois empilhadas e atadas ao longo de uma das margens, semelhante ao que conhecemos como livro atualmente.

a dobra das grandes folhas de pergaminho ao meio criou dois fólios (do latm foliu termo usado atualmente para se referir ao número das páginas de uma publicação); quando se contnuou a dobrar folha ao meio, foram criadas quatro páginas, conhecidas como in-quarto ou 4to; dobrando-as novamente ao meio foram criadas oito páginas in-oitavo ou 8vo. todos esses termos são usados atualmente para descrever tamanhos de papel derivados de folhas dobradas (Haslam, 2010. p. 6).

o papel foi desenvolvido pelos chineses por volta de 200 a.c., apesar de a história ofcial chinesa afrmar que teria sido em 104 d.c. Em 751 d.c. o papel já era produzido até pelo mun- do islâmico. os mouros levaram a técnica de fabricação para a Espanha por volta do ano 1000, posteriormente se difundindo por toda a europa. já na idade Moderna, no ocidente, em 1455, johannes Gutenberg inventa a imprensa com

15 tpos móveis reutlizáveis, o primeiro livro impresso nessa técnica foi a Bíblia em latm. com a impressora de tpos móveis, o livro popularizou-se, tornando-se mais acessível pela redução enorme dos custos da produção em série.

figura 3. Bíblia de Gutenberg

Fonte: Bridwell library

apesar de Gutenberg ser conhecido como “o pai da impressão”, essa é uma visão comple- tamente eurocêntrica, já que tpos móveis fundidos em molde de areia já haviam sido utlizados na coréia em 1241; a xilogravura, técnica de impressão que utliza blocos de madeira, também já havia sido utlizada para a impressão de livro na china em 868 d.c. (HaslaM, 2010). Entre 1041 e 1048, os caracteres foram aprimorados pelo chinês Bi sheng, ferreiro e alquimista. com o tpo móvel, surge também o tpógrafo, responsável pela composição e criação do layout das páginas. Então, um processo que era completamente manual e realizado por arte- sãos torna-se automatzado, permitndo que os livros fossem produzidos de forma mais rápida e tornando-os mais acessíveis.

16 mas inicialmente nem todos foram a favor do livros impressos, já que para alguns eles romperiam com a familiaridade entre autores e leitores, e que a presença da indústria e do co- mércio na produção e venda desses livros corromperiam a correção dos textos (cHarTiEr, 1998).

3.1.2. o futuro do livro

recentemente, em 1995, um infuente designer gráfco declarou que a imprensa es- tava morta: nascia a era digital! a internet! o Pdf! Parecia que estávamos diante de um futuro sem papel. uma década depois, nos primeiros anos do século xxi, aquela ousada previsão parece ter sido um tanto prematura (samaRa, 2011).

o fm da impressão foi previsto com a invenção da tecnologia digital e a criação da in- ternet, mas até o momento elas não foram capazes de substtuir os livros impressos, mesmo tendo revolucionado a escrita, o design, a produção e a venda desses livros (Haslam, 2010). ao contrário do que se pensava há alguns anos, apesar do surgimento das novas tecno- logias, o mercado editorial impresso contnua frme e forte, com cada vez mais ttulos sendo produzidos e vendidos. a revolução digital acabou ampliando, ao invés de substtuir, o consumo do livro impresso. Para samara (2011), a materialidade do livro impresso é um dos motvos desse meio de comunicação ter conseguido se manter em meio a tantas novas tecnologias:

a internet, os palm tops e os celulares oferecem conectvidade e diversos recursos para encontrar informações rapidamente, mas ainda não há um registro confável dessas informações além da imprensa. o conhecimento disponível online e os documentos transmitdos sem fos entre um dispositvo móvel e um telefone estão restritos à qualidade dos servidores que armazenam os bytes; basta uma grande falha de sistema para que essa imensidão de conhecimento e experiência seja perdida. o que salvou

a imprensa da anunciada morte prematura foi sua presença fsica arcaica: o fato de existr. o compartlhamento de ideias e imagens de forma tátl pode ajudar a promover sentmentos de conexão comunitária em um mundo cada vez mais fragmentado e

17 compartmentado em virtude do uso solitário da internet, tanto em casa quanto no trabalho. além disso, os materiais impressos oferecem uma resolução de imagem e clareza que excedem em muito o que pode ser reproduzido em uma tela (samaRa, 2011).

3.1.3. o papel do designer

o design de livro é diferente de todos os outros tpos de design gráfco. o trabalho real de um designer de livro não é fazer as coisas parecerem “legais”, diferentes ou bonitnhas. é descobrir como colocar uma letra ao lado da outra de modo que as palavras do autor pareçam saltar da página. o design de livro não se deleita com sua própria engenhosidade; é posto a serviço das palavras. um bom design só pode ser feito por pessoas acostumadas a ler – por aquelas que perdem tempo em ver o que acontece quando as palavras são compostas num tpo determinado (HEnDEl, 2003).

no livro, o designer é responsável pelo projeto de sua natureza fsica, seu visual e sua forma de apresentação, além de ser responsável pelo posicionamento de todos os elementos da página. junto com o editor, o designer escolhe o formato do livro e o seu acabamento; ele também planeja grids, escolhe a tpografa e o layout da página, e trabalha junto com pesqui- sadores de fotos, ilustradores e fotógrafos fazendo a direção de arte e preparação de imagens. Finalmente, o designer também é responsável pela fnalização da arte-fnal e, junto com o editor, supervisão do processos de prova (Haslam, 2010). outras funções presentes no mercado editorial: autor, agentes literários e bancos de ima- gem, editor, escritórios de produção editorial, editor de aquisições, editor de textos, revisor de provas, consultor técnico, diretor de arte, pesquisador de imagens, gerente de licenciamento, ilustradores, fotógrafos, cartógrafos, gerente de direitos autorais, gerente de marketng, gerente de produção editorial, impressor, empresas de acabamento gráfco, encadernadora, gerente de distribuição, divulgadores e varejista.

18 3.1.4. componentes do livro o livro se manteve pratcamente com a mesma organização durante cinco séculos e meio de história (saTué, 2004). nas fguras seguintes estão representados os elementos tradicionais do livro de acordo com esquemas produzidos por Haslam (2010):

Figura 4. o livro acabado

1 11

2

3 12

4 13

5 14

6 15

7 16

8

9 17

10 18

19

fonte: Haslam, 2010, p.20.

caderno: folha impressa e dobrada, em múltplos de quatro páginas para formar uma seção de livro.

1 - lombo: lombada de um livro, onde as páginas são grampeadas, coladas ou costuradas. 2 - cabeceado: pedaço de tecido colorido e colado na parte interna da lombada em um livro de capa dura.

19 3 - charneira: tra de pano ou de couro que se aplica ao longo do encaixe do livro a fm de formar a guarda-espelho. 4 - seixa superior: projeção da capa dura que se estende além do refle fnal da cabeça do livro. 5 - pasta frontal: frente da capa dura formada por uma placa de cartão, parte do material de revestmento e uma folha de guarda. 6 - Capa: revestmento de papel, cartão ou outro material que é colado, grampeado ou costu- rado ao miolo do livro. 7 - seixa lateral: projeção da capa dura que se estende para além do refle fnal da frente do livro. 8 - Placa: pedaço de cartão formador das pastas da capa dura. 9 - seixa do pé: projeção da capa que se estende para além do refle fnal do pé do miolo do livro. 10 - guardas: folhas de papel encorpado dobradas, formando quatro ou oito páginas, sendo uma colada na placa de cartão na frente e outra no fnal do livro de capa dura, com a fnalidade de prender o miolo à capa dura. 11 - cabeça: superfcie superior do miolo do livro. 12 - folhas: conjunto de duas páginas geralmente numeradas. 13 - pasta do verso: quarta capa do livro de capa dura formada por uma placa de cartão, parte do material de revestmento e uma folha de guarda. 14 - Quarta capa: verso da capa do livro. 15 - frente: borda frontal do livro. 16 - Virada: porção do material de revestmento da capa dura que recobre as bordas das placas de papelão que formam as pastas. 17 - Base: parte inferior do miolo do livro. 18 - guarda branca: folha sem impressão, mas que faz parte do caderno impresso. 19 - Pé: superfcie inferior do livro.

20 Figura 5. a página

1

2

4 5 6 7 8

3

3 11 10 9

fonte: Haslam, 2010, p.21.

1 - retrato: formato no qual a altura da página é maior que a largura. 2 - paisagem: formato no qual a altura da página é menor que a largura. 3 - altura e largura: medidas da página, sempre nessa ordem.

4 - verso: página do lado esquerdo do livro. 5 - página única: folha única encadernada à esquerda. 6 - Página espelhada: duas páginas, sempre uma par e outra ímpar, onde o material impresso

21 ocupa as margens internas como se fosse uma única página. 7 - cabeça: superfcie superior da página. 8 - Página de frente: página da direita quando o livro está aberto. 9 - frente: Borda frontal da página. 10 - Pé: superfcie inferior da página. 11 - calha: margem interna entre duas páginas faceadas ou margem de dobra do caderno.

figura 6. o grid, ou grade

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9 8 11 10 12

fonte: Haslam, 2010, p.21.

1 - Numeração: linha que defne a posição do número da página.

2 - Título: linha que defne a posição do ttulo na grade. 3 - Margem superior: espaço em branco compreendido entre a borda superior da área de mancha e a borda superior da página reflada.

22 4 - Intervalo/ calha de coluna: espaço vertcal que divide as colunas. 5 - margem interna: espaço em branco compreendido entre a borda da área da mancha e a dobra interna da página presa à lombada. 6 - cabeçalho: linha que defne a posição do cabeçalho no grid. 7 - Módulo: unidade da coluna de grid modernista, divisível pela medida da entrelinha. separada na horizontal por uma linha branca e na vertcal pela calha do grid. 8 - Fio: linha colocada entre ilustrações. 9 - largura da coluna/ medida: largura da coluna determinada pelo comprimento das linhas de texto individuais. 10 - linha de base: linha sobre a qual é posicionada a base das letras. 11 - Coluna: espaço retangular na grade usado para acomodar as linhas de texto. as colunas de uma grade podem variar em largura, mas sua altura é sempre maior que seu comprimento. 12 - margem inferior: espaço em branco compreendido entre a borda inferior da área de man- cha e a borda inferior da página reflada.

outros elementos presentes nos livros tradicionais, apresentados por schuch (2013, p. 32): ante-rosto (ou falso frontspício): primeira página ímpar impressa, traz o nome da obra impresso em corpo pequeno, sem menção do nome do autor. Verso do ante-rosto: pode contar com a imagem do autor ou do personagem da bibliografa. Página ou folha de rosto: página ímpar seguinte, contém o ttulo do livro. Página ou folha de rosto (frontspício): página ímpar seguinte, a identfcação do livro, conta com o ttulo completo, subttulo ou partes, nome e sobrenome do autor e editora. Página de créditos (ou verso da folha de rosto): após o frontspício, apresentação dos créditos editoriais, alguns detalhes (como copyright, dados da editora), ttulo da obra em idioma original (quando traduções) e a numeração. Dedicatória: próxima página ímpar. sumário ou índice: é a catalogação de todo o conteúdo do livro, próxima página ímpar. Capítulos: se houver a divisão por capítulos, estes aparecem em páginas isoladas. Miolo ou páginas texto: parte mais volumosa, onde vai o conteúdo propriamente dito.

23 Notas de rodapé: as notas podem aparecer ao pé da página, no fnal do capítulo ou no fnal do livro. os números indicatvos aparecem sobrepostos ao texto. apêndices, bibliografa, índices de nomes ou assuntos: aparecem no fnal do livro. Colofão: últma página impressa e contém informações como a data em que se fnalizou a impressão, a tpografa e o papel utlizados, o local e a gráfca.

3.2. PRoJeto GRáfico editoRial o projeto gráfco no design editorial é o plano inicial que defne as característcas do produto fnal. Esse é o momento em que o designer busca a melhor forma de criar uma harmonia entre o a forma e o conteúdo (araÚjo, 2008). Haslam (2010), analisa os elementos presentes no projeto editorial de forma macro para a micro, primeiro apresentando elementos mais abran- gentes para depois chegar aos elementos mais específcos. alguns elementos não apresentados nesse capítulo serão citados mais à frente, durante o desenvolvimento do projeto.

3.2.1. formato determinado pela relação entre a altura e a largura da página. livros geralmente podem pos- suir três formatos: retrato (altura maior que largura), paisagem (altura menor que a largura) e quadrado (altura igual a largura). jan Tschichold (1902-1972) descobriu após anos de análise que muitos dos livros e ma- nuscritos ocidentais foram impressos em formatos que utlizavam a seção áurea. um livro pode ter qualquer formato e tamanho, mas cabe ao designer decidir o mais apropriado para cada projeto, seja por razões prátcas, estétcas ou de produção.

24 Figura 7. Proporção áurea

Para formar um retângulo da seção áurea a partr de um quadrado, ele é dividido ao meio. a diagonal do meio do quadrado é girada para o lado, defnindo o comprimento do retângulo. Fonte: Haslam, 2010, p.31.

3.2.2. Grid

após decidido um formato, é preciso decidir a melhor forma de organizar o conteúdo dentro daquele formato pré-estabelecido, e os grids, ou grades, servem para auxiliar nessa organização.

um grid consiste num conjunto específco de relações de alinhamento que funcionam como guias para a distribuição dos elementos num formato. todo grid possui as mes- mas partes básicas, por mais complexo que seja. cada parte desempenha uma função específca; as partes podem ser combinadas segundo a necessidade, ou omitdas da estrutura geral a critério do designer, conforme elas atendam ou não às exigências informatvas do conteúdo (saMara, 2011, p.24).

25 Figura 8. Elementos do grid

1

2

3

4

6 5

Fonte: samara, 2011, p.25.

1 - margens: são os espaços negatvos entre o limite do formato e o conteúdo que cercam e defnem a área viva onde fcarão os tpos e as imagens. as margens podem ser usadas para orientar o foco, repousar os olhos ou funcionar como área para informações secundárias. 2 - guias horizontais (fowlines): são alinhamentos que quebram o espaço em faixas horizon- tais. elas ajudam a orientar os olhos no formato e podem ser usadas para criar novos pontos de partda ou pausas para o texto ou a imagem. 3 - Zonas especiais: são grupos de módulos que, juntos, formam campos distntos. cada campo pode receber uma função específca ao apresentar a informação. 4 - Marcadores: são indicadores de localização para textos secundários ou constantes, como

26 cabeçalhos, nomes de seções, fólios, ou qualquer outro elemento que ocupe sempre a mes- ma posição em qualquer página. 5 - Módulos: são unidades individuais de espaço separadas por intervalos regulares que, repetdas no formato da página, criam colunas e faixas horizontais. 6 - Colunas: são alinhamentos vertcais que criam divisões horizontais entre as margens. a quantdade de colunas é indeterminada; às vezes têm a mesma largura, às vezes têm largu- ras diferentes, correspondendo a informações específcas.

3.2.3. Tipografa a escolha da tpografa é uma das decisões mais importantes na criação de qualquer projeto gráfco. no livro, as letras, pontuações e números são os menores elementos da página. Para Tschichold (2007), “o objetvo de todo design de livro deve ser a perfeição: encontrar a repre- sentação tpográfca perfeita para o conteúdo do livro em elaboração”. com a editoração eletrônica e as fontes digitais, hoje os designers possuem mais liber- dade e agilidade na hora de compor um texto do que na época dos tpos móveis. apesar da facilidade na aquisição de fontes atualmente, muitos designers experientes acabam preferindo utlizar famílias tpográfcas clássicas (HEnDEl, 2006). Dentre os fatores que levam à escolha de determinada família tpográfca para ser utlizada em um projeto, alguns são: • Presença de diferentes pesos (regular, itálico, negrito etc.); • Método de impressão; • custos; • Presença de caracteres especiais (ligaturas, caracteres presentes em outras línguas); • legibilidade (facilidade em identfcar correta e rapidamente os grupos de caracteres como palavras); • leiturabilidade (facilidade de reconhecimento dos elementos e caracteres que estão arranjados em um texto); • Pregnância (nível de visibilidade que cada elemento do texto tem em partcular);

27 4. CONTeúDO

4.1. a WikiPéDia a Wikipédia, conhecida como a enciclopédia livre da internet, é uma enciclopédia online gra- tuita que permite que os seus usuários editem qualquer artgo nela disponível. a Wikipédia é descrita nela mesma como:

[...] um projeto de enciclopédia multlíngue de licença livre, baseado na web, escrito de maneira colaboratva e que se encontra atualmente sob administração da Fundação Wikimedia, uma organização sem fns lucratvos cuja missão é “empoderar e engajar pessoas pelo mundo para coletar e desenvolver conteúdo educacional sob uma licença livre ou no domínio público, e para disseminá-lo efetvamente e globalmente.” integran- do um dos vários projetos mantdos pela Wikimedia, os mais de 30 milhões de artgos (945.260 em português em 20 de novembro de 2016) hoje encontrados na Wikipédia foram escritos de forma conjunta por diversos voluntários ao redor do mundo; e quase todos os verbetes presentes no site podem igualmente ser editados por qualquer pes- soa com acesso à internet e ao síto eletrônico htp://www.wikipedia.org. Em outubro de 2013, havia edições atvas da Wikipédia em 277 idiomas. a Wikipédia foi lançada em 15 de janeiro de 2001 por jimmy Wales e larry sange e tornou-se a maior e mais popular obra de referência geral na internet, sendo classifcado em torno da sétma posição entre todos os websites do alexa e tendo cerca de 365 milhões de leitores. a Wikipédia é uma ferramenta de pesquisa amplamente utlizada por estudantes e tem infuenciado o trabalho de publicitários, pedagogos, sociólogos e jornalistas, que usam seu material mesmo que nem sempre citem suas fontes.

Figura 9. logotpo da Wikipédia

Fonte: Wikipédia

28 o nome vem dos termos “wiki” e “enciclopédia”, sendo wiki um termo havaiano que pode ser traduzido como “rápido, ligeiro, veloz”. já “WikiWiki” é um termo utlizado para identfcar um tpo específco de coleção de documentos em hipertexto ou o sofware colaboratvo usado para criá-lo. as wikis nasceram no ano de 1993-1994, a partr do trabalho de Ward cunningham, um programador de computador americano. apesar de o fato da Wikipédia ser escrita de forma colaboratva ser o seu maior diferecial, isso também é motvo de preocupação para muitos, já que não é necessária uma verifcação da autentcidade do conteúdo escrito por um colaborador antes dele ser adicionado a um art- go. Porém, em 2010 os administradores da Wikipédia em inglês anunciaram um novo sistema, chamado de “alterações pendentes”, feito para proteger artgos mais propensos a vandalismos (como, por exemplo, “George W. Bush”). Desde então, edições em artgos especifcados da língua inglesa são agora “sujeitas a revisão de um editor estabelecido da Wikipédia antes da publicação.” Para manter certa ordem em relação às edições feitas em seus artgos, a Wikipédia possui alguns recursos que permitem acompanhar todas as alterações feitas:

contribuintes, registrados ou não, podem trar proveito dos recursos disponíveis no sofware que opera a Wikipédia. a página “ver histórico” que acompanha cada artgo, regista toda e qualquer versão anterior do verbete, embora uma revisão com conteúdo calunioso, ameaças criminosas ou violações de direitos autorais possa ser removida mais tarde. Esta característca torna mais fácil comparar antgas e novas versões do artgo, desfazer alterações que um editor considera indesejáveis, ou restaurar um conteúdo perdido. a página “Discussão”, associada a cada artgo, é utlizada para coordenar o trabalho entre vários editores. editores regulares muitas vezes mantêm uma lista de “páginas vigiadas” de artgos de interesse para eles, de modo que eles podem facilmente manter o controle sobre todas as alterações recentes nessas pági- nas. Programas de computador chamados robôs têm sido amplamente utlizados para remover vandalismos logo que eles são feitos, para corrigir erros comuns e questões estlístcas, ou para iniciar artgos, tais como entradas de geografa em um formato

padrão a partr de dados estatstcos (WikiPéDia).

29 Figura 10. Página principal da Wikipédia

Fonte: Wikipédia

os artgos da Wikipédia estão organizados basicamente de três formas de acordo com: estado de desenvolvimento, o assunto e o nível de acesso necessário para edição. o estado mais desenvolvido de artgos é chamado de “artgos destacados” (aD): artgos classifcados como tal são os que serão apresentados na página principal da Wikipédia. o pesquisador Giacomo Poderi descobriu que os artgos tendem a atngir o estatuto de aD através do trabalho inten- sivo de poucos editores. Em 2007, em preparação para a produção de uma versão impressa, a Wikipédia em inglês introduziu uma escala de avaliação com a qual a qualidade dos artgos é julgada pelos leitores. Todo o texto contdo na Wikipédia era coberto pela GNU Free Documentaton License (Gfdl), uma licença copylef, ou livre direito de cópia, que permite a redistribuição, a criação de obras derivadas e o uso comercial do conteúdo preservando os direitos autorais dos autores, até junho de 2009, quando foi adotada a licença Creatve Commons Atributon-ShareAlike (cc-by- sa) 3.0. Em resposta ao pedido da Fundação Wikimedia, em novembro de 2008, a Free Sofware

Foundaton (FsF) lançou uma nova versão da GFDl concebida especifcamente para permitr à Wikipédia relicenciar seu conteúdo para cc-BY-sa em 1 de agosto de 2009. Em consequência de um referendo da Wikipédia e seus projetos irmãos para decidir se devia ou não fazer a troca da

30 licença, o conselho Diretvo da Wikimedia votou para mudar para a licença Creatve Commons. a mudança foi efetvada em 15 de junho de 2009. a posição de que a Wikipédia é apenas um serviço de hospedagem tem sido utlizada com sucesso como uma defesa em tribunal. as licenças Creatve Commons foram idealizadas para permitr a padronização de de- clarações de vontade no tocante ao licenciamento e distribuição de conteúdos culturais em geral (textos, músicas, imagens, flmes e outros), de modo a facilitar seu compartlhamento e recombinação, sob a proteção de uma flosofa copylef. a utlização de arquivos de mídia (por exemplo, arquivos de imagem) varia entre as várias edições em diferentes idiomas. algumas edições da Wikipédia, como a Wikipédia em inglês, incluem arquivos de imagem não-livres sob a doutrina do fair use (uso justo, em português), enquanto outras optaram por não o fazer, em parte, por causa das diferenças nas leis de direitos autorais dos vários países. aproveitando-se dessa licença com livre direito de cópia da Wikipédia, o artsta Michael Mandiberg criou em 2015 o projeto Print Wikipedia (printwikipedia.com), que basicamente consiste em transformar todo o conteúdo da Wikipédia em língua inglesa em livros impressos. o projeto é ao mesmo tempo uma visualização do maior acúmulo de conhecimento humano e uma visão poétca da futlidade da escala de dados, já que assim que um volume é impresso, o seu conteúdo já está datado. o projeto conta com 7.600 volumes até o momento, que podem ser comprados por 80 dólares cada no site Lulu (lulu.com), um serviço online de impressão por demanda.

figura 11. Print Wikipedia, a Wikipédia impressa

fonte: Print Wikipedia

31 4.2. o arTiGo “TimeLine of LGBT HisTory”

Figura 12. o artgo “Timeline of lGBT History” na Wikipédia

Fonte: Wikipédia a Wikipédia possui uma página especial chamada Long Pages, ou Páginas longas, em português, aonde estão listados os maiores artgos da enciclopédia online baseado nos tamanhos dos textos. o artgo Timeline of LGBT History (linha do tempo da história lGBT) encontra-se na 46ª (novembro de 2016) posição dessa lista no momento em que esse projeto está sendo desenvolvido. contando com mais de 270 mil caracteres de texto, o artgo lista os fatos históricos rele- vantes para a comunidade lGBT (lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transexuais), desde a pré-história até os dias atuais. o artgo possui mais de 800 notas de rodapé e, apesar da grande quantdade de texto, apenas 10 imagens. o artgo tem o conteúdo dividido por séculos, e dentro de cada século são listados os fatos mais importantes que aconteceram por ano. Esse projeto tem como intenção adaptar para o formato de livro impresso o artgo Time- line of LGBT History da forma como ele se encontrava no dia 27 de setembro de 2016, quando o conteúdo foi selecionado pelo autor do projeto, alterações feitas no artgo após essa data não serão incluídas. o autor do projeto decidiu também não incluir os anos de 2016 e 2017, já que apesar de eles já estarem presentes no artgo, foram inclusos só os anos que já haviam passado antes do ano da realização do projeto.

32 Por ser um artgo escrito por muitas pessoas, cada contribuidor do texto possui um estlo diferente de escrita, e a falta de um revisor ou editor de textos acaba deixando o texto bagunçado e inconsistente, com algumas informações às vezes repetdas e a divisão de fatos históricos feita de diferentes formas: às vezes acontecimentos do mesmo ano são separados em diferentes parágrafos, às vezes fcam no mesmo parágrafo, mas são dividos ora por ponto fnal, ora por ponto e vírgula.

Figura 13. Exemplo de texto aonde cada fato histórico é dividido por parágrafo

Fonte: Wikipédia

Figura 14. Exemplo de texto aonde os fatos históricos do mesmo ano são compilados

no mesmo parágrafo, mas separados tanto por ponto fnal quanto por ponto e vírgula

Fonte: Wikipédia

assim, o autor do projeto acabou precisando atuar como editor de textos, formatando o conteúdo a fm de deixá-lo mais consistente em relação à forma como é feita a divisão de fatos históricos e mais conciso aonde visto necessário.

33 5. Do Digital ao impresso

a era digital trouxe uma alteração na leitura convencional, mas apesar do conceito de leitura não-linear ser novo e mais associado a textos digitais, Tapia (2003) afrma que ele já está pre- sente há muito tempo também nos livros impressos:

na verdade, a experiência do hipertexto e da leitura não-linear não é nada novo. a organização linear de textos era condicionada pelo suporte. textos impressos ou manuscritos sempre conseguiram construir nuances hipertextuais quando elas eram necessárias. Por exemplo, as ilustrações em manuscritos medievais expandiram as relações referenciais e interpretatvas, e as exegeses - as notas explicando ou interpre- tando a diegesis, ou texto - tornaram-se extensas. o fo condutor de um discurso e sua fragmentação, ou a consciência de poder fragmentá-lo para produzir múltplas rotas pelo texto, já estveram, há muito tempo, presentes na consciência da escrita (p. 8).

sendo assim, podemos perceber que publicações como enciclopédias e jornais sempre fzeram uso de elementos que quebram com a linearidade de seus textos, como, por exemplo, o uso de algo simples como notas de rodapé. nesse projeto, a tentatva de adaptar a experiência hipertextual proporcionada por um artgo de enciclopédia online se dará por meio de experimentações das possibilidades de co- municação visual do material editorial e suas técnicas; buscando assim “a dinâmica do sus- pense: em toda página, encontramos a fenda que atrai e a espera pelo que virá. Um texto, portanto, onde o limite da compreensão é ditado pelo interesse do leitor” (vaz, 2002, p. 99). levando em conta que o projeto não tem como intenção um produto comercial, dentro das categorias existentes de livro (livros de luxo em edições limitadas, livros ilustrados, livros de fotografa etc.) esse seria um livro experimental que se aproximaria de um livro de artsta, ou, nesse caso, um “livro de designer”, aonde o designer não é autor do conteúdo, mas tem liberdade para editá-lo.

