INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

EVOLUTION OF

Janaswamy Phaniteja#1, P Derin J Tom#2

#1 - Janaswamy Phaniteja, B Tech.-III Year, Dept. of Information Technology, Aurora’s Engineering College, Bhongir, Nalgonda Dist., 9246580683 #2 - P Derin J Tom, B Tech.-III Year, Dept. of Information Technology, Aurora’s Engineering College, Bhongir, Nalgonda Dist., 8801072944,

Abstract: A barcode is an optical machine-readable first working system used ultraviolet ink, but this representation of data, which shows data about the proved too easy to fade and was fairly expensive. object to which it attaches. These days’ have become very common for Unique Identification Convinced that the system was workable with further (UID) of almost everything from groceries to development, Woodland left Drexel, moved into his expensive goods. father's apartment in Florida, and continued working The mapping between messages and on the system. His next inspiration came from Morse barcodes is called a symbology. The specification of code, and he formed his first barcode from sand on a symbology includes the encoding of the single the beach. "I just extended the dots and dashes digits/characters of the message as well as the start downwards and made narrow lines and wide lines and stop markers into bars and space, the size of the out of them." To read them, he adapted technology quiet zone required to be before and after the from optical soundtracks in movies, using a 500-watt barcode as well as the computation of a checksum. light bulb shining through the paper onto an RCA935 As every coin has two faces, every photomultiplier tube (from a movie projector) on the technology also has two faces i.e. the advantages far side. He later decided that the system would work and disadvantages. It depends on us (i.e; users & better if it were printed as a circle instead of a line, [1] developers) which side we chose to explore! allowing it to be scanned in any direction .

Keywords: Barcode, 1D Barcode, 2D Barcode, On 20 October 1949 Woodland and Silver filed a Matrix Code, QR Code, Barcode Readers, UPC, patent application for "Classifying Apparatus and CCD Reader Method", in which they described both the linear and Bull’s-eye printing patterns, as well as the mechanical and electronic systems needed to read the I. INTRODUCTION: code. The patent was issued on 7 October 1952 as US Patent 2,612,994. In 1951, Woodland moved to A barcode is an optical machine-readable IBM and continually tried to interest IBM in representation of data, which shows data about the [1] developing the system. The company eventually object to which it attaches . Originally barcodes commissioned a report on the idea, which concluded represented data by varying the widths and spacing’s that it was both feasible and interesting, but that of parallel lines, and may be referred to as linear or processing the resulting information would require one-dimensional (1D). Later they evolved into equipment that was some time off in the future. rectangles, dots, hexagons and other geometric patterns in two dimensions (2D). Although 2D The first consumer product that introduced barcode systems use a variety of symbols, they are generally was Wrigley’s Gum [3]. referred to as barcodes as well. Barcodes originally were scanned by special optical scanners called barcode readers; later, scanners and interpretive III. SYMBOLOGIES: software became available on devices including The mapping between messages and barcodes is desktop printers and Smartphone’s. called a symbology [1]. The specification of a symbology includes the encoding of the single II. HISTORY: digits/characters of the message as well as the start and stop markers into bars and space, the size of the In 1948 Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel quiet zone required to be before and after the barcode Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, as well as the computation of a checksum. Linear Pennsylvania, USA overheard the president of the symbologies can be classified mainly by two local food chain, Food Fair, asking one of the deans properties: to research a system to automatically read product information during checkout. Silver told his friend  Continuous vs. discrete: Characters in Norman Joseph Woodland about the request, and [3] continuous symbologies usually abut, with they started working on a variety of systems . Their one character ending with a space and the INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

