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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88839-4 - Barcodes for Mobile Devices Hiroko Kato, Keng T. Tan and Douglas Chai Index More information

Index

AC coefficient, 168, 169 biometric data, 66, 67, 92, 123 access control, 66 biometric encryption key, 67 Active Book, 98 bitmap (BMP), 166 Active CyberCode, 104, 105 bitwise-XOR operations, 143 Active TRIPboard, 107 blob, 70, 71, 73, 145 adaptive thresholding, 106, 172–174, 176 block code, 131 additive colour space, 124, 160, 161 blog, 31, 45, 115 Advanced Television Systems Committee Bluetooth, 76, 117–119 (ATSC), 131 Bluetooth device address (BD_ADDR), 118 Air Transport Association (ATA), 23, 60 Bose–Chaudhuri–Hochquenghem (BCH) code, 131 alignment failure, 203, 207, 210, 211, 213 bouse, 89 alignment pattern, 52–54, 147 brightness coordinate in colour space, 124 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 61 bull’s eye, 12, 13, 36, 76, 145 American Standard Code for Information burst error, 54, 131, 137, 140, 141 Interchange (ASCII), 22–24, 33, 35, 36 business card scanner, 91 anti-aliasing, 91, 123, 147 byte compaction mode, 33 application identifier (AI), 41–43 application programming interface (API), 95 area sensor, 28 central circular finder pattern, 146, 155 arm in mCode symbol, 70 centre guard pattern, 24, 112 associative law, 132 charge coupled device (CCD), 12, 28, 31, 45, 58, 89, au (KDDI), 51 91, 97, 110, 122, 149, 158, 214, 215 augmented reality (AR), 31, 94, 97–99, 103–105, 108, 109, 121, 127 camera, 32, 37, 48, 58, 60, 69, 76, 78, 92, 100, Australian Communications and Media Authority 104, 106, 109, 122 (ACMA), 97 imager, 58 authentication, 119, 120 scanner, 28, 42, 45 auto-focus, 120, 215 check bit, 139 automatic identification, 1, 18, 46, 47 check character, 22, 43 automatic identification and data capture (AIDC), 1 check digit, 25 Automatic Identification Manufacturer (AIM), 41 checksum, 22–26 automatic point of sale system (APOSS), 17 chrominance, 163, 164, 168, 171 Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG), 7 Cincinnati, first barcode system, 11 Aztec code, 95 cipher text, 119 closed circuit television (CCTV), 78 cluster of symbol patterns, 32 baseline coding system, 166, 167 CMY colour space, 161, 162 bearer bar, 22 CMYK colour space, 162, 163, 165 BeeTagg, 51, 82–85, 93, 122, 154 Codabar, 16 Berlekamp–Massey algorithm, 135 Code 128, 2, 7, 20, 23, 24 bijective mapping, 80 Code 39 (3 of 9), 7, 16, 19, 20, 22, 23 binary compaction, 34 code coordinate system, 78–80 binary level, 20–22 code pages, 61, 63, 64 binary mode, 32 codec, 165

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88839-4 - Barcodes for Mobile Devices Hiroko Kato, Keng T. Tan and Douglas Chai Index More information