34 o livro de artsta é uma categoria (ou prátca) artstca que desenvolve tanto a experi- mentação das linguagens visuais como a experimentação das possibilidades expressivas dos elementos consttuintes do livro ele mesmo (silvEira, 2008, p. 77).

nesse projeto, essa liberdade do designer se dará principalmente em partes do texto aonde serão incluídos outros textos e imagens que não estão presentes no artgo original, a fm de alcançar a almejada não-linearidade do texto. as imagens a serem incluídas no texto serão todas retradas do Google imagens, a inclusão dessas imagens servirá principalmente para dar mais destaque a alguns fatos históricos presentes no texto e para tornar a leitura menos cansatva, sem muitas páginas com apenas texto. como nem todos os fatos históricos possuem imagens interessantes ou em boa qualidade para serem utlizadas, caberá ao autor do projeto a seleção de imagens que cumpram esses requisitos. o artgo original, assim como a maioria dos textos presentes na internet, possui diversos links, links esses presentes dentro do texto e que redirecionam o leitor para páginas de temas relacionados ao que ele está lendo no momento. Para a adaptação do conteúdo para a forma impressa, foram escolhidos cinco links que o autor julgou mais relevantes para o conteúdo do livro como um todo:

• “lGBT”, artgo que explica o signicado dessa sigla; • Homossexualidade na roma antga; • o signifcado da bandeira de arco-íris; • as revoltas de stonewall; • a polítca “Don’t ask, don’t tell” (dadt, em português: não pergunte, não conte).

apesar do produto fnal não ter intenção de ser um livro comercial, o seu conteúdo pode ser de interesse de um público diversifcado, que pode ir de designers a pessoas simplesmente interessadas em história, mais especifcamente, história lGBT.

35 6. referencias VisUais

apesar de o conteúdo do projeto ter sido retrado de uma enciclopédia, ele não tem como objetvo remeter a uma enciclopédia de um conteúdo em específco, portanto, as referências utlizadas foram basicamente livros de arte e design, que muitas vezes são mais luxuosos e possuem diagramações, formatos e encadernações mais diferenciados.

Figura 15. História do Design Gráfco e linha do Tempo do Design Gráfco no Brasil

Fonte: cosac naify

os dois livros acima, da editora cosac naify, foram usados como referência de diagramação, já que ambos fazem bom uso de um grid para a construção de páginas com bastantes imagens, textos e legendas. a busca de referências visuais também serviu para buscar publicações que se diferenciam das demais pela utlização de diferentes formatos, materiais e encadernações. através dessas referências, percebeu-se que a utlização de páginas de diferentes formatos dentro de um mesmo livro e páginas que se desdobram poderia ser uma forma simples e efcaz de trazer a hipertextualidade de textos digitais para a forma impressa.

Para a encadernação, foram buscadas alternatvas de encadernações que se diferenciam das encadernações que costumamos ver em livrarias, geralmente encadernações de capa dura costuradas ou brochuras coladas. alguns dos métodos básicos de encadernação, conforme

36 Haslam (2010) e ambrose e Harris (2009) e compiladas por schuch (2013): encadernação de capa dura (com costura): método bastante durável e muito utlizado para confecção de livros. Diversos cadernos que compõe o livro são costurados para serem fxados entre si e à capa dura; encadernação sem costura (perfect binding): neste método, a união dos cadernos é feita por uma cola fexível, fxando o miolo à capa sem nenhuma costura. Muito utlizado em revistas e brochuras; encadernação em lombada canoa: muito utlizada em livretos e pequenos catálogos, essa encadernação é feita por meio da intercalação dos cadernos e fxação dos mesmos com um grampo no sentdo da lombada para página central; encadernação com wire-o: é caracterizada por uma garra dupla que atravessa perfura- ções em uma das bordas da publicação, permitndo que ela seja aberta por completo. o wire-o pode ser exposto, quando a lombada fca aparente, ou então oculto, onde há uma lombada que cobre o espiral; auto-encadernação: recurso pelo qual não se utliza um acabamento extra, mas sim a própria dobra, ao estlo de uma dobra sanfona. é um processo bastante simples, mas que não dá muita durabilidade ao material; encadernação japonesa: método singular, pouco utlizado e decoratvo onde as páginas são costuradas com uma linha contnua. não permite a abertura total do exemplar;

finalmente, a busca de referências de materiais diferentes procurou por projetos aonde a utlização de materiais diferenciados, principalmente papéis, traz uma nova experiência ao usuário, seja por meio da textura, gramatura, cor etc.

37 Figura 16. Exemplos da utlização de formatos diferentes dentro da mesma publicação e dobraduras

fonte: Behance

Figura 17. Exemplos da utlização de encadernações diferenciadas

fonte: Google imagens, Pinterest

38 Figura 18. Exemplos da utlização de materiais diferenciados

fonte: Behance

39 7. DesenVolVimento Do projeto

7.1. formato e tamanho

Para a escolha do formato, foi considerado o conteúdo do livro, que consiste de textos e imagens. após uma análise de livros com conteúdos similares, foi escolhido o formato 4:5, um formato próximo do quadrado, que permite a criação de um grid com várias colunas, oferecendo mais possibilidades para a diagramação dos textos e imagens. depois de diversos testes e estudos, o tamanho escolhido foi o de 20 x 25 cm, porém, depois de escolhida a encadernação, a ser apresentada mais a frente, foi decidido a adição de 1 cm a mais na lateral esquerda para a en- cadernação com costura japonesa, resultando num tamanho fnal de 21 x 25 cm, um tamanho ainda próximo do formato escolhido.

7.2. Grid após decidido o tamanho, foi criado um arquivo no adobe inDesign cs6 com essas dimensões. Dentro desse arquivo foram traçadas linhas que serviram como base para a defnição da mancha de texto e das margens. na mancha de texto formada, foi inserido um grid de quatro colunas, logo depois foi inserida mais uma coluna próxima às margens externas, já que as margens externas muito grandes não eram desejadas e um grid de cinco colunas oferece ainda mais fexibilidade na hora de inserir imagens. Por fm, as margens superior e inferior fcaram com o valor de 2,7633 cm e as margens internas e externas com 2,225 cm; cada coluna possui 2,75 cm de comprimento e o espaço entre elas é de 0,4 cm.

40 Figura 19. Defnição do grid

fonte: autor

41 7.3. Tipografa antes da escolha da tpografa, foram observados os elementos principais do texto a ser usado no livro, e esses e elementos seriam: o texto em si, os ttulos e as legendas. sendo assim, op- tou-se pela escolha de três fontes diferentes, uma para cada elemento. inicialmente, a fonte escolhida para o texto foi a clarendon, uma fonte clássica de serifa quadrada criada pelo tpógrafo inglês robert Besley em 1845, com o tamanho de 10 pt e entre- linha de 12 pt. fontes com serifa quadrada se caracterizam tanto pela legibilidade quanto pelo fato de serem chamatvas, mas a elas também falta refnamento (BrinGHursT, 2005). após alguns testes, acabou optando-se por uma tpografa mais leve e refnada. Para o texto, a fonte escolhida foi a scala, criada pelo designer holandês Martn Majoor em 1990, “uma fonte de texto neo-humanista nítda, com serifas pontudas e baixo contraste” (BrinGHursT, 2005, p. 269). a troca da fonte clarendon se deu pelo fato da scala dar um ar mais leve para as páginas, além de possuir um melhor rendimento, com mais caracteres por linha. a fonte foi utlizada no tamanho de 10 pt e entrelinha de 12 pt. o texto foi alinhado à esquerda para dar ainda mais leveza às páginas, diminuindo a rigidez de textos justfcados, além de evitar a utlização excessiva de hífens (BrinGHursT, 2005). Para as legendas, foi escolhida a scala sans, uma fonte sem serifa humanista também projetada por Martn Majoor. Ela é uma fonte bem nítda e legível, e funciona bem em tama- nhos menores. na legendas, a scala sans foi utlizada no tamanho de 9 pt e com entrelinha de 10.8 pt, também alinhada à esquerda. Finalmente, para os ttulos, a fonte escolhida foi a Politca, uma fonte sem serifa criada pelo designer alejandro Paul em 2013. Descrita por seu criador como “moderna e direta ao ponto”, ela foi escolhida por possuir formas chamatvas, que combinam bem formas retas e curvas, e por possuir vários pesos diferentes. nos ttulos, ela foi usada sempre em tamanhos grandes, variando entre 12 a 60 pt.

42 figura 20. fonte scala

Fonte: identfont

figura 21. fonte scala sans

Fonte: identfont

Figura 22. Fonte Politca

fonte: QBn

43 7.4. Padronizações após a escolha do tamanho, do grid e da fonte, chegou a hora de defnir como o texto seria inserido nas colunas de texto, quais cores seriam utlizadas, e como seriam tabalhadas as ima- gens. Primeiramente, buscou-se uma divisão do conteúdo original em partes menores, que funcionariam como os capítulos do livro. essa divisão foi feita por períodos históricos, sendo a idade contemporânea dividida em três partes por ser a que possui a maior quantdade de texto. a divisão fnal fcou como apresentado a seguir: Pré-História e Idade antga: 11.975 caracteres Idade Média: 7.919 caracteres idade moderna: 4.128 caracteres Idade Contemporânea I: 3.620 caracteres Idade Contemporânea II: 52.020 caracteres Idade Contemporânea III: 88.282 caracteres como a bandeira lGBT possui seis cores, optou-se por utlizar uma cor da bandeira para cada capítulo, criando uma identdade para o livro como um todo referente ao seu conteúdo. as cores foram adaptadas para o sistema cMYk após feitos alguns testes para ver a legibilidade delas impressas:

figura 23. Bandeira lGBt e cores do livro

c:0, M:100, Y:100, k:0

c:0, M:50, Y:100, k:0

c:5, M:5, Y:90, k:0

c:85, M:15, Y:100, k:0

c:100, M:50, Y:0, k:0

c:75, M:100, Y:0, k:0

Fonte: Wikipédia e autor

44 com as cores defnidas, a forma que elas seriam usadas em seus respectvos capítulos seria para dar destaque a elementos como ttulos, legendas e imagens. como as imagens ut- lizadas no livro são todas retradas da internet, nem todas possuem defnição boa o sufciente para serem impressas com nitdez, para tentar contornar isso e deixá-las todas uniformes, foi escolhido tratá-las no adobe Photoshop cs5 a fm de deixá-las monocromátcas, com a cor de seu respectvo capítulo, e retculadas. imagens em que a cor original é vital para o seu reco- nhecimento permaceram coloridas.

Figura 24. Exemplo de imagem antes e depois de tratada

Fonte: Wikipédia e autor

outras padronizações: texto: em fonte scala, tamanho 10 pt, entrelinha de 12 pt, alinhado à esquerda, sem endentação no início de parágrafos, cada parágrafo separado por uma linha. cada parágrafo de texto se refere a um ano específco, acontecimentos que ocorreram no mesmo ano fcam no mesmo parágrafo e são pontuados por uma marcação da cor do capítulo. legendas: em fonte scala sans, tamanho 9 pt, entrelinha de 10,8 pt, da cor do seu res- pectvo capítulo, alinhadas à esquerda. Títulos: em fonte Politca light, tamanho 72 pt e entrelinha de 72 pt nas aberturas de capítulo. Tamanho 60 pt e entrelinha de 55 pt no ttulo da primeira página de texto de cada capítulo. Tamanho 26 pt, entrelinha de 31,2 pt nos subttulos dos capítulos. Tamanho 12 pt nos ttulos na lateral da página, que indicam o período que aquela página dupla abrange.

45 o caráter hipertextual que tentou ser incluído no livro se deu principalmente pela utlização de dobras e inclusão de páginas com tamanho menor dentro da publicação que apresentam conteúdo além do presente no texto do artgo escolhido. assim como é preciso que o leitor clique em links de sites para ir para outra página, nesse livro cabe ao leitor virar ou desdobrar essas páginas que apresentam um conteúdo que complemente o conteúdo original.

Figura 25. Primeiras alternatvas de aberturas de capítulo

os elementos escolhidos para estarem presentes nas aberturas de capítulo foram a cor do capítulo, uma imagem referente ao período histórico e o ttulo. Fonte: autor

46 Figura 26. alternatva fnal de abertura de capítulo

Para a alternatva fnal, optou-se pela utlização de um material diferente, a transparência, que funciona como um fltro. a imagem do início de cada capítulo é dividida em duas partes: uma em preto e branco e outra da cor do capítulo. Quando a transparência se encontra sobre a parte colorida da imagem, ela fltra suas cores e deixa apenas o ttulo do capítulo visível, quando ela está por cima da parte em preto e branco da imagem, ela dá cor à imagem. fonte: autor

47 Figura 27. Primeiras alternatvas de página de texto

alternatva inicial, usando a fonte clarendon para o texto. Fonte: autor

Figura 28. alternatva fnal de página de texto

além da utlização da scala para o texto, o ttulo na lateral esquerda indica o período abordado no capítulo, e o texto na listra colorida do lado direito indica especifcamente quais os anos abordados nas páginas; ambos se encontram a uma altura da página que corresponde ao capítulo, no primeiro capítulo, por exemplo, eles fcam no topo, mas vão descendo nos capítulos seguintes. na versão fnal, cada ano é dividido em um parágrafo, e cada acontecimento daquele ano é pontuado dentro desse parágrafo. a parte do texto que é representada nas imagens são sublinhadas. fonte: autor

48 Figura 29. Grid por trás de uma página fnalizada

fonte: autor

figura 30. imagem e textos do livro em tamanho real 2000s

2000 t Civil Union/Registered Partner- 2001 t
Same-sex marriages laws: no longer an illness inChina. t
March- ship laws: Passed and Came into effect Came into effect in the Netherlands es and Prides: Protesters disrupt the in the US State of Vermont. t
Anti-dis- (with joint adoption). t
Civil Union/ first Pride march in the Serbian city of crimination legislation in South Africa. Registered Partnership laws: Came Belgrade. t
The first memorial in the t
Revoking of discrimination legisla- into effect in Germany (without joint United States honoring LGBT veterans tion: UK subdivision of Scotland (Sec- adoption until Oct 2004, then with was dedicated in Desert Memorial Park, tion 28). t
End to ban on gay people in step-adoption). Passed in Finland (with- Cathedral City, California.238 t
Helene the military in the United Kingdom. out joint adoption until May 2009, then Faasen and Anne-Marie Thus, from t
Equalization of age of consent in with step-adoption). t
Limited Partner- the Netherlands, became the first two Belarus, Israel and United Kingdom ship laws: Passed and Came into effect women to legally marry.239 (passed eff. 2001). t
Decriminalisation in Portugal (without joint adoption) of homosexuality in Azerbaijan and (replaced with marriage in 2010). Came 2002 t
Civil Union/Registered Partner- Georgia. t
In Germany the Bundestag into effect in the Swiss canton of Gene- ship laws: Passed and Came into effect officially apologizes to gays and lesbi- va (without joint adoption). t
Anti-dis- in the Canadian province of Quebec ans persecuted under the Nazi regime, crimination legislation in the US states (with joint adoption). Came into effect and for “harm done to homosexual of Rhode Island (private sector, gender in Finland (without joint adoption until citizens up to 1969”. t
Israel recognizes identity) and Maryland (private sector, May 2009, then with step-adoption). same-sex relations for immigration pur- sexual orientation). t
Equalization of Passed in the Argentinian city of Bue- poses for a foreign partner of an Israeli age of consent in Albania, Estonia, nos Aires (without joint adoption). Monica Helms, the resident. t
The Transgender Pride flag Liechtenstein and United Kingdom. t Limited Partnerships laws: Passed in creator, describes the meaning of was first shown, at a pride parade in t
Repeal of Sodomy laws in the US the Swiss canton of Zurich (without the transgender Phoenix, Arizona. t
Hillary Clinton state of Arizona. t
Decriminalisation of joint adoption). t
Same-sex couple adop- pride fl ag as: “The became the first First Lady to march in homosexuality in the rest of the United tion legalisation in South Africa (joint stripes at the top an LGBT pride parade.237 Kingdom’s territories. t
Homosexuality and step adoption) and Sweden (joint and bottom are light blue, the traditionalfonte: autor color for baby boys. The stripes next to 49 them are pink, the traditional color for baby girls. The stripe in the middle is white, for those who are intersex, transitioning or consider themselves having a neutral or undefi ned gender. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fl y it, it is always correct, Hillary Clinton at signifying us fi nding the New York City’s correctness in our annual pride parade 21st lives” in 2000 CENTURY 67 2000–2002 Figura 31. alternatva do uso de folhas de tamanho menor para a inserção de conteúdo a mais

fonte: autor

50 Figura 32. uso de dobra para a inserção de conteúdo a mais no livro fnal

fonte: autor

51 Figura 33. uso de folhas de tamanhos diferentes para a inserção de conteúdo a mais no livro fnal

fonte: autor

Figura 34. Página de índice

na página de índice foram usadas as mesmas fontes usadas para os textos e os ttulos do restante do livro. as cores da bandeira lGBT foram usadas na página da esquerda para remeter às cores utlizadas no livro. fonte: autor

52 Figura 35. Título do livro

Para o ttulo do livro, a ser utlizada na capa, foi escolhida uma composição simples que faz uso da ligação entre o “T” de Timeline e o “H” de History para trazer à tona a noção de linearidade. fonte: autor

53 7.5. impressão a impressão do miolo do livro foi feita na gráfca central Park, uma gráfca de conveniência localizada em Brasília. os papéis escolhidos foram o aP 120 g, um papel branco para que as cores fossem reproduzidas com mais fdelidade, e a transparência, que por ser transparente, funcionaria como o fltro de cor utlizado nos inícios dos capítulos. o livro foi impresso através de impressão digital, que dispensa o uso de fotolitos e é feita em copiadoras coloridas, com um total de 128 páginas. Para a capa, foi utlizado um papel com efeito holográfco, que refete as cores do arco-íris, ou seja, as cores utlizadas no livro. a capa possui orelhas de 15 cm e a impressão escolhida para a capa foi a serigráfca. a serigrafa é um procedimento que é feito em uma tela preparada, normalmente em nylon, que é posto sobre uma moldura de madeira, alumínio ou aço, onde se vaza a tnta através de um rodo ou puxador. a impressão da capa foi feita pelo próprio autor do projeto. a cor escolhida para a impressão do ttulo do livro na capa foi a cor branca, por ela ser a junção de todas as cores do espectro de cores. é defnida como “a cor da luz” em cores-pigmento. é a cor que refete todos os raios luminosos, não absorvendo nenhum e por isso aparecendo como clareza máxima.

Figura 36. Tela serigráfca gravada para a impressão da capa

fonte: autor

54 Figura 37. capa do livro impressa

fonte: autor

7.6. Encadernação

a encadernação escolhida para o livro foi a costura japonesa. nela, furos são feitos na lateral esquerda do livro, aonde é feita a costura. o número de furos e a localização deles varia de projeto para projeto, podendo até mesmo formar desenhos através da costura. a costura escolhida foi a mais tradicional, de 4 furos. a costura japonesa foi escolhida para esse projeto pois ela permite a encadernação de folhas avulsas de forma simples, sem a necessidade da criação de cadernos, que algums outras encadernações exigem.

55 a encadernação foi feita manualmente pelo autor do projeto. Primeiro foram feitos 4 furos na lateral es- querda do livro, a 1 cm da borda, com o auxílio de uma furadeira. depois, o livro foi costurado com o auxílio de uma agulha para costura a mão nº 1 e utlizando uma linha encerada branca, cor escolhida para combinar com o ttulo do livro, impresso em tnta também branca.

Figura 38. livro encadernado

fonte: autor

56 8. CONsIDeRaÇões FINaIs

assim como em todos os projetos realizados durante o curso de Design Gráfco, nesse Trabalho de conclusão de curso foi extremamente importante a necessidade de uma boa base teórica e referencial para a elaboração do projeto. o presente projeto tnha como objetvo a criação de um livro impresso que explorasse as possibilidades oferecidas pelo design editorial impresso, e levando em conta esses requisitos, o protótpo fnal cumpriu esse objetvo. a ideia original do projeto, de adaptar um conteúdo online para a forma impressa, foi a proposta de um trabalho fnal de uma matéria de tpografa que o autor cursou durante um intercâmbio, mas a forma como ela foi realizada nesse projeto extrapola a proposta original por levar em conta aspectos do texto digital que não foram levadas em consideração anteriormente. nesse projeto, os hipertextos foram adaptados para a forma impressa através de dobras e de páginas de tamanhos diferentes, mas o design editorial oferece muitas outras possibilidades além dessas, que poderiam vir a ser exploradas em futuros projetos. Por fm, a mídia impressa defnitvamente não está morta, e por mais que as tecnologias de leitura digital avancem, os livros fsicos contnuarão a ter seu espaço, principalmente se depender de designers gráfcos que não trocam por nada a experiência tátl oferecida por uma publicação impressa.

57 referências BiBliográficas

aMBrosE, Gavin; Harris, Paul. formato. Tradução Edson Furmankiewicz. Porto alegre: Bookman, 2009. aRaÚJo, emanuel. a construção do livro. Princípios da técnica de editoração. 2a. edição. Rio de janeiro: lexikon Editora Digital, 2008.

Bann, david. Novo manual de produção gráfca. Tradução Edson Furmankiewicz. Porto ale- gre: Bookman, 2010.

BRinGHURst, Robert. elementos do estlo tpográfco. Tradução andré stolarski. são Paulo: cosac naify, 2005. cavallo, Guglielmo; cHarTiEr, roger (org.). História da leitura no mundo ocidental. são Paulo: átca, 1998. faWcett-tanG, Roger. O livro e o designer I: embalagem, navegação, estrutura e especifca- ção. Entrevistas e introdução por caroline roberts. Tradução andréa Mariz. são Paulo: Edições rosari, 2007.

Haslam, andrew. O livro e o designer II: como criar e produzir livros. 2a. edição. são Paulo: Edições rosari, 2010.

Hendel, Richard. o Design do livro. são Paulo: ateliê editorial, 2003. lUPton, ellen. Pensar com tpos: guia para designers, escritores, editores e estudantes. são Paulo: cosac naify, 2006.

58 MacHaDo, arlindo ; vaz, Paulo. a mídia impressa, o livro e as novas tecnologias. organizado por cilia Maria krohling Peruzzo, Fernando Ferreira de almeida. são Paulo: sociedade Brasilei- ra de estudos interdisciplinares de comunicação, 200. mUnaRi, Bruno. Das coisas nascem coisas. lisboa, Portugal: Edições 70, ltda. 1981.

Panizza, Janaína. Metodologia e processo criatvo em projetos de comunicação visual. dis- sertação (mestrado em ciências da comunicação) - escola de comunicação e artes, UsP: são Paulo, 2004.

PrinT WikiPEDia. about Print Wikipedia. Disponível em: acesso em: 21 de nov. 2016. saMara, Timothy. grid: construção e desconstrução. são Paulo: cosac naify, 2007. saMara, Timothy. guia de design editorial: manual prátco para o design de publicações. Porto alegre: Bookman, 2011. saTué, Enric. aldo Manuzio. editor, tpógrafo, livreiro. O design do livro do passado, do pre- sente e, talvez, do futuro. Tradução cláudio Giordano. cota: ateliê Editorial, 2004. silVeiRa, Paulo. a página violada: da ternura à injúria na construção do livro de artsta. 2a. edição. Porto alegre: Editora da uFrGs, 2008. scHUcH, Bruna. O livro como objeto e a exploração da relação entre suporte e conteúdo: o

álbum Zaireeka. Universidade federal do Rio Grande do sul. Porto alegre. 2013. taPia, alejandro. graphic Design in the Digital era: The Rhetoric of Hypertext. Massachusets

59 insttute of Technology. Design issues: volume 19, number 1, 2003. tscHicHold, Jan. a forma do livro: ensaios sobre tpografa e estétca do livro. cota, são Paulo: ateliê Editorial, 2007.

WikiPéDia. História do livro. Disponível em: acesso em: 21 de nov. 2016.

WikiPéDia. long pages. Disponível em: acesso em: 21 de nov. 2016.

WikiPéDia. Timeline of lgBT history. Disponível em: acesso em: 21 de nov. 2016. WikiPéDia. Wiki. Disponível em: acesso em: 21 de nov. 2016. WikiPéDia. Wikipédia. Disponível em: acesso em: 21 de nov. 2016.

60 timeline of lgbt history

CONTENT: Wikipedia DESIGN: rafael Wendel pre-history & antiquity • 8

| 9660 BCE to 4th century
t
10 middle ages • 18

| 5th to 15th century t 20 modern age • 26

| 16th to 18th century t 28 contemporary history i • 32

| 19th century t 34 contemporary history ii • 38

| 20th century t 40 contemporary history iii • 64

| 21st century t 66 footnotes • 100 references • 127

The following is a timeline of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) history.