next beginning with a bar, or vice versa. barcodes are being developed that will be more Characters in discrete symbologies begin secure and will encode more data. Barcode systems and end with bars; the inter-character space such as the UPC system have already become a is ignored, as long as it is not wide enough regular part of the daily life of many people. to look like the code ends. Based on the type of the symbology that is used in  Two-width vs. many-width: Bars and the barcode, they are basically divided into two spaces in two-width symbologies are wide types. They are: or narrow; the exact width of a wide bar has no significance as long as the symbology 1. Linear (1D) Barcodes requirements for wide bars are adhered to 2. Matrix (2D) Barcodes (usually two to three times wider than a narrow bar). Bars and spaces in many-width These are the most commonly used types of symbologies are all multiples of a basic barcodes. There are even 3D barcodes that are being width called the module; most such codes developed. use four widths of 1, 2, 3 and 4 modules. A. LINEAR (1D) BARCODES: Some symbologies use interleaving. The first character is encoded using black bars of varying Linear barcode is a first generation, "one width. The second character is then encoded, by dimensional" barcode that is made up of lines and varying the width of the white spaces between these spaces of various widths that create specific patterns. bars. Thus characters are encoded in pairs over the These patterns represent stock-keeping unit (SKU) same section of the barcode. numbers which are easily and quickly read by computer scanners. Continuous and discrete linear Stacked symbologies repeat a given linear bar codes are still in common use today, also called symbology vertically. UPC barcode.

The most common among the many 2D symbologies The following table contains the list of some of the are matrix codes, which feature square or dot-shaped Linear Barcode Symbologies that are being used in modules arranged on a grid pattern. 2-D symbologies various fields now-a-days. also come in circular and other patterns and may employ steganography, hiding modules within an Continuous Bar image (for example, Data Glyphs). Symbology or Uses widths discrete Linear symbologies are optimized for laser scanners, Worldwide which sweep a light beam across the barcode in a retail, GS1- straight line, reading a slice of the barcode light-dark approved – patterns. Stacked symbologies are also optimized for U.P.C. Continuous Many International laser scanning, with the laser making multiple passes Standard across the barcode. ISO/IEC In the 1990s development of charge coupled device 15420 (CCD) imagers to read barcodes was pioneered by Old format Welch Allyn. Imaging does not require moving parts, used in as a laser scanner does. In 2007, linear imaging had libraries and begun to supplant laser scanning as the preferred Discrete Two blood banks scan engine for its performance and durability. and on air bills (out of 2-D symbologies cannot be read by a laser as there is date) typically no sweep pattern that can encompass the Wholesale, libraries entire symbol. They must be scanned by an image- Code 25 – International based scanner employing a CCD or other digital Interleaved Continuous Two standard camera sensor technology. 2 of 5 ISO/IEC IV. TYPES OF BARCODES: 16390 Various – There are many types of barcodes that are used to International track products, , and people. Nearly everyone Continuous Many Standard has purchased products that have one or more ISO/IEC barcodes. Barcodes have a permanent place in 15417 modern tracking systems. More advanced types of INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

Telephones Discrete Two Table-1: Types of Linear Barcode (out of date) Symbologies Worldwide retail, GS1- approved – B. MATRIX (2D) BARCODES: EAN-8, Continuous Many International EAN-13 A matrix code, also termed a 2D barcode or simply a Standard 2D code is a two-dimensional way to represent ISO/IEC information. It is similar to a linear (1-dimensional) 15420 [1] barcode, but can represent more data per unit area . Facing USPS Identificati Continuous One business A code is a two-dimensional matrix on Mark reply mail barcode consisting of black and white "cells" or GS1 modules arranged in either a square or rectangular DataBar, pattern. The information to be encoded can be text or formerly Various, numeric data. Usual data size is from a few bytes up Reduced Continuous Many GS1- to 1556 bytes. The length of the encoded data Space approved depends on the number of cells in the matrix. Error Symbology correction codes are often used to increase reliability: (RSS) even if one or more cells are damaged so it is Healthcare – unreadable, the message can still be read. A Data HIBC is a data Matrix symbol can store up to 2,335 alphanumeric (HIBCC structure to characters. Health Discrete Two be used with Industry Code 128, The following table contains the list of some of the Bar Code) or Linear Barcode Symbologies that are being used in Data Matrix various fields now-a-days. Latent Tall/sh Colour print image Neither ort film Symbology Notes barcode 3-DI Developed by Lynn Ltd. Pharmaceuti cal ArrayTag From ArrayTech Systems. packaging Designed by Andrew Longacre Pharmacod Neither Two (no at Welch Allyn (now e Honeywell Scanning and international standard Mobility). Public domain. – available) International Standard ISO/IEC United 24778 States Postal An artistic proposal by C. C. Service, Chromatic Elian; divides the visible replaces Alphabet spectrum into 26 different both wavelengths – hues. Intelligent Tall/sh POSTNET Public domain. Code 1 is Mail Continuous ort and currently used in the health care barcode PLANET Code 1 industry for medicine labels and symbols the recycling industry to encode (formerly container content for sorting. named One ColourZip developed colour Code) barcodes that can be read by ColourCode Used for camera phones from TV warehouse screens; mainly used in Korea. MSI Continuous Two shelves and readable when printed on inventory d-touch deformable gloves and stretched Canadian and distorted PostBar Discrete Many Post office From Palo Alto Research / DataGlyphs Centre (also termed Xerox RM4SCC / Tall/sh Continuous Royal TPG PARC). KIX ort Post From Microscan Systems, Libraries Continuous Two Data Matrix formerly RVSI Acuity (UK) CiMatrix/Siemens. Public INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