Index 253

codeword, 32–37, 55, 58, 63, 80, 131, 133–135, database 2D barcode, 50, 59, 70, 73, 93, 127, 130, 138, 139, 141, 149 136, 146, 147, 150, 152 ColorCode, 51, 85–90, 93, 121–123, 139, 146, 150, datablock, 117 153, 155 DC coefficient, 168 colour default mode, 107 gamut, 162 Denso Co., 51 laser, 90 Denso Wave, 51 management, 162, 163, 165 device-dependent colour space, 161 matching, 162, 200, 204, 207, 211, 213, 214 digital camera, 86, 91 matching failure, 210, 211, 213 digital signal processor (DSP), 111 profile, 162, 163 digital video broadcasting (DVB), 131 reversal, 63, 64 direct marking, 38, 39 reversal function, 56 direct part marking, 56, 64 spectrum, 159 discrete code, 21 values, 124 discrete cosine transform (DCT), 166 vision, 158 discrete finder pattern, 146, 155 column parity, 86 distributive law, 132 column version, 34 DNA profiles, 92, 123 Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage, see CIE DoCoMo, 51 Commission on Illumination (CIE), 204 DoD of USA, 8 1931 chromaticity diagram, 162 dot-impact marking, 18 1931 colour space, 160 dot peen marking, 38, 69 1931 XYZ colour space, 160 downhill simplex method, 101 communication noise, 54 downsampling, see subsampling commutative, 132 drag-and-drop, 103 compaction mode, 34 dye submission, 90 complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera, 89 component linkage, 44 e-commerce, 78, 96 compression, 70 e-coupons, 59 cone, 159 e-tickets, 59 context-aware environments, 122 Electronic Commerce Council of Canada continuous code, 21 (ECCC), 40 continuous finder pattern, 146, 155, 156 control area, 86 Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), 6–8 control cell, 86 Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) 7, 16, 61 control code, 56 EIA-706, 7 convolutional code, 60 EIA-802, 7 Common Object Request Broker Architecture elliptic curve cryptography, 91 (CORBA), 108 encryption, 66, 119 corner stone, 79–81 enhanced error correction (EEC), 37 customer relationship management (CRM), 66 entropy coding, 168, 171 CyberCode, 97, 99–106, 109 error checking and correcting (ECC), 60 cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 90 ECC 000, 60 ECC 000–140, 60–62, 63, 147 ECC 080, 60 dark-on-light printing, 56, 64 ECC 100, 60 data area, 54, 63, 86 ECC 140, 60 data block, 117 ECC 200, 60–64, 147 data compaction, 44, 63 ECC 50, 60 data correction mode, 33 error correction codeword, 34 data disguising, 96 error correction level, 34, 58, 63 Data Matrix, 7, 8, 32, 50, 60–66, 71, 72, 88, 89, 91, H, 55 93, 94, 116, 123, 146, 147, 152, 155, 209 L, 55 Data Matrix ECC 000–140, 62 M, 55 Data Matrix ECC 200, 61–63 Q, 55 DataBar, 19, 32, 41 error detection and correction (EDAC), 66, 68

254 Index

error-locator polynomial, 136 Stacked Omnidirectional, 41, 42 error parity check, 87 Truncated, 41 escape sequences, 61 GS1 function character, see FNC1 Euclidean algorithm, 135 GS1-128, 8, 44 Euclidean distance, 149, 188 emulation of, 44 European Article Number (EAN), 6, 9, 15, 16, 19, guide bar, 79–81 20, 24, 40 gyro-mouse, 98 EAN-13, 24–26, 110–112 EAN-8, 24, 26 European Health Industry Business Hamming code, 137–139, 150 Communications Council (EHIBCC), 8 Hamming distance, 80 even parity, 24, 25, 139 Health Industry Business Communications Council even parity check, 76, 77 (HIBCC), 8 EXC mode, 32 helium–neon laser, 13 Exclusive OR, see XOR hexadecimal numbers in Visual Code, 80 Extended ASCII, 36 High Capacity Color Barcode (HCCB), 51, 89–93, extended coding system, 166 122, 123, 126, 147, 150, 153–155, 210 High Energy Magic Inc., 76 high-frequency coefficients, 168–171, 175 HLS colour space, 165 false negative, 157 homogeneous transformation, 81, 186 false positive, 157 homography, 73 FieldMouse, 98, 99, 103, 108 horizontal CCD (HCCD), 214 file identifier, 64 horizontal redundancy check, 140 finder pattern, 36, 43, 52, 58, 61, 70–72, 92, 142, HSB colour space, 124, 125, 165 144–147, 153, 155–157, 174, 181, 183–187, HSI colour space, 165 189, 190, 210, 211 HSV colour space, 124, 165 fingerprint, 92, 123 hue, 124 finite field, 131–133 Huffman coding, 171 first-read rate (FRR), 62, 147, 192, 196, 210, human–computer interaction, 76, 78, 81, 100, 104, 216, 217 107, 127 flag indicator in Visual Code, 81 human visual system (HVS), 168, 169 flatbed scanner, 91 hyperlinks, 66 floating point unit (FPU), 120 FNC1, function character, 43 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 8 ID-aware pen, 103, 104 ID card, 69 identifier, 76 identity element, 132 Galois field (GF), 131–133 identity function, 132 gamma correction, 158 iGrocer, 110 gamut, 161, 162 independent coding system, 166 Gartner Co., 31 index 2D barcode, 50, 82, 85, 89, 93, 122, 127, 130, general data, in data disguising 96 136, 139, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153 generator matrix, 137, 138 index tag, 76 generator polynomial, 134 InfoPoint, 104 global thresholding, 172, 173 information preserving compression, see lossless Global Trade Item Number (GTIN), 6, 40, 42, 43 compression graphic image format (GIF), 166 InfoStick, see InfoPoint graphical user interface (GUI), 98 infrared ID, 109, 159 GrayCode, 86 inkjet printer, 90 GS1 DataBar, 6, 8, 32, 39–41, 43–45 input, 80 Expanded, 41–44 Intacta Labs, 96 Expanded Stacked, 41–43 INTACTA.CODE, 96 Limited, 41, 43 Interleaved 2 of 5, 6, 19–22 Omnidirectional, 41–43 interleaving, 140, 150, 182 Stacked, 41, 43 interline transfer CCD (IT-CCD), 214