Pre-history & Antiquity 9660 BCe to

9660 to 5000 BCE t Mesolithic rock art in Sicily depicts phallic male figures in 4th Century pairs that have been interpreted vari- ously, including as hunters, acrobats, re- ligious initiates and depictions of male intercourse.1

7000 to 1700 BCE t Among the sexual depictions in Neolithic and Bronze Age drawings and figurines from the Med- iterranean are, as one author describes it, a “third sex” human figure having female breasts and male genitals or without distinguishing sex characteris- tics. t In Neolithic Italy, female images are found in a domestic context, while images that combine sexual character- istics appear in burials or religious set- tings. t In Neolithic Greece and Cyprus, figures are often dual-sexed or without identifying sexual characteristics.2

25th century BCe

2400 BCE t Khnumhotep and Niankh- khnum are believed by some to be the first recorded same-sex couple in history. 22nd century BCe

Between 2900 and 2500 BCE t
In a burial of a suburb of Prague, Czech Republic, a male is buried in the outfit usually reserved for women. Archae- ologists speculate that the burial corresponds to a transgender person or someone of the third sex.3 t
Pepi II Neferkare governs as Egyptian pharaoh. A later tale, King Neferkare and Gen- eral Sasenet, suggests a homosexual

10 interpretation around nocturnal visits the older person served as educator or 9660 BCE–530 BCE to his General.4,4,5 mentor.10 t
Sappho, a Greek lyric poet born on the island of Lesbos, was born between 630-612 BCE, and died around 570 BCE. The Alexandrians included 11th century BCe her in the list of nine lyric poets. She was famous for her lesbian themes, giv- 1075 BCE t
The Code of Assura from ing her name and that of her homeland Middle Assyrian Empire prescribes to the very definition of lesbianism (and castration for soldiers caught engaging the lesser used term of “sapphism”). in passive male-to-male intercourse and She was exiled c. 600 BCE. a ban on homosexual rape. The punish- ment for both laws is castration. This is the earliest known law condemning the act of male same-sex intercourse in the 6th century BCe military and homosexual rape.6,7,8 540–530 BCE t Wall paintings from the Etruscan Tomb of the Bulls (Italian: Tomba dei Tori), found in 1892 in the 7th century BCe Monterozzi necropolis, Tarquinia, depict homosexual intercourse. The 630 BCE t
Dorian aristocrats in Crete tomb is named for the pair of bulls adopt formal relations between adult who watch human sex scenes, one aristocrats and adolescent boys; an in- between a man and a woman, and the scription from Crete is the oldest record other between two men; these may be of the social institution of paiderastia apotropaic, or embody aspects of the among the Greeks9. Marriage between cycle of regeneration and the afterlife. men in Greece was not legally recog- The three-chamber tomb was inscribed nized, but men might form life-long with the name of the deceased for relationships originating in paiderastia whom it was originally built, Aranth (“pederasty,” without the pejorative Spurianas or Arath Spuriana, and connotations of the English word). also depicts Achilles killing the Trojan These partnerships were not dissimilar prince Troilus, along with indications of to heterosexual marriages except that Apollo cult.11

Two man having sex while a man-headed bull appears to fght them

11 bemoans their loss and praises their 5th century BCe honour.19

486 BCE t
Darius I adopts the Holiness 326 BCE t
Military leader Alexander the Code of Leviticus for Persian Jews of Great completes conquest of most of the the Achaemenid Empire, enacting the then known Western world, launching first state sanctioned death penalty for the Hellenistic Age in which millions male same-sex intercourse.12 of people are converted to a Hellenistic culture that views homosexual relation- 440 BCE t
Herodotus publishes Histo- ships positively. ries, stating in the book that Persians welcomed foreign customs, including adopting pederasty from the Greeks.13 3rd century BCe

250 BCE t During the Parthian Empire, 4th century BCe the Zoroastrian text, the Vendidad, was written. It contains provisions that are 385 BCE t
Plato publishes Symposium part of sexual code promoting procre- in which Phaedrus, Eryixmachus, Aris- ative sexuality that is interpreted to tophanes and other Greek intellectuals prohibit same-sex intercourse as a form argue that love between males is the of demon worship, and thus sinful. highest form, while sex with women Ancient commentary on this passage is lustful and utilitarian.14 Socrates, suggests that those engaging in sodomy however, differs.15 He demonstrates could be killed without permission extreme self-control when seduced by from the Dastur. However, a strong the beautiful Alcibiades.16 homosexual tradition in Iran is attest- ed to by Greek historians from the 5th 350 BCE t Plato publishes Laws in century onward, and so the prohibition which the Athenian stranger and his apparently had little effect on Iranian companions criticize homosexuality attitudes or sexual behavior outside the as being lustful and wrong for society ranks of devout Zoroastrians in rural because it does not further the eastern Iran.20,21,22,23,24,25 species and may lead to irresponsible citizenry.17

346 BCE t
Aeschines speech Against 3rd/2nd century BCe Timarchus on trial for male prosti- tution, reveals Athenian attitudes to 227 BCE, 226 BCE, 216 BCE, or 149 homosexuality.18 BCE t
During the Roman Republic, the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties 338 BCE t
The Sacred Band of Thebes, on those who committed a sex crime a previously undefeated elite battal- (stuprum) against a freeborn youth; ion made up of one hundred and fifty infrequently mentioned or enforced, it pederastic couples, is destroyed by the may also have been used to prosecute forces of Philip II of Macedon who male citizens who willingly took the

12 26 passive role in homosexual relations. prostitute or entertainer was infamis 486 BCE–39 BCE It is unclear whether the penalty was and excluded from the legal protections death or a fine. For an adult male citi- extended to citizens in good standing. zen to desire and engage in same-sex As a matter of law, a slave could not be relations was considered natural and so- raped; he was considered property and cially acceptable, as long as his partner not legally a person. The slave’s owner, was a male prostitute, slave or infamis, however, could prosecute the rapist for a person excluded from the legal protec- property damage.29,30,31,32 tions accorded a citizen. In the Imperial period, the Lex Scantinia was revived 42–39 BCE t
Virgil writes the Eclogues, by Domitian as part of his program of with Eclogue 2 a notable example of judicial and moral reform.27 homoerotic Latin literature. 2nd century BCe

90s–80s BCE t
Quintus Lutatius Cat- ulus was among a circle of poets who made short, light Hellenistic poems fashionable in the late Republic. Both his surviving epigrams address a male as an object of desire, signaling a new homoerotic aesthetic in Roman cul- ture.28 1st century BCe

57–54 BCE t
Catullus writes the Carmi- na, including love poems to Juventius, boasting of sexual prowess with youth and violent invectives against “passive” homosexuals. The opening lines of 50 BCE t The Lex Julia de vi publica, the Eclogues a Roman Republic law, was passed to define rape as forced sex against “boy, woman, or anyone” and the rapist was subject to execution. Men who had Sexuality and Homosexuality in ancient Rome in ancient Rome been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to

See also: use for the pleasure of others; a male

13 27 BCE t
The Roman Empire com- and Sporus, in legal ceremonies, with mences with the reign of Augustus. Sporus accorded the regalia worn by the The first recorded same-sex marriage wives of the Caesars.34 Juvenal and Mar- occurs during his reign, homosexual tial note (with disapproval) that male prostitution is taxed, and if someone couples are having traditional marriage is caught being sexually passive with ceremonies. another male, a Roman citizen could lose his citizenship.33 79 t
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius buries the coastal resorts of Pompeii 26, 25 and 18 BCE t
Tibullus writes his and Herculaneum, preserving a rich elegies, with references to homosexu- collection of Roman erotic art, includ- ality. ing representations of male-male and female-female.

98 t
Trajan, one of the most beloved 1st century Ce of Roman emperors, begins his reign. Trajan was well known for his 1st century CE t
The Warren Cup is homosexuality and fondness for young made - a Roman silver drinking cup males. This was used to advantage by decorated in relief with two images of the king of Edessa, Abgar VII, who, male same-sex acts. after incurring the anger of Trajan for some misdeed, sent his handsome 54 t
Nero becomes Emperor of Rome. young son to make his apologies, Nero married two men, Pythagoras thereby obtaining pardon.35

Wall painting of female couple from the Suburban Baths at Pompeii

14 27 BCE–200

The sculpture “Lansdowne Antinous” was found at Hadrian’s Villa in 1769 2nd century

130 t
Antinous, a 19-year-old boy who 200 t
The Outlines of Pyrrhonism is was the Roman Emperor Hadrian’s published. In the book, Sextus Empir- favorite dies under mysterious circum- icus states that “amongst the Persians stances in the Roman Province of Egypt it is the habit to indulge in intercourse (Aegyptus), and Hadrian creates a cult with males, but amongst the Romans giving Antinous the status of a god, it is forbidden by law to do so”. He commissioning numerous sculptures of also stated in the book that “amongst him throughout the Roman Empire. us sodomy is regarded as shameful or rather illegal, but by the Germanic they 165 t
Christian martyr Giustino writes: say, it is not looked on as shameful but “We have learned that is an evil thing as a customary thing. It is said, too, that to show newborns, since we see that in Thebes long ago this practice was not almost everyone, not only the girls but held to be shameful, and they say that boys too, are forced into prostitution”.36 Meriones the Cretan was so called by

15 way of indicating the Cretans’ cus- tomed and some refer to this the burn- ing love of Achilles for Patroclus. And what wonder, when both the adherents Portrait of and religious of the Cynic philosophy and the follow- Elagabal Sculpture. controversy. At just ers of Zeno of Citium, Cleanthes and Elagabalus was 18 years old he was Roman Emperor assassinated in a Chrysippus, declare that this practice is 37,38 from 218 to 222. He plot formulated by indifferent?”. was barely 14 when his grandmother, he became emperor, Julia Maesa, and initiating a reign carried out by remembered mainly members of the 3rd century for sexual scandal Praetorian Guard.

218 t
The emperor Elagabalus begins his reign. He marries a man named Zoticus, an athlete from Smyrna, in a lavish public ceremony at Rome amid the rejoicings of the public.39

244–249 t
Emperor Philip the Arab outlaws male prostitution.17 4th century

305- 306 t
Council of Elvira (now Granada, Spain). This council was representative of the Western European Church and among other things, it barred pederasts the right to Communion.

314 t
Council of Ancyra (now Ankara, Turkey). This council was representative of the Eastern European Church and it excluded the Sacraments for 15 years to unmarried men under the age of 20 who were caught in homosexual acts, and excluded the man for life if he was married and over the age of 50.

306–337 t
Eusebius writes the Life of Constantine. In the panegyric, it describes a temple at Aphaca in Phoe- nicia, on a remote summit of Mount

16 218–405

Detail of papyrus codex showing Libanus, being used by effeminate Dionysiaca homosexual pagan priests and was destroyed by the command of Roman emperor Constantine I. It also states that Emperor Constantine I passed a law commanding the extermination of effeminate homosexual pagan priests in Egypt.40

342 t
The first law against same-sex marriage was promulgated by the Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans.41

390 t
The Christian emperors Val- entinian II, Theodosius I and Arcadius declared homosexual sex to be illegal and those who were guilty of it were condemned to be burned alive in front of the public.42

390–405 t
Nonnus’ Dionysiaca is the last known piece of literature for nearly 1,000 years to celebrate homosexual passion.

17 middle Ages 5th century

498 t In spite of the laws against gay sex, the Christian emperors continued to collect taxes on male prostitutes until the reign of Anastasius I, who finally 5th to 15th abolishes the tax.43 Century 6th century 506 t
The Visigothic Code of Alaric II decreed burning at the stake for same- sex couples in the Visigothic Kingdom. Other punishments included public os- tracism, shaving of the head, whipping, and castration.44,45

529 t
The Christian emperor Justinian I (527–565) made homosexuals a scape- goat for problems such as “famines, earthquakes, and pestilences.”46

576 t
Death of Anastasia the Patrician who had spent much of her life living disguised as a male monk in a monas- tery at Alexandria.

589 t
The Visigothic kingdom in Spain, is converted from Arianism to Catholicism. This conversion leads to a revision of the law to conform to those of Catholic countries. These revisions include provisions for the persecution of gays and Jews.47 7th century

654 t
The Visigothic Kingdom crimi- nalized sodomy and the punishment for it is castration. The first European secular law to criminalize sodomy.48,49

20 693 t
In Iberia, Visigothic ruler Egica relations with the king himself, a fact of Hispania and Septimania, demand- of which the king openly boasted. Pope ed that a Church council confront the Urban, however, didn’t consider this occurrence of homosexuality in the as a decisive fact: Giovanni ruled as Kingdom. The Sixteenth Council of bishop for almost forty years, and Ro- Toledo issued a statement in response, dolfo continued to be well known and which was adopted by Egica, stating respected.53 that homosexual acts be punished by castration, exclusion from Communion, hair shearing, one hundred stripes of 498–1102 the lash, and banishment into exile.50 12th century

1102 t
The Council of London took mea- sures to ensure that the English public 9th century knew that homosexuality was sinful.

800–900 t
During the Carolingian Renaissance, Alcuin of York, an abbot, wrote love poems to other monks in spite of numerous Church laws con- demning homosexuality.51 11th century

1007 t
The Decretum of Burchard of Worms equates homosexual acts with other sexual transgressions such as adultery and argues, therefore, that it should have the same penance (general- ly fasting).17

1051 t
Peter Damian writes the trea- tise Liber Gomorrhianus, in which he argues for stricter punishments for clerics failing their duty against “vices of nature.”52 Carolingian 1100 t
Ivo of Chartres tries to convince 1120 t
Baldwin II of the Kingdom of Manuscript, Rabanus Pope Urban II about homosexuality Jerusalem, convenes the Council of Maurus (left), with risks. Ivo accused Rodolfo, archbishop Nablus to address the vices within the Alcuin (middle), of Tours, of convincing the King of Kingdom. The Council calls for the dedicating his work France to appoint a certain Giovanni burning of individuals who perpetually to Archbishop Odgar as bishop of Orléans. Giovanni was commit sodomy.17 of Mainz (right) well known as Rodolfo’s lover and had

21 1140 t
The Italian Monk Gratian com- 1260 t
In the Kingdom of France, piles his work Concordia discordantium first-offending sodomites lost their tes- canonum in which he argues that sod- ticles, second offenders lost their mem- omy is the worst of all the sexual sins ber, and third offenders were burned. because it involves using the member Women caught in same-sex acts could in an unnatural way.17 be mutilated and executed as well.17

1164 t
The English monk, Aelred of 1265 t
Thomas Aquinas argues that Rievaulx writes his De spiritali amici- sodomy is second only to bestiality in tia giving love between persons of the the ranking of sins of lust. same gender a profound expression. 1283 t
The Coutumes de Beauvaisis The Coutumes 1179 t
The Third Lateran Council of dictats that convicted sodomites should is de Beauvaisis Rome issues a decree for the excommu- not only be burned but also that their a monument of medieval French nication of sodomites. property would be forfeited. law composed by Philippe de Beaumanoir at the end of the 13th 13th century 14th century century in Old French prose. The 1232 t
Pope Gregory IX starts the Inqui- 1308–14 t
Philip IV of France orders text covers a wide sition in the Italian City-States. Some the arrest of all Templars on charges of range of topics both cities called for banishment and/or heresy, idolatry and sodomy, but these on procedural and substantive law and amputation as punishments for 1st- and charges are only a pretext to seize the is quite voluminous, 2nd-offending sodomites and burning riches of the order. Order leaders are which explains its for the 3rd or habitual offenders. sentenced to death and burned at the attractiveness to stake on 18 March 1314 by Notre Dame. scholars

22 1140–1395

Dante’s Inferno Seventh Circle of Hell

1321 t
Dante’s Inferno places sodomites he does not have a female orifice, but in the Seventh Circle. has a male member and testicles – many persons considered him to be a 1327 t
The deposed King Edward II of woman because of his appearance”.54 England is killed, allegedly by forcing a red-hot poker through his rectum. 1370s t
Jan van Aersdone and Willem Edward II had a history of conflict with Case were two men executed in Ant- the nobility, who repeatedly banished werp in the 1370s. The charge against his former lover Piers Gaveston, the them was same sex intercourse which Earl of Cornwall. was illegal and strenuously vilified in medieval Europe. Aersdone and Case 1347 t
Rolandino Roncaglia is tried for stand out because records of their sodomy, an event that caused a sen- names have survived. One other couple sation in Italy. He confessed he “had still known by name from the 14th never had sexual intercourse, neither century were Giovanni Braganza and with his wife nor with any other wom- Nicoleto Marmagna of Venice.55 an, because he had never felt any carnal appetite, nor could he ever have an 1395 t
John Rykener, known also as erection of his virile member”. After his Johannes Richer and Eleanor, was a wife died of plague, Rolandino started transvestite prostitute working mainly to prostitute himself, wearing female in London (near Cheapside), but also ac- dresses because “since he has female tive in Oxford. He was arrested in 1395 look, voice and movements – although for cross-dressing and interrogated.

23 15th century

1424 t
Bernardino of Siena preached 1492 t
Desiderius Erasmus writes a for three days in Florence, Italy against series of love letters to a fellow monk homosexuality and other forms of lust, while at a monastery in Steyn in the culminating in a pyre in which burned Netherlands.58 cosmetics, wigs and all sorts of arti- cles for the beautification. He calls for 1494 t
Girolamo Savonarola criticizes sodomites to be ostracized from society, the population of Florence for its “hor- and these sermons alongside measures rible sins” (mainly homosexuality and by other clergy of the time strengthens gambling) and exhorts them to give up opinion against homosexuals and en- their young and beardless lovers. courages the authorities to increase the measures of persecution.56 1497 t
In Spain the Ferdinand and Isabella strengthen the sodomy laws 1432 t
In Florence the first organiza- hitherto applied only in the cities. An tion specifically intended to prosecute increase is made in the severity of the sodomy is established, the “Night crime equating to treason or heresy, Officials”, which over the next 70 years and the amount of evidence required arrest about 10,000 men and boys, suc- for conviction is lowered, with torture ceeding in getting about 2,000 convict- permitted to extract confession. The ed, with most then paying fines. property of the defendant is also confis- cated. 1451 t
Pope Nicholas V enables the papal Inquisition to persecute men who practice sodomy.

1475 t
In Peru, a chronicle written un- der the Capac Yupanqui government de- scribes the persecution of homosexuals with public burnings and destruction of homes (a practice usually reserved for conquered tribes).

1476 t
Florentine court records of 1476 show that Leonardo da Vinci and three other young men were charged with sodomy twice, and acquitted.57

1483 t
The Spanish Inquisition begins. Sodomites were stoned, castrated, and burned. Between 1540 and 1700, more than 1,600 people were prosecuted for 17 Portrait of sodomy. Desiderius Erasmus by Albrecht Dürer

24 Engraving showing people being tortured during the Spanish Inquisition 1424–1497

25 modern Age 16th century

1502 t A charge is brought against the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli on the grounds of sodomy.59

1513 t Vasco Núñez de Balboa, a con- quistador in modern-day Panama is described as throwing forty homosexu- al native indians to his dogs.60

1523 t First of several charges of sodomy brought against the Florentine artist Benvenuto Cellini.61

1532 t The Holy Roman Empire makes 16th to 18th sodomy punishable by death.17 t The Florentine artist Michelangelo begins writing over 300 love poems dedicated to Tomasso dei Cavalieri.62 Century Michelangelo, Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who exerted an unparalleled infuence on the development of Western art

28 1533 t King Henry VIII passes the Bug- gery Act 1533 making anal intercourse and zoophilia punishable by death throughout England.63

1542 t Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca documents same sex marriages and men “who dress like women and perform the office of women, but use the bow and carry big loads” among a Native American tribe in his publication, The Journey of Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca and His Companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528–1536.

1543 t Henry VIII gives royal assent to 1502–1561 the Laws in Wales Act 1542, extending the buggery law into Wales.

1553 t Mary Tudor ascends the English throne and removes all of the laws that had been passed by Henry VIII during the English Reformation of the 1530s.

1558–1563 t Elizabeth I reinstates Henry VIII’s old laws, including the Buggery Act 1533.17

1561 t Process of Wojciech z Poznania, who married Sebastian Slodownik, and lived with him for 2 years in Poznan. Both had female partners. On his return to Kraków, he married Waw- rzyniec Wloszek. Wojciech, considered in public opinion as a woman was burned for ‘crimes against nature’.64 Mary Tudor was the Queen of England and Ireland, her executions of Protestants led to the posthumous sobriquet “Bloody Mary”

29 17th century

1610 t The Colony of Virginia enacts a English common law, thus criminaliz- military order that criminalizes male ing male-to-male sodomy again.65 sodomy, making it punishable by death.65 t
In the Colony of Virginia, the 1683 t The Kingdom of Denmark military order banning sodomy end- criminalizes “relations against nature”, ed when martial law was terminated making it punishable by death.70 upon the change in control of Virginia Colony.65 1688–1704 t Kagemachaya(ja) was open in Japan.71 1620 t Brandenburg-Prussia criminal- izes sodomy, making it punishable by death.17

1624 t Richard Cornish of the Virginia Colony is tried and hanged for sod- omy.66

1648 t In Canada’s first-ever criminal trial for the crime of homosexuality, a gay military drummer stationed at the French garrison in Ville-Marie, New France is sentenced to death by the local Sulpician priests.67 After an interven- tion by the Jesuits in Quebec City, the drummer’s life is spared on the condi- tion that he accept the position of New Margaret Clap, France’s first permanent executioner.67 better known as Mother Clap, ran a coffee house from 1649 t The first known conviction for 1724 to 1726 in lesbian activity in North America oc- Holborn, Middlesex, curs in March when Sarah White Nor- a short distance man is charged with “Lewd behaviour from the City of with each other upon a bed” with Mary London. Notable Vincent Hammon in Plymouth, Massa- for running a molly chusetts. Hammon was under 16 and house, an inn or not prosecuted.68 tavern primarily frequented by homosexual men, 1655 t The Connecticut Colony passes she was also heavily a law against sodomy, which includes a involved in the punishment for lesbian intercourse as ensuing legal battles well.69 after her premises were raided and shut 1661 t The Colony of Virginia enacts down.

30 18th century

1721 t Catharina Margaretha Linck 1791 t The Kingdom of France (and An- is executed for female sodomy in dorra) adopts a new penal code which Germany. no longer criminalizes sodomy. France thus becomes the first West European 1726 t Mother Clap’s molly house in country to decriminalize homosexual London is raided by police, resulting in acts between consenting adults.73 the execution of three men.72 1791 t The novel Dream of the Red 1730–1811 t A widespread panic in the Chamber by Cao Xueqin is published Dutch Republic leads to a spectacular in China. It includes an openly bisex- series of trials for sodomy. ual character as well as an account of a gay-bashing.74 1785 t Jeremy Bentham is one of the first people to argue for the decriminal- 1794 t The Kingdom of Prussia abolish- ization of sodomy in England.17 es the death penalty for sodomy.17 1610–1794

31

ContemPorAry history i 1800s t The earliest published studies of lesbian activity were written in the early 19th century.

1811 t Netherlands and Netherlands’ Indies (Indonesia) decriminalizes ho- mosexual acts.

1814 t The term “Crime against nature” first used in the Criminal code in the United States.

1830 t Brazil decriminalizes homosex- ual acts.

1832 t Russia criminalizes homosexual acts making them punishable by up to five years exile in Siberia under Article 995 of its new criminal code.

1835 t For the first time in history, homosexuality becomes illegal in Congress Poland, Russian part of the Poland acquired after the Partitions of Poland after it became part of the Rus- sian Empire. 19th 1836 t The last known execution for homosexuality in Great Britain. James Pratt and John Smith are hanged at Newgate prison, London after being Century caught together in private lodgings.75 1852 t Portugal decriminalizes homo- sexual acts.76

1856 t The first known reference to lesbians in Mormon history occurred in 1856, when a Salt Lake man noted in his diary that a Mormon woman was “trying to seduce a young girl.”77

1858 t The Ottoman Empire (predeces- sor of Turkey) decriminalizes homosex- uality.78 t
Timor-Leste legalises homo- sexuality.

34 1861 t In England, the Offences against 1867 t On 29 August 1867, Karl the Person Act 1861 is amended to re- Heinrich Ulrichs became the first move the death sentence for “buggery”. self-proclaimed homosexual to speak The penalty became imprisonment out publicly for homosexual rights from 10 years to life. when he pleaded at the Congress of German Jurists in Munich for a 1865 t San Marino decriminalizes resolution urging the repeal of anti-ho- sodomy. mosexual laws. 1800–1867

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs was a German writer who is seen today as the pioneer of the modern gay rights movement

35 1869 t The term “homosexuality” appears in print for the first time in a German-Hungarian pamphlet written by Karl-Maria Kertbeny (1824–1882).

1870 t Joseph and His Friend: A Story of Pennsylvania is published, possibly the first American novel about a homo- sexual relationship.

1871 t Homosexuality is criminalized throughout the German Empire by Paragraph 175 of the Reich Criminal Code; Guatemala and Mexico decrimi- nalize homosexual acts.

1880 t The Empire of Japan decrimim- inalized homosexual acts (anal sod- omy), having only made them illegal during the early years of the Meiji Restoration.

1886 t In England, the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, outlawing sexual relations between men (but not between women) is given Royal Assent by Queen Victoria. Argentina decrimi- nalizes homosexuality, while Portugal re-criminalizes homosexual acts.

1889 t In Italy, homosexuality is le- galised; the Cleveland Street Scandal erupts in England.

1892 t The words “bisexual” and “heterosexual” are first used in their current senses in Charles Gilbert Chaddock’s translation of Kraft-Ebing’s Psychopathia Sexualis. t
Popular openly bisexual poet Edna St. Vincent Millay is born on 22 February. Edna St. Vincent 1894 t Biologist and pioneer of human Millay was an sexuality Alfred Kinsey is born on 23 American poet and June. playwright

36 1895 t The trial of Oscar Wilde re- sults in his being prosecuted under the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 for “gross indecency” and sentenced to two years hard labor in prison. t In Brazil Adolfo Caminha publishes his contro- versial novel Bom-Crioulo (in English: The Black Man and the Cabin Boy) with homosexuality at its center and with a black man as the story’s hero.

1897 t Magnus Hirschfeld founds the Scientific Humanitarian Committee on 14 May as the first ever official organi- zation for homosexual rights and the repeal of Paragraph 175. t
George Cecil Ives organizes the first homosexual rights group in England, the Order of Chaeronea.

Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde was an Irish 1869–1897 playwright, novelist, essayist, and poet. After writing in different forms throughout the 1880s, he became one of London’s most popular playwrights in the early 1890s. He is remembered for his epigrams, his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, his plays, as well as the circumstances of his imprisonment and early death

37

ContemPorAry history ii 1900s

1903 t In New York City on 21 February 1903, New York police conducted the first United States recorded raid on a gay bathhouse, the Ariston Hotel Baths. 26 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on sodomy charges; 7 men re- ceived sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison.79

1906 t
Potentially the first openly gay American novel with a happy ending, Imre, is published.17

1907 t
Adolf Brand, the activist leader of the Gemeinschaft der Eigenen, working to overturn Paragraph 175, publishes a piece “outing” the imperial chancel- lor of Germany, Prince Bernhard von Bülow. The Prince sues Brand for libel and clears his name; Brand is sen- tenced to 18 months in prison.80 Adolf Brand 1907–1909 t
Harden-Eulenburg Affair in Germany.81

1910s

1910 t
Emma Goldman first begins speaking publicly in favor of homosexu- al rights. Magnus Hirschfeld later wrote “she was the first and only woman, 20th indeed the first and only American, to take up the defense of homosexual love before the general public.”82,83 Century 1912 t
The first explicit reference to lesbianism in a Mormon magazine occurred when the “Young Woman’s Journal” paid tribute to “Sappho of Lesbos.”77 t The Scientific Humanitarian Committee of the its entirety—including Article 995.84,85 Netherlands (NWHK), the first Dutch Bolshevik leaders reportedly say that organization to campaign against “homosexual relationships and hetero- anti-homosexual discrimination, is sexual relationships are treated exactly established by Dr. Jacob Schorer. the same by the law.”

1913 t
The word faggot is first used in 1919 t
In Berlin, Germany, Doctor Mag- print in reference to gays in a vocab- nus Hirschfeld co-founds the Institut ulary of criminal slang published in für Sexualwissenschaft (Institute for Portland, Oregon: “All the fagots [sic] Sex Research), a pioneering private (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the research institute and counseling office. ball tonight.” t
Marcel Proust’s In Its library of thousands of books was Search of Lost Time is published in destroyed by Nazis in May 1933.86,87,88 France, marking the first time a modern Western author treats homosexuality 1919 t
Different From the Others, one openly in literature. of the first explicitly gay films, is re- leased. Magnus Hirschfeld has a cameo 1917 t The October Revolution in Russia in the film and partially funded its Scene from the repeals the previous criminal code in production. movie Different From the Others 1903–1919

41 1920s

1921 t
In England an attempt to make 1924 t
The first homosexual rights lesbianism illegal for the first time in organization in America is founded by Britain’s history fails.89 Henry Gerber in Chicago— the Society for Human Rights.91 The group exists 1922 t
A new criminal code comes into for a few months before disbanding un- force in the USSR officially decriminal- der police pressure.92 Panama, Paraguay izing homosexual acts. and Peru legalize homosexuality.