domain. Increasingly used are also used frequently for throughout the United States. Android phones. – International Single segment Data Matrix is Standard : ISO/IEC 18004 also termed – Standard: ISO/IEC 16022. Designed for the unique Dot Code A identification of items. Designed for decoding by Used in signature blocks of EZcode camera phones. Secure Seal checks from the United States From Robot Design Associates. Treasury. HueCode Uses greyscale or colour. Circular barcodes for camera From JAGTAG, Inc. Optimized phones by OP3. Originally from JAGTAG for use with mobile device ShotCode High Energy Magic Ltd in cameras. name Spotcode. Before that Used by United Parcel Service. probably termed TRIPCode. MaxiCode High-density 2D Barcode(440 Now Public Domain WaterCode 2 Developed by Nextcode Bytes/cm ) From MarkAny Inc. Corporation specifically for camera phone scanning Table-2: Types of Matrix Barcode mCode applications. Designed to Symbologies enable advanced cell mobile applications with standard V. : camera phones. Facilitates codes too small to be MicroPDF417 A handheld barcode scanner is a barcode reader (or used in PDF417. barcode scanner) is an electronic device for reading Designed to disseminate high printed barcodes [2]. Like a flatbed scanner, it capacity mobile phone content consists of a light source, a lens and a light sensor MMCC via existing colour print and translating optical impulses into electrical ones. electronic media, without the Additionally, nearly all barcode readers contain need for network connectivity decoder circuitry analyzing the barcode's image data Developed by Olympus provided by the sensor and sending the barcode's Corporation to store songs, Nintendo e- content to the scanner's output port. images, and mini-games for Reader-Dot code Game Boy Advance on VI. TYPES OF BARCODE Pokémon trading cards. Developed by Twibright Labs READERS: and published as free software. Aims at maximum data storage The reader types can be divided as follows: Optar density, for storing data on paper. 200 kB per A4 page with A. PEN-TYPE READERS: laser printer. Pen-type readers consist of a light source and High density code, used both photodiode that are placed next to each other in the for data heavy applications (10 tip of a pen or wand. To read a bar code, the person K – 1 MB) and camera phones PaperDisk holding the pen must move the tip of it across the (50+ bits). Developed and bars at a relatively uniform speed. The photodiode patented by Cobblestone measures the intensity of the light reflected back Software. from the light source as the tip crosses each bar and Initially developed, patented space in the printed code. The photodiode generates and owned by Toyota a waveform that is used to measure the widths of the subsidiary Denso Wave for car bars and spaces in the bar code. Dark bars in the bar parts management; now public code absorb light and white spaces reflect light so domain. Can encode Japanese that the voltage waveform generated by the photo Kanji and Kana characters, QR Code diode is a representation of the bar and space pattern music, images, URLs, emails. in the bar code. This waveform is decoded by the De facto standard for Japanese scanner in a manner similar to the way Morse code cell phones. Also used with dots and dashes are decoded. BlackBerry Messenger to pickup contacts rather than B. LASER SCANNERS: using a PIN code. These codes INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