Index 255

International Article Numbering (IAN), 6 logo, 70, 88, 145 International Article Numbering Association EAN, 9 longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), 140 International Colour Consortium (ICC), 163 lossless compression, 166 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 1 lossy compression, 164, 166, 177 International ISBN Agency, 9 low-frequency coefficients, 168, 169 International Organization for Standardization luminance, 111, 163, 164, 168 (ISO), 1, 30–32, 34, 36, 41, 43, 61, 63 ISO 2108/1972, 8 ISO 3297/1975, 9 macroPDF417, 34 ISO 8859, 64 magnetic stripe, 11, 46, 48 ISO/IEC 1976 2-2, 1 man-in-the-middle attack (MITM), 119 ISO/IEC16022, 61 masking, 56, 140, 142, 143, 149, 150 ISO/IEC18004, 51 masking pattern, 53, 57, 58 ISO/IEC24724, 41 MATLAB, 174 International Standard Audiovisual Number matrix code, 27, 28, 30 International Agency (ISAN–IA), 92 MaxiCode, 7, 29, 32, 35–37, 94, 145, 154, 155 International Standard Book Number (ISBN), 8, 9 mCode, 50, 69–73, 75, 93, 122, 145 ISBN-10, 9 mCode reader, 70 ISBN-13, 9 mCode system, 70, 73 International Standard Serial Number (ISSN), 9 mean square error (MSE), 196 International Symbology Specification (ISS), 61 Micro QR Code, 52, 54, 59, 60 Data Matrix, 61 microelectronics, 46, 109 MicroPDF417, 8, 32, 34, 35 QR Code, 51 Microsoft Co., 92 International Technology Specification (ITS), 41 mixed code, 88, 89 inverse element, 132 MMCC™, 153, 154, 157, 180–183, 186, 190–196, IP address, 103 200, 203, 207–211, 213, 215–217 iris scan, 92, 123 Mobile Code, 51 ITU-R standard BT.601, 163, 164 mobile commerce, 73 Mobile Multi-Colour Composite, see MMCC™, 192 J-SH04 camera phone, 31, 104 module, 20, 23, 24, 32, 34, 36, 37, 43, 52, 54, 55, J-SH09 camera phone, 51, 105 58, 59, 61–64, 66, 71, 142, 143 Japanese Article Number (JAN), 51, 105 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), 164 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Levels 1 and multi-level barcode, 20, 21, 23, 24, 43 2, 56 multimedia messaging service (MMS), 31 Japanese Standards Association (JSA), 1 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 158, 164, NASA, 18, 47, 61 166–169, 171, 175 National Drug Code (NDC), 8 File Interchange Format (JFIF), 167 National Health Related Item Code (NHRIC), 8 National Television Systems Committee (NTSC), 164 KDDI au, 51 NaviCam, 102, 103 near field communication (NFC), 39, 46, 48, 109 numeric code, 86 laser marking, 18, 38, 56 numeric compaction mode, 33 laser scanner, 28, 32, 37, 42 numeric mode, 33 left guard pattern, 24, 26, 43, 112 light-on-dark printing, 56, 64 light spectrum, 159 odd parity, 24–26, 139 line of sight, 46 one-dimensional sensor, see linear sensor line sensor, see linear sensor OP3, 51, 76 linear barcode, 60 optical character recognition (OCR), 11, 48 linear sensor, 28 optical mouse, 78, 82, 98, 120 linking vector, 71, 73 optically readable media (ORM), 1 location failure, 210 orientation pattern, 36 logistics applications of automated marking and Otsu thresholding technique, 111 reading symbols (LOMARS), 16 output, 80