1923 t
The word fag is first used in print 1926 t
The New York Times is the first in reference to gays in Nels Anderson’s major publication to use the word “ho- The Hobo. t Lesbian Elsa Gidlow, mosexuality”.17 born in England, published the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry 1927 t
Karol Szymanowski, Poland’s Scene from the in the United States, titled “On A Grey openly gay composer, is appointed chief movie Mädchen in Thread.”90 of Poland’s state-owned national music Uniform school, the Fryderyk Chopin Music Academy.

1928 t
The Well of Loneliness by Rad- clyffe Hall is published in the UK and later in the United States. This sparks great legal controversy and brings the topic of homosexuality to public conver- sation.

1929 t
On 22 May, Katharine Lee Bates, author of America the Beautiful dies. On 16 October, a Reichstag Committee votes to repeal Paragraph 175; the Nazis’ rise to power prevents the implementa- tion of the vote.

1930s

1931 t
Mädchen in Uniform, one of the first explicitly lesbian films and the first pro-lesbian film, is released. t
In Berlin in 1931, Dora R became the first known transgender woman to undergo vaginoplasty.93

42 1932 t
Poland codifies the homosexual is shot at the beginning of the Spanish and heterosexual age of consent equally civil war. at 15. Polish law had never criminalized homosexuality, although occupying 1937 t
The first use of the pink trian- powers had outlawed it in 1835.94 gle for gay men in Nazi concentration camps. 1933 t
New Danish penalty law decrim- inalizes homosexuality. t
The National 1938 t
The word Gay is used for the Socialist German Workers Party bans first time on film in reference to homosexual groups. t
Homosexuals are homosexuality.103 sent to concentration camps. t
Nazis burn the library of Magnus Hirschfeld’s 1939 t
Frances V. Rummell, an educator Institute for Sexual Research, and de- and a teacher of French at Stephens stroy the Institute. t
Denmark and Phil- College, published an autobiography ippines decriminalizes homosexuality. under the title Diana: A Strange Au- t
Homosexual acts are recriminalized tobiography; it was the first explicitly in the USSR. (Certain persons, includ- lesbian autobiography in which two ing Scott Lively,presently charged with women end up happily together.104 This Crimes against humanity95, assert that autobiography was published with a the Nazi opposition to homosexuality note saying, “The publishers wish it was ‘selective’. In order to persecute expressly understood that this is a true other ‘types’ of people, the Nazi party story, the first of its kind ever offered to used homosexual behavior as a conve- the general reading public.”104 nient excuse. The faithful Nazis, who were themselves blatant homosexuals, were tolerated.96) Scholars and histori- ans in general reject this allegation and Lively is named a holocaust revisionist by both the Southern Poverty Law Cen- ter and by the ADL. 97,98,99

1934 t
Uruguay decriminalizes ho- mosexuality. t
The USSR once again criminalizes muzhelozhstvo (specific Russian definition of “male sexual intercourse with male”, literally “man lying with man”), punishable by up to 5 years in prison – more for the coercion or involvement of minors.100 1921–1939

1936 t
Mona’s 440 Club, the first lesbian bar in America, opened in San Francisco in 1936.101,102 Mona’s waitress- es and female performers wore tuxedos and patrons dressed their roles.102 Napkin from Mona’s t
Federico García Lorca, Spanish poet, 440 Club

43 1940s

1940 t
Iceland decriminalizes homosex- 1948 t “Forbundet af 1948” (“League of uality. t
The NWHK is disbanded in the 1948”), a homosexual group, is formed Netherlands in May due to the German in Denmark. t The communist au- invasion, and most of its archive is thorities of Poland make 15 the age of voluntarily destroyed, while the rest is consent for all sexual acts, homosexual confiscated by Nazi soldiers. or heterosexual.

1941 t
Transsexuality was first used in reference to homosexuality and bisexuality.

1942 t
Switzerland decriminalizes homosexuality, with the age of consent set at 20.

1944 t
Sweden decriminalizes homosex- uality, with the age of consent set at 20 and Suriname legalizes homosexuality.

1945 t
Upon the liberation of Nazi concentration camps by Allied forces, Edith Eyde, author those interned for homosexuality are of the publication not freed, but required to serve out Vice Versa the full term of their sentences under Paragraph 175. t
Portugal decriminalises homosexuality for the second time in its history. t
Four honourably discharged gay veterans form the Veterans Benevo- lent Association, the first LGBT veter- ans’ group.105 t
Gay bar Yanagi opened in Japan.106

1946 t “COC” (Dutch acronym for “Center for Culture and Recreation”), one of the earliest homophile organizations, is founded in the Netherlands. It is the oldest surviving LGBT organization.

1947 t
Vice Versa, the first North Amer- ican lesbian publication, is written and self-published by Lisa Ben (real name Edith Eyde) in Los Angeles.

44 1950s

1950 t
The Organization for Sexual Equality, now Swedish Federation for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights (RFSL), is formed in Sweden. t
East Germany partially abrogates the Nazis’ emendations to Paragraph 175. t
The Mattachine Society, the first sus- tained American homosexual group, is founded in Los Angeles. t 190 individ- uals in the United States are dismissed from government employment for their sexual orientation, commencing the Lavender scare.

1951 t
Greece decriminalizes homosex- uality. t
Jordan In 1951, a revision of the Jordanian Criminal Code legalized private, adult, non-commercial, and consensual sodomy, with the age of consent set at 16.

1952 t Spring Fire, the first lesbian paperback novel, and the beginning of the lesbian pulp fiction genre, was published in 1952 and sold 1.5 million copies.107,108 It was written by lesbian Marijane Meaker under the false name Vin Packer.107 t
In the spring, Dale Jen- nings was arrested in Los Angeles for allegedly soliciting a police officer in a bathroom in Westlake Park, now known as MacArthur Park. His trial drew national attention to the Mattachine Society, and membership increased drastically after Jennings contested the charges, resulting in a hung jury.109 1940–1952 t
In Japan the male homosexual mag- Cover of the novel azine “Adonis” is launched with the Spring Fire, by writer Mishima Yukio as a contributor. Marijane Meaker under the name Vin Packer

45 t
Christine Jorgensen becomes the first 1953 t
The Diana Foundation was widely publicized person to have under- founded on 19 March 1953 in Houston, gone sex reassignment surgery, in this TX by a small group of friends. The case, male to female, creating a world- Diana Foundation is a nonprofit orga- wide sensation. nization and recognized as the oldest continuously active gay organization in the United States and hosts two annual fundraising events including its Diana Awards.110

1954 t
7 June–Mathematical and com- puter genius Alan Turing commits sui- cide by cyanide poisoning, 18 months after being given a choice between two years in prison or libido-reducing hor- mone treatment for a year as a punish- ment for homosexuality.111 t
A succes- sion of well-known men, including Lord Montagu, Michael Pitt-Rivers and Peter Wildeblood, were convicted of homosex- ual offences as British police pursued a McCarthy-like purge of Society homo- sexuals.112 t
Arcadie, the first homosexu- al group in France, is formed.

1955 t
The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco in 1955 by four lesbian couples and was the first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States.113 The group’s name came from “Songs of Bilitis,” a lesbian-themed song cycle by French poet Pierre Louÿs, which described the fictional Bilitis as a resident of the Isle of Lesbos alongside Sappho.113 DOB’s activities included hosting public forums on homosexuali- ty, offering support to isolated, married, and mothering lesbians, and participat- ing in research activities.113 t
Mattachine Society New York chapter founded. Christine Jorgensen, entertainer, author and 1956 t
Thailand decriminalizes homo- famous transsexual sexual acts.

1957 t The word “Transsexual” is coined

46 by U.S. physician Harry Benjamin. the ruling turned on the fact that there t
The Wolfenden Committee’s report wasn’t enough evidence to show the recommends decriminalizing consen- women were lesbians — rather than sual homosexual behaviour between that there was nothing wrong with it if adults in the United Kingdom. they were.117 t
Psychologist Evelyn Hooker publishes a study showing that homosexual men 1961 t
Czechoslovakia and Hungary are as well adjusted as non-homosexual decriminalize sodomy. t
The Vatican men, which becomes a major factor in declares that anyone who is “affected by the American Psychiatric Association the perverse inclination” towards homo- removing homosexuality from its hand- sexuality should not be allowed to take book of disorders in 1973. t
Homoerotic religious vows or be ordained within artist Tom of Finland first published on the Roman Catholic Church. the cover of Physique Pictorial maga- t The Rejected, the first documentary on zine from Los Angeles.114 homosexuality, is broadcast on KQED TV in San Francisco on 11 September 1958 t
The Homosexual Law Reform 1961; José Sarria becomes the first Society is founded in the United King- openly gay candidate for public office in dom. t
Barbara Gittings founds the New the United States when he runs for the York chapter of Daughters of Bilitis. San Francisco Board of Supervisors.118 t
The United States Supreme Court t
Illinois becomes the first U.S. state to rules in favor of the First Amendment remove sodomy law from its criminal rights of a gay and lesbian magazine, code through passage of the Ameri- marking the first time the United States can Law Institute’s Model Penal Code. Supreme Court had ruled on a case While the adopted code did not penalize involving homosexuality. private sexual relations, it criminalized acts of “Open Lewdness.” 119,120 1959t ITV, at the time the UK’s only national commercial broadcaster, 1963 t
Israel de facto decriminalizes broadcasts the first gay drama, South, sodomy and sexual acts between men starring Peter Wyngarde.115 t
The first by judicial decision against the enforce- homosexual uprising in the world, at ment of the relevant section in the old Cooper’s Doughnuts in Los Angeles, British-mandate law from 1936 (which USA, rioters arrested by LAPD.116 in fact was never enforced).

1964 t
Canada sees its first gay-positive organization, ASK, and first gay maga- zines: ASK Newsletter (in Vancouver), and Gay (by Gay Publishing Company 1960s 1952–1964 of Toronto). Gay was the first periodical 1960 t Cpls. Fannie Mae Clackum and to use the term ‘Gay’ in the title and ex- Grace Garner, U.S. Air Force reserv- panded quickly, including outstripping ists in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the distribution of American publica- became the first people to successfully tions under the name Gay International. challenge their discharges from the These were quickly followed by Two (by U.S. military for being gay, although Gayboy, later Kamp, Publishing Com-

47 pany of Toronto).121,122 t
Canada March August 1966 by transgender women 1964, Ted Northe founds the ‘Imperial and Vanguard members in the Ten- Court of Canada’ a monarchist society derloin district of San Francisco. This compromised primarily of drag person- incident was one of the first recorded alities and becomes a driving force in transgender riots in United States the effort to achieve equality in Canada. history, preceding the more famous The Courts of Canada now have over 14 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City chapters across the country and is the by three years. Vanguard was founded oldest, continuously running, LGBT to demonstrate for equal rights. t The Organization in Canada. t The first first lesbian to appear on the cover of photograph of lesbians on the cover of the lesbian magazine The Ladder with lesbian magazine The Ladder was done her face showing was Lilli Vincenz in in September 1964, showing two wom- January 1966. A coalition of Homosex- en from the back, on a beach looking ual organizations organized demonstra- out to sea. tions for Armed Forces Day to protest the exclusion of LGBT from the U.S. 1965 t
Everett George Klippert, the armed services. The Los Angeles group last person imprisoned in Canada for held a 15-car motorcade, which has been homosexuality, is arrested for private, identified as the nation’s first gay pride consensual sex with men. After being parade.124 assessed “incurably homosexual”, he is sentenced to an indefinite “preventive 1967 t
The Black Cat Tavern in the detention” as a dangerous sexual Silver Lake neighborhood of Los offender. This was considered by many Angeles is raided on New Year’s day Canadians to be extremely homophobic, by 12 plainclothes police officers and prompted sympathetic articles who beat and arrested employees in Maclean’s and The Toronto Star, and patrons. The raid prompted a eventually leading to increased calls for series of protests that began on 5 legal reform in Canada which passed January 1967, organized by P.R.I.D.E. in 1969.123 t
Conservatively dressed (Personal Rights in Defense and gays and lesbians demonstrate outside Education). It’s the first use of the Independence Hall in Philadelphia on 4 term “Pride” that came to be associated July 1965. This was the first in a series with LGBT rights. t
The Advocate of Annual Reminders that took place was first published in September as through 1969. “The Los Angeles Advocate,” a local newsletter alerting gay men to police 1966 t
The Mattachine Society stages raids in Los Angeles gay bars. t
The a “Sip-In” at Julius Bar in New York City Sexual Offences Act decriminalised challenging a New York State Liquor homosexual acts between two men over Authority prohibiting serving alcohol to 21 years of age in private in England gays; the National Planning Conference and Wales.;125 The act did not apply of Homophile Organizations is estab- to Scotland, Northern Ireland nor the lished (to become NACHO—North Channel Islands; The book Homosexual American Conference of Homophile Behavior Among Males by Wainwright Organizations later that year); the Churchill breaks ground as a scientific Compton’s Cafeteria Riot occurred in study approaching homosexuality as

48 a fact of life and introduces the term criminalizes adult homosexual relations. “homoerotophobia”, a possible precursor In Los Angeles, following the arrest of to “homophobia.” t The Oscar Wilde two patrons in a raid, The Patch owner Bookshop, the world’s first homosexual- Lee Glaze organized the other patrons oriented bookstore, opens in New York to move on the police station. After City. t
“Our World” (“Nuestro Mundo”), buying out a nearby flower shop, the the first Latino-American homosexual demonstrators caravanned to the sta- group, is created in Argentina; A raid tion, festooned it with the flowers and on the Black Cat Tavern in Los Angeles, bailed out the arrested men.124 California promotes homosexual rights activity. The Student Homophile League 1969 t
The Stonewall riots occur in at Columbia University is the first New York City. t
Paragraph 175 is eased institutionally recognized gay student in West Germany. t
Bill C-150 is passed, group in the United States. decriminalizing homosexuality in Can- ada. Pierre Trudeau, the Prime Minister 1968 t Paragraph 175 is eased in East of Canada, is quoted as having said: Germany decriminalizing homosexual “The state has no place in the bedrooms Stonewall riot in acts over the age of 18. t
Bulgaria de- of the nation.” New York City 1964–1969

49 t Poland decriminalizes homosexual prostitution. t An Australian arm of the Daughters of Bilitis forms in Melbourne and is considered Australia’s first ho- mosexual rights organisation. t
On 31 December, The Cockettes perform for the first time at the Palace Theatre on Union and Columbus in the North Beach neighborhood of San Francisco. The Cockettes were a psychedelic theater group, the troupe was formed out of a group of hippies, men and women, who were living in one of the many communes in Haight-Ashbury, a neighborhood of San Francisco, California

1970s

1970 t
The first Gay Liberation Day the oldest LGBT professional organiza- March is held in New York City; The tion in the United States. first LGBT Pride Parade is held in New York; The first “Gay-in” held in San 1971 t
Society Five (a homosexual rights Francisco; Carl Wittman writes A Gay organization) is formed in Melbourne, Manifesto.126,127 t
CAMP (Campaign Australia t Homosexuality is decriminal- Against Moral Persecution) is formed in ized in Austria, Costa Rica and Finland Australia.128,129 t
The Task Force on Gay t Colorado and Oregon repeal sodomy Liberation formed within the American laws t Idaho repeals the sodomy law — Library Association - now known as the Then re-instates the repealed sodomy GLBT Round Table, this organization is law because of outrage among Mor-

50 mons and Catholics.130,131 t
The Nether- Michigan and San Francisco, California lands changes the homosexual age of become the first cities in United States consent to 16, the same as the straight to pass a homosexual rights ordinance. age of consent t
The U.S. Libertarian t
Jim Foster, San Francisco and Made- Party calls for the repeal of all victimless line Davis, Buffalo, New York, first gay crime laws, including the sodomy laws and lesbian delegates to the Democratic t Dr. Frank Kameny becomes the first Convention, Miami, McGovern; give the openly gay candidate for the United first speeches advocating a gay rights States Congress t
The University of plank in the Democratic Party Platform. Michigan establishes the first collegiate t
“Stonewall Nation” first gay anthem is LGBT programs office, then known as written and recorded by Madeline Davis the “Gay Advocate’s Office.” The UK and is produced on 45 rpm record by Gay Liberation Front (GLF) was recog- the Mattachine Society of the Niagara nized as a political movement in the Frontier. t
Lesbianism 101, first lesbi- national press and was holding weekly anism course in the U.S. taught at the meetings of 200 to 300 people.132 University of Buffalo by Margaret Small t
George Klippert, the last man jailed for and Madeline Davis.Queens, NY school- homosexuality in Canada, is released teacher Jeanne Manford marched with from prison. Ken Togo ran for nation- her gay son, gay rights activist Morty al election, in Japan. During a UCLA Manford, in New York’s Christopher conference called “The Homosexual Street Liberation Day march. This was in America,” Betty Berzon became the the origin of the straight ally move- first psychotherapist in the country to ment and of PFLAG (originally Parents come out as gay to the public.133 t
Boys of Gays, then Parents, Families and in the Sand was the first gay porn film Friends of Lesbians and Gays, now sim- to include credits, to achieve crossover ply PFLAG.141 t
Nancy Wechsler became success, to be reviewed by Variety,134 the first openly gay or lesbian person and one of the earliest porn films, after in political office in America; she was 1969’s Blue Movie135,136,137,138 by Andy elected to the Ann Arbor City Council Warhol, to gain mainstream credibility, in 1972 as a member of the Human preceding 1972’s Deep Throat by nearly Rights Party and came out as a lesbian a year. It was promoted with an advertis- during her first and only term there.142 ing campaign unprecedented for a por- t
Camille Mitchell became the first open nographic feature, premiered in New lesbian to be awarded custody of her York City in 1971 and was an immediate children in a divorce case, although the critical and commercial success.139 judge restricted the arrangement by precluding Ms. Mitchell’s lover from 1972 t
Sweden becomes first country in moving in with her and the children.143 the world to allow transsexuals to legally t
Freda Smith became the first openly 1969–1972 change their sex, and provides free lesbian minister in the Metropolitan hormone therapy.140 t
Hawaii legalizes Community Church (she was also homosexuality t In South Australia, a their first female minister).144,145 t
Beth consenting adults in private-type legal Chayim Chadashim was founded in defence was introduced t Norway 1972 as the world’s first lesbian and gay decriminalizes homosexuality t East synagogue recognized by the Reform Lansing, Michigan and Ann Arbor, Jewish community.146 t
A Quaker group,

51 the Committee of Friends on Bisexu- San Francisco State University, where ality, issued the “Ithaca Statement on she helped establish one of the first Bisexuality” supporting bisexuals.147 The women and gender study programs in Statement, which may have been “the the country.153 t
Lavender Country, an first public declaration of the bisexual American country music band, released movement” and “was certainly the first a self-titled album which is the first statement on bisexuality issued by an known gay-themed album in country American religious assembly,” appeared music history.154 in the Quaker Friends Journal and The Advocate in 1972.148,149,150 Today Quakers 1974 t
Kathy Kozachenko becomes the have varying opinions on LGBT people first openly gay American elected to and rights, with some Quaker groups public office when she wins a seat on more accepting than others.151 t
John the Ann Arbor, Michigan city council. Hospers became the first openly gay t In New York City Dr. Fritz Klein man to run for president of the United founds the Bisexual Forum, the first States, and later the first to receive an support group for the Bisexual Commu- electoral vote (albeit from a faithless nity. t
Elaine Noble becomes the second elector).152 openly gay American elected to public office when she wins a seat in the 1973 t
On 15 October the Australian Massachusetts State House; Inspired by and New Zealand College of Psychiatry Noble, Minnesota state legislator Allan Federal Council declares homosexual- Spear comes out in a newspaper inter- ity not an illness – the first such body view. t Ohio repeals sodomy laws. in the world to do so. t In December t
Robert Grant founds American Chris- the American Psychiatric Association tian Cause to oppose the “gay agenda”, removes homosexuality from its Diag- the beginning of modern Christian nostic and Statistical Manual of Mental politics in America. In London, the Disorders (DSM-II), based largely on first openly LGBT telephone help line the research and advocacy of Evelyn opens, followed one year later by the Hooker. t
The first formal meeting of Brighton Lesbian and Gay Switchboard. PFLAG took place on 26 March 1973 t
The Brunswick Four are arrested on 5 at the Metropolitan-Duane Methodist January 1974, in Toronto, Ontario. This Church in Greenwich Village (now the incident of Lesbophobia galvanizes Church of the Village). Approximately the Toronto Lesbian and Gay commu- 20 people attended, including founder nity.155 t
The National Socialist League Jeanne Manford, her husband Jules, son (The Gay Nazi Party) is founded in Los Morty, Dick and Amy Ashworth, Met- Angeles, California.The first openly gay ropolitan Community Church founder or lesbian person to be elected to any Reverend Troy Perry, and more.141 political office in America was Kathy t
Malta legalizes homosexuality. Kozachenko, who was elected to the t
In West Germany, the age of con- Ann Arbor City Council in April 1974.156 sent is reduced for homosexuals to 18 t
The Lesbian Herstory Archives opened (though it is 14 for heterosexuals). to the public in the New York apart- t Sally Miller Gearhart became the first ment of lesbian couple Joan Nestle and open lesbian to obtain a tenure-track Deborah Edel; it has the world’s largest faculty position when she was hired by collection of materials by and about

52 lesbians and their communities.157 Coalition and the Gay Teachers Group t
Angela Morley became the first open- are started in Australia; the Australian ly transgender person to be nominated Capital Territory decriminalizes homo- for an Academy Award, when she was sexuality between consenting adults in nominated for one in the category of private and equalizes the age of consent. Best Music, Original Song Score/Ad- t
Out Minnesota state legislator Allan aptation for The Little Prince (1974), a Spear is reelected. t
Denmark equaliz- nomination shared with Alan Jay Lerner, es the age of consent. t
Association of Frederick Loewe, and Douglas Gamley. homosexual liberation was founded in Japan.71 1975 t
Homosexuality is legalized in California due to the Consenting Adult Harvey Bernard Milk Sex Bill, authored by and successfully was an American lobbied for in the state legislature by politician who State Assemblyman from San Francisco became the frst Willie Brown. t
Leonard Matlovich, a openly gay person to Technical Sergeant in the United States be elected to public Air Force, becomes the first U.S. gay offce in California, service member to purposely out him- when he won a seat self to fight their ban. t
South Australia on the San Francisco becomes the first state in Australia to Board of Supervisors make homosexuality legal between consenting adults in private. t
Panama is the second country in the world to allow transsexuals who have gone through gender reassignment surgery to get their personal documents reflecting their new sex. t
UK journal Gay Left begins publication.158 t Min- neapolis becomes the first city in the United States to pass trans-inclusive civ- 1977 t Harvey Milk is elected city-coun- il rights protection legislation.159 t
Clela ty supervisor in San Francisco, becom- Rorex, a clerk in Boulder County, Colo- ing the fifth out American elected to rado, issues the first same-sex marriage public office. t
Dade County, Florida licenses in the United States, issuing enacts a Human Rights Ordinance; it the very first of them to Dave McCord is repealed the same year after a mili- and Dave Zamora, on 26 March 1975.160 tant anti-homosexual-rights campaign Six same-sex marriages were performed led by Anita Bryant. t
Quebec becomes as a result of her giving out licenses, the first jurisdiction larger than a city or 1972–1977 but all of the marriages were overturned county in the world to prohibit discrim- later that year.160 ination based on sexual orientation in the public and private sectors. t
Croa- 1976 t
Robert Grant founds the Chris- tia, Montenegro, Slovenia and Vojvodi- tian Voice to take his anti-homosexu- na; legalise homosexuality. t
Welsh au- al-rights crusade national in United thor Jeffrey Weeks publishes Coming States. t The Homosexual Law Reform Out.161 t
Publication of the first issue of

53 Gaysweek, NYC’s first mainstream gay 1978 t San Francisco Supervisor Harvey weekly. t
Police raided a house outside Milk and Mayor George Moscone are of Boston outraging the gay communi- assassinated by former Supervisor Dan ty. In response the Boston-Boise Com- White; the first Sydney Gay and Lesbian mittee was formed, which would lead Mardi Gras is held, with 2000 people to the founding of NAMBLA.162 t
Anne attending and 53 subsequently arrested Holmes became the first openly les- and some seriously beaten by police. bian minister ordained by the United t The rainbow flag is first used as a Church of Christ.163 t Ellen Barrett be- symbol of homosexual pride t Sweden came the first openly lesbian priest or- establishes a uniform age of consent. dained by the Episcopal Church of the t
Samois the earliest known lesbi- United States (serving the Diocese of an-feminist BDSM organization is New York).164,165 t
The first lesbian mys- founded in San Francisco; well-known tery novel in America was published; it members of the group include Patrick was Angel Dance, by Mary F. Beal.166,167 Califia and Gayle Rubin; the group is Six-color version of the rainbow fag, t
The National Center for Lesbian among the very earliest advocates of popular since 1979. Rights was founded. t
Shakuntala Devi what came to be known as sex-positive 168 Indigo and turquoise published the first study of homosex- feminism. t The International Lesbian were changed to uality in India.169,170 t
Platonica Club and and Gay Association (ILGA) is estab- royal blue Front Runners were founded in Japan.71 lished.171 t Robin Tyler became the first

Original eight-stripe Version with hot version designed by pink removed due to Gilbert Baker in 1978 fabric unavailability (1978–79)

54 out lesbian on U.S. national television, appearing on a Showtime comedy special hosted by Phyllis Diller. The same year she released her comedy album, Always a Bridesmaid, Never a Groom, the first comedy album by an out lesbian.172

1979 t The first national homosexual rights march on Washington, DC is held. t
The White Night riots occur, Harry Hay issues the first call for a Radical Faerie gathering in Arizona, and The Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence first appear in public on Easter Sunday in San Francisco.173 t
Cuba and Spain decriminalize homosexuality. t A number of people in Sweden called in sick with a case of being homosexual, in protest of homosexuality being classi- fied as an illness. This was followed by an activist occupation of the main office The National March of the National Board of Health and On Washington Welfare. Within a few months, Sweden For Lesbian & Gay became the first country in the world to Rights was the remove homosexuality as an illness.140 name given to frst t
Japan Gay Center was established in such march on the Japan.71 nation’s capital. It drew close to 200,000 gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, transgender people, 1980s & straight allies to demand equal civil 1980 t United States Democratic Party 1981 t The European Court of Human rights & urge the becomes the first major political party Rights in Dudgeon v. United Kingdom passage of protective in the U.S. to endorse a homosexual strikes down Northern Ireland’s crimi- civil rights legislation rights platform plank. t
Scotland de- nalisation of homosexual acts between criminalizes homosexuality. t The Hu- consenting adults, leading to Northern

man Rights Campaign Fund is founded Ireland decriminalising homosexual sex 1977–1981 by Steve Endean. t The Human Rights the following year. t
Victoria (Australia) Campaign is America’s largest civil and Colombia decriminalize homosexu- rights organization working to achieve ality with a uniform age of consent. lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender t The Moral Majority starts its anti-ho- equality.174 mosexual crusade. t Norway becomes the first country in the world to enact a

55 law to prevent discrimination against 1982 t Laguna Beach, CA elects the first homosexuals. t Hong Kong’s first sex- openly gay mayor in United States his- change operation is performed. tory. t France equalizes the age of con- t
The first official documentation of sent. t The first Gay Games is held in the condition to be known as AIDS San Francisco, attracting 1,600 partici- was published by the US Centers for pants. t Northern Ireland decriminaliz- Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) es homosexuality. t Wisconsin becomes on 5 June 1981.175 t
Tennis player Billie the first US state to ban discrimination Jean King became the first prominent against homosexuals. t New South professional athlete to come out as a Wales becomes the first Australian state lesbian, when her relationship with to outlaw discrimination on the basis of her secretary Marilyn Barnett became actual or perceived homosexuality. public in a May 1981 “palimony” law- t
The condition to be known as AIDS suit filed by Barnett.176 Due to this she had acquired a number of names lost all of her endorsements.177 Mary C. – GRID5 (gay-related immune defi- Morgan became the first openly gay or ciency), ‘gay cancer’, ‘community-ac- lesbian judge in America when she was quired immune dysfunction’ and ‘gay appointed by California Governor Jerry compromise syndrome.’180 t
The CDC Brown to the San Francisco Municipal used the term AIDS for the first time Court.178 t
Randy Shilts was hired as a in September 1982, when it reported national correspondent by the San Fran- that an average of one to two cases of cisco Chronicle, becoming “the first AIDS were being diagnosed in America openly gay reporter with a gay ‘beat’ in every day.181 t
Ken Togo is founding the the American mainstream press.”179 Deracine Party in Japan.