Laser scanners work the same way as pen type Omni-directional scanning uses "series of straight or readers except that they use a laser beam as the light curved scanning lines of varying directions in the source and typically employ either a reciprocating form of a starburst, a lissajous pattern, or other multi- mirror or a rotating prism to scan the laser beam angle arrangement are projected at the symbol and back and forth across the bar code. As with the pen one or more of them will be able to cross all of the type reader, a photodiode is used to measure the symbol's bars and spaces, no matter what the intensity of the light reflected back from the bar orientation." code. In both pen readers and laser scanners, the light emitted by the reader is rapidly varied in brightness Omni-directional scanners almost all use a laser. with a data pattern and the photodiode receive Unlike the simpler single-line laser scanners, they circuitry is designed to detect only signals with the produce a pattern of beams in varying orientations same modulated pattern. allowing them to read barcodes presented to it at different angles. Most of them use a single rotating C. CCD READERS: polygonal mirror and an arrangement of several fixed mirrors to generate their complex scan patterns. CCD (Charge Coupled Device) readers use an array of hundreds of tiny light sensors lined up in a row in Omni-directional scanners are most familiar through the head of the reader. Each sensor measures the the horizontal scanners in supermarkets, where intensity of the light immediately in front of it. Each packages are slid across a glass or sapphire window. individual light sensor in the CCD reader is There are a range of different Omni-directional units extremely small and because there are hundreds of available which can be used for differing scanning sensors lined up in a row, a voltage pattern identical applications, ranging from retail type applications to the pattern in a bar code is generated in the reader with the barcodes read only a few centimetres away by sequentially measuring the voltages across each from the scanner to industrial conveyor scanning sensor in the row. The important difference between where the unit can be a couple of meters away or a CCD reader and a pen or laser scanner is that the more from the code. Omni-directional scanners are CCD reader is measuring emitted ambient light from also better at reading poorly printed, wrinkled, or the bar code whereas pen or laser scanners are even torn barcodes. measuring reflected light of a specific frequency originating from the scanner itself. F. CELL PHONE CAMERAS:

D. CAMERA-BASED READERS: While cell phone cameras without auto-focus are not ideal for reading some common barcode formats, Two-dimensional imaging scanners are the fourth there are 2D barcodes which are optimized for cell and newest type of bar code reader. They use a phones, as well as QR Codes and Data Matrix codes camera and image processing techniques to decode which can be read quickly and accurately with or the bar code. without auto-focus. These open up a number of applications for consumers: A. VIDEO CAMERA READERS:  Movies: DVD/VHS movie catalogues Video camera readers use small video cameras with  Music: CD catalogues play MP3 when the same CCD technology as in a CCD bar code scanned reader except that instead of having a single row of  Book catalogues and device. sensors, a video camera has hundreds of rows of  Groceries, nutrition information, making sensors arranged in a two dimensional array so that shopping lists when the last of an item is they can generate an image. used, etc.  Personal Property inventory (for insurance B. LARGE FIELD-OF-VIEW and other purposes) ode scanned into READERS: personal finance software when entering. Later, scanned receipt images can then be Large field-of-view readers use high resolution automatically associated with the industrial cameras to capture multiple bar codes appropriate entries. Later, the bar codes can simultaneously. All the bar codes appearing in the be used to rapidly weed out paper copies photo are decoded instantly or by use of plug-ins not required to be retained for tax or asset (e.g. the Barcodepedia uses a flash application and inventory purposes. some web cam for querying a database), have been  If retailers put barcodes on receipts that realized options for resolving the given tasks. allowed downloading an electronic copy or encoded the entire receipt in a 2D barcode, E. OMNI-DIRECTIONAL BARCODE consumers could easily import data into SCANNERS: personal finance, property inventory, and INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