256 Index

palette, 91, 92 QR Code Model 1, 54 Paper Memory Code (PM Code), 123–126, 150, 210 QR Code Model 2, 54 parity quiet zone, 2–4, 18, 21–24, 32, 52, 59, 61, 66, 74, area, 86–88 143, 144 bit, 139, 140 cell, 86 character, 18 radio frequency identification (RFID), 1, 11, 39, 46, check, 137, 150 48, 68, 69, 92, 109 code, 139 RFID tag, 46 data, 149 random error, 141 pattern, 112 random interleaving, 182 symbol, 131 raster scanner, 28 parity-check matrix, 137–139 RCA, 13 partial scan, 22 real-time mode, 107 PDF417 code, 7, 32–34, 88, 89, 91, 94, 123 reduced space symbology (RSS), 19, 40, 41 peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), 196–198 RSS-14, 32 pen-type mechanical mouse, 98 redundancy bit, 139 personal computer (PC), 97 Reed–Solomon (RS) code, 30, 34, 37, 52, 54, 55, personal digital assistant (PDA), 47, 49, 82, 89, 97, 60, 63, 66, 68, 71, 90–92, 96, 130–134, 135, 104, 109, 111, 127 137, 139–141, 145, 150, 181, 182, 190, 200 pervasive computing, see ubiquitous computing reference area, 86 Peterson algorithm, 135, 136 reference cell, 86 phase alternation line (PAL), 164 reference palette, 90–92, 123, 150 photodiode, 214, 215 retina, 159 pixel, 111, 147, 154, 168, 169, 173, 174, 187, 188, RGB colour space, 6, 123–125, 161–165, 172–174, 196, 214, 215 176–178, 213 planar homography, 81 right guard pattern, 24, 26, 43, 112 plasma screen, 78, 115 ringcode, 76, 106 plural pixels sampling, 187 root, 70 portable network graphics (PNG), 166 round cell, 56 point of sale (POS), 6, 13, 18, 19, 42 row address pattern, 34 pose, 106 row parity, 86 position cell, 86 run-length encoding, 112 position detection pattern, 52, 59, 60, see finder pattern price lookup (PLU), 18, 19 sandblast marking, 18 primary colour, 124, 159, 160, 178 saturation, 124 of light, 124, 159–162 saving-mode, 107 of pigment, 161 scanning system, 11 primary message, 36 secondary colours of light, 161 primitive polynomial, 132, 133 secondary message, 36 projective mapping, 81, 186 secret data, 96 projective transformation, 81, 115, 183, 186, 200, sector, 76, 77 207, 211 Secure 2D code, 95, 96 projective warper object, 81 seeing-is-believing (SiB), 119, 120 pseudo-random interleaving, 182 segment identifier, 43 public key, 119 Semacode, 65, 66, 116 public key infrastructure (PKI) techniques, 91 Semacode Co., 65, 66 semiconductor, 28, 30, 109 sentient computing (SC), 106, 108, 109 quantisation, 168 sequence indicator (SI), 37, 149 quarter video graphics array (QVGA), 194–196, service identifier, 117 199, 200, 203, 210, 213–215, 217 short message service (SMS), 31, 70, 73, 75 Quick Response Code (QR Code), 7, 32, 50–52, ShotCode, 51, 76, 78, 93, 145, 155 54–61, 63, 71, 72, 93, 110, 114–116, 142, 147, single-pixel sampling, 187 148, 152, 155, 209 smart card, 46, 92 QR Code Blog, 58 smart chip, 68