Two men kissing, with their winning medals hanging from their necks at the First Annual Gay Olympic Games

56 1983 t Massachusetts Representative Susie Bright, Nan Kinney, Honey Lee Gerry Studds reveals he is gay on the Cottrell, Dawn Lewis, Happy Hyder, Tee floor of the House, becoming the first Corinne, Jewelle Gomez, Judith Stein, openly gay member of Congress. Joan Nestle, and Patrick Califia.183 t Guernsey (Including Alderney, Herm and Sark) decriminalizes homosexuali- 1985 t France prohibits discrimination ty; Portugal decriminalizes homosexual- based on lifestyle (moeurs) in employ- ity for the third time in its history. ment and services. t
The first memorial t AIDS is described as a “gay plague” by to gay Holocaust victims is dedicated. Reverend Jerry Falwell. t
Belgium equalizes the age of consent. t

The Restoration Church of Jesus 1984 t The lesbian and gay association Christ (informally called the Gay Mor- “Ten Percent Club” is formed in Hong mon Church) is founded by Antonio Kong. t Massachusetts voters reelect A. Feliz.184 t
Actor Rock Hudson dies of representative Gerry Studds, despite his AIDS. He is the first major public figure revealing himself as homosexual the known to have died from an AIDS-re- year before. t New South Wales and the lated illness.185 t
The Reconstructionist Northern Territory in Australia make Rabbinical College ordained Deborah homosexual acts legal. t Chris Smith, Brin as the first openly gay or lesbian newly elected to the UK parliament rabbi in Judaism.186 t
Terry Sweeney be- declares: “My name is Chris Smith. I’m comes Saturday Night Live’s first openly the Labour MP for Islington South and gay male cast member; Sweeney was Finsbury, and I’m gay”, making him the “out” prior to being hired as a cast mem- first openly out homosexual politician ber.187 t
The Bisexual Resource Center in the UK parliament. t
The Argentine (BRC) in Massachusetts has served the Homosexual Community (Comuni- bisexual community since 1985. t
Paul dad Homosexual Argentina, CHA) is Cowan reported that an Iranian student formed uniting several different and who wore Western-style clothes and preexisting groups. t
Berkeley, Califor- who laughed at a Khomeini demonstra- nia becomes the first city in the U.S. to tion was raped by a group of teenagers adopt a program of domestic partner- loyal to the Ayatollah Khomeini.188 ship health benefits for city employees; West Hollywood, CA is founded and 1986 t Homosexual Law Reform Act becomes the first known city to elect passed in New Zealand, legalizing sex a city council where a majority of the between males over 16; Haiti decrimi- members are openly gay or lesbian. nalizes homosexuality, June in Bowers Reconstructionist Judaism became v. Hardwick case, U.S. Supreme Court the first Jewish denomination to allow upholds Georgia law forbidding oral or openly lesbian rabbis and cantors.182 anal sex, ruling that the constitutional 1981–1986 t
ILGA Japan is founded in Japan. t
On right to privacy does not extend to ho- Our Backs, the first women-run erotica mosexual relations, but it does not state magazine and the first magazine to whether the law can be enforced against feature lesbian erotica for a lesbian heterosexuals. Becky Smith and Annie audience in the United States, was first Afleck became the first openly lesbian published in 1984 by Debi Sundahl and couple in America granted legal, joint Myrna Elana, with the contributions of adoption of a child.189 From 1 till 3 May,

57 the 1986, ILGA Asia Conference took section in the old British-mandate law place in Japan’s capital Tokyo.190 from 1936 was never enforced in Israel). t
After losing an Irish High Court case 1987 t AIDS Coalition to Unleash (1980) and an Irish Supreme Court case Power(ACT-UP) founded in the US in (1983), David Norris takes his case (Nor- response to the US government’s slow ris v. Ireland) to the European Court of response in dealing with the AIDS Human Rights. t
The European Court crisis.191 ACT UP stages its first major strikes down the Irish law criminalis- demonstration, seventeen protesters ing male-to-male sex on the grounds are arrested; U.S. Congressman of privacy. t
Stacy Offner became the Barney Frank comes out. Boulder, CO first openly lesbian rabbi hired by a citizens pass the first referendum to mainstream Jewish congregation, Shir ban discrimination based on sexual Tikvah Congregation of Minneapolis (a orientation.192,193 t
In New York City a Reform Jewish congregation).195,196 group of Bisexual LGBT rights activist including Brenda Howard found the 1989 t Western Australia decriminal- New York Area Bisexual Network izes male homosexuality (but the age (NYABN). t Homomonument, a of consent is set at 21). t
Liechtenstein memorial to persecuted homosexuals, legalizes homosexuality. t
Denmark is opens in Amsterdam. t
David Norris the first country in the world to enact is the first openly gay person to be registered partnership laws for same- elected to public office in the Republic sex couples, with most of the same of Ireland. t
A group of 75 bisexuals rights as marriage (excluding the right marched in the 1987 March On to adoption (until June 2010) and the Washington For Gay and Lesbian Rights, right to marriage in a church). which was the first nationwide bisexual gathering. t
The article “The Bisexual Movement: Are We Visible Yet?”, by Lani Ka’ahumanu, appeared in the 1990s official Civil Disobedience Handbook for the March. It was the first article 1990 t
Equalization of age of consent about bisexuals and the emerging in Czechoslovakia. t
Decriminalisation bisexual movement to be published in a of homosexuality in UK Crown national lesbian or gay publication.194 Dependency of Jersey and the Australian state of Queensland. t
LGBT 1988 t Sweden is the first country Organizations founded: BiNet USA to pass laws protecting homosexual (USA), OutRage! (UK) and Queer regarding social services, taxes, and Nation (USA). t
Homosexuality no inheritances. t
The anti-gay Section 28 longer an illness: The World Health passes in England and Wales; Scotland Organization. t
Justin Fashanu is the enacts almost identical legislation. first professional footballer to come t
Canadian MP Svend Robinson comes out in the press. t
Reform Judaism out. t
Canada lowers the age of consent decided to allow openly lesbian and gay for sodomy to 18. t Belize and Israel rabbis and cantors.197 t
Dale McCormick decriminalize (de jure) sodomy and became the first open lesbian elected sexual acts between men (the relevant to a state Senate (she was elected to the

58 Maine Senate).198 of Representatives; however, it was not t
In 1990, the Union for Reform publicly known she was transgender Judaism announced a national policy when she was elected.201 t
The Lesbian declaring lesbian and gay Jews to be Avengers was founded in New York City full and equal members of the religious by Ana Maria Simo, Sarah Schulman, community. Its principal body, the Maxine Wolfe, Anne-christine D’Adesky, Central Conference of American Rabbis Marie Honan, and Anne Maguire. (CCAR), officially endorsed a report of t
Tokyo International Lesbian & Gay their committee on homosexuality and Film Festival was held in Japan. rabbis. They concluded that “all rabbis, regardless of sexual orientation, be 1993 t

Civil Union/Registered Part- accorded the opportunity to fulfill the nership laws: passed and came into sacred vocation that they have chosen” effect in Norway (without adoption until and that “all Jews are religiously equal 2009, replaced with same-sex marriage regardless of their sexual orientation.” in 2008/09). t Repeal of Sodomy laws in Australian Territory of Norfolk Island. 1991 t
Decriminalisation of homosex- t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality in uality in Bahamas, Hong Kong and Belarus, UK Crown Dependency of Gi- Ukraine. t
The red ribbon is first used braltar, Ireland, Lithuania, Russia (with as a symbol of the campaign against the exception of the Chechen Republic). HIV/AIDS. t
Sherry Harris was elected t
Anti-discrimination legislation in US to the City Council in Seattle, Washing- state of Minnesota (gender identity), ton, making her the first openly lesbian New Zealand parliament passes the Hu- African-American elected official.199 man Rights Amendment Act which out- t
The first lesbian kiss on television laws discrimination on the grounds of occurred; it was on “L.A. Law” between sexual orientation or HIV. t
End to ban the fictional characters of C.J. Lamb on gay people in the military in New (played by Amanda Donohoe) and Abby Zealand t
Significant LGBT Murders: (Michele Greene).200 t
The first officially Brandon Teena t
Melissa Etheridge recognized gay and lesbian hall of fame came out as a lesbian. t
The Triangle in the United States, the Chicago Gay Ball was held; it was the first inaugu- and Lesbian Hall of Fame, was founded. ral ball in America to ever be held in honor of gays and lesbians. t
The first 1992 t
Equalization of age of consent in Dyke March (a march for lesbians and Iceland, Luxembourg and Switzerland. their straight female allies, planned by t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality in the Lesbian Avengers) was held, with Estonia and Latvia. t
Repeal of Sodomy 20,000 women marching.202,203 laws inUK Crown Dependency of Isle t
Roberta Achtenberg became the of Man (homosexuality still illegal until first openly gay or lesbian person to 1986–1993 1994). t
End to ban on gay people in the be nominated by the president and military in Australia, Canada. t
Recrim- confirmed by the U.S. Senate when inalisation of homosexuality in Nicara- she was appointed to the position of gua (until Mar 2008). t
Althea Garrison Assistant Secretary for Fair Housing was elected as the first transgender and Equal Opportunity by President state legislator in America, and served Bill Clinton.204 t
Lea DeLaria was “the one term in the Massachusetts House first openly gay comic to break the

59 late-night talk-show barrier” with her became the first openly gay or lesbian 1993 appearance on The Arsenio Hall federal judge; she was appointed to the Show.205 t
In December, Lea DeLaria U.S. District Court in New York.211,212 hosted Comedy Central’s Out There, the t
Gay Parade was held in Japan. t
Susan first all-gay stand-up comedy special.205 Stryker’s essay “My Words to Victor t
Before the “Don’t Ask Don’t Tell” pol- Frankenstein Above the Village of icy was enacted in 1993, lesbians and Chamounix” became the first article bisexual women and gay men and bisex- to be published in a peer-reviewed aca- ual men were banned from serving in demic journal by an openly transgender the military.206 In 1993 the “Don’t Ask author.213 t
Wilson Cruz became the first Don’t Tell” policy was enacted, which actor to play an openly gay character in mandated that the military could not a leading role in a television series (My ask servicemembers about their sexual So-Called Life). orientation.207,208 However, until the pol- icy was ended in 2011 service members 1995 t
Civil Union/Registered Partner- were still expelled from the military if ship laws: passed and came into effect they engaged in sexual conduct with in Sweden (with adoption, replaced a member of the same sex, stated that with same-sex marriage in April 2009). they were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/ t Anti-discrimination legislation in Can- or married or attempted to marry some- ada (sexual orientation). t
Decriminali- one of the same sex.209 sation of homosexuality in Albania and Moldova. t
Triple combination therapy 1994 t
Unregistered Cohabitation rec- of drugs such as 3TC, AZT and ddC ognition: passed and came into effect shown to be effective in treating HIV, in Israel (without adoption, without the virus responsible for AIDS214 step-adoption until 2005). t
The Human Rights Campaign drops t
Anti-discrimination legislation in the word “Fund” from their title and South Africa (sexual orientation, inter- broadens their mission to promote “an im constitution). t
Decriminalisation of America where gay, lesbian, bisexual homosexuality in Bermuda, UK Crown and transgender people are ensured Dependency of Isle of Man and Serbia, equality and embraced as full members Commonwealth of Australia. t
Equal- of the American family at home, at ization of age of consent: UK reduces work and in every community.” t
LGBT the age of consent for homosexual men Organizations founded: Gay Advice to 18. t
Homosexuality no longer an Darlington/Durham was founded by illness: American Medical Association. local gay and bisexual men, and has t
LGBT Organizations founded: Na- developed into a Charity that works tional Coalition for Gay and Lesbian with and for the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Equality (South Africa). t
Canada grants and Transgender (LGBT) Community of refugee status to homosexuals fearing County Durham and Darlington for their well-being in their native coun- t
Rachel Maddow became the first try. t
Toonen v. Australia decided by UN openly gay or lesbian American to win Human Rights Committee. an international Rhodes scholarship. t
Fear of persecution due to sexual ori- t
Kings Cross Steelers, the world’s first entation becomes grounds for asylum gay rugby club, was founded.215 in the United States.210 t
Deborah Batts

60 1996 t Civil Union/Registered Partner- ship laws: passed and came into effect in Iceland (with step-adoption, without joint adoption until 2006, replaced with same-sex marriage in 2010). t Unregis- tered Cohabitation recognition: passed and came into effect in Hungary (replaced with registered partnerships in 2009). t
Restriction of LGBT partner- ship rights in the USA. t
Equalization of age of consent: Burkina Faso. t Decrimi- nalisation of homosexuality in Romania, Macedonia, Macau. t
The first lesbian wedding on television occurred, held for fictional characters Carol (played by Jane Sibbett) and Susan (played by Jessi- ca Hecht) on the TV show “Friends”.216 t
The first openly gay speaker at a Re- publican National Convention was Log Cabin Republicans member Steve Fong of California in 1996.217

1997 t
Anti-discrimination legislation in Fiji (sexual orientation, constitution) and South Africa (sexual orientation, constitution). t
Equalization of age of consent in Russia. t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality in Ecuador, Venezuela and the Australian state of Tasmania. t Israeli President Ezer Weizman com- pares homosexuality to alcoholism in front of high school students.218 t
The UK extends immigration rights to same-sex couples akin to marriage. t
Ellen DeGeneres came out as a lesbian, one of the first celebrities to do so.219 Furthermore, later that year her charac- ter Ellen Morgan came out as a lesbian on the TV show “Ellen”, making Ellen 1993–1997 DeGeneres the first openly lesbian ac- tress to play an openly lesbian character on television.220 Ellen DeGeneres on the cover of Time Magazine

61 t
Patria Jiménez became the first openly Africa (retroactive to 1994), Southern gay person to win a position in the Cyprus and Tajikistan. t
Equalization of Mexican Congress, doing so for the age of consent in Croatia and Latvia Party of the Democratic Revolution.221 t
End to ban on gay people in the mili- Sharon Cohen, t
The Gay and Lesbian Medical Associ- tary in Romania, South Africa. t
Gender professionally ation launched the Journal of the Gay identity was added to the mission of known as Dana and Lesbian Medical Association, the Parents and Friends of Lesbians and International, is an Israeli pop singer. world’s first peer-reviewed, multi-dis- Gays after a vote at their annual meet- 222 She has released ciplinary journal dedicated to LGBT ing in San Francisco. Parents and eight albums and health. Friends of Lesbians and Gays is the first three additional national LGBT organization to officially compilation albums, 1998 t
Anti-discrimination legislation adopt a transgender-inclusion policy for positioning herself in Ecuador (sexual orientation, consti- its work.223 t
Tammy Baldwin became as one of Israel’s tution), Ireland (sexual orientation) and the first openly gay or lesbian non-in- most successful the Canadian province of Alberta. cumbent ever elected to Congress, and musical acts ever. t
Significant LGBT Murders: Rita Hester, the first open lesbian ever elected to She is best known as the winner of the Matthew Shepard. t
Decriminalisation Congress, winning Wisconsin’s 2nd Eurovision Song of homosexuality in Bosnia and Herze- congressional district seat over Jose- Contest 1998 in govina, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, South phine Musser.224,225 t
Dana International Birmingham with the song “Diva”

62 The bisexual pride fag was designed by Michael Page to represent bisexuals

became the first transsexual to win the migration benefits to same-sex partners. Eurovision Song Contest, representing t
Steven Greenberg publicly came out as Israel with the song “Diva”.226 t
Robert gay in an article in the Israeli newspa- Halford comes out as being the first per Maariv. As he has a rabbinic ordina- openly gay heavy metal musician.227 tion from the Orthodox rabbinical sem- t
The first bisexual pride flag was inary of Yeshiva University (RIETS), he unveiled on 5 December 1998.228 t
Julie is generally described as the first openly Hesmondhalgh first began to play Hay- gay Orthodox Jewish rabbi.231 However, ley Anne Patterson, British TV’s first some Orthodox Jews, including many transgender character.229 t
BiNet USA rabbis, dispute his being an Orthodox hosted the First National Institute on rabbi.232 t
The Transgender Day of Bisexuality and HIV/AIDS.230 Remembrance was founded in 1999 by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, a trans woman 1999 t
Civil Union/Registered Partner- who is a graphic designer, columnist, ship laws: passed and came into effect and activist,233 to memorialize the mur- in the US State of California), France. der of Rita Hester in Allston, Massachu- t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality in setts.234 Since its inception, TDoR has 1997–1999 Chile. t
Equalization of age of consent been held annually on 20 November,235 in Finland (without adoption). t
LGBT and it has slowly evolved from the web- Organizations founded: “Queer Youth based project started by Smith into an Alliance” (UK). t
Israel’s supreme court international day of action. t
The first recognizes a lesbian partner as another Celebrate Bisexuality Day was organized legal mother of her partner’s biological by Michael Page, Gigi Raven Wilbur, son. t
South Africa grants spousal im- and Wendy Curry.236

63

ContemPorAry history iii 2000s

2000 t Civil Union/Registered Partner- ship laws: Passed and Came into effect in the US State of Vermont. t
Anti-dis- crimination legislation in South Africa. t
Revoking of discrimination legisla- tion: UK subdivision of Scotland (Sec- tion 28). t
End to ban on gay people in the military in the United Kingdom. t
Equalization of age of consent in Belarus, Israel and United Kingdom (passed eff. 2001). t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality in Azerbaijan and Georgia. t
In Germany the Bundestag officially apologizes to gays and lesbi- ans persecuted under the Nazi regime, and for “harm done to homosexual citizens up to 1969”. t
Israel recognizes same-sex relations for immigration pur- poses for a foreign partner of an Israeli Monica Helms, the resident. t
The Transgender Pride flag creator, describes the meaning of was first shown, at a pride parade in the transgender Phoenix, Arizona. t
Hillary Clinton pride fag as: “The became the first First Lady to march in stripes at the top an LGBT pride parade.237 and bottom are light blue, the traditional color for baby boys. The stripes next to them are pink, the traditional color for baby girls. The stripe in the middle is white, for those who are intersex, transitioning or consider themselves having a neutral or undefned gender. The pattern is such that no matter which way you fy it, it is always correct, signifying us fnding correctness in our 21st lives” Century 2001 t
Same-sex marriages laws: no longer an illness inChina. t
March- Came into effect in the Netherlands es and Prides: Protesters disrupt the (with joint adoption). t
Civil Union/ first Pride march in the Serbian city of Registered Partnership laws: Came Belgrade. t
The first memorial in the into effect in Germany (without joint United States honoring LGBT veterans adoption until Oct 2004, then with was dedicated in Desert Memorial Park, step-adoption). Passed in Finland (with- Cathedral City, California.238 t
Helene out joint adoption until May 2009, then Faasen and Anne-Marie Thus, from with step-adoption). t
Limited Partner- the Netherlands, became the first two ship laws: Passed and Came into effect women to legally marry.239 in Portugal (without joint adoption) (replaced with marriage in 2010). Came 2002 t
Civil Union/Registered Partner- into effect in the Swiss canton of Gene- ship laws: Passed and Came into effect va (without joint adoption). t
Anti-dis- in the Canadian province of Quebec crimination legislation in the US states (with joint adoption). Came into effect of Rhode Island (private sector, gender in Finland (without joint adoption until identity) and Maryland (private sector, May 2009, then with step-adoption). sexual orientation). t
Equalization of Passed in the Argentinian city of Bue- age of consent in Albania, Estonia, nos Aires (without joint adoption). Liechtenstein and United Kingdom. t Limited Partnerships laws: Passed in t
Repeal of Sodomy laws in the US the Swiss canton of Zurich (without state of Arizona. t
Decriminalisation of joint adoption). t
Same-sex couple adop- homosexuality in the rest of the United tion legalisation in South Africa (joint Kingdom’s territories. t
Homosexuality and step adoption) and Sweden (joint

Hillary Clinton at the New York City’s annual pride parade in 2000

67 2000–2002 and step adoption). t
Anti-discrimina- states of Arizona (public sector, sexual tion legislation in the US states of Alas- orientation), Kentucky (public sector, ka (public sector, sexual orientation) sexual orientation and gender identity), and New York (private sector, sexual Michigan (executive branch of the state orientation). t
Equalization of age of government, sexual orientation), New consent in Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Mexico (private sector, sexual orienta- Hungary, Moldova, Romania and the tion and gender identity) and Pennsyl- Australian state of Western Australia. vania (public sector, gender identity). t
Repeal of Sodomy laws in Romania, t
End to ban on gay people in the mil- Costa Rica and the US States of Arkan- itary in Russia. t
Equalization of age sas and Massachusetts. t
Openly gay of consent in the Australian state and Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn is assassi- territory (resp.) of New South Wales and nated by Volkert van der Graaf Northern Territory. t
Repeal of Sod- Parents and Friends of Lesbians and omy laws in Armenia, USA (Lawrence Gays established its Transgender Net- v. Texas). t
Repeal of the concept of work, also known as TNET, as its first Buggery in law in the United Kingdom. official “Special Affiliate,” recognized t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality with the same privileges and respon- in Iraq, Armenia and United States sibilities as its regular chapters.240 t
At (nationwide). t
Recriminalisation of the Reform seminary Hebrew Union homosexuality in Belize. t
Section 28 College-Jewish Institute of Religion in is repealed in England and Wales and New York, the Reform rabbi Margaret Northern Ireland. t
Gene Robinson Wenig organized the first school-wide becomes the first openly gay Bishop in seminar at any rabbinical school which the Episcopal church in the USA. addressed the psychological, legal, and t
Reuben Zellman became the first religious issues affecting people who openly transgender person accepted to are intersex or transsexual.241 the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Insti- tute of Religion, where he was ordained 2003 t
Same-sex marriage laws: Passed in 2010.242,243,244 t
The Committee on and Came into effect in Belgium Jewish Law and Standards approved a (without joint adoption until Apr 2006) rabbinic ruling that concluded that sex and the Canadian provinces of Ontario reassignment surgery (SRS) is permis- and British Columbia. t
Civil Union/ sible as a treatment of gender dyspho- Registered Partnership laws: Came into ria, and that a transgender person’s sex effect in the Argentinian city of Buenos status under Jewish law is changed by Aires (without joint adoption). Passed SRS.245 t
Legal recognition of indetermi- in the Australian state of Tasmania nate gender: Alex MacFarlane became (step adoption only). t
Limited Partner- the first person reported to obtain a ships laws: Came into effect in Austria birth certificate and passport, in Aus- (without joint adoption)(replaced with tralia, showing indeterminate gender. registered partnerships 2010) and Croa- t
The Reform rabbi Margaret Wenig tia (without registration or adoption). organized the first school-wide seminar t
Anti-discrimination legislation in Bul- at the Reconstructionist Rabbinical Col- garia ( all sectors, sexual orientation), lege which addressed the psychological, United Kingdom (excluding religious legal, and religious issues affecting peo- organisations, sexual orientation), US ple who are intersex or transsexual.241

68 t
Jennifer Finney Boylan’s autobiog- raphy, She’s Not There: A Life in Two Genders, was the first book by an open- ly transgender American to become a bestseller.246 t

Andrew Goldstein, the first American male team-sport professional athlete to be openly gay during his playing career, came out in 2003.247,248,249

2004 t
Same-sex marriage laws: Passed and Came into effect in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba (with adoption), Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Quebec (with adoption), and Saskatchewan, and the Canadian territory of Yukon, US State of Mas- sachusetts. t
Civil Union/Registered Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, Luxembourg (without joint adoption) and US state of Maine. Came into effect in the Australian state of Tasmania (step adoption only). Passed in New Zealand (without joint adoption). t
Limited Partnership laws: Passed and Came into effect in New Jer- sey. t
Same-sex couple adoption legali- Jennifer Finney sation in Germany (Step Adoption). openly gay Governor in U.S. history. Boylan is an t
Banning of Same-sex marriage in t
The first all-transgender performance American author and Australia, US states of Mississippi, of the Vagina Monologues was held. political activist. In Missouri, Montana, Oregon and Utah. The monologues were read by eighteen 2014 she joined the t
Banning of Same-sex marriage and notable transgender women, and a faculty of Barnard civil unions in the US states of Ar- new monologue revolving around College of Columbia kansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, the experiences and struggles of University as the Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklaho- transgender women was included.250 Anna Quindlen ma, Virginia and Wisconsin. t
Anti-dis- t
Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon became Writer-in-Residence, having previously crimination legislation in Portugal, US the first same-sex couple to be legally been professor of 251 States of Indiana (public sector, gender married in the United States, when English at Colby identity), Louisiana (public sector, San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom College in Maine sexual orientation) and Maine. t
Equal- allowed city hall to grant marriage ization of age of consent in Lithuania. t
licenses to same-sex couples.252 Decriminalisation of homosexuality in However, all same-sex marriages done Cape Verde, Marshall Islands and San in 2004 in California were annulled.253 Marino. t
UK Gender Recognition Bill, After the California Supreme Court James McGreevey becomes the first decision in 2008 that granted same-sex

69 2002–2004 couples in California the right to marry, il Union/Registered Partnership laws: Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon remarried, Passes and Came into effect in An- and were again the first same-sex dorra, United Kingdom (without joint couple in the state to marry.254,255 Later adoption (England and Wales) until De- in 2008 Prop 8 illegalized same-sex cember 2005,262 without joint adoption marriage in California,256 but the (Scotland) until Sep 2009, without joint marriages that occurred between the adoption (Northern Ireland) and US California Supreme Court decision state of Connecticut. Came into effect legalizing same-sex marriage and the in New Zealand (without joint adoption) approval of Prop 8 illegalizing it are and US state of California. Passed in still considered valid, including the Switzerland (without adoption) and marriage of Del Martin and Phyllis Slovenia. t Same-sex couple adoption Lyon.257 However, Del Martin died legalisation in the UK Subdivisions in 2008.258 t
James McGreevey, then of England and Wales. t Banning of governor of New Jersey, came out as gay, Same-sex marriage in Latvia, Uganda thus becoming the first openly gay state and Honduras. t Banning of Same-sex governor in United States history.259 marriage and civil unions in the US He resigned soon after.259 t
Bisi Alimi states of Kansas and Texas. became the first Nigerian to declare his t Anti-discrimination legislation in US homosexuality on television.260 t
Luna, States of Illinois (private sector, sexual “There’s Something by Julie Anne Peters, was published, orientation and gender identity) and About Marrying” is and was the first young-adult novel with Maine (private sector, sexual orienta- the tenth episode of a transgender character to be released tion and gender identity). t Repeal of the sixteenth season 261 of The Simpsons. by a mainstream publisher. Sodomy laws in Puerto Rico. t Two gay In the episode, male teenagers, Mahmoud Asgari and Springfeld legalizes 2005 t
Same-sex marriage laws: Passed Ayaz Marhoni, are executed in Iran. same-sex marriage and Came into effect in Canada (nation- t André Boisclair is chosen leader of to increase tourism wide), Spain (with joint adoption). t Civ- the Parti Québécois, becoming the first openly gay man elected as the leader of a major political party in North Amer- ica. t Bonnie Bleskachek became the first openly lesbian fire chief of a major metropolitan area in the United States (specifically, Minneapolis). t The Ro- man Catholic Church issues an instruc- tion prohibiting any individuals who “present deep-seated homosexual ten- dencies or support the so-called ‘gay culture’” from joining the priesthood.263 t The Simpsons became the first car- toon series to dedicate an entire episode to the topic of same-sex marriage.264 t The first European Transgender Council Meeting was held in Vienna.265 t Alexandra Billings became the first openly trans woman to have played a

70 transgender character on television, Senate fails to pass the Federal Mar- which she did in the 2005 made-for- riage Amendment, the International TV movie Romy and Michelle: A New Conference on LGBT Human Rights Beginning.266 t Publication of the first is held in Montreal, another section 28 human rights report on the situation of “successfully repealed” in Isle of Man271 intersex people, by the Human Rights Chaya Gusfield and Rabbi Lori Klein, Commission of the City and County of both ordained in America, became the San Francisco. first openly lesbian rabbis ordained by the Jewish Renewal movement. Conser- 2006 t Same-sex marriage laws: vative Judaism decided to allow openly Passed and Came into effect in South lesbian rabbis and cantors.272 t Elliot Africa (with joint adoption). t Civil Kukla, who came out as transgender six Union/Registered Partnership laws: months before his ordination in 2006, Passed and Came into effect in Czech was the first openly transgender person Republic (without joint adoption). Came to be ordained by the Hebrew Union into effect in Slovenia. Passed in the College-Jewish Institute of Religion.273 Mexican City of Mexico City and US t State Rep. Patricia Todd, D-Birming- state of New Jersey. t Limited Partner- ham, became Alabama’s first openly ship laws: Passed in the Australian gay public official when she was elected State of South Australia.267 t Abroad in 2006.274 t Kim Coco Iwamoto be- Union recognition in Israel. t Banning came the first transgender official to of Same-sex marriage in the US State of win statewide office in Hawaii. Tennessee. t Banning of Same-sex mar- riage and civil unions in the US States 2007 t Civil Union/Registered Partner- of Alabama, Colorado, Idaho, South ship laws: Passed and Came into effect Carolina, South Dakota and Virginia, in the Mexican state of Coahuila. Came Wisconsin. t Same-sex couple adoption into effect in the Mexican City of Mexi- legalisation in Belgium. t Anti-discrim- co City, Switzerland (without adoption) ination legislation: Faroe Islands,268 and US state of New Jersey. Passed in Germany (sexual orientation and Hungary (with adoption), US state of gender identity), New Zealand (gender New Hampshire and Uruguay (without identity)and US States and Districts of adoption until Sep 2008). t Limited Illinois (sexual orientation), New Jersey Partnership laws: Passed and Came (private sector, gender identity), Wash- into effect in the US state of Washing- ington (sexual orientation and gender ton and Colombia. Came into effect in identity) and Washington, D.C. (private the Australian state of South Australia sector, gender identity). t Voiding of and US state of Oregon. t Anti-dis- Anti-discrimination legislation in Ken- crimination legislation in the United tucky. t Equalization of age of consent: Kingdom275 (sexual orientation) and US Hong Kong, Isle of Man,269 Serbia. states of Colorado (private sector, sexual t Marches and Prides: the first homo- orientation and gender identity), Iowa sexual pride march in Moscow ends (private sector, sexual orientation and with violence, the first regional East- gender identity), Kansas (public sector, ern European Pride is held in Zagreb, sexual orientation and gender identity), Croatia. t Springfield, Missouri repeals Michigan (public sector, gender identi- gay soliciting laws,270 the United States ty), Ohio (public sector, sexual orien-

71 2004–2007 tation and gender identity), Oregon Orthodox institution (Stern College for (private sector, sexual orientation and Women of Yeshiva University).284,285 gender identity) and Vermont (private t Amaranta Gómez Regalado (for Méxi- sector, gender identity). t Equalization co Posible) became the first transsexual of age of consent in Portugal, South person to appear in the Mexican Con- Africa, UK territory of Jersey,276,277 Van- HSFTT
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IPNPTFYV- first open lesbian to host the Academy ality in Nepal and New Zealand territo- Awards.286 t Ventura Place in Studio ries of Niue and Tokelau. t Marches and City was renamed Dr. Betty Berzon Prides: the first ever gay pride parade Place in her honor, making it the first in a Muslim country is held in Istan- street ever officially dedicated to a bul, Turkey.278 t On 9 August 2007, known lesbian in California.287 the Logo cable channel hosts the first presidential forum in the United States 2008 t Same-sex marriage laws: Passed focusing specifically on LGBT issues. and Came into effect in the US states of Six Democratic Party candidates partic- California (May–Nov 2008), Connecti- ipate in the event. GOP candidates were cut and Mashantucket Pequot. Passed asked to attend but turned it down. in Norway (with joint adoption). t From 2007 to 2008 actress Candis t Civil Union/Registered Partnership Cayne played Carmelita Rainer, a trans- laws: Passed and Came into effect: in gender woman having an affair with The Australian Capital Territory, Ecua- married New York Attorney General dor (without joint adoption), US state Patrick Darling (played by William of Washington (expansion of previous Baldwin), on the ABC prime time dra- legislation). Came into effect in the US ma Dirty Sexy Money.279,280,281 The role state of New Hampshire and Uruguay made Cayne the first openly transgen- (without joint adoption until Sep 2008). der actress to play a recurring transgen- t Limited Partnership laws: Came into der character in prime time.279,280,281 effect in the Australian state of Victoria t On 29 November, the first foreign gay and US state of Oregon. t Banning of wedding was held in Hanoi, Vietnam Same-sex marriage in the US states of between a Japanese and an Irish nation- Arizona and California. t Banning of al. The wedding raised much attention Same-sex marriage and civil unions in in the gay and lesbian community in the US state of Florida. t Same-sex cou- Vietnam.282 t Jalda Rebling, a German ple adoption legalisation in Uruguay. woman born in the Netherlands and t Banning of Same-sex adoption in ordained in America, became the first Arkansas (struck down by the Arkansas openly lesbian cantor ordained by the Supreme Court in 2011). t Anti-discrim- Jewish Renewal movement. t Rabbi ination legislation in California. Toba Spitzer became the first openly t Equalization of age of consent: Nicara- lesbian or gay person to head a rabbin- gua and Panama. t Decriminalisation ical assembly when she was elected of homosexuality in Nicaragua and president of the Reconstructionist Panama. t Marches and Prides: the first Rabbinical Assembly at the group’s ever gay pride parade in Bulgaria. annual convention, held in Scottsdale, t Kosovo declares itself to be an inde- Arizona.283 t Joy Ladin became the first pendent country with a new constitu- openly transgender professor at an tion that includes mention of “sexual

72 orientation”, the first of its kind in to complete gender reassignment from Eastern Europe. t Portland voters elect male to female.298 Sam Adams (Oregon politician) mayor, making it the largest city in the US with 2009 t Same-sex marriage laws: Passed an openly gay mayor (the next largest and Came into effect in Sweden299 (with is Providence, Rhode Island). t 3 June joint adoption), US states of Iowa,300 and the first two same-sex civil marriages Vermont.301 Came into effect in Norway (two men and two women) take place (with joint adoption) and the Coquille in Greece on the island of Tilos, the Indian Tribe.302 Passed: Mexican City supreme court prosecutor and the min- of Mexico City (with joint adoption), US ister of Justice claim the marriages are states and districts of New Hampshire null and void. t Silverton, Oregon elect- (step adoption only), Maine305 (never ed Stu Rasmussen as the first openly came into effect), Washington, D.C.306 transgender mayor in America.288,289 t Civil Union/Registered Partnership t Angie Zapata, a transgender wom- laws: Passed and Came into effect an, was murdered in Greeley, Colora- in Hungary (without joint adoption), do. Allen Andrade was convicted of Colombia (expansion of previous rights first-degree murder and committing without joint adoption), US states of a bias-motivated crime, because he Nevada and Washington307 (expansion killed her after he learned that she was of previous rights). Passed in Austria transgender. This case was the first in (without joint adoption). t Limited Part- the nation to get a conviction for a hate nership laws: Passed and Came into crime involving a transgender victim.290 effect in the US states of Colorado and Angie Zapata’s story and murder were Wisconsin. t Abroad Union recognition featured on Univision’s “Aqui y Ahora” in Japan,308 US district of Washington, television show on 1 November 2009. D.C. t Same-sex couple adoption legali- t The first ever U.S. Congressional sation in Finland309 (step adoption), UK hearing on discrimination against Subdivision of Scotland. t Banning of transgender people in the workplace Same-sex marriage in Maine.310 was held, by the House Subcommittee t Anti-discrimination legislation in on Health, Employment, Labor, and Serbia and US state of Delaware (pri- Pensions.291 t Rachel Maddow became vate sector, sexual orientation), USA the first openly gay or lesbian anchor Matthew Shepard Act.311 t End to ban on of a major prime-time news program gay people in the military in Argentina, in the United States when she began Philippines and Uruguay. t Kitzen and hosting The Rachel Maddow Show on Jeni Branting married in the Coquille U.S. cable network MSNBC.292 t Annise Indian tribe’s Coos Bay plankhouse, a Parker was elected as the first openly 3-year-old meeting hall built in tradi- gay or lesbian mayor of Houston, Tex- tional Coquille style with cedar plank as.293 t Kate Brown was elected as the walls. They were the first same-sex Oregon Secretary of State in the 2008 couple to have their marriage recog- elections, becoming America’s first nized by the tribe, of which Kitzen was openly bisexual statewide officehold- a member.303,304 t Iceland elects the first er.294,295,296,297 t Jan Hamilton, former- openly gay head of government in the ly Parachute Regiment Captain Ian world, Jóhanna Siguroardóttir.312 Hamilton, became the first UK officer t On 10 March 2009, in Tel Aviv, Uzi

73 2007–2009 Even and his life partner was the first LGBT holidays celebrating transgender same-sex male couple in Israel whose people, citing the frustration that the right of adoption has been legally ac- only well-known transgender-centered knowledged.313 t 26 May, the California holiday was the Transgender Day of Supreme Court upholds Proposition 8, Remembrance which mourned the loss the ballot initiative that banned same- of transgender people to hate crimes, sex marriage in November 2008, with a but did not acknowledge and celebrate 6–1 vote.314 t The Canadian province of living members of the transgender Alberta becomes the last province to in- community. clude the words “sexual orientation” in the Human Rights Act.315 t Washington state voters approve keeping same-sex relationship rights as Domestic Part- 2010s nerships by 51 percent. t 12 December, Annise Parker is elected mayor of 2010 t Same-sex marriage laws: Passed Houston, Texas, which becomes the and came into effect in Portugal (with- largest city in the United States with out joint adoption), Iceland (with joint an openly gay mayor.316 t Welsh rugby adoption) and Argentina (with adop- star Gareth Thomas becomes the first tion).328 Came into effect in the Mexican known top-level professional male ath- City of Mexico City (with joint adop- lete in a team sport to come out while tion), US state of New Hampshire (step still active.317 t Diego Sanchez became adoption only) and Washington, D.C.306 the first openly transgender person to t Recognition: The Mexican Supreme work on Capitol Hill; he was hired as a Court rules that marriages contracted legislative assistant for Barney Frank.318 in Mexico City are valid throughout Sanchez was also the first transgender the country, although no other juris- person on the Democratic National diction is required to perform them. Committee’s (DNC) Platform Commit- Australian State of Tasmania recognis- tee in 2008.319,320 t Barbra “Babs” Siper- es same-marriages performed in other stein was nominated and confirmed as jurisdictions. t U.S. state of California, an at-large member of the Democratic United States District Judge Vaughn National Committee, becoming its first Walker strikes down California’s openly transgender member.321 t Carol Proposition 8 as violative of the Unit- Ann Duffy was chosen as the first ed States Constitution’s Fourteenth openly lesbian or gay Poet Laureate of Amendment’s Equal Protection and the United Kingdom.322 t In October Due Process Clauses.329 t Civil Union/ 2009, LGBT activist Amy Andre323 Registered Partnership laws: Came into was appointed as executive director of effect in Austria (without adoption and the San Francisco Pride Celebration IVF access rights). Passed in Ireland Committee, making her San Francisco (without adoption rights). t Limited Pride’s first openly bisexual woman Partnership laws: Passed and came into of color executive director.324,325 t The effect in Australian state of New South International Transgender Day of Visi- Wales (without joint adoption until Sep bility was founded by Michigan-based 2010). t Same-sex couple adoption leg- transgender activist326 Rachel Crandall islation in the Australian state of New in 2009327 as a reaction to the lack of South Wales and Denmark. t End to

74 ban of same-sex couple adoption int he t Amanda Simpson became the first US states of Arkansas and Florida. openly transgender presidential appoin- t End to ban of gay people in the mil- tee in America when she was appointed itary in Serbia. t End to ban of trans as senior technical adviser in the Com- people in the military in Australia. merce Department’s Bureau of Industry t Decriminalisation of homosexuality and Security.332 t Kye Allums became in Fiji.330 t Marches and Prides: the first the first openly transgender athlete to ever legal gay pride parade in Russia, play in NCAA basketball.333,334 He was a held in St. Petersburg. t Guinness transgender man who played on George World Records recognized transgen- Washington University’s women’s der man Thomas Beatie as the world’s team.335,336 t Victoria Kolakowski became “First Married Man to Give Birth.”331 the first openly transgender judge in

Thomas Trace Beatie is a public speaker, author, and advocate with transgender and sexuality issues and a focus on trans fertility and reproductive rights

75 2009–2010 America.337 t Mary Albing became the actress to receive a major acting award first openly lesbian minister ordained nomination; she was nominated by by the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Independent Spirit Awards as Best America, serving the Lutheran Church Supporting Actress for the movie Gun of Christ the Redeemer on the south Hill Road.345 t The Presbyterian Church side of Minneapolis.338 t Chai Feldblum, (U.S.A.) voted to allow the ordination of who was openly lesbian, became the openly gay and lesbian ministers.346 first openly LGBT person to serve on t Rachel Isaacs became the first openly the EEOC.339 t Donna Ryu became the lesbian rabbi ordained by the Conser- first Asian-American woman, first vative movement’s Jewish Theological Korean American, and first lesbian to Seminary.347 t Petty Officer 2nd Class be appointed as a judge of the United Marissa Gaeta of California and Petty States District Court, Northern District Officer 3rd Class Citlalic Snell of Los of California.340 Angeles became the first same-sex cou- ple chosen to share the first kiss upon 2011 t Same-sex marriage laws: Passed a U.S. Navy ship’s return.348,349 t Brenda and came into effect in New York and Sue Fulton was named to the West the Suquamish Tribe.341 t India’s first Point Board of Visitors, making her the married lesbian couple: LGBT rights first openly gay member of the board in India (July 2011). t Civil Union/ that advises the Academy.350 Registered Partnership laws: Came t Brooke (last name withheld) was hired into effect in Ireland (without adoption as the New York Fire Department’s first rights). Passed and came into effect in openly transgender employee.351 the Isle of Man (with joint adoption), t Miss New York, Claire Buffie, became US State of Illinois (with joint adoption the first Miss America contestant to rights), Rhode Island and Liechtenstein. campaign for the Miss America title on Passed in the US State of Delaware a gay rights platform.352 t Jaiyah “John- (came into effect 2013) and Hawaii ny” Saelua became the first openly (came into effect Jan 2012). t End to transgender international footballer to ban on openly gay, lesbian, and bisexual play in the World Cup when she took people in the military in the USA. the field for American Samoa in Ocea- t Tony Briffa, believed to be the world’s nia’s first round of World Cup qualifiers first intersex mayor, elected in the City for Brazil 2014.353 t A resolution submit- of Hobsons Bay in the suburbs of Mel- ted by South Africa requesting a study bourne, Australia, at the end of Novem- on discrimination and sexual orienta- ber.343 t Elio Di Rupo, first openly-gay tion (A/HRC/17/L.9/Rev.1) passed, 23 male head of government, becomes to 19 with 3 abstentions, in the UN Hu- Prime Minister of Belgium, 6 Decem- man Rights Council on 17 June 2011.354 ber. t Chaz Bono appeared on the 13th This is the first time that any United season of the US version of Dancing Nations body approved a resolution af- with the Stars in 2011. This was the firming the rights of LGBT people.355 first time an openly transgender man t Fred Karger began his unsuccessful starred on a major network television run for the 2012 Republican nomina- show for something unrelated to being tion for President, which made him transgender.344 t Harmony Santana America’s first openly gay Republican became the first openly transgender presidential candidate.356 t After the

76 passage of equal marriage in the State 2012 t Same-sex marriage laws: Passed of New York, the Research Library at and came into effect in Denmark, the Buffalo History Museum in Buffa- Mexican state of Quintana Roo, the Port lo, N.Y. became the first known library Gamble S’Klallam Tribe, U.S. states of in the United States to collect wedding Maine and Washington. Passed in the memorabilia from legally-wed same-sex U.S. state of Maryland. t Civil Union/ couples.357 t Before the “Don’t Ask Don’t Registered Partnership laws: Came into Tell” policy was enacted in 1993, lesbi- effect in the U.S. State of Hawaii. ans and bisexual women and gay men t Decriminalisation of homosexuality and bisexual men were banned from in Lesotho and São Tomé and Príncipe. serving in the military.206 In 1993 the t Anti-discrimination legislation for policy was enacted, which mandated sexual orientation and gender identity that the military could not ask service- in Chile. t The first gay Israeli couple members about their sexual orienta- was granted a divorce by an Israeli tion.207,208 However, until the policy was family court. The divorce of Tel Aviv ended in 2011 service members were University Professor Avi Even, the first still expelled from the military if they openly gay Knesset member, and Dr. engaged in sexual conduct with a mem- Amit Kama was granted on Sunday by ber of the same sex, stated that they the Ramat Gan Family Court, according were lesbian, gay, or bisexual, and/or to Haaretz, which ordered the Interi- Protest against the married or attempted to marry some- or Minister to register their status as “Don’t Ask, Don’t one of the same sex.209 divorced.358 t The U.S. Dept. of Housing Tell” policy

77 2010–2012 and Urban Development’s Office of Fair her partner You Ya-ting, with Buddhist Housing and Equal Opportunity issued master Shih Chao-hui presiding over a regulation to prohibit LGBT discrim- the ritual.362 t City Councilmember ination in federally assisted housing Marlene Pray joined the Doylestown, programs. The new regulations ensure Pennsylvania council in 2012, though that the Department’s core housing she resigned in 2013; she was the first programs are open to all eligible openly bisexual office holder in Penn- persons, regardless of sexual orienta- sylvania.363,364 t Tammy Baldwin was UJPO
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elected as the first openly lesbian or became the first open lesbian ordained gay U.S. Senator.365 t Kyrsten Sinema by the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)359 (D-AZ) became the first openly bisexual t Barack Obama became the first U.S. person elected to the US Congress.366 Barack Obama president to publicly announce support t Stacie Laughton became the first 360,361 with a rainbow halo for same-sex marriage on 9 May. openly transgender person elected to on the cover of t Taiwan’s first same-sex Buddhist any American state legislature when Newsweek in 2012 wedding was held for Fish Huang and she won a seat in the New Hampshire House of Representatives.367 However, she resigned from the New Hampshire state legislature before she took of- fice, after it was revealed that she had served four months in Belknap County House of Corrections following a 2008 credit card fraud conviction.368,369 t San Francisco voted to become the first U.S. city to provide and cover the cost of sex reassignment surgeries for uninsured transgender residents.370 t Mark Pocan was elected in Wisconsin’s 2nd Con- gressional District, becoming the first openly gay candidate who will follow an openly gay member of the U.S. Con- gress (in this case Tammy Baldwin).371 t Sean Patrick Maloney became the first openly gay candidate elected to repre- sent New York in Congress.372 t Mark Takano became the first openly gay per- son of color to win election to the U.S. House. He was elected to represent Cal- ifornia’s 41st Congressional District.371 t Josh Boschee was elected as North Dakota’s first openly gay legislator.373 t Stephen Skinner was elected as West Virginia’s first openly gay state legis- lator.374 t Jacob Candelaria was elected as New Mexico’s first openly gay male state legislator.375 t Brian Sims became

78 Pennsylvania’s first openly gay state leg- serving gay, lesbian, bisexual and islator who was out when he was elect- transgender military personnel.385 t The ed.376 t After Brian Sims was elected but first same-sex couple became engaged before he took office, Rep. Mike Fleck in the White House (Ben Schock and came out as gay, making him Pennsyl- Matthew Phelps).386 t Air Force Col. vania’s first openly gay state legislator.377 Ginger Wallace became the first known t David Richardson was elected as Flori- out member of the U.S. military to have da’s first openly gay state legislator.378 their same-sex partner participate in Colorado Democrats elected Mark Fer- the pinning ceremony tradition that had randino as the first openly gay House been reserved for spouses and family speaker in state history.379 t Tina Kotek members. Her partner of 10 years, was elected the first openly gay House Kathy Knopf, pinned colonel wings on speaker in the State of Oregon.380 Wallace days after the two attended t Maine, Maryland, and Washington President Obama’s State of The Union became the first states to pass same-sex address as a guest of the First Lady.387 marriage by popular vote.381 Maine was t At a ceremony in Arlington, Army the very first state to do so, followed Reserve officer Tammy Smith became by Maryland.382 t The first same-sex the first openly gay, active duty marriage at the U.S. Military Academy general in American history. Smith was held for a young lieutenant and was promoted to brigadier general at her partner (Ellen Schick and Shannon a private ceremony at the Women’s Simpson) at the Old Cadet Chapel in Memorial at Arlington National West Point’s cemetery.383,384 t The first Cemetery.388 t
Navy Chief Elny and same-sex marriage at the U.S. Mili- Anacelly McKinney became the first tary Academy’s Cadet Chapel at West known same-sex couple to marry on a Point was held for Brenda Sue Fulton U.S. military base. They were wed at and Penelope Dara Gnesin.383,385 Fulton Naval Base Point Loma in San Diego.389 was a veteran and the communica- t Kate McKinnon became Saturday tions director of an organization called Night Live’s first openly lesbian cast Outserve, which represents actively member; Danitra Vance never disclosed

Kathryn McKinnon Berthold, known professionally as Kate McKinnon, is an American comedian and actress. She is best known for her sketch comedy work as a cast member on Saturday Night Live and The Big Gay Sketch Show 2012 79 her sexual orientation publicly, but sion therapy provider has been sued for was revealed to be a lesbian when she fraudulent business practices.403 died.390,391 t On 28 June 2012 Diana t ParaNorman, released in 2012, had King declared “Yes I am a Lesbian” the first openly gay character in a to her fans from her official Facebook mainstream animated film.404,405 t In page, thus becoming the first Jamaican 2012, the Bisexuality Report, the first artist to ever publicly come out.392,393 report of its kind in the United King- t California became the first state to dom, was issued.406 This report, led by sign a ban on therapy that claims to Meg Barker (Senior Lecturer in Psy- convert gay people into heterosexual. chology, OU), Rebecca Jones (Lecturer, The California law, enacted in 2012, is Health & Social Care, OU), Christina as of 2013 held up in federal courts on Richards, and Helen Bowes-Catton and first amendment grounds.394,395 Tracey Plowman (of BiUK) summarizes t Orlando Cruz became the world’s first national and international evidence and professional boxer to come out as gay.396 brings out recommendations for bisex- t On 18 September, Berkeley, Califor- ual inclusion in the future.406 nia became the first city in the U.S. to officially proclaim a day recognizing 2013 t Same-sex marriage laws: Passed bisexuals.397 The Berkeley City Council and came into effect in New Zealand, unanimously and without discussion Uruguay, Brazil (nationwide), France, declared 23 September as Bisexual Brazilian states of Ceará, Paraná, Pride and Bi Visibility Day.398 t Emily Mato Grosso do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Aviva Kapor, an American rabbi who Rondônia, Santa Catarina and Paraíba, had been ordained privately by a “Con- the Confederated Tribes of the Colville servadox” rabbi in 2005, began living Reservation, the Little Traverse Bay as a woman in 2012, thus becoming the Bands of Odawa Indians, the Pokagon first openly transgender female rabbi.399 Band of Potawatomi Indians, the Chey- t Rainbow Jews, an oral history project enne and Arapaho Tribes, the Leech showcasing the lives of Jewish bisexual, Lake Band of Ojibwe, the Grand Por- lesbian, gay, and transgender people in tage Band of Chippewa and the Iipay the United Kingdom from the 1950s Nation of Santa Ysabel,407,408,409,410,411,412 until the present, was launched.400 It the U.S. states of Delaware, Rhode is the United Kingdom’s first archive Island, Minnesota, New Jersey, Hawaii of Jewish bisexual, lesbian, gay, and and New Mexico. Restored in Califor- transgender history.401 t In November nia. Passed in England and Wales and 2012, the Southern Poverty Law Center US state of Illinois. Passed but then filed a lawsuit against JONAH (a Jewish overturned in the Australian Capital ex-gay organization), Goldberg, and Territory. Came into effect in the U.S. Downing on behalf of Unger, Levin, State of Maryland. t Recognition: The two other participants, and two of the Supreme Court of the United States participants’ mothers for fraudulent ruled Section 3 of Defense of Marriage practices which are illegal under New Act unconstitutional, thus giving same- Jersey’s consumer protection laws.402 sex marriage federal recognition.413 The Southern Poverty Law Center noted US state of Oregon. t Civil Union/Reg- that the lawsuit was “groundbreaking” istered Partnership laws: Passed and insofar as it was the first time a conver- came into effect in the Mexican state of

80 Campeche. Came into effect in the U.S. making it the first city on the east coast State of Colorado. Limited Partnership to provide transition related healthcare laws: Passed and came into effect in to its city employees.41 t For the first Costa Rica. t Same-sex couple adoption time the U.S. Department of Veterans legalisation in New Zealand and France. Affairs decided to allow the same-sex t Recriminalisation of homosexuality in spouse of a military veteran to be bur- India. t Anti-discrimination legislation: ied in a U.S. national cemetery. VA Sec- For sexual orientation and gender iden- retary Eric Shinseki gave permission for tity in Cyprus and Puerto Rico. For retired Air Force officer Linda Camp- gender identity in the US state of Del- bell, 66, to bury the ashes of her same- aware. t Anti-discrimination execu- sex spouse Nancy Lynchild at Willa- tive action in the US state of Virginia. mette National Cemetery in Oregon.418 t Barack Obama mentioned the word t Autumn Sandeen, a U.S. veteran and “gay” and the issue of gay rights for the transgender woman, received a letter first time in a speech at the U.S. presi- from a Navy official stating, “Per your dential swearing in; specifically, he did request the Defense Enrollment Eligi- so in his inaugural address.414 t Kath- bility Reporting System (DEERS) has leen Wynne became the first openly been updated to show your gender as LGBT premier of a Canadian province, female effective 12 April 2013.” Allyson namely Ontario, after defeating Sandra Robinson of Outserve declared, “To our Pupatello in the third round of voting knowledge, this is the first time that the of the Ontario Liberal party’s leader- Department of Defense has recognized ship race on 26 January 2013. Sworn in and affirmed a change of gender for on 11 February 2013, she is the party’s anyone affiliated, in a uniformed capac- first openly LGBT leader and Ontario’s ity — in this case a military retiree.”419 first female premier. t Robbie Rogers t The first same-sex kiss ever on a announced he was gay on 15 Febru- Eurovision stage occurred at the 2013 ary 2013, becoming the only male fully Eurovision Song Contest when Krista capped international association foot- Siegfrids, who sang “Marry Me”, ended baller to do so. t Jason Collins on 29 her semi-final performance by kissing April 2013, became the first active male one of her female dancers.420 t Dr. Saul professional athlete in a major North Levin was named on 15 May 2013 as the American team sport to publicly come new chief executive officer and medical out as gay. t Rep. Mark Pocan’s spouse director of the American Psychiatric Philip Frank became the first same-sex Association, making him the first spouse of a federal lawmaker to offi- known openly gay person to head the cially receive a House Spouse ID.415,416 APA.421 t Ukraine had its first gay pride t
Marlon Reis, the spouse of Rep. Jared march, which was held in Kiev.422 Polis (D-Colo.), was issued a congres- t Robbie Rogers joined the Los Angeles sional spouse ID, but later card services Galaxy, making him the first openly told him that he had been given the des- gay male athlete to compete in Major ignation accidentally.416 t Philadelphia League Soccer.423 t Rehana Kausar passes one of the most comprehensive and Sobia Kamar, both from Pakistan, transgender rights bills on the city lev- became the first Muslim lesbian couple el, which addresses transgender bath- to enter into civil partnership in the room use and city employee healthcare, United Kingdom.424 t Fallon Fox came

81 2012–2013 out as transgender, thus becoming the first openly transgender athlete in mixed martial arts history.425 t Jallen Messersmith of Benedictine College in Atchison, Kan., came out and is believed to be the first openly gay player in U.S. men’s college basketball.426 t Guy Erwin became the first openly gay bishop to be elected by the Evangel- ical Lutheran Church in America; he was elected to the Southwest California Synod of the ELCA.427 t Major Gener- al Patricia “Trish” Rose became the first openly lesbian two-star general in the U.S. Air Force, and the highest ranking openly gay officer in the entire U.S. military at the time.428 t Kristin Beck, formerly Chris Beck, came out as the first openly transgender retired Navy SEAL.429 t The Bi Writers As- sociation, which promotes bisexual writers, books, and writing, announced the winners of its first Bisexual Book Awards. 430 An awards ceremony was held at the Nuyorican Poets Café in New York City.430 t The U.S. Senate con- firmed Nitza Quiñones Alejandro to a federal judgeship, making her the first openly gay Latina to hold such a post.431 t Cason Crane became the first openly gay man to summit the Seven Summits and the first the bring the rainbow flag to the summit of Mount Everest.432

Cason Crane is an American mountain climber. In 2013, he became the frst openly gay mountaineer to scale the Seven Summits

82 439 Kristin Perry and t U.S. Air Force Under Secretary Eric in Britain. She was elected to the Sandra Stier Fanning took over as acting secretary of presidency of Unison, one of Britain’s the U.S. Air Force, becoming the high- largest trade unions.439 t Same Love, est ranking openly LGBT official at the a hit single from Macklemore & Ryan Department of Defense; he is openly Lewis, became the first Top 40 song in gay.433 t The Directors Guild Of Ameri- the U.S. to promote and celebrate same- ca elected Paris Barclay as its first black sex marriage.440 t For the first time, the and first openly gay president.434 California Department of Education’s t
Julian Marsh and Traian Povov list of recommended books for grades become the first married gay couple to Pre-K-through-12 included a book with have a green card application approved, a transgender theme, I Am J by Cris in this case for Julian Marsh.435 Beam.441 t Benjamin Medrano was t Kristin Perry and Sandra Stier became elected as the first openly gay mayor in the first same-sex couple to be married Mexico’s history, being elected mayor of in California since Proposition 8 was the township of Fresnillo.442 t The first overturned.436 t
Daniel Kawczynski UFC match between two openly-gay became the first MP in Britain to come fighters, Liz Carmouche and Jessica out as bisexual.437 t A married lesbian Andrade, was held.443 t Although same- couple in Colorado became the first to sex marriage was illegal in Pennsylva- receive a marriage-based green card, nia in July 2013, in that month Loreen making Cathy Davis the first same-sex Bloodgood married Alicia Terrizzi, spouse to become a lawful permanent making them the first same-sex couple resident of the United States.438 to marry in Pennsylvania; the Mont- t Maureen Le Marinel became the first gomery County register of wills, D. openly lesbian union president elected Bruce Hanes, had said that his office 2013 83 would issue marriage licenses to same- gender listed on the pupil’s records.”447 sex couples.444,445 t Although same-sex t New Jersey became the second state, marriage was illegal in Pennsylvania in after California, to sign a ban on ther- August 2013, in that month Mayor John apy that claims to convert gay people Fetterman officiated the first same-sex into heterosexual. The California law, marriage in Allegheny County, between enacted in 2012, is as of 2013 held up John Kandray and Bill Gray.446 in federal courts on first amendment t California enacted America’s first law grounds.394,395 t Darren Young (real protecting transgender students; the name: Fred Rosser) became the first ac- law, called the School Success and Op- tive professional wrestler to come out as portunity Act, declares that every public gay.448 t Russia’s government adopted a school student in California from kin- federal bill banning the distribution of dergarten to 12th grade must be “per- “propaganda of non-traditional sexual mitted to participate in sex-segregated relations” to minors. The law impos- school programs and activities, includ- es heavy fines for using the media or ing athletic teams and competitions, internet to promote “non-traditional and use facilities consistent with his or relations”. t Master Sgt. Angela Shunk her gender identity, irrespective of the and her wife, Tech. Sgt. Stacey Shunk,

84 became the first same-sex couple to it was not a legally recognized mar- receive an assignment together under riage.453 t Harvey Milk was chosen as the U.S. Air Force’s Join Spouse pro- the first openly LGBT political official gram.449 t Jennifer Pritzker came out as to be featured on an American postage transgender in 2013 and thus became stamp.454 t Carol McCrory and Brenda the world’s first openly transgender Clark became the first same-sex couple billionaire.450 t On Celebrate Bisexuality to have their marriage application Day, the White House held a closed- accepted by Buncombe County Register door meeting with almost 30 bisexual of Deeds Drew Resigner, which makes advocates so they could meet with them the first same-sex couple to have government officials and discuss issues their marriage application accepted in of specific importance to the bisexual the South.455 t Andy Herren became the community; this was the first bi-spe- first openly gay winner of the Ameri- cific event ever hosted by any White can version of the “Big Brother” reality House.451,452 t Movie director Kim Jho show.456 t The first gay pride parade in Gwang-soo and his partner Kim Seung- Montenegro was held.457 t The first gay hwan became the first South Korean pride week in Curacao was held.458 gay couple to publicly wed, although t The first Indo-American lesbian wedding was held.459 It was held in Los Angeles.460 t The first televised Roma- nian same-sex wedding was held.461 It was between two men, and was done on the reality show Four Weddings and a Challenge.461 t The Portland Trail- blazers became the first NBA team to support same-sex marriage.462,463 t Todd Hughes became the first openly gay U.S. circuit judge.464 t The first United Nations ministerial meeting on the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender individuals was held.465 Representatives from the US, France, Argentina, Brazil, Croatia, the Nether- lands, Norway, Japan, New Zealand and the EU, along with executive direc- tors of Human Rights Watch and the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission reaffirmed their commitments to working together to end discrimination and violence Montenego riot towards the LGBT community.465 UN police protect participants of High Commissioner for Human Rights the Pride parade, Navi Pillay delivered remarks (press re- held in the highly lease) commending the LGBT commu- conservative Adriatic nity and praising the fact that, “many country countries have embarked on historic 2013 85 reforms—strengthening anti-discrim- high school coach to come out publicly ination laws, combating hate crime as transgender.475 t
Nikki Sinclaire against LGBT people and sensitizing came out as transgender, thus becom- public opinion.”465 t New Jersey held its ing the United Kingdom’s first openly first legal same-sex marriages.466 transgender Parliamentarian.476 t
San t
Jamie Miranda Nichols (née Glisten- Francisco’s first Project Homeless burg), of Missouri, on 20 May 2013 had Connect for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and case 13AR-CV00240 reviewed by the transgender people was held.477 t
Lucy Missouri courts on the matter of gender Vallender converted to Islam, thus affirmation and recognition. In a swift becoming the United Kingdom’s first and subtle manner Justice Russell E. openly transgender Muslim woman.47 Steele effectively silenced Mo. Ann. t
Mark C. Goldman became the first Stat. t Rabbi Deborah Waxman was openly gay president of the American elected as the President of the Recon- Conference of Cantors, a Reform Jewish structionist Rabbinical College.468,469 As organization.479 t
Ben Barres became the President, she is believed to be the the first openly transgender scientist in first woman and first lesbian to lead a the US National Academy of Sciences Jewish congregational union, and the in 2013.480 t
On 1 November Audrey first female rabbi and first lesbian to Gauthier was elected president of CUPE lead a Jewish seminary; RRC is both 4041, representing Air Transat flight a congregational union and a semi- attendants based in Montreal.481 She nary.468,470 t
A six-year-old girl named thus became the first openly transgen- Luana, who was born a boy, became the der person elected president of a union first transgender child in Argentina to local in Canada.481 t
Publication of the have her new name officially changed first parliamentary report on the hu- on her identity documents.471 She is man rights and health of intersex peo- believed to be the youngest to benefit ple, published by the Australian Senate from the country’s new Gender Identity on 25 October. t
BiLaw, the first Amer- Law, which was approved in May 2012. ican national organization of bisexual t
Q Radio, which went on the airwaves lawyers, law professors, law students, in September, claims to be India’s and their allies, was founded.482,483 first radio station which caters to the t
Homecoming Queens at Calabasas country’s lesbians, gays, bisexuals and High School.484 transgender people.472 t
Jennifer Finney Boylan was chosen as the first open- 2014 t
Same-sex marriage laws: Passed ly transgender co-chair of GLAAD’s and came into effect in Scotland, US National Board of Directors.473 t
On 31 states of Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, October 2013 Paris Lees became the Oklahoma, Virginia, Wisconsin, first openly transgender panellist to Indiana, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, appear on the BBC’s Question Time West Virginia, North Carolina, Alaska, programme, drawing praise from Arizona, Wyoming, Kansas, South commentators who included former Carolina, Montana, the Mexican state Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott of Coahuila, the Puyallup Tribe of and the Labour Party deputy leader Indians, the Lac du Flambeau of Lake Harriet Harman.474 t
Stephen Alexan- Superior Chippewa, the Fort McDer- der, of Rhode Island, became the first mitt Paiute and Shoshone Tribes of the

86 Fort McDermitt Indian Reservation, end of 2014.491 t
The Bisexual Resource the Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Center, based in Boston, Massachu- the Pascua Yaqui Tribe, the Salt River setts, declared March 2014 as the first Pima-Maricopa Indian Community, Bisexual Health Awareness Month, the San Carlos Apache Tribe, the Wind with the theme “Bi the Way, Our Health River Indian Reservation, the Blackfoot Matters Too!”; it included the first social Tribe and the Keweenaw Bay Indian media campaign to address disparities Community. Passed in Luxembourg. in physical and mental health facing the Came into effect in England and Wales bisexual community.492 t
Queen Eliza- and US state of Illinois. t
Civil Union/ beth II praised the London Lesbian and Registered Partnership laws: Passed Gay Switchboard for their 40-year his- and came into effect in Gibraltar (with tory making it the first time the Crown joint adoption), Malta (with joint adop- has ever publicly supported the LGBT tion) and Croatia. Passed in Estonia. community. They received a comment t
Same-sex couple adoption legislation from the Queen saying: “Best wishes in Andorra, the Mexican state of Coa- and congratulations to all concerned on huila. t
Decriminalisation of homosex- this most special anniversary.” 493 uality in Lebanon, Northern Cyprus t
Denmark became the first European and Palau. Criminalisation of homosex- country to remove the Gender Identi- uality in Brunei.485 t
The first same-sex ty Disorder diagnosis as a necessary marriage at the Rose parade was held, requirement in the gender recognition for Aubrey Loots and Danny LeClair.486 process.494 t
Toni Atkins was elected as t
Meghan Stabler became the first the first openly lesbian speaker of the openly transgender woman to be California Assembly.495 t
Judith Ellen named Working Mother magazine’s Levy was confirmed by the Senate as Working Mother of the Year.487 the first openly lesbian federal judge in t
Conner Mertens, Willamette Univer- Michigan.496 t
Gypsy Vered Meltzer was sity’s kicker, became the first active elected to the City Council in Appleton; college football player to come out as as such he became the first openly LGBT; he came out as bisexual.488 transgender elected official in Wis- t
Good Luck Charlie on The Disney consin.497 t
Anna Guillot and Chrissy Channel became the first TV show on Kelly, who were married in New York in a child-targeting network to feature a 2012, became the first same-sex couple same-sex couple (the characters’ names in Mississippi to create a public record were Susan and Cheryl).489 t
Starkville of their marriage, which they did by became the first city in Mississippi to paying to record their marriage license pass a resolution supporting the LGBT from New York at the Rankin County community; the resolution states that Chancery Clerk’s Office in Brandon, the city does not condone discrimina- Mississippi.498 However, this did not tion of any kind, including any against give their marriage legal standing in its citizens for their sexual orientation Mississippi. t
The marriage of Gi- or gender identity.490 t
Scotland passed useppe Chigiotti and Stefano Bucci the Marriage and Civil Partnership became the first overseas same-sex (Scotland) Bill, which will legalize marriage to be legally recognized in Ita- same-sex marriages in the country ly; the two were married in New York in when it comes into effect towards the 2012.499 t
Berlin, Germany unveiled the

87 2013–2014 world’s first cemetery for lesbians.500 was held for David Bucher, a 49-year- t
Umma Azul was the first child of a old Academy graduate who works at the lesbian couple to be baptized by the Pentagon, and partner Bruce Moats.512 Catholic Church in Argentina.501 t
Costa Rica flew the gay pride flag at t
Emilia Maria Jesty, daughter of a their presidential palace; the Interna- lesbian couple, was the first child born tional Gay and Lesbian Human Rights in Tennessee to have a woman listed on Commission said the organization be- the birth certificate as her “father.”502 lieved it was the first time the gay pride t
UMass basketball player Derrick Gor- flag had been flown from the offices of don came out, thus becoming the first a head of state in the Americas.513 openly gay player in Division I college t
The U.S. Department of Veterans men’s basketball.503 t
Jeremy Pemberton Affairs agreed to give survivor benefits married Laurence Cunnington, and to the first-known same-sex war widow, thus Pemberton became the first priest Tracy Dice Johnson, whose wife Donna in the Church of England to defy the Johnson died in a suicide bombing Church’s ban on gay clergy marrying.504 attack in 2012.514 t
Laverne Cox was on t
Michael Sam was drafted by the St. the cover of the 9 June 2014 issue of Louis Rams and thus became the first Time, and was interviewed for the arti- openly gay player to be drafted into cle “The Transgender Tipping Point” by the National Football League.505 t
The Katy Steinmetz, which ran in that issue world’s first homoerotic stamps were and the title of which was also featured produced in Finland, celebrating one on the cover; this makes Cox the first of the country’s most famous artists - openly transgender person on the cover Tom of Finland. Art critic Estelle Lovatt of Time.515,516,517 t
Both lesbian parents says “the stamps are a ‘great statement’ were listed on their children’s birth given that the country bans gay mar- certificates in Australia, which is the riage”.506 t
In March 2014, same-sex first time an Australian birth certificate marriage was legalized in Michigan, indicates that both members of a same- and Glenna DeJong and Marsha Caspar sex couple were the legal parents of a became the first same-sex couple mar- child at birth.518 t
Best Bi Short Stories, ried in Michigan; however, later that the first book of its type, was published; year the overturning of Michigan’s ban it was edited by Sheela Lambert, who on same-sex marriage was indefinitely contributed the story Memory Lane. 519 stayed.507,508 t
In May 2014, same-sex t
Cyprus’ first ever gay pride parade marriage was legalized in Arkansas, draws several thousands of partic- and Kristin Seaton and Jennifer Rambo ipants.520 t
Same-sex marriage was became the first same-sex couple legalized in Pennsylvania.521 t
Carlos married in Arkansas: later that year, Bruce came out and thus became the same-sex marriage in Arkansas was first openly gay member of Congress suspended by the Arkansas Supreme in Peru.522 t
Same-sex marriage was le- Court.509,510 t
In May 2014, same-sex galized in Wisconsin, but later that year marriage was legalized in Oregon, and same-sex marriages in Wisconsin were Deanna Geiger and Janine Nelson be- put on hold while the ruling striking came the first same-sex couple to marry down the state’s ban on such unions in Oregon.511 t
The U.S. Naval Academy was appealed.523,524 t
Idaho’s same-sex Chapel’s first-ever same-sex wedding marriage ban was declared unconsti-

88 tutional, but another court stayed the Carolina’s ban on same-sex marriage, ruling.525,526 t
The United Church of which is America’s first faith-based Christ filed a lawsuit challenging North challenge to same-sex marriage bans; the Central Conference of American Rabbis and the Alliance of Baptists joined the lawsuit later that year.527,528 t
Lynne Brown was appointed as the first openly gay cabinet minister in South Africa, which also makes her the first openly gay person to be appointed to a cabinet post in any African govern- ment.529,530 t
Zakhele Mbhele became the first openly gay person to serve in South Africa’s parliament, which also makes him the first openly gay black member of parliament in any African nation.531 t
Maite Oronoz Rodriguez be- came the first openly gay person to be nominated for a seat on Puerto Rico’s Supreme Court, and was confirmed for the seat later that year.532,533 t
Darrin P. Gayles became the first openly gay African-American man to be confirmed as a U.S federal judge.534 t
The book Bi- sexuality: Making the Invisible Visible in Faith Communities, the first book of its kind, was published.535 It is by Marie Alford-Harkey and Debra W. Haffner.535 t
Transgender Studies Quarterly’, the first non-medical academic journal devoted to transgender issues, began publication in 2014, with Susan Stryker and Paisley Currah as coeditors.536

Laverne Cox on the cover of Time Magazine. She is an American actress, reality television star, television producer, and LGBT advocate 2014 89 t
Petra De Sutter became the first as well as the Fokkens twins (Louise openly transgender person to serve in Fokkens and Martine Fokkens), who are Belgium’s Parliament, specifically its famous in the Netherlands for hav- Senate.537 t
Britain’s first Jewish lesbian ing worked 50 years as sex workers in marriage was held for Nicola Pettit, Amsterdam’s Red Light District before who is Jewish, and her girlfriend Tania their retirement earlier in 2014.547 Ward, in a ceremony which contained Marianne van Praag, a Reform rabbi Jewish elements.538 They married from The Hague, was the only rabbi in Brighton Town Hall, in southern aboard.547,548 t
The first Moroccan boat England, and then had their union participated in the Amsterdam Pride blessed by a rabbi.538 It was the first Canal Parade.549 t
Cosmopolitan maga- same-sex wedding involving a Jewish zine, a women’s magazine, offered sex person since the same-sex marriage Act advice to lesbians for the first time in came into force.538 t
Toni Atkins served its history.550 t
Pascal Tessier, a 17-year- as acting governor of California for a old from Chevy Chase, Md., became day after Governor Jerry Brown left the first known openly gay Boy Scout for a trade mission to Mexico, Lieu- to be an Eagle Scout.551 t
The 100 block tenant Governor Gavin Newsom flew of Turk Street was renamed Vicki Mar to the east coast for a Special Olympics Lane after trans activist Vicki Marlane; appearance, and Senate President Pro this was the first time in San Francisco Tempore Darrell Steinberg was in Chi- history for a street to be named after cago for personal business.539 She thus a transgender icon.552 t
The United became California’s first openly gay Church of Christ was the first religious governor on that day.539 t
Laverne Cox denomination to be a major sponsor became the first openly transgender of the Gay Games, as a fourth-tier person to be nominated for an Emmy in silver sponsor of Gay Games 9.553 t
The an acting category: Outstanding Guest Cleveland Foundation was the first Actress in a Comedy Series for her presenting sponsor in the history of role as Sophia Burset in Orange Is the the Gay Games.554 t
Istanbul Pride, the New Black.540,541,542 t
Yein Kai Yee and largest pride parade in a Muslim coun- Sutpreedee Chinithigun, both British try, attracted hundreds of thousands of citizens, were married at the British people.555 t
Edward Sarafin, a backup Embassy in Vietnam, thus becoming offensive lineman at Arizona State, be- the first same-sex British couple to came the first active Division I football marry in Vietnam.543 t
The Transgen- player to come out as gay.556 t
Florida der Trends panel was the first panel based bank C1 Financial became the on that subject ever held at San Diego first publicly listed bank in the Unit- Comic-Con.544 t
Gordon Stevenson and ed States to have an openly gay CEO Peter Fraser, a dual Australian/British (Trevor Burgess) when its stock became citizen, were the first to be married available to trade in August 2014.557 in Australia under British same-sex t
The San Francisco Police academy marriage laws; they were married at the graduated its first openly transgender British consulate in Sydney, Australia.545 police officer, Mikayla Connell.558 t
The first Jewish boat participated in t
Chris Mosier became the first openly the Amsterdam Pride Canal Parade.546 transgender man inducted into the Dana International was on the boat, National Gay and Lesbian Sports Hall

90 of Fame.559,560 t
BBC2 commissioned that year he became the Israeli Britain’s first transgender sitcom, called Conservative movement’s first openly Boy Meets Girl, which follows the gay congregational rabbi with his developing relationship between Leo, a installation as spiritual leader of its 26-year-old man and Judy, a 40-year-old synagogue in Rehovot (Congregation transgender woman.561 t
Maria Walsh Adat Shalom-Emanuel).572 t
Monica came out as gay after being crowned the Wehby aired the first campaign ad for Rose of Tralee, thus becoming the first American national office featuring a openly gay Rose of Tralee.562 t
Mills Col- same-sex couple (Ben West and Paul lege became the first single-sex college Rummell).573 t
Kinnon MacKinnon in the U.S. to adopt a policy explicitly became the first openly transgender welcoming transgender students.563 man to earn a gold in powerlifting at t
Mauricio Ruiz became the first the Gay Games in the 2014 Games.574 serving member of the Chilean armed t
ICEIS Rain became the first openly forces to announce he was gay.564 two-spirit person to perform at the t
Canadian-based writer and illustrator Aboriginal Peoples Choice Music Eiynah wrote Pakistan’s first anti-ho- Awards.575 t
Jim Ferlo came out as gay, mophobia children’s book, “My Chacha thus becoming the Pennsylvania Sen- Is Gay”; she first wrote it online and ate’s first openly gay legislator.576 had it released in print in 2014.565 t
Padmini Prakash became India’s first t
Hong Kong held its first international openly transgender television news symposium on LGBTI rights.566 anchor.577 t
The Equal Employment t
For the first time in Italian history, a Opportunity Commission filed two court granted permission for the adop- lawsuits against companies accused tion of a child living with a gay couple. of discriminating against employees The child was the biological daughter on the basis of gender identity; these of one of the women in the couple, and lawsuits were the first Title VII action her partner was allowed to legally be- taken by the federal government on come her co-parent through adoption. behalf of transgender workers.578 The The couple had been living together in lawsuits were filed for Amiee Stephens Rome since 2003, and the decision was and Brandi Branson, both transgender taken by Rome’s Juvenile Court.567 women.579 t
The UN Human Rights t
The memorial honoring LGBT people Council adopted a second resolution persecuted by the Nazis in Tel Aviv, the related to sexual orientation and gender first specific recognition in Israel for identity on 26 September 2014.580,581 non-Jewish victims of the Holocaust, It passed by a vote of 25-14 and is the was unveiled in 2014.568 t
The 5th Euro- first time in the Council’s history that pean Transgender Council Meeting was it adopted a resolution on LGBT rights held in Budapest, Hungary – the first with the majority of its members.580,581 such conference to take place in Central t
In 2014 California became the first and Eastern Europe.569 t
Mount Holyoke state in the U.S. to officially ban the use became the first Seven Sisters college to of trans panic and gay panic defenses accept transgender students.570 in murder trials.582 t
Luisa Revilla Urcia t
Mikie Goldstein became the first became the first openly transgender openly gay man to be ordained as a person elected to a public office in Peru Conservative Jewish Rabbi.571 Later when she won a seat on the local coun- 2014 91 Timothy Donald “Tim” Cook is an American business executive, industrial engineer and developer. Cook is the seventh Chief Executive Offcer of Apple Inc., previously serving as the company’s Chief Operating Offcer, under its founder Steve Jobs

cil in La Esperanza in the province of general of Massachusetts.)588,589 t
The Trujillo in northwestern Peru.583 FTM Fitness Conference hosted the t
The Arizona Interscholastic Associa- first bodybuilding competition for tion Executive Board approved the first transgender men, the FTM Fitness transgender student-athlete to play in a World Bodybuilding Competition.590 winter sport in Arizona.584 t
Family Cir- t
Susan Collins won reelection, thus cle featured a same-sex couple for the becoming the first Republican sena- first time in its November 2014 issue.585 tor to be reelected while supporting t
Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple Inc., same-sex marriage.591 t
Lea T became came out as gay, thus becoming the the face of American hair-care brand first openly gay CEO on the Fortune Redken, thus making her the first 500 list.586 t
Professional strongman openly transgender model to front a Rob Kearney came out as gay, thus global cosmetics brand.592,593,594 t
Edgars becoming the first openly gay man Rinkevics became the first lawmaker in actively competing in professional, in- Latvia to announce he is gay, which also ternational strongman competitions. 587 makes him the most prominent openly t
Maura Healey became the first openly gay politician in a former Soviet Bloc gay state attorney general elected in state.595 t
A national Centers for Dis- America (she was elected attorney ease Control and Prevention campaign