grocery management software. Receipts An industrial barcode reader used to identify scanned on a scanner could be products during manufacture or logistics. Often used automatically identified and associated with on conveyor tracks to identify cartons or pallets the appropriate entries in finance and which need to be routed to another process or property inventory software. shipping location. Another application joins  Consumer tracking from the retailer holographic scanners with a checkweigher to read perspective (for example, loyalty card bar codes of any orientation or placement, and programs that track consumers purchases at weighs the package. Systems like this are used in the point of sale by having them scan a QR factory and farm automation for quality management code). and shipping.  Access control (for example, ticket validation at venues), inventory reporting E. PDA SCANNER (OR AUTO-ID (for example, tracking deliveries), and asset PDA): tracking (for example, anti-counterfeiting). A PDA scanner is a PDA with a built-in barcode G. SMARTPHONE’S: reader or attached barcode scanner which reads the barcode. Smartphone’s can be used in Google's mobile Android operating system via both their own Google F. AUTOMATIC READER: Goggles application or 3rd party barcode scanners like Scan. Nokia's Symbian operating system An automatic reader is a back office equipment to features a barcode scanner which can scan barcodes, read bar-coded documents at high speed while mbarcode is a barcode reader for the Maemo (50,000/hour). operating system. In the Apple iOS, a barcode reader is not natively included but more than fifty paid and G. CORDLESS SCANNER (OR free apps are available with both scanning WIRELESS SCANNER): capabilities and hard-linking to URI. With BlackBerry devices, the App World application can A cordless barcode scanner is operated by a battery natively scan barcodes. Windows Phone 7.5 is able fitted inside it and is not connected to the electricity to scan barcodes through the Bing search app. mains H. HOUSING TYPES: VII. PROS & CONS OF The housing type reader packaging can be BARCODE TECHNOLOGY: distinguished as follows: As every coin has 2 sides, every technology also has A. HANDHELD SCANNER: 2 sides’ i.e; pros & cons. It depends on how effectively the cons have been handled which A handheld scanner is a barcode scanner with a determines whether a technology is here to stay of handle and typically a trigger button for switching on just a fad. the light source to read the barcode. Basically there are many pros & cons of barcode B. PEN SCANNER (OR WAND technology. Here let us discuss about only 4 of them, which are most commonly pointed. The 1st 2 aspects SCANNER): discussed below are the pros of barcode technology & the next 2 aspects are the cons of barcode A pen-shaped scanner is a barcode scanner that is technology. Instead of considering them as cons, we swiped to read the barcode. These types of scanners can consider them as a small cost that has to be paid are similar to handheld scanners, except that the size for such a beautiful & nice technology like barcode & shape of these scanners will be in the form of a which makes many of our tasks simpler & easier. pen/wand.

C. STATIONARY SCANNER: A. TIME: In the blink of an eye, scanning a bar code instantly Wall or table mounted scanners that the barcode is displays the product name, type of product and price. passed under or beside. These are commonly found Bar codes also have a 12-digit product number that at the checkout counters of supermarkets and other when entered also produces the same information. retailers. However, if a cashier has a long line of impatient D. FIXED-POSITION SCANNER: customers, entering the product details of each item is time-consuming, especially in grocery stores INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print) where each customer usually purchases multiple 60 years old and counting, is well beyond a fad. The items. Although bar codes are a huge advantage benefit of bar code has often been to enable when it comes to time, it can also be a disadvantage “visibility” of items or people. These important if the bar code on the product doesn't correspond to things are tracked and accounted for, automatically. the right product, or the bar code scanner isn't working. It is difficult to predict the exact application of bar code into the future, however one fact is for sure - B. INVENTORY: trends that we see forming today will set the stage for the use of the technology by our children. For Inventory is a huge component of any goods and instance, the Department of Defence (DoD) is services business. Keeping track of inventory can be leveraging 2D bar code to track mission critical and a tedious, time-consuming and difficult task to do valuable items. What the DoD calls Principle End without a bar code scanner. With a bar code scanner, Items (PEIs) is the tip of the iceberg for barcode. shop owners simply scan the bar code on the items Vehicles, aircraft, major weapon systems, support and keep track of the store's inventory that way. equipment all fall into this category. This will evolve When an individual purchases an item, the scanner into marking and accounting for less valuable items transmits this information to the computer and it's and less mission critical items as the technology calculated on the stock inventory via computer infrastructure is deployed (Barcode software, technology. The major disadvantage here is if the networks, mobile computers with barcode scanners, cashier sees a number of items that look or seem the and barcode printers). The demand for visibility on same and scans one item multiple times to save time. the most critical and the most expensive items Each item and type of item has a unique bar code and always lead in the use of auto ID technology such as must be scanned separately. As a result, this could barcode, however the need of visibility into less affect inventory. critical and valuable assets always follow.