Index 257

Softbank Mobile Co., 51 United Parcel Service (UPS), 29, 35 solo blob, 70, 71, 73 United States Department of Defense, see DoD of Spin verification tool, 95 USA spiral scanning method, 111 Universal Product Code (UPC), 6, 14–16, 19, 20, SpotCode, 51, 76, 78, 81, 97, 116–118, 127 24–26, 40 stacked code, 27, 28 UPC-A, 24–26 standard colour, 86 UPC-B, 24 standard error correction (SEC), 37 UPC-C, 24 structured append, 34, 37, 63, 148, 149, 151 UPC-D, 24 mode indicator, 148 UPC-E, 24, 26 structured carrier messages, 37 Universal Product Number (UPN), 8 subsampling, 164, 168, 171, 194, 216, 217 UpCode, 66, 116 subtractive colour space, 161 UTOPIA project, 122 suitability score, 143 sync marker, 118 sync sector, 76 VeriCode, 50, 63, 66–69, 93, 146 synchronisation sector, 76, 77 Veritec Inc., 66 syndrome, 134–136, 138 vertical CCD (VCCD), 214 systematic encoding, 131 vertical redundancy check, 140 video graphics array (VGA), 86, 120, 193–196, 200, 203, 210, 213–215, 217 tagged image format file (TIFF), 166 virtual network computing (VNC), 107, 108 tagging identification system, 98, 99 virtual reality, 97, 98 target recognition using image processing (TRIP) visible light, 159 TRIP, 76, 106, 107, 145 Visual Code, 4, 51, 78–81, 93, 97, 120, 127, 137, TRIP code, 76, 77, 97, 106, 107, 109, 116, 118 149, 152, 155 TRIPparser, 107, 108 reader, 80 TRIP system, 78, 106, 108 system, 79, 82 TRIP tag, 76, 145 Visual tag, 116–118, 122 TRIP Teleporting, 107 visual tagging system, 99, 118, 120, 121, 127 text compaction mode, 33 Vodafone, 51 thermal marking, 18 VSCode, 66, 67, 69 thermal transfer printer, 37 timing pattern, 52, 147, 151 total number of cells (TS), 37 Web log, see blog transverse redundancy check (TRC), 140 webcam, 76, 78, 86, 91, 97, 106, 107, 122, 149 triad, 70, 71, 73 white balance, 158 triangular cell, 90, 91 white separator, 90, 147 Trillcode, 50, 73–75, 93, 122, 146, 155 white spacing, 91, 147 triple parity check, 86 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), 75 TruncatedPDF417, 34 World Product Code (WPC), 6 two-dimensional (2D) composite, 56

X dimension, 3, 42 ubiquitous computing, 9, 31, 39, 45–48, 76, 97–99, XOR, 87, 131, 132 103–106, 108–110, 121, 122, 127 Ultracode, 122 ultraviolet, 159 YCbCr colour space, 163–165, 168, 178 Unicode, 71 Yonsei University, 85 Uniform Code Council (UCC), 40 UCC/EAN128, 8 uniform resource locator (URL), 45, 58, 66, 70, 72, zero element, 132 73, 81, 116, 117, 152 zero-padding, 182