92 featured an openly transgender person, and Matt Wiens became the first same- Jennifer Barge, as its spokesperson for sex couple who were members of the the first time.596 t
Aditi Hardikar be- Canadian Mennonite Church to have a came the first woman of color to serve wedding in their church.609,610 the White House as their permanent t
Neil Patrick Harris became the first liaison to the LGBT community.597 She openly gay man to be named as The replaced Monique Dorsainvil who had Hasty Pudding Theatricals Man of served as the temporary liaison after the Year.611 t
In 2014 Los Tigres del Gautam Raghavan resigned.598 Norte released the album Realidades, t
A contingent of the group OutVets which contains the song “Era Diferente” became the first LGBT organization in (meaning “She Was Different”) about a history to march in Boston’s Veterans lesbian teenager who falls in love with Day parade.599 t
At least 1,000 openly her best friend; according to lead singer transgender Bangladeshis held Bangla- and songwriter Jorge Hernandez, this is desh’s first pride march, to mark one the first time a norteño group has ever year since the government recognized written a gay love song.612,613 t
In April them as a third gender.600 t
Derrick 2014, Malta became the first Europe- Gordon became the first openly gay ath- an state to add recognition of gender lete to play a game in Division I men’s identity to its constitution as a protected basketball.601 t
Dale Scott came out as category.614 t
Blake Brockington became gay in 2014, thus becoming the first the first openly transgender high school openly gay umpire in Major League homecoming king in North Carolina.615 Baseball.602 t
Poland elected its first t
Nina Chaubal and Greta Gustava openly gay city mayor (Robert Biedron, Martela cofounded Trans Lifeline, the elected mayor of Slupsk). t
Matthew first U.S. suicide hotline dedicated to Muir was sworn in as the first openly transgender people.616,617 t
Tona Brown gay judge to sit on New Zealand’s High became the first African-American Court bench.603 t
The Labor govern- openly transgender woman to perform ment in Victoria, Australia appointed at Carnegie Hall.618 t
The first openly Martin Foley as Minister of equality, transgender woman got married in marking the first time an Australian Malta.619,620 t
On 14 October 2014 The government has ever had a dedicated First Transgender Homecoming King Minister overseeing gay, lesbian, bisex- Mel Gonzales Lives in Sugar Land, Tex- ual, transgender and intersex issues.604 as at Austin High School School.621 t
Robbie Rogers became the first openly gay male athlete to win a big-time 2015 t
Same-sex marriage laws: Passed team pro sports title in the United and came into effect in the United States when the LA Galaxy won the States (nationwide),622 the US state Major League Soccer Cup.605 t
Andrew of Florida, the Central Council of the Barr became the first openly gay state Tlingit and Haida Tribes of Alaska, government leader in Australia after he the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin, the was sworn in as chief minister of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians, Australian Capital Territory (ACT).606 the US territory of Guam, the Mexican t
Nehirim’s first retreat for LGBT states of Chihuahua, Guerrero and rabbis, rabbinic pastors, cantors, and Nayarit. Came into effect in Luxem- students was held.607,608 t
Craig Friesen bourg (with joint adoption). Passed

93 2014–2015 in Finland. t
Civil Union/Registered decision to administer hormone therapy Partnership laws: Passed and came is a first for the U.S. Army.639 t
Kate into effect in Chile,623 Ecuador (expan- Brown became the first openly bisexual sion).624,625 Passed in Cyprus,626 Greece governor in the United States, as gov- (expansion).627 t
Same-sex couple adop- ernor of Oregon.640,641,642 t
Neil Patrick tion legislation in Austria,628 Ireland.629 Harris became the first openly gay man t
Decriminalisation of homosexuality to host the Academy Awards.643 in Mozambique.630 t
Madhu Kinnar t
The United States appointed Randy became India’s first openly transgender Berry as its first Special Envoy for the person to be elected mayor; she was Human Rights of LGBT Persons.644 elected mayor of Chhattisgarh’s Raigarh t
Screenwriter Jason Rothenberg of The Municipal Corporation.631 t
Health 100 confirmed that that TV show’s lead Minister Leo Varadkar of Ireland came character, Clarke Griffin (played by out as gay, thus becoming the first Eliza Taylor) was bisexual; this makes openly gay government member in the her the first openly bisexual lead char- history of Ireland.632 t
President Barack acter on the CW network.645 t
The first Obama became the first president to gay groups (Boston Pride and OutVets) use the words “lesbian,” “bisexual”, and marched in Boston’s St. Patrick’s Day “transgender” in a State of the Union parade.646 t
In March 2015 Rabbi De- speech.633 t
Pennsylvania State Repre- nise Eger became the first openly gay sentative Mark B. Cohen introduced president of the Central Conference of the first ever transgender rights bills American Rabbis, which is the largest in Pennsylvania’s history.634 t
Zoey and oldest rabbinical organization in Tur joined Inside Edition as a Special North America.647,648 t
OUT@NBCUni- Correspondent during February, thus versal, an organization of gay employ- becoming the first openly transgender ees of NBCUniversal, became the first television reporter on national TV in gay group to march in the New York America.635,636 t
Lance Bass and Mi- City St. Patrick’s Day parade.649 t
The chael Turchin became the first same- D.C. Center for the LGBT Community sex couple to exchange vows on cable became the first gay group to march television.637 t
Thomas Sawicki and his in the Washington, D.C. St. Patrick’s boyfriend Shawn Brier became the first Day parade.650,651 t
In April 2015, Malta male same-sex couple chosen to share became the first country in the world the first kiss upon a U.S. Navy ship’s to outlaw sterilization and invasive sur- return.638 t
On 12 February 2015, USA gery on intersex people.652,653 t
In a first Today reported that the commandant of for the state, California’s Department Fort Leavenworth wrote in a 5 February of Corrections was ordered by a federal memo, “After carefully considering judge to grant a transgender prisoner the recommendation that (hormone (Michelle-Lael Norsworthy) access to treatment) is medically appropriate and gender-affirming surgery.654 t
The necessary, and weighing all associated inaugural White House Trans Wom- safety and security risks presented, I en Of Color Women’s History Month approve adding (hormone treatment) to Briefing was held.655 t
The U.S. Justice Inmate Chelsea Manning’s treatment Department announced that it had plan.” According to USA Today, Chelsea filed its first civil lawsuit on behalf of a Manning remains a soldier, and the transgender person (Rachel Tudor); the

94 lawsuit was United States of America v. Southeastern Oklahoma State Universi- ty and the Regional University System of Oklahoma, filed in federal court in that state.656 t
Mikhail Ivan Gallatinov and Mark Goodwin became the first couple to have a same-sex wedding in a U.K. prison after marrying at Full Sutton Prison in East Yorkshire.657 t
Pascal Tessier became the first openly gay adult Boy Scout in the nation to be hired as a summer camp leader when he was hired by the Boy Scouts’ New York chapter, Greater New York Councils.658 t
In February 2015, Patricia Velásquez released her memoir Straight Walk, discussing her struggles growing up in poverty in Venezuela and how her relationship with Sandra Bernhard made her realize she was a lesbian.659 This makes her the world’s first openly lesbian Latina supermodel.660 t
Aisha Moodie-Mills became the new president and CEO of the Victory Fund, which made her the first woman, first black woman, first lesbian, and first black lesbian to become the head of a national leading LGBT organization.661,662 t
Andreja Pejic became the first openly transgender model profiled by Vogue, in its May 2015 issue.663 t
Laverne Cox (among others) posed nude for the Allure annual “Nudes” issue, becoming the first openly transgender actress to do so.664 t
Scott Turner Schofield be- came the first openly transgender actor to play a major role on daytime televi- sion, as the character Nick on the show Andreja Pejic, born The Bold and the Beautiful.665,666 Andrej Pejic, is an t
Maka Brown, an 18-year-old senior Australian model. Pejic is a trans at the Salt Lake School for Performing woman, who until Arts, was crowned Utah’s first openly 2014 was billed as an 667 transgender prom queen. t
Argentina androgynous male became Latin America’s first nation model and self- to recognize same-sex partners and a described as living biological parent on a child’s birth cer- “between genders” 2015 95 tificate; specifically, it allowed a lesbian t
Canadian politician Wade MacLauch- couple and their son’s biological father, lan won the leadership of the governing who donated sperm for their pregnancy, Prince Edward Island Liberal Party on to be included on the child’s birth cer- 21 February, and was formally sworn in tificate.668 The child’s name is Antonio as Canada’s second out LGBT, and first and his two mothers are Susana Guic- out gay male, provincial premier on 23 hal and Valeria Gaete, and his father is February. His party subsequently won Hernan Melazzi.668 t
When President the provincial election on 4 May, thus Obama declared May to be National also making him the province’s first Foster Care Month in 2015, he included out LGBT member of the Legislative As- words never before included in a White sembly of Prince Edward Island. House proclamation about adoption, t
In the Alberta provincial election, can- stating in part, “With so many children didates Michael Connolly, Ricardo Mi- waiting for loving homes, it is import- randa and Estefania Cortes-Vargas won ant to ensure all qualified caregivers election to the Legislative Assembly have the opportunity to serve as foster of Alberta as the province’s first three or adoptive parents, regardless of race, openly LGBT MLAs. t
Ireland became religion, sexual orientation, gender the first country to legalize same-sex identity, or marital status. That is why marriage by popular vote.671 we are working to break down the bar- t
O Boticário showed the first commer- riers that exist and investing in efforts cial with gay couples in Brazil. t
The to recruit more qualified parents for first American federally-approved mon- children in foster care.” Thus it appears ument honoring LGBT veterans was he is the first president to explicitly dedicated; it is located at the Abraham say gender identity should not prevent Lincoln National Cemetery in Elwood, anyone from adopting or becoming a Illinois.672 t
Fun Home, the first Broad- foster parent.669 t
Tokyo’s Shibuya ward way musical with a lesbian protagonist, passed a local ordinance granting same- premiered on Broadway.673,674 t
Hayden sex couples the right to partnership Byerly and Gavin MacIntosh featured in certificates; this makes it the first place what was said to be the youngest same- in Japan — or anywhere in East Asia — sex kiss ever on American television, to recognize same-sex partnerships.670 when their 13-year old characters Jude

The actors Hayden Byerly and Gavin MacIntosh on the show The Fosters

96 Caitlyn Jenner, formerly known as Bruce Jenner, revealed new look on the cover of Vanity Fair and Connor locked lips on the ABC got its first LGBT magazine, Q Cam- Family drama The Fosters. t
Caitlyn bodia.679 t
Guam became the United Jenner became the first openly trans- States’ first overseas territory to recog- gender woman on the cover of Vanity nize same-sex marriage.680 t
Shawn Fair.675 t
Chris Mosier became the first MacIver and James Moccia became the known out trans athlete to join a U.S. first openly gay couple to graduate from national team that matched his gender a police academy together when they identity, when he won a spot on Team graduated from the Boston Police Acad- USA in the men’s sprint duathalon.676 emy.681 t
On 29 May 2015, the New York t
Philadelphia flew the transgender City Landmarks Preservation Commis- pride flag above City Hall for the first sion announced it would officially con- time.677 t
Manabi Bandopadhyay, India’s sider designating the Stonewall Inn as first openly transgender college prin- a landmark, the first city location to be cipal, began work; she worked as the considered based on its LGBT cultural principal of the Krishnagar Women’s significance alone.682 On 23 June 2015, College in Nadia district.678 t
Cambodia the New York City Landmarks Preserva- 2015 97 tion Commission unanimously ap- the Golden Crown Literary Society; proved the designation of the Stonewall he shared the award for best creative Inn as a city landmark, making it the non-fiction book with Diane Ander- first landmark honored for its role in son-Minshall for Queerly Beloved: A the fight for gay rights.683 t
Audrey Mid- Love Story Across Genders.694 t
Jamaica dleton became the U.S. television show held its first LGBT Pride celebrations.695 Big Brother’s first openly transgender t
The last Michigan Womyn’s Music houseguest.684 t
Sean Conroy became Festival was held in 2015; the festival the first openly gay baseball player to had excluded transgender women appear in a professional game; Conroy throughout its run.696 t
The Nation- pitched nine scoreless innings to lead al Executive Board of the Boy Scouts the Sonoma Stompers to a 7-0 win ratified a resolution that removed the over the Vallejo Admirals in the Pacific national restriction on openly gay adult Association of Baseball Clubs, an inde- leaders and employees.697 t
The Bold pendent league featuring teams from and the Beautiful’s character Maya Northern California.685 t
Laverne Cox Avant (played by Karla Mosley) became became the first openly transgender the first transgender bride to be mar- person to have a wax figure of herself ried on daytime television when she at Madame Tussauds.686 t
Robby Mook married Rick Forrester (played by Jacob became the first openly gay manager of Young).698 t
Benjamin Thomas Watt a major presidential campaign (Hillary from New Zealand became the first Clinton’s campaign.)687,688 openly gay professional boxing judge.699 t
J. Christopher Neal became the first t
David Denson came out as gay, mak- openly bisexual New York City LGBT ing him the first active minor league Pride March Grand Marshal.689 player affiliated with a Major League t
Thomas Roberts became the first Baseball organization to do so.700 openly gay evening news anchor on t
Keegan Hirst became the first British network television when he anchored rugby league professional to come out NBC’s “Nightly News” for a day.690 as gay.701 t
Hari Nef became the first t
Schools In Transition: A Guide for openly transgender model signed to Supporting Transgender Students in IMG.702 t
Meredith Talusan became K-12 Schools was introduced; it is a BuzzFeed’s first openly transgender first-of-its-kind publication for school staff writer.703 t
President Obama administrations, teachers, and parents appointed Raffi Freedman-Gurspan to about how to provide safe and support- serve as an Outreach and Recruitment ive environments for all transgender Director in the Presidential Personnel students in kindergarten through Office, making her the first openly twelfth grade.691 t
The UK-based bisexu- transgender appointee to work inside al women’s website Biscuit created the the White House.704 t
Sam Stanley, Purple List; the first known list of its nephew of Joe Stanley, became the first kind, the Purple List seeks to recognize English rugby union player to come out bisexuals who have contributed to fight- as gay.705 t
Andrew Guy became Austra- ing biphobia and increasing bisexual lia’s first openly transgender TV host, visibility.692,693 t
Jacob Anderson-Min- as a guest presenter on The Project.706 shall became the first openly transgen- t
The Royal Vauxhall Tavern became der author to win a Goldie award from the first ever building in the U.K. to be

98 given a special “listing” status based on utive power list.719 t
Aydian Dowling be- its LGBT history; it was accorded Grade came the first openly transgender man II listed status by the U.K.’s Depart- on the cover of Men’s Health magazine, ment of Culture, Media and Sport.707 as part of a special collector’s edition. t
The first Scottish LGBTI Awards were t
Loiza Lamers won “Holland’s Next held.708 t
Nancy VanReece won the Met- Top Model”, making her the first openly ro Council District 8 seat in Nashville, transgender winner of the “Top Model” thus becoming the first out lesbian franchise.720 t
California became the elected to a legislative body in Tennes- first state in America to agree to pay for see.709,710 t
Nepal adopted its first dem- transgender prison inmates to receive ocratic constitution, which is the first sexual reassignment surgery.721 t
The in Asia to specifically protect the rights first U.S. congressional forum on an- of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgen- ti-transgender violence was held.722 der communities.711 t
Jeffrey Tambor t
The (American) Department of Vet- became the first actor to win an Emmy erans Affairs opened its first clinic for for portraying a transgender charac- transgender service members.723 ter.712 t
The first Oscar campaigns for t
Tamara Adrian was elected to the openly transgender actresses supported Venezuelan National Assembly, thus by a movie producer were launched for becoming the first openly transgen- actresses Kitana Kiki Rodriguez and der Venezuelan to be elected to their Mya Taylor of the movie Tangerine.713 national legislature, as well as the first t
Chris Burns, an assistant coach at openly transgender person in the entire Bryant University, came out as gay, thus Western Hemisphere to do so.724 t
Mya becoming the first openly gay coach in Taylor won the Gotham Award for Division I men’s basketball.714 t
Hol- Breakthrough Actor, making her the lyoaks became the first UK soap to cast first openly transgender actress to win an openly transgender actress when a Gotham award.725 t
Adrianna Vorder- they cast Annie Wallace.715 t
EastEnders bruggen died in combat; she is believed chose Riley Carter Millington as the to be the first American active duty, first openly transgender actor in UK openly gay, female service member to TV soap history; he was chosen to be die in combat, and is the first openly on Albert Square as ‘Kyle’, a man who gay American Air Force officer to die in has transitioned from female to male, combat.726 t
Jackie Biskupski was elect- which Riley did in real life.716 t
Brean- ed as the first openly gay mayor of Salt na Sinclairé became the first openly Lake City.727 t
South Park characters transgender person to sing the nation- Craig Tucker and Tweek Tweak become al anthem at a professional sporting the first canon gay couple of the fourth event, which she did at a Major League grade cast in the Season 19, Episode 6 Baseball game.717 t
A transgender man’s episode Tweek x Craig. phalloplasty became the first ever seen on camera, in the Channel 4 documen- tary Girls to Men.718 t
Inga Beale, CEO of Lloyd’s of London, became the first woman and the first openly bisexual person to be named number one in the OUTstanding & FT Leading LGBT exec- 2015 99 1 t Margherita Mussi, Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and Mesolithic (Klu- wer Academic, 2002), pp. 340ff., especially pp. 343–344. 2 t Lauren E. Talalay, “The Gendered Sea: Iconography, Gender, and Mediterranean Prehistory,” in The Archaeology of Medi- terranean Prehistory (Blackwell, 2005), pp. 130–148, especially p. 136. 3 t “Grave of stone age transsexual excavated in Prague”. Archeology News Network. Retrieved 6 July 2013. 4 t
Greenberg, David, The Construction of Homosexuality, 1988; Parkinson, R.B.,‘Ho- mosexual’ Desire and Middle Kingdom Literature Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, vol. 81, 1995, p. 57-76; Montserrat, Dominic, Akhenaten: History, Fantasy, and Ancient Egypt, 2000. More details at [1] & [2]. 5 t Lynn Meskell, when writing about homosex- uality, calls it “Another well documented ex- ample” (Archaeologies of social life: age, sex, class et cetera in ancient Egypt, Wiley-Black- well, 1999, p.95). Footnotes 6 t
“Internet History Sourcebooks”. 7 t “Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex”. 8 t Was homosexuality accepted in ancient Assyr- ia prior to Christianity? 9 t Kenneth Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Har- vard University Press, 1978, 1898), pp. 205-7 10 t Boswell, John (1994). Same-Sex Unions in Pre-Modern Europe. New York: Vintage Books 11 t Stephan Steingräber, Abundance of Life: Etruscan Wall Painting (Getty Publications, 2006), pp. 67, 70, 91–92; Otto Brendel, Etruscan Art, translated by R. Serra Ridgway (Yale University Press, 1978, 1995), pp. 165– 170; Fred S. Kleiner, A History of Roman Art (Wadsworth, 2007, 2010), p. xxxii. 12 t Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2. 13 t The History By Herodotus 14 t Plato. “Symposium”. Symposium 189c. Retrieved 18 September 2011. 15 t Plato. “Symposium 201d”. Symposium. 16 t Plato. “Symposium 214e”. Symposium. 17 t Fone, Byrne R. S. (2000). Homophobia: a n.), and by this execution an ordinary capital history. New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN crime may be redeemed. 0-8050-4559-7. 25 t The Origins and Role of Same-Sex Relations 18 t
Joseph Roisman, Ancient Greece from Ho- in Human Societies mer to Alexandria, Blackwell, 2011 26 t Thomas A.J. McGinn, Prostitution, Sexu- 19 t
Haggerty, George E. (2000). Gay histories ality and the Law in Ancient Rome (Oxford and cultures: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Fran- University Press, 1998), pp. 140–141; Amy cis. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-8153-1880-4. Richlin, The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality 20 t Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda and Aggression in Roman Humor (Oxford (1990). “The Importance of Vendidad in the University Press, 1983, 1992), pp. 86, 224; Zarathushti Religion”. tenets.zoroastrianism. John Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance, com. Retrieved 3 January 2015. and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western 21 t Ervad Marzban Hathiram. “Significance and Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Philosophy of the Vendidad” (PDF). frashog- Era to the Fourteenth Century (University of ard.com. Retrieved 3 January 2015. Chicago Press, 1980), pp. 63, 67–68; Craig 22 t “Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Williams, Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies Western Aryan Lands”. heritageinstitute. of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity (Oxford com. Heritage Institute. Retrieved 3 January University Press, 1999), p. 116. 2015. 27 t James L. Butrica, “Some Myths and Anom- 23 t Jones, Lesley-Ann. Freddie Mercury: alies in the Study of Roman Sexuality,” in The Definitive Biography: The Definitive Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Biography. Hachette UK, 2011. p. 28. ISBN Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition 9781444733709. Retrieved 3 January 2015. (Haworth Press, 2005), p. 231. In the sacred Zoroastrian text[,] the Ven- 28 t Eva Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient didad, it is stated: ‘The man that lies with World (Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, mankind as man lies with womankind, or as originally published 1988 in Italian), p. 120; woman lies with mankind, is a man that is a Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Daeva (demon): this man is a worshipper of Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 75. the Daevas, a male paramour of the Daevas. 29 t Digest 48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2. 24 t
Darmesteter, James (1898). Sacred Books of 30 t Richlin, “Not before Homosexuality,” pp. the East (American ed.). Vd 8:32. Retrieved 3 562–563. See also Digest 48.5.35 [34] on legal January 2015. Ahura Mazda answered: ‘The definitions of rape that included boys. man that lies with mankind as man lies with 31 t Richlin, “Not before Homosexuality,” pp. womankind, or as woman lies with man- 558–561. kind, is the man that is a Daeva; this one is 32 t Cantarella, Bisexuality in the Ancient World, the man that is a worshipper of the Daevas, pp. 99, 103; McGinn, Prostitution, Sexuality that is a male paramour of the Daevas, that and the Law, p. 314. is a female paramour of the Daevas, that is a 33 t Historical Dictionary of the Lesbian and Gay wife to the Daeva; this is the man that is as Liberation Movements bad as a Daeva, that is in his whole being a 34 t Ornamentis Augustarum: Suetonius, Life of Daeva; this is the man that is a Daeva before Nero 28–29, discussed by Craig A. Williams, he dies, and becomes one of the unseen Roman Homosexuality (Oxford University Daevas after death: so is he, whether he has Press, 1999), p. pp. 284, 400, 424. lain with mankind as mankind, or as wom- 35 t Dio Cassius, Epitome of Book 68.6.4; ankind. The guilty may be killed by any one, 68.21.2–6.21.3 without an order from the Dastur (see § 74 36 t Apologia I, 27, UTA, RANKE-HEINEMANN,

101 Eunuchi per il regno dei cieli, Rizzoli 1990, is nevertheless necessary to condemn them p. 66. by a new decree; lest if timely correction be 37 t Sextus Empiricus (c. 200 CE): Outlines of deferred, still greater vices may arise. There- Pyrrhonism fore, we establish by this law, that if any man 38 t Sex in the Ancient World from A to Z whosoever, of any age, or race, whether he 39 t Augustan History, Life of Elagabalus 10 belongs to the clergy, or to the laity, should 40 t Eusebius of Caesarea The Life of the Blessed be convicted, by competent evidence, of the Emperor Constantine commission of the crime of sodomy, he shall, 41 t Theodosian Code 9.8.3: “When a man by order of the king, or of any judge, not only marries and is about to offer himself to men suffer emasculation, but also the penalty in womanly fashion (quum vir nubit in fem- prescribed by ecclesiastical decree for such inam viris porrecturam), what does he wish, offences, and promulgated in the third year when sex has lost all its significance; when of our reign.” the crime is one which it is not profitable to 48 t “SGS - Europe and homosexuality”. know; when Venus is changed to another 49 t “Burned for Sodomy”. Queer Saints and form; when love is sought and not found? Martyrs. We order the statutes to arise, the laws to be 50 t (Fone, 2000) armed with an avenging sword, that those 51 t David Bromell. Who’s Who in Gay and Lesbi- infamous persons who are now, or who an History, London, 2000 (Ed. Wotherspoon hereafter may be, guilty may be subjected to and Aldrich) exquisite punishment. 52 t PETRI DAMIANI Liber gomorrhianus, ad 42 t (Theodosian Code 9.7.6): All persons who Leonem IX Rom. Pon. in Patrologiae Cursus have the shameful custom of condemning a completus...accurante J.P., MIGNE, series man’s body, acting the part of a woman’s to secunda, tomus CXLV, col. 161; CANOSA, the sufferance of alien sex (for they appear Romano, Storia di una grande paura La sod- not to be different from women), shall expi- omia a Firenze e a Venezia nel quattrocento, ate a crime of this kind in avenging flames Feltrinelli, Milano 1991, pp.13–14 in the sight of the people. 53 t Opera Omnia. Archived 22 October 2007 at 43 t Evagrius Ecclesiastical History 3.39 the Wayback Machine. 44 t Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, Volume 2 54 t “storia completa qui”. Archived from the 45 t History of Homophobia Part 3 original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 6 October 46 t Justinian Novels 77, 144 2014. 47 t Visigothic Code 3.5.5, 3.5.6; “The doctrine 55 t Crompton, Louis. Homosexuality and Civili- of the orthodox faith requires us to place zation. Cambridge & London: Belknap Press our censure upon vicious practices, and to of Harvard University Press, 2003 restrain those who are addicted to carnal 56 t Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and civili- offences. For we counsel well for the benefit sation, Harvard University, 2003 of our people and our country, when we take 57 t della Chiesa, Angela Ottino (1967). The measures to utterly extirpate the crimes of Complete Paintings of Leonardo da Vinci. wicked men, and put an end to the evil deeds p. 83. of vice. For this reason we shall attempt to 58 t Diarmaid MacCulloch (2003). Reformation: abolish the horrible crime of sodomy, which A History. pg. 95. MacCulloch says “he fell in is as contrary to Divine precept as it is to love” and further adds in a footnote “There chastity. And although the authority of the has been much modern embarrassment and Holy Scriptures, and the censure of earthly obfuscation on Erasmus and Rogerus, but laws, alike, prohibit offences of this kind, it see the sensible comment in J. Huizinga,

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127 This book was designed by Rafael Wendel. The text was typeset and made into pages in Adobe InDesign. This text was output in the typefaces Politica, designed by Alejandro Paul, and Scala and Scala Sans, both designed by Martin Majoor.