C. LABELS: Take for instance, package tracking. The need for small parcel tracking has always been driven by the Labels make it easy for bar code scanners and most valuable items and visibility in transit. In the computers to recognize the product item and vendor early 80’s, small parcel tracking moved high valued name. But when a label is damaged or non-existent, items. When it was critical to ship an item such as a it poses problems. Damaged labels make it difficult critical spare part to keep a manufacturing assembly for the cashier to scan. Even the 12-digit number on line running, you used a carrier such as FedEx or the label may be damaged to the point where it is not UPS. Today, we ship many items via small parcel legible. When this occurs, the checkout process is carriers, even something as inexpensive as a book significantly delayed while the same product is from Amazon. sought out and brought to the cashier for scanning. In addition, some products, such as fruits and Back to the DoD for a moment, You’ll notice that vegetables at grocery stores, don't have labels, which these PEIs are getting all of the attention but you’ll potentially cause delay. However, cashiers are soon see barcode gravitate to smaller and smaller usually trained to remember the 12-digit number components that make up the end item. Everything corresponding to items without labels. will soon have a barcode and scanning these components will be just as ordinary as ordering a D. TRAINING: book from Amazon. While bar code technology drastically reduces the IX. REFERENCES: time and energy spent on inventory and checkout procedures. Businesses that want to implement bar [1] “Barcode”, code equipment and technology have to withstand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode. the growing pains of doing so. This includes training [2] employees, installing the equipment, expensive “Barcode reader”, printers and the time spent entering codes for labels. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_reade However, despite the disadvantages with start-up, the r. bar code technology benefits businesses in the long [3] run. “The history of bar code”, http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventio VIII. CONCLUSION: ns/a/Bar-Codes.htm.

Fads come and go. Those that have “staying power” X. FURTHER READING: become trends that inevitably provide benefit to organizations or society as a whole. Bar code, now INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ISSN-2320-7884 (Online) www.ijdcst.com ISSN-2321-0257(Print)

1) Craig K. Harmon: “Lines of Communication”, 1994. ISBN: 0911261079, 9780911261073.

2) Roger C. Palmer: “The Bar Code Book”, 2001. ISBN: 0911261133, 978- 0911261134.

3) Hiroko Kato, Keng T. Tan, Douglas Chai: “Barcodes for Mobile Devices”, 2010. ISBN: 9780521888394.

4) Benjamin Nelson: “Punched Cards to Bar Codes”, 1997. ISBN: 0911261125, 978- 0911261127.

5) Stephen A. Brown: “Revolution at the checkout counter”, 1997. ISBN: 0674767209, 9780674767201.

6) “Implementation Guide for the Use of Bar Code Technology in Healthcare”, 2003. ISBN: 0972537120.

7) Paul Schmidmayr, Martin Ebner, Frank Kappe: "What’s the Power behind 2D Barcodes? Are they the Foundation of the Revival of Print Media?", Proceedings of I- Know08 and I-Media08, 6th International Conference on Knowledge Management and New Media Technology. ISSN: 0948- 695x.

Mr. Janaswamy Phaniteja is currently pursuing B. Tech from Aurora’s Engineering College, Bhongir, Nalgonda Dist., Andhra Pradesh. Contact him at [email protected] or 9246580683.

Mr. P Derin J Tom is currently pursuing B. Tech from Aurora’s Engineering College, Bhongir, Nalgonda Dist., Andhra Pradesh. Contact him at [email protected] or 8801072